Academic literature on the topic 'Illegal export'
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Journal articles on the topic "Illegal export":
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Gafurov, Farkhod. "THE FIGHT AGAINST THE ILLEGAL EXPORT OF CURRENCY VALUES FROM THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES IS AN URGENT TASK!" JOURNAL OF LAW RESEARCH 6, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9130-2021-6-10.
Abstract:
Today, as a result of the reforms carried out in the field of currency policy liberalization in the Republic of Uzbekistan, a wide range of favorable opportunities for entrepreneurs and citizens engaged in foreign economic activity is being created. Nevertheless, there are attempts to illegally use the opportunities created by some citizens and "unclean entrepreneurs", in particular, there arecases of illegal withdrawal of currency values from the Republic of Uzbekistan to foreign countries.This situation, in turn, causes an escalation and growth of illegal withdrawal of currency values from the Republic of Uzbekistan to foreign countries. Since the fight against the illegal export of currency values from the Republic of Uzbekistan to foreign countries remains an urgent task. Based on the above, this scientific article will cover in detail the importance and relevance of the fight against the illegal export of currency values from the Republic of Uzbekistan to foreign countries, proposals for measures to prevent it. Keywords:protectionism, currency, currency values, foreign economic activity, illegal export, import, export, tariff and non-tariff regulation.
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HOGUE, CHERYL. "U.S. EXPORT BREAK RULED ILLEGAL." Chemical & Engineering News 79, no. 27 (July 2, 2001): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v079n027.p006a.
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Stoilova, Alina S. "Impact of the Prospective Roundwood Export Ban on Russian Timber Production." Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 14, no. 7 (July 2021): 1080–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1997-1370-0786.
Abstract:
Illegal timber harvesting and trafficking is one of the most important economic and environmental problems in the Russian Federation. Illegal logging leads to degradation of forests and a shortage of timber in wood industries. One of the measures to counter illegal logging is the ban on the export of raw wood, which will take effect on January 1, 2022. However, such a measure will lead not only to control over the circulation of illegal timber, but also to a number of economic consequences. The impact of the ban on the inland market can be assessed using the point sectoral model of the forestry complex (PSM‑fc). The results of scenario calculations show that a ban on the export of raw materials can lead to a reduction in logging volumes and an increase in the share of products of deeper processing in exports
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Gafurov, Farkhod. "ОNMEASURES TO PREVENT ILLEGAL EXPORT OF ELECTRONIC CURRENCY FROM UZBEKISTAN TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES." JOURNAL OF LAW RESEARCH 6, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9130-2021-8-8.
Abstract:
To date, there are cases of illegal export of values in electronic currency from the Republic of Uzbekistan to foreign countries, in particular, suchforeign currency as cryptocurrency, blockchain, mining. This situation, in turn, causes an escalation and an increase in the illegal withdrawal of electronic currency values from the Republic of Uzbekistan to foreign countries. Since the fight against theillegal export of currency values from the Republic of Uzbekistan to foreign countries remains an urgent task. Based on the foregoing, this scientific article will highlight in detail theimportance, prevention of illegal export of the Republic of Uzbekistan to foreign countries, illegal export of electronic currency values from the Republic of Uzbekistan to foreign countries establishment of administrative and criminal liability for embezzlement, legal regulation of relations related to electronic currency and relevance of the fight against illegal export of electronic currency values from the Republic of Uzbekistan to foreign countries, proposals on preventive measures
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Yuriy Krutik, Yuriy Krutik. "ILLEGAL EXPORT-IMPORT OPERATIONS AS AN OBJECT OF RESEARCH IN THE SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF RESEARCHERS." Socio World-Social Research & Behavioral Sciences 06, no. 04(01) (September 23, 2021): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/swd0604(01)2021-114.
Abstract:
The article provides a bibliometric analysis of publications on the queries of "illegal import operations" and illegal export operations during 1984-2021. Emphasis was placed on Scopus as it is the largest bibliographic database in the world, representing over 21,000 international scientific publishing houses. The work is devoted to the study of the application of bibliographic analysis as a quantitative approach in assessing the documentary and informational workflow, which makes it possible to carry out a formalized analysis of the results of scientific activity quite accurately. The main results demonstrate an increase the topic interest of illegal export-import operations in different social and economic areas and in different countries. The analysis of publications proves the lack of a literature review on the topic with the keywords illegal import operations and illegal export operations. It has also been found that bibliometric analysis is an effective tool that can be used for literature reviews across all branches of the social and economic sciences. The results obtained in this study provide additional information on the development of the topic of illegal export-import operations, sources of publications, and their dynamics, as well as justification for the development of a literature review as an obligatory part of scientific articles on the topic under study. Keywords: bibliometric analysis; Scopus database; illegal import transactions; illegal export transactions.
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Gafurov, Farkhod. "IMPROVEMENT OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF OPERATIONAL-SEARCH MEASURES IN THE FIGHT AGAINST ILLEGAL EXPORT OF CURRENCY VALUES IS A CURRENT TASK." JOURNAL OF LAW RESEARCH 6, no. 10 (October 30, 2021): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9130-2021-10-11.
Abstract:
To date, there are known cases of illegal export of foreign currency from the Republic of Uzbekistanto foreign countries. The continuation of this negative trend will lead to an increase and increase in the smuggling of foreign currency from the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as a violation of the monetary policy of Uzbekistan. Therefore, the fight against smuggling of foreign currency from the Republic of Uzbekistan to foreign countries remains an urgent task. Based on the foregoing, this scientific article describes in detail the proposals for preventing the illegal export of foreign currency from the Republic of Uzbekistan, for improving the organizational and legal basisof operational-search measures to combat illegal export of foreign currency from the Republic of Uzbekistan.Keywords: operational-search activity, operational-search activities, operational officer, operational analysis,currency, currency values, foreign economic activity, illegal export, cryptocurrency, foreign countries
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Lepa, Tatyana. "Problematic Issues and Organization of the Fight against Illegal Export of Capital to Offshore Zones." Bulletin of Baikal State University 30, no. 1 (March 25, 2020): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2020.30(1).71-78.
Abstract:
In modern conditions, world power structures are actively looking for effective ways to minimize the risks posed by criminal schemes related to the withdrawal of capital to offshore zones. These wrongful acts have adverse economic consequences both for individual countries and for the entire world economy. They facilitate laundering of criminal money and prevent anonymous identification of sources of income for smugglers who illegally move illicit substances, drugs and weapons across borders. The article defines the notion and gives a brief history of the emergence of offshore zones and the reasons for their being in demand in the modern world. Real examples of illegal export of capital from Russia abroad are given, as well as some statistical data in dynamics on the number of cases identified and initiated by the Russian customs office. Legislative initiatives aimed at minimizing losses from criminal currency export schemes and motivating persons to return previously exported funds have been analysed. World trends in the organization of control and fight against illegal export of funds to offshore zones, also in order to prevent financing of terrorism, are considered. Options for solving problematic issues in this sphere are proposed.
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Pfannkuch, Markus, and Astrid Zabel. "Die EU Timber Regulation und ihre Konsequenzen für die Schweiz." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 165, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2014.0010.
Abstract:
The EU Timber Regulation and its implications for Switzerland In 2012, almost 96% of all Swiss wood exports were delivered into the European Union (EU). Since March 3rd, 2013, these exports are subject to the EU Timber Regulation (EUTR). Besides the Voluntary Partnership Agreements, this regulation constitutes the second policy package under the EU Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade Action Plan (EU-FLEGT). The first part of this paper discusses the aims of the new timber regulation as a measure to combat illegal logging and illegal timber trade. The second part builds on expert interviews that were conducted with representatives of the industry, ministries, inter-trade organizations, as well as a politician and summarizes first experiences since the implementation of the policy as well as expected implications for the Swiss timber export sector. Moreover, four possible courses of action for Switzerland that were raised in the expert interviews are discussed: 1) integrating the EU Timber Regulation into the regulation on the declaration of wood and wood products, 2) creating a Swiss Timber Regulation in the course of the revision of the environmental protection law, 3) proactively providing information while avoiding a change of laws, and 4) a government guarantee for Swiss wood.
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Abusufyanova, Z. T. "THE ROLE OF CUSTOMS AUTHORITIES IN THE SYSTEM OF MONITORING COMPLIANCE WITH THE CURRENCY LEGISLATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." Law Нerald of Dagestan State Universit 34, no. 2 (2020): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2224-0241-2020-34-2-77-84.
Abstract:
Problems of illegal export of funds abroad are relevant for Russia. Offenses related to the non-return of exported foreign currency earnings to the country, transfers of foreign currency abroad under fictitious contracts for the supply of goods, smuggling of cash currency and other forms of illegal export of funds pose a real threat to the country's economic security. The article considers the main areas of currency control carried out by customs authorities, analyzes the activities of customs authorities in the implementation of currency control for the period from 2014 to 2018. When writing the work, the following research methods were used: expert assessments, analysis, synthesis, system analysis, statistical analysis, formal legal, comparative legal methods. Based on the analysis of statistical data of the Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation, the opinions of scientists and experts in the field of customs, conclusions are drawn about the most common violations of the currency legislation of the Russian Federation identified by customs authorities.
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Rahmawati, Iis. "Law Enforcement of Criminal Acts of Smuggling Illegal Export-Import Goods in Indonesian Waters." AHKAM 1, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.58578/ahkam.v1i1.751.
Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to find out and analyze law enforcement in the field of customs, against the smuggling of illegal export-import goods in the territory of Indonesia. The research method used is a qualitative method using a legal approach and a conceptual approach. Data sources are primary data and secondary data. Based on the research findings, cases of smuggling illegal export-import goods are increasing every year, with various types of illegal goods. This is because it is influenced by several factors, one of which is the geographical factor of Indonesia which has many islands that are opportunities for smuggling illegal goods, in addition to geographical factors are also influenced by natural resources, industrial conditions, overproduction, and transportation. Smuggling of export-import goods is a criminal offense that has been regulated in various Indonesian laws and regulations. As for law enforcement efforts carried out, namely by taking preventive measures by monitoring and checking people or goods suspected of committing customs crimes, in addition to preventive efforts, repressive efforts are also carried out, namely law enforcement in the form of investigations, arrests, prosecutions, to prosecutions by imposing criminal penalties by the court.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Illegal export":
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Melander, Charlotte, and Sandra Boman. "Illegal export av elektronikavfall : En studie om hur Sveriges kommuner arbetar förebyggande." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-34245.
Abstract:
Electronic waste is probably the fastest growing waste in the world today and therefore it is necessary that we have a functional recycling. All human activity generates waste and it is important that this is taken care of and processed in the best way possible. Due to economic reasons electronic waste is transported illegally to developing countries where metals from the products are recycled in a way that is harmful to the environment and to the people working with it, because electronic waste contain many dangerous substances such as brominated flame retardants, PCB and heavy metals. The purpose with this essay is to examine how the Swedish counties practice supervision to prevent illegal export of electronic waste at present, and how it can be more effective. To achieve this we did a survey amongst the 100 largest Swedish counties and also a conducted study. The results indicate that the counties practice supervision in different sites, for example at the recycling centers, for the most part by visiting them and checking their waste management and documentation. It is possible to conduct supervision more efficiently by additional unannounced visits, extended cooperation with other authorities and a clearer legislation. This requires more resources.
2
Roller, Charles Gail, and Dorothy May Major. "Ramifications of illegal U.S. arms exports." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/24280.
Abstract:
This thesis examines the impact of illegal U.S. arms transfers upon recipient nations' war fighting capabilities and upon the American national security. Data were gathered primarily from U.S. District Court records and interviews with U.S. governmental officials from intelligence services and the Departments of Commerce, Justice and State. An investigation of the illicit arms transfers to Iran formed the basis of conclusions reached. Additionally, policy recommendations are provided to enhance the governmental detection and investigation of illegal export violations. The viability of utilizing court documents as intelligence tools for measuring military capabilities is assessed.
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Spaun, Susanne. "Der Herausgabeanspruch bei Diebstahl oder illegalem Export von Kulturgütern /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/365118664.pdf.
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Bezy, Eva-Mattea. "La restitution des oeuvres d'art. : Influence du droit international en France et en Italie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOUL0143.
Abstract:
La restitution des œuvres d’art est plus que jamais d’actualité. En effet, bien que le droit international se soit emparé de cette question après la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale en 1954, le trafic culturel en temps de guerre comme en temps de paix perdure et engendre de nombreuses demandes de restitutions culturelles incluant notamment la France et l’Italie.À cet éparpillement artistique illicite, s’ajoutent depuis les années 2000 des revendications éthiques concernant des biens culturels pris avant l’interdiction du pillage. Déplacées « légalement » grâce à la coutume des prises de guerre, des œuvres d’art ont alors pu être emportées par les anciennes puissances occidentales pour enrichir en grande partie leurs musées. Les pays précédemment dominés d’Afrique, d’Asie et d’Amérique latine qui ont subi ce « dépeçage », ont aujourd’hui la volonté de recouvrer ce patrimoine. La problématique des trophées de guerre interpelle et met en lumière des enjeux identitaires, moraux, politiques, économiques et culturels. Les États européens, et en particulier la France, s’interrogent de plus en plus sur ces pratiques de guerre passées et concourent à la mise en place d’une nouvelle « éthique relationnelle ». Cette démarche se traduit par l’acceptation de certains retours culturels vers leur territoire d’origine.La restitution des œuvres d’art est au cœur d’intérêts contraires. Elle amène à s’interroger tout d’abord sur les mécanismes de restitution prévus en cas de situation illégale mais également sur les limites de ces derniers. Une telle réflexion conduit ensuite à une autre question essentielle. L’ensemble de ces limites peuvent-elles et doivent-elles être dépassées pour parvenir à une généralisation des restitutions ? Cette proposition obligerait alors à une systématisation des remises culturelles, même éthiques. Difficilement envisageable, cette thèse propose donc le concept novateur de restitutions « légitimes » qui serait un compromis sur lequel les États pourraient s’entendreThe restitution of works of art is more relevant than ever. Indeed, although international law seizes on this question after the end of the Second World War in 1954, cultural trafficking in wartime as in peacetime continues and generates several requests for cultural restitutions especially involving France and Italy.In addition to this illegal artistic scattering, since the 2000s there have been ethical claims concerning cultural properties taken before the ban on looting. “Legally” displaced thanks to the custom of war prizes, works of art could then be taken away by the former Western powers to largely enrich their museums. The formerly dominated countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America, which have suffered this “carving up”, now have the will to recover this heritage. The problem of war trophies is challenging and shining a light on identity, moral, political, economic and cultural issues. European states, in particular France, are increasingly questioning these past war practices and they are contributing to the establishment of a new “relational ethic”. This approach results in the acceptance of some cultural returns to their territory of origin. The restitution of works of art is at the heart of conflicting interests. It first of all raises questions about the mechanisms of restitution provided in the event of an illegal situation but also about their limits. Such a reflection then leads to another essential question. Can and should all of these limits be overcome in order to achieve a generalization of restitutions? This proposal would then require a systematization of cultural restitution, even ethical ones. Hardly conceivable, this thesis therefore proposes the innovative concept of “legitimate” restitutions which would be a compromise on which States could agree
Books on the topic "Illegal export":
1
Schulze, Günther G. Capital export, unemployment, and illegal immigration. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1996.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Connection between arms and narcotics trafficking: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session, October 31, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.
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Burchard, Friedrich von. Das Umgehungsgeschäft beim Waffenexport in Drittländer aus strafrechtlicher Sicht. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1987.
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Tanoue, Hiromichi. Yushutsu kanriron: Kokusai anzen hoshō ni taiōsuru risuku kanri konpuraiansu. 8th ed. Tōkyō: Shinzansha, 2008.
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Tanoue, Hiromichi. Yushutsu kanriron: Kokusai anzen hoshō ni taiōsuru risuku kanri konpuraiansu. 8th ed. Tōkyō: Shinzansha, 2008.
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Haug, Maria. Shining a light on small arms exports: The record of state transparency. Geneva: Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International Studies, 2002.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. Subcommittee on International Security, Proliferation, and Federal Services. Proliferation: Chinese case studies : hearing before the Subcommittee on International Security, Proliferation, and Federal Services of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, first session, April 10, 1997. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.
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Affairs, United States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific. Pakistan's illegal nuclear procurement in the United States: Hearing before the subcommittees on Asian and Pacific Affairs and on International Economic Policy and Trade of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first session, July 22, 1987. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.
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Norton-Taylor, Richard. Knee deep in dishonour: The Scott report and its aftermath. London: V. Gollancz, 1996.
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Morimoto, Masamitsu. Buki yushutsu sangensoku. 8th ed. Tōkyō: Shinzansha, 2011.
Book chapters on the topic "Illegal export":
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Lee, Joung-Hun. "Theoretical Models as a Tool to Derive Management Strategies for Sustainable Natural Resource Management." In Decision Science for Future Earth, 169–79. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8632-3_7.
Abstract:
AbstractBiodiversity hot spots cannot be preserved successfully unless human activities such as illegal logging and grazing are properly controlled and cooperation is achieved among resource users to reduce anthropogenic impacts. We explore strategies for sustainable use of common resources by studying resource users’ behaviors together with resource dynamics, because ecological and social factors are known to interact strongly. By showing three systems dealing with the risk of illegal logging, grazing pressure, and increasing catching effort respectively, we show the advantages of a mathematical model as a management tool.
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Shepherd, Dean A., Vinit Parida, and Joakim Wincent. "Personal Adversity and Justifying Illegal and Costly Entrepreneurial Action." In Entrepreneurial Responses to Chronic Adversity, 125–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04884-5_5.
Abstract:
AbstractThis chapter—“Personal Adversity and Justifying Illegal and Costly Entrepreneurial Action”—shifts even more to the dark side of entrepreneurial action in the face of chronic adversity. Specifically, in this chapter, we explore bunkerers—oil thieves—to provide a richer understanding of how individual entrepreneurs interpret their contexts and engage in entrepreneurial action that creates significant negative outcomes. We outline a personal adversity model to explain the entrepreneurial process whereby bunkerers engage in, justify, and persist with entrepreneurial action that causes substantial damage to the local environment, communities, and entrepreneurs’ health. We show how entrepreneurs claim both high and low levels of control to justify the same action and how entrepreneurs entangle themselves and others when justifying their harmful entrepreneurial action and the resulting destruction.
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O’Keefe, Patrick J. "UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects (1995)." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 10840–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_1268.
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O’Keefe, Patrick J. "UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects (1995)." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_1268-2.
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O’Keefe, Patrick J. "UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects (1995)." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 7450–55. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_1268.
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Zhong, Hui. "Return of Cultural Heritage Stolen and Illegally Exported in Peacetime." In China, Cultural Heritage, and International Law, 112–63. Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge research in international law: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315106960-6.
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Shepherd, Dean A., Vinit Parida, and Joakim Wincent. "An Entrepreneurial Process for Exploiting Vulnerable People’s Labor." In Entrepreneurial Responses to Chronic Adversity, 153–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04884-5_6.
Abstract:
AbstractIn this chapter—“An Entrepreneurial Process for Exploiting Vulnerable People’s Labor”—we take an even bigger step toward the dark side of entrepreneurial action in response to chronic adversity. In this chapter, we take the perspective of victims to explore a destructive entrepreneurial process that involves multiple actors—namely, that of exploiting vulnerable women and girls for human trafficking. We focus on the destructive entrepreneurial practices used to exploit vulnerable individuals for their labor to explain how entrepreneurs (as actors within the human-trafficking system) methodically target impoverished women and girls and transform their autonomous objections into unquestioned compliance. We show that through the entrepreneurial practices of (1) deceptive recruiting of the vulnerable, (2) entrapping through isolation, (3) extinguishing alternatives by building barriers, and (4) converting the exploited into exploiters, these entrepreneurs diminish and eventually eliminate vulnerable workers’ autonomy. In doing so, we shed light on the illegal entrepreneurial process of exploiting vulnerable individuals’ labor and ruining their lives by eliminating their free will.
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Shepherd, Dean A., Vinit Parida, and Joakim Wincent. "Refugee Entrepreneurs Building and Displaying Resilience." In Entrepreneurial Responses to Chronic Adversity, 55–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04884-5_3.
Abstract:
AbstractNext, this chapter—“Refugee Entrepreneurs Building and Displaying Resilience”—examines how refugees can harness entrepreneurial action to find a positive identity and better life under difficult circumstances. Against a theoretical backdrop comprising resilience, positive psychology, and positive organizational scholarship, we explore the important role entrepreneurial action plays in generating positive outcomes by investigating long-term refugee entrepreneurs (in refugee camps and not in camps) over 15 months. In particular, we describe the motivation underlying entrepreneurial action in highly constrained environments (in which the constraints go beyond a lack of financial resources) and explain the causes and consequences of entrepreneurs’ resilience in the face of severe constraints that create significant and ongoing adversity. Overall, this chapter shows that entrepreneurial action can help individuals achieve resilient outcomes in the face of adversity without addressing the underlying source of that adversity. We also hope this chapter changes the way people think about refugees starting and running illegal businesses.
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Bandelli, Daniela. "The Mexican Case: The Differences between Autonomy and Radical Feminism." In Sociological Debates on Gestational Surrogacy, 85–104. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80302-5_6.
Abstract:
AbstractSurrogacy has developed in Mexico, especially in the State of Tabasco, mainly as a form of reproductive labour for women with economic needs. In the last 7 years, the national debate and international attention towards surrogacy in Mexico have intensified, the discourse on the need to regulate surrogacy at a Federal level has acquired increasing visibility, sustained by a discourse of modernization. Feminist engagement on the topic has also grown in recent years: the most expert feminist NGOs is GIRE, which in the frames of woman’s autonomy and reproductive rights advocates for the regulation of the market to protect the rights of surrogates, parents and children; other feminists groups call for the total prohibition of surrogacy, regarded as a form of exploitation of vulnerable women and commodification of children. The polarization of perspectives can be read as a competition between two dominant feminist streams: neoliberal and radical. While both fronts are concerned that widespread illegality could affect the surrogacy market and put participants at risk of violations, reformists believe that this risk can be minimized through adequate regulation and that prohibition would just contribute to rendering surrogacy a profitable illegal activity.
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Ahmed, Bayes, S. M. R. Arfanul Alam, Imtiaz Ahmed, and Peter Sammonds. "The Anthropogenic Aggravation of Landslide Disasters in Bangladesh: Key Informants’ Perspectives." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 1 Issue 2, 2022, 385–401. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18471-0_28.
Abstract:
AbstractLandslide disasters in Bangladesh’s Chittagong hill districts (CHD) put lives, livelihood, and the ecosystem at risk. Therefore, understanding the causes of landslide events in CHD is crucial to preparing and implementing disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies. The causes of landslides are generally seen through the lenses of physical science. However, to better understand the landslide disaster mechanism, it is essential to explore the human activities that trigger and aggravate the events. This article uses qualitative social science tools and techniques to investigate CHD’s anthropogenic-induced landslide disasters. Forty key informants from diverse professions, ethnicities, communities, and backgrounds were interviewed between 9 June and 3 November 2020. The recorded interviews were translated, transcribed, and thematically analysed in NVivo software. The results show that human-induced landslides in CHD evolve around three broader areas: demography, climate change, and lack of coordination and regulation. First, increased population, hill cutting, deforestation, manipulated agricultural practices, and sand and stone extraction is the leading anthropogenic activities of landslides in CHD. Second, the influx of Rohingya refugees into Bangladesh significantly increased landslide vulnerability. Third, climate change-induced erratic rainfall is leading to more rainfall-induced landslides. Finally, a lack of coordination and regulations among various institutions hinders the DRR process. The short, medium- and long-term recommendations include stopping illegal hill cutting and deforestation, regulating heavy vehicles, increasing coordination, institutionalising early warning systems, conducting massive awareness campaigns, conducting further research, addressing challenges such as lightning, climate migration and conflict, and creating a master plan exclusive for the entire region and coming up with a political consensus for better implementation of the plan.
Conference papers on the topic "Illegal export":
1
Silva, Bárbara Thaís Pinheiro, Priscila Carolina Pellens, and Isabela de Castro Andrade da Silva. "The arms trade treaty and illicit trade under international humanitarian law." In II INTERNATIONAL SEVEN MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/homeinternationalanais-056.
Abstract:
Abstract The Arms Trade Treaty was the first legally binding multilateral instrument restricting the transfer of conventional arms, with the aim of reducing violations of human rights and humanitarian principles and the commission of crimes - such as genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity - caused by irresponsible or illegal arms transfers. Despite the inclusion of humanitarian norms as criteria for the authorization and monitoring of international arms transfers, the lack of signature and/or ratification of half of the ten largest arms exporters restricts the application of the Treaty, which already has its effectiveness compromised due to the lack of objectivity in the export criteria and by illegal arms transfers. Therefore, this work aims to reflect on the content, achievements, weaknesses and omissions of the text, as well as on ways to improve the norms of the Treaty, from the point of view of International Humanitarian Law. The research uses the deductive method, through the technique of bibliographic and documentary research. We conclude that, despite representing an advance in the international regulation of the trade in conventional weapons, it is still not sufficient to deal with the complexity imposed by reality, especially with regard to the detour and dissemination of armaments and the resulting abuses against International Humanitarian Law due to armed conflicts.
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Lee, Wooju, and Dung Nguyen Thi Phuong. "HUMAN RESOURCES COOPERATION PLAN BETWEEN KOREA AND VIETNAM FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT." In International Conference on Political Theory: The International Conference on Human Resources for Sustainable Development. Bach Khoa Publishing House, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51316/icpt.hust.2023.73.
Abstract:
"Research purpose: Korea and Vietnam are actively engaged in human resource exchanges and are economically interdependent. Many Vietnamese people study or export labor in Korea, and many Korean companies and private businesses hire Vietnamese employees while doing business in Vietnam, and many Korean employees are working in Vietnam. It would be better if the two countries could make up for and cooperate with each other in using human resources to expand good jobs, boost industrial growth, innovation, and economic growth together. Therefore, by analyzing the current status of human resources and cooperation in both countries for sustainable development, we would like to find out how to cooperate in a way that is helpful to both countries. Research motivation: Diplomatic relations between Korea and Vietnam, the relationship between Korea and Vietnam has grown significantly, including the volume of trade between the two countries, Korea's investment in Vietnam, the number of Vietnamese labor exports to Korea, and the number of Koreans staying in Vietnam. In the wake of the 30th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Korea and Vietnam last year and the upgrade to a comprehensive strategic partnership, both countries should now pay attention not only to quantitative growth but also to qualitative growth for sustainable development of the two countries. Therefore, the basis for this is people, and the author selected ""human resources cooperation plan between Korea and Vietnam for sustainable development"" as the subject of the study. Research design, approach, and method: Find out the current status of manpower exchange between Korea and Vietnam, and analyze the characteristics of manpower exchange, factors and problems affecting manpower exchange, and parts that need to be supplemented. Main findings: Among foreigners staying on work visas in Korea, the number of Vietnamese is 39,477, the second highest after Chinese nationals, and 27,286 are employed under the employment permit system, accounting for the highest proportion of the total employed, accounting for 69%. However, the Korean government has operated the employment permit system mainly in regulations, resulting in many side effects such as mass production of illegal residents, and even when returning to Vietnam after working in Korea, the experience of working in Korea is often not available in Vietnam. The number of Korean companies invested in Vietnam and Koreans residing in Vietnam also increased significantly. Korean companies are having difficulty securing the necessary manpower due to the strict requirements for issuing workingr permits, even though Korean companies need the role of middle managers in order to smoothly pursue their business in Vietnam. And the number of Vietnamese studying abroad in Korea and the number of Koreans studying in Vietnam are both increasing, and the number of Korean language majors in Vietnam is also increasing, but there is a lack of specific ways to utilize these programs after the end of their curriculum. Practical/managerial implications: In order to support employers suffering from labor shortages and Vietnamese workers in poor conditions, it is necessary to ease regulations on the employment permit system quota system and to help Vietnamese workers dispatched to Korea use what they learned in Korea after returning home. In addition, it is necessary to ease and implement the work permit requirements for Koreans working as middle managers in Korean companies operating in Vietnam. And after the end of studying abroad in Vietnam in Korea, it is necessary to find employment for companies lacking professional manpower, and to expand the provision of training opportunities at Korean companies for the increased number of Vietnamese students majoring in Korean."
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Khademimoshgenani, Nassy, Hunter Dowdle, Olivia Barden, Shannon Kirkland, and Allison Sewell. "Session 2.2 Life under water: Policies and Obstacles threatening our oceans." In The 4th Global Virtual Conference of the Youth Environmental Alliance in Higher Education. Michigan Technological University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.yeah-conference/dec2021/all-events/10.
Abstract:
Oceans play a key role in climate regulation, transportation and recreation. Rising temperatures and ocean acidification significantly affect life in both water and on land. Over 3 billion people rely on the ocean for their livelihoods, with ocean industries making up 5% of the global GDP. Our goal is to focus on the relationship between marine science, technology and human interaction in order to address illegal fishing, marine pollution, international policies within developing nations. Through our presentation we will explore both positive and negative interactions between policy and science impacting our oceans. SDG Theme: SDG 14 – Life below water Type: Short talk (e.g. PowerPoint, Google Slides)
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Lizotte, Todd E., and Orest P. Ohar. "Tracking illegal small arms traffic across U.S. borders through the implementation of firearm microstamping to small arms and small arms exports." In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, edited by Edward M. Carapezza. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.819504.
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Tissera, WDAC, R. Dahanayake, and V. Edirisinghe. "The applicability of regulations for the disposal of construction and demolition waste in Sri Lanka." In 10th World Construction Symposium. Building Economics and Management Research Unit (BEMRU), University of Moratuwa, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/wcs.2022.66.
Abstract:
Effective and efficient waste management plans/systems are vital in reducing and maintaining the generation of construction and demolition waste. It was proved in previous research, proper rules and regulations affect the effectiveness of the waste management strategies used in disposing of construction and demolition waste. Therefore, this research aim is to identify the regulations applicable for the disposal of construction and demolition waste in Sri Lanka to propose improvements in the available rules and regulations. Comprehensive literature and document review were conducted to approach the aim of this research. Questionnaire surveys and expert interviews were carried out to validate the findings of the literature survey and to gather required data in identifying the issues related to current rules and regulations and proposing improvements. The findings revealed that many gaps can be identified with the current regulations used in the disposal of construction and demolition waste. The results of the research identified a lack of intention in government regarding recycling, avoiding improper landfilling, and avoiding illegal dumping of construction and demolition waste as major issues. The study finally concluded the necessity of modified rules and regulations regarding the disposal of construction and demolition waste.
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López Casado, David. "Los procesos de ocupación irregular del suelo no urbanizable en el municipio de Córdoba (España): primeros resultados de una investigación en curso." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Facultad de Arquitectura. Universidad de la República, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6133.
Abstract:
Los procesos de dispersión urbana han sido uno de los grandes protagonistas de los desarrollos urbanos de la mayoría de los municipios de nuestro entorno de las últimas décadas. La configuración actual del territorio de éstos, no puede explicarse adecuadamente sin comprender las lógicas que están detrás del proceso de aparición, desarrollo y consolidación de este modelo de poblamiento. El fenómeno conocido como parcelaciones o urbanizaciones ilegales, es un caso paradigmático de esta forma de crecimiento de la ciudad. Sin embargo, se trata de un tema poco estudiado y, cuando lo ha sido, generalmente lo es en el contexto de análisis globales de dichos procesos de difusión urbana. La comunicación se fija como objetivo principal mostrar los primeros resultados de los trabajos realizados hasta la fecha, en el contexto de un estudio más amplio, que supone la tesis doctoral del autor, y cuyo tema central de investigación son las parcelaciones y urbanizaciones ilegales en el municipio de Córdoba (España). En segundo término, se expondrán brevemente las líneas futuras de investigación abiertas a partir de estos resultados. The processes of urban sprawl, has been one of the great themes of the urban development of most of the municipalities in our area in the last 50 or 60 years. The current configuration of the territory of the latter, can not be adequately explained without understanding the logic behind the process of emergence, development and consolidation of this mode of settlement. The phenomenon known as illegal allotments or urbanizations, is a paradigmatic case of this form of growth of the city. However, it is a little-studied, and when it has been, it is usually in the context of global analysis of these processes of dispersion and urban diffusion. The communication is set as main objective to show the first results of the work done to date. This is inserted into a larger work, which involves the author's doctoral thesis, which focus of study are illegal subdivisions and developments in the city of Cordoba (Spain). Secondly, we briefly expose future lines of research in the context of the thesis.
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Gallina Toschi, Tullia. "The results of the EU H2020 OLEUM project for the authenticity of olive oils." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/gmzh6724.
Abstract:
In 2014, a Horizon 2020 call was specifically dedicated to olive oil. The winning OLEUM project grasped all the keywords and topics contained in the call, working extensively on a multifaceted strategy on innovative methods, but also improving and making more sustainable the many effective methods already in use. The project searched new markers and methods, or modified approaches already legally recognized by reducing time, solvents, and consumables. Finally, OLEUM implemented several analytical methods to better guarantee olive oil quality and authenticity against the occurrence of common and emerging fraudulent cases. In particular: a) two revised rapid and sustainable in-house validated methods for the FAEEs determination (low quality virgin olive oils, soft deodorized); b) methods to support the confirmation of the compliance with the labelled geographical origin of VOOs; c) methods to detect illegal blends of olive oils with other vegetable oils; d) instrumental methods and sensory reference materials (SRMs) resembling two defects (rancid, winey-vinegary) to connect sensory analysis with specific volatile markers quantification (Quantitative Panel Test); e) methods for assessing the freshness/shelf-life of olive oils, including a software to estimate the extra VOOs “best before dateâ€. This to drive the future of olive oil quality and authenticity controls, by distilling elements of complexity with an incremental approach, to make a new synthesis and communicating to the stakeholders and consumers without sensationalism, thus avoiding to introduce elements of uncertainty and approximation. This last was the difficult challenge that OLEUM has won.This work is developed in the context of the project OLEUM “Advanced solutions for assuring authenticity and quality of olive oil at global scaleâ€, funded by the European Commission within the Horizon 2020 Programme (2014–2020, GA no. 635690). The information expressed in this abstract reflects the authors€™ views; the EC is not liable for the information contained therein.
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Petrović, Dragana. "LEGALIZOVANjE PROSTITUCIJE - PROUČAVANjE STANjA KAO PRETPOSTAVKA DELOVANjA." In 14 Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xivmajsko.1037p.
Abstract:
Known as the "oldest profession" in the world, prostitution is still the one and only "unqualified" occupation or profession in which women can earn more than men. For centuries condemned from a moral and legal point of view, this type of commercial activity was initially limited to women, to their punishment. However, in recent years more and more often and talk about male prostitution. In all definitions clearly different preferences, contained the same characteristics - in the most general terms, it is about "the activities of giving and receiving sexual services for money" - entering into a sexual relationship between a prostitute and her customer service becomes a means of obtaining material benefits. The benefit, ie. profit - that's what motivates such a negative social behavior, and explains the reasons for its significant presence in contemporary society. The article specifically points to a close, organic link between prostitution and crime, noting that prostitution is often associated with the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, with street violence, illegal gambling, drugs ... This very activity is, as a rule, carried out in conjunction with trafficking, establishing slavery, smuggling of migrants. The author points out - it is a serious social, moral, legal, security, economic problems ... a very complex and harrowing reality. What seems to be the current negative trends in this area stop? From these general positions in contemporary legislations crystallized the three solutions: the criminalization, decriminalization and legalization of prostitution. Maybe, or partially in response to the arguments for the legalization of prostitution is slowly but surely becoming more convincing, so that, the author points out, rightly expect its legalization, and in our society.
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Vodenicharov, Asen. "CIVIL LAW STATUS OF THE SUPERVISORY ORGAN IN EUROPEAN BUSINESS COMPANIES." In 6th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2020.303.
Abstract:
The Supervisory organ is a compulsory element in the governance structure of the European Structures for Business Association, namely the European Company (Societas Europaea) and the European Cooperative Society (Societas Cooperativa Europaea) that have chosen a two-tier system for their organizations. The organ under consideration presents a hybrid regulatory framework. On the one hand, these are the provisions in the regulations of the European Union, and, on the other, the national law regulations. The organ in question has specific characteristics. Its members are elected by the General meeting. The staff of the first supervisory board may be appointed in the statues. This should apply without prejudice to any employee participation arrangements determined pursuant to Directive 2003/72 / EC. The members of the Supervisory organ are elected for the term specified in the Statute of the association. Their maximum term of office after the expiry mandate date may not exceed six months. The package of powers includes constitutional, authoritative and controlling rights and obligations. The supervisory organ shall elect and dismiss members or an individual member of the management organ. In cases explicitly provided for in the statute of the association, a certain category of legal transactions cannot be concluded by the management organ without the permission of the supervisory organ. Its controlling functions are particularly important. The supervisory organ shall supervise the duties performed by the management organ. It may not itself exercise the power to manage the associations. The supervisory organ may not represent the associations in dealings with third parties. It shall represent the associations in dealings with the management body, or its members, in respect of litigation or the conclusion of contracts. The management organ shall report to the supervisory body at least once every three months on the progress and foreseeable developments of the association’s business, taking into account any information relating to undertakings controlled by the association that may significantly affect the progress of the association business. The members of the Supervisory organ are holders of Civil liability. Its legal basis is the relevant rules in the national law relating to joint stock companies or cooperative organizations in the Member States in which they have registered their office. This liability is based on the possible damage caused by illegal or incorrect acts or actions.
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Reis Santos, Mariana. "Does the implementation of special zones of social interest (ZEIS) encourages adequate housing in precarious settlement? The case of San Paolo." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/hfqf7018.
Abstract:
With the establishment of the Constitution of 1988, a new approach to urban governance emerged in Brazil. The document brought significant changes regarding the right to the city and adequate housing, in particular, for the urban poor. The recognition of these rights triggered the experimentation with inclusionary policies around the country (Rolnik and Santoro, 2013). As a result, informal settlements started to be acknowledged as part of the formal city and were included in zoning and planning laws. One of the main outcomes of these experiments was the creation of Special Zones of Social Interest (ZEIS), a land and housing policy that linked investments on infrastructure in precarious settlements to land regularisation processes. In 2001, ZEIS was incorporated into the City Statute, a document that established a range of collective rights to guide land use and development. Since then, the instrument has gained popularity in the country as a land regularisation tool. Nevertheless, a considerable share of settlements remains poorly built and addressing informality is still a challenge. Therefore, this paper evaluated the co-relation between the implementation of ZEIS, land regularisation processes and provision of basic infrastructure in precarious settlements. More specifically, it measured the quality of State interventions supported by the zoning. By focusing on quality, this article aimed to evaluate whether ZEIS has encouraged adequate housing conditions for the urban poor or reinforced precarious patterns of development. To explore this relationship, a case study was conducted on the performance of ZEIS in Favela of Sapé, a settlement in the West of São Paulo. As a methodology, case studies have become a common option for performing evaluations and analyse what a program, practice or police has achieved (Yin, 2012). Moreover, this research strategy commonly relies on various sources of field-based information (Yin, 2012). Accordingly, this paper comprised mainly primary qualitative data. It also made broad use of content and secondary analysis, with the goal of ensuring validity and reliability. The performance of ZEIS in Sapé demonstrated that since its implementation, in 2001, tenure security and physical characteristics have enhanced considerably in the area, particularly, when it comes to housing quality and provision of basic infrastructure. Nevertheless, these accomplishments are being compromised by a strong process of reoccupation which is supported by illegal organisations. In addition, there is a delay of the Municipality in meeting the demands for housing in the area because of governance issues and mismanagement of financial resources. This scenario, combined with a weak inspection body, has once again permitted the development of precarious housing and infrastructure in the area. It also has compromised the issuance of freehold land titles to the settlement’s dwellers. In other words, the site is under a vicious circle where neither the provision of housing and infrastructure is enough to meet the demand nor the land regularisation is completed because of the reoccupations. In sum, although the implementation of ZEIS seems to have a share of responsibility in Sapé’s upgrading process, the local authorities do not have the capacity of reinforcement necessary to maintain these improvements. Furthermore, it is fair to assume that the current legal framework provided by ZEIS is not adequate for the context of São Paulo and requires further adjustments. Not only because of the complex character of the city, but also because in practice, urban norms may be interpreted differently according to political and cultural conditions (Rolnik, 1997).
Reports on the topic "Illegal export":
1
Roberts, Tony, Judy Gitahi, Patrick Allam, Lawrence Oboh, Oyewole Oladapo, Gifty Appiah-Adjei, Amira Galal, et al. Mapping the Supply of Surveillance Technologies to Africa: Case Studies from Nigeria, Ghana, Morocco, Malawi, and Zambia. Institute of Development Studies, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2023.027.
Abstract:
African governments are spending over 1US$bn per year on digital surveillance technologies which are being used without adequate legal protections in ways that regularly violate citizens’ fundamental human rights. This report documents which companies, from which countries, are supplying which types of surveillance technology to African governments. Without this missing detail, it is impossible to adequately design measures to mitigate and overcome illegal surveillance and violations of human rights. Since the turn of the century, we have witnessed a digitalisation of surveillance that has enabled the algorithmic automation of surveillance at a scale not previously imaginable. Surveillance of citizens was once a labour and time-intensive process. This provided a practical limit to the scope and depth of state surveillance. The digitalisation of telephony has made it possible to automate the search for keywords across all mobile and internet communications. For the first time, state surveillance agencies can do two things: (a) conduct mass surveillance of all citizens’ communications, and (b) micro-target individuals for in-depth surveillance that draws together in real-time data from mobile calls, short message service (SMS), internet messaging, global positioning system (GPS) location, and financial transactions. This report was produced by qualitative analysis of open-source data in the public domain. The information presented is drawn from a diverse range of sources, including open government data sets, export licence portals, procurement notices, civil society databases of surveillance contracts, press releases from surveillance companies, academic articles, reports, and media coverage. The research is organised using a typology of five categories of surveillance technology. We did not set out to detail every technology available, every company, or every supply contract. Instead, we document the main companies and countries selling digital surveillance technologies to African governments. Rather than focus on the technical functionality distinguishing each product offering, we highlight five of the most important types of surveillance technology: internet interception, mobile interception, social media surveillance, ‘safe city’ technologies for the surveillance of public spaces, and biometric identification technologies.
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Higuera Roa, Oscar, Jack O'Connor, Ogunwumi Taiwo Seun, Christopher Ihinegbu, Josefine Reimer Lynggaard, Zita Sebesvari, Caitlyn Eberle, and Margaret Koli. Technical Report: Lagos floods. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/wquh9842.
Abstract:
Lagos faces increasingly severe annual flooding, exacerbated by sea level rise and subsidence. In 2021, floods again submerged vehicles and houses, displacing thousands from their homes. The demand for sand in construction materials drives illegal sand mining and erosion on the coast of Nigeria, degrading ecosystems and increasing flood risk. This technical background report for the 2021/2022 edition of the Interconnected Disaster Risks report analyses the root causes, drivers, impacts and potential solutions for the Lagos floods through a forensic analysis of academic literature, media articles and expert interviews.
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O'Connor, Jack, Oscar Higuera Roa, and Caitlyn Eberle. Technical Report: Vanishing vaquita. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/ater5245.
Abstract:
The vaquita is a species of porpoise on the brink of extinction with less than 10 individuals estimated to be left in the wild. Although not commercially targeted, the vaquita is collateral damage in an ongoing conflict between fishers, government and international illegal trade. Conservation of this species, therefore, must include provisions for and engagement of all stakeholders involved. This technical background report for the 2021/2022 edition of the Interconnected Disaster Risks report analyses the root causes, drivers, impacts and potential solutions for the vanishing vaquita through a forensic analysis of academic literature, media articles and expert interviews.
4
Cowles, Ernest L., Dennis B. Anderson, and Jennifer Shostak. A Report on a Study to Explore the Characteristics of Offenders Committing Financially Motivated Crimes Related to the Acquisition, Use and Disposal of Illegal Funds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada293973.
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Cowles, Ernest L., Dennis B. Anderson, and Jennifer Shostak. A Report on a Study to Explore the Characteristics of Offenders Committing Financially Motivated Crimes Related to the Acquisition, Use and Disposal of Illegal Funds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada252699.
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Bolton, Laura. Criminal Activity and Deforestation in Latin America. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.003.
Abstract:
This review examines evidence on criminal deforestation activity in Latin America (particularly, but not exclusively the Amazon) and draws from the literature on the lessons learned in combatting criminal deforestation activity. This review focuses on Brazil as representative of the overwhelming majority of literature on criminal activity in relation to deforestation in the Amazon. The literature notes that Illegal deforestation occurs largely through criminal networks as they have the capacity for coordination, processing, selling, and the deployment of armed men to protect operations. Bribery, corruption, and fraud are deeply ingrained in deforestation. Networks may bribe geoprocessing experts, police, and public officials. Members of the criminal groups may become council members, mayors, and state representatives. Land titles are fabricated and trading documentation fraudulent. The literature also notes some interventions to combat this criminal deforestation activity: monitoring and law enforcement; national systems for registry and monitoring; legal enforcement for compliance of environmental law; International agreements and action; and Involving indigenous communities in combatting deforestation.
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Droogan, Julian, Lise Waldek, Brian Ballsun-Stanton, and Jade Hutchinson. Mapping a Social Media Ecosystem: Outlinking on Gab & Twitter Amongst the Australian Far-right Milieu. RESOLVE Network, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/remve2022.6.
Abstract:
Attention to the internet and the online spaces in which violent extremists interact and spread content has increased over the past decades. More recently, that attention has shifted from understanding how groups like the self-proclaimed Islamic State use the internet to spread propaganda to understanding the broader internet environment and, specifically, far-right violent extremist activities within it. This focus on how far right violent extremist—including far-right racially and ethnically motivated violent extremists (REMVEs) within them—create, use, and exploit the online networks in which they exist to promote their hateful ideology and reach has largely focused on North America and Europe. However, in recent years, examinations of those online dynamics elsewhere, including in Australia, is increasing. Far right movements have been active in Australia for decades. While these movements are not necessarily extremist nor violent, understanding how violent far right extremists and REMVEs interact within or seek to exploit these broader communities is important in further understanding the tactics, reach, and impact of REMVEs in Australia. This is particularly important in the online space access to broader networks of individuals and ideas is increasingly expanding. Adding to a steadily expanding body of knowledge examining online activities and networks of both broader far right as well as violent extremist far right populations in Australia, this paper presents a data-driven examination of the online ecosystems in which identified Australian far-right violent extremists exist and interact,1 as mapped by user generated uniform resource locators (URL), or ‘links’, to internet locations gathered from two online social platforms—Twitter and Gab. This link-based analysis has been used in previous studies of online extremism to map the platforms and content shared in online spaces and provide further detail on the online ecosystems in which extremists interact. Data incorporating the links was automatically collected from Twitter and Gab posts from users existing within the online milieu in which those identified far right extremists were connected. The data was collected over three discrete one-month periods spanning 2019, the year in which an Australian far right violent extremist carried out the Christchurch attack. Networks of links expanding out from the Twitter and Gab accounts were mapped in two ways to explore the extent and nature of the online ecosystems in which these identified far right Australian violent extremists are connected, including: To map the extent and nature of these ecosystems (e.g., the extent to which other online platforms are used and connected to one another), the project mapped where the most highly engaged links connect out to (i.e., website domain names), and To explore the nature of content being spread within those ecosystems, what sorts of content is found at the end of the most highly engaged links. The most highly engaged hashtags from across this time are also presented for additional thematic analysis. The mapping of links illustrated the interconnectedness of a social media ecosystem consisting of multiple platforms that were identified as having different purposes and functions. Importantly, no links to explicitly violent or illegal activity were identified among the top-most highly engaged sites. The paper discusses the implications of the findings in light of this for future policy, practice, and research focused on understanding the online ecosystems in which identified REMVE actors are connected and the types of thematic content shared and additional implications in light of the types of non-violent content shared within them.
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Keo, Bunthea, Amira Abdelhamid, and Eric Kasper. The Impact of Covid-19 Response Policies on Vulnerable Migrant Workers and Victims of Trafficking in Cambodia. Institute of Development Studies, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/cc.2022.002.
Abstract:
To date, the Government of Cambodia has issued at least 2,216 policies in response to Covid-19. These have largely been directed at limiting the spread of the Covid-19 within Cambodia, with clear attempts to mitigate the burden on economically- and socially-vulnerable groups. This study explored the ways in which the policy response to Covid-19 has been experienced by vulnerable migrant workers and people vulnerable to trafficking in persons. We interviewed seven social workers and independent experts, four migrant workers, and nine survivors of trafficking in order to gather evidence about gaps in the policies’ abilities to protect people and to identify mechanisms by which they impacted vulnerability. We find that, while the policies have attempted to provide protection to vulnerable groups, the majority of our respondents were not able to access it effectively. Workers in informal sectors have been particularly impacted by work stoppages since they have less bargaining power with employers and are much less able to access government unemployment support. Migrant workers trapped abroad faced hardships and discrimination, with many making risky journeys back to Cambodia or losing their regular migrant status. Border closure policies meant that many people were not able to safely return to Cambodia or travel for their livelihoods. This resulted in an increased reliance on brokers to cross borders illegally and to attempt to find work, which in turn increased risks of exploitation and trafficking at the very time when officials and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) were least able to monitor and identify violations.
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Rinkevich, Baruch, and Cynthia Hunter. Inland mariculture of reef corals amenable for the ornamental trade. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695880.bard.
Abstract:
The worldwide market for ornamental saltwater invertebrates supplies the needs of millions of aquarium hobbyists, public exhibitions (i.e., zoos) universities and research institutions. With respect to reef building corals, it is estimated that more than half a million coral colonies/year from a total 93 genera, were exported globally during the period of 1985-1997. International value of retail sale of live coral trade alone is estimated as $78 million in 1997 (not including the illegally, widely smuggled material). The continuous, large-scale collection of marine organisms is responsible, in many places, for the destruction of coral reefs. The expected expansion of the trade further threatens these fragile habitats. While no true captive-bred corals are commercially available, our long-term goal is to develop ex situ inland farming of coral colonies that will circumvent the need for in situ collections and will provide domesticated specimens for the trade and for research. We simultaneously studied two model branching coral species, Stylophora pistillata (Pocilloporidae; in Israel) and Porites (Poritidae; in the US). The proposal included three specific aims: (a) To develop protocols for nubbins (small fragments, down to the size of a single polyp) usage in coral farming;(b) To address the significance of colony pattern formation to the coral trade; and (c) To develop the protocols of using nubbins in physiological and ecotoxicological assays (using oil dispersants, the expression of the stress protein HSP-70, household detergents, etc.). Ten scientific publications (published manuscripts, accepted for publications, submitted to scientific journals, in preparation), revealing results that were related to all three specific aims, originated from this BARD proposal. As a result of the work supported by the BARD, we have now, in hand, original and improved protocols for coral maintenance ex situ, proven expertise on manipulating coral colonies’ pattern formation and biological knowledge on island mariculture of reef corals (from Hawaii and from the Red Sea) amenable for the ornamental trade (for public and private aquaria use, for experimentation). At least one Israeli company (Red Sea Corals, Ltd., KibbutzSaar) is using our methodologies for further developing this new mariculture sector. We are now in the process of introducing the rationale and methodologies to Hawaiian private entities to expand dissemination of the research outcomes.
10
Amirav, Aviv, and Steven Lehotay. Fast Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695851.bard.
Abstract:
The overall theme of this project was to increase the speed of analysis for monitoring pesticide residues in food. Traditionally, analytical methods for multiple pesticides are time-consuming, expensive, laborious, wasteful, and ineffective to meet critical needs related to food safety. Faster and better methods were needed to provide more cost-effective detection of chemical contaminants, and thus provide a variety of benefits to agriculture. This overarching goal to speed and improve pesticide analysis was successfully accomplished even beyond what was originally proposed by the investigators in 1998. At that time, the main objectives of this project were: 1) to further develop a direct sample introduction (DSI) device that enables fast sampling and introduction of blended-only agricultural products for analysis by gas chromatography (GC); 2) to evaluate, establish, and further develop the method of simultaneous pulsed flame photometric detector (PFPD) and mass spectrometry (MS) detection for enhanced pesticide identification capabilities; and 3) to develop a new and novel MS pesticide analysis method, based on the use of supersonic molecular beams (SMB) for sampling and ionization. The first and third objectives were successfully accomplished as proposed, and the feasibility of the second objective was already demonstrated. The capabilities of the GC/SMB-MS approach alone were so useful for pesticide analysis that the simultaneous use of a PFPD was considered superfluous. Instead, the PFPD was investigated in combination with an electron-capture detector for low-cost, simultaneous analysis of organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides in fatty foods. Three important, novel research projects not originally described in the proposal were also accomplished: 1) development of the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method for pesticides in foods; 2) development and optimization of a method using low-pressure (LP) GC/MS to speed pesticide residue analysis; and 3) innovative application of analyte protectants to improve the GC analysis of important problematic pesticides. All of the accomplishments from this project are expected to have strong impact to the analytical community and implications to agriculture and food safety. For one, an automated DSI approach has become commercially available in combination with GC/MS for the analysis of pesticide residues. Meanwhile, the PFPD has become the selective detector of choice for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides. Great strides were made in SMB-MS through the manufacture of a prototype "Supersonic GC/MS" instrument, which displayed many advantages over commercial GC/MS instruments. Most notably, the QuEChERS method is already being disseminated to routine monitoring labs and has shown great promise to improve pesticide analytical capabilities and increase lab productivity. The implications of these developments to agriculture will be to increase the percentage of food monitored and the scope of residues detected in the food, which will serve to improve food safety. Developed and developing countries alike will be able to use these methods to lower costs and improve results, thus imported/exported food products will have better quality without affecting price or availability. This will help increase trade between nations and mitigate certain disputes over residue levels in imported foods. The improved enforcement of permissible residue levels provided by these methods will have the effect to promote good agricultural practices among previously obstinate farmers who felt no repercussions from illegal or harmful practices. Furthermore, the methods developed can be used in the field to analyze samples quickly and effectively, or to screen for high levels of dangerous chemicals that may intentionally or accidentally appear in the food supply.