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1
Kremer, Benjamin Raymond. "Illegal transactions." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367534.
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Almzmomi, Aabed Hameed M. "Strategies to secure sea ports against terrorism, illegal trading and illegal migration." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1370.
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This study focuses on maritime security and illegal actions that take place at sea which can evolve into international conflicts and disputes. The field of maritime security entails the comprehensive confrontation of illegal actions such as maritime piracy, maritime terrorism, illegal trade of drugs and arms, plunder and environmental crimes. This study will focus on the ports of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and will look at ways to achieve security and stability of the country’s maritime transportation sector. The study concentrates mainly on three issues: maritime terrorism, illegal trade and illegal immigration. Terrorism has increased, especially after the events of 9/11, and terrorists are using new methods to attack civilians and governments all over the world. The study concentrates on the danger of terrorism in seaports and sets out a strategy to confront it. Illegal trade is considered one of the most dangerous international crimes and all countries of the world suffer from the trafficking of drugs and arms. KSA is no exception. It suffers from these crimes across its maritime and territorial borders. Thus, it is important to tackle this crime via a security strategy for protecting Saudi ports. KSA also suffers from a high level of illegal immigration across its maritime and territorial borders, mainly from neighbouring countries such as Yemen, Somalia and Iraq. Illegal migrants are usually searching for work and a better life. The study tries to find new methods to solve the problems of maritime terrorism, illegal trade and illegal immigration at large ports. Securing the coasts of KSA, which stretch 2000 km along both the Red Sea and the Arab Gulf, is an important matter, XIII especially nowadays with the spread of terrorist attacks due to international political and religious conflicts. The geographical location of KSA is considered a huge obstacle to the successful securing of its ports and coasts, as KSA is surrounded by 13 countries. Some of these countries are very poor in terms of their economy and security level. There are also several political conflicts surrounding KSA, and every year thousands of migrants try to enter KSA looking for work or trying to perform religious pilgrimage. In addition, many methods are used for the trade of drugs, explosives and arms. All these issues are tackled in the study with the aim of setting a strategy for the protection of Saudi ports. The researcher uses a questionnaire to obtain data from Saudi borders guards in order to recognize the role of these forces in protecting Saudi ports. At the end the researcher reaches conclusions and makes important recommendations for the KSA government to consider, for example: Saudi authorities may wish to approve the strategy suggested by the researcher to protect Saudi ports from maritime terrorism, illegal trade and illegal immigration using the latest technology. KSA must further develop and activate this security strategy. Saud Arabia should use advanced technology systems for monitoring and protecting ports, especially pilotless planes (UAVs) to monitor the coasts.
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Tan, Siew Hoon History & Philosophy Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. "Illegal immigration to Singapore." Publisher:University of New South Wales. History & Philosophy, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44279.
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Singapore is a country built entirely by migrants. The topic of migration thus forms a very important part of the history of Singapore, in which much research has been done. However, one aspect of the modern migration history of Singapore has not been wellstudied, and that is illegal immigration. Since centuries ago, people have been smuggled on the very waterways that modern Singapore owes its prosperity to. Today, people are still entering and exiting the country clandestinely using the same waterways. However, as technology develops, the methods by which these people use to enter Singapore clandestinely are constantly changing. Regardless of the change in methods, such clandestine migration often involves great danger and hardship for those who dare to embark on the journey, just as the way it was in the past. This is even more so as Singapore turns from a colony to an independent country, and as the independent government increasingly exercises more control on the type of immigrants it allows into its borders to help take the country to greater heights in terms of prosperity. Immigration policies and laws thus become fine-tuned and people who are deemed ??undesirable?? are filtered out. The strict laws did not, however, deter some people from entering the country in search of a good job and a better life. As Singapore gears itself to receive more legal migrants, it must also be prepared to take measures against illegal immigrants. Illegal immigration is therefore a continuous battle between the authorities and the illegal migrants. Through the use of official and unofficial documents and public resources, some of which are not easily obtainable, this thesis traces the development of illegal immigration from a historical context and explores the life of the illegal migrants in Singapore so as to fill in the gaps on an under-studied topic, as well as the change in mindsets migrants-turned-citizens have towards new migrants, in an attempt to use a historical approach to explain the issue of the social phenomenon of illegal migration to Singapore.
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Tidare, Niclas. "Skadestånd vid illegal fildelning." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-234324.
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Hill, Jonathan. "Creative users, illegal architects." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312161.
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The central message of this thesis is that architecture is made by use and by design. To use a building is to alter it, by for example physically transforming it, using it in unexpected ways, or conceiving of it anew. The user can be passive, reactive or creative, whatever the character of the space he or she inhabits, but space can affect use, and each design suggests a certain user. Questioning the binary opposition of the architect and the user this thesis proposes a third entity: the creative user who can also be an 'illegal architect'. As a design strategy which recognises the creative role of the user in formulating architecture, it proposes a theory of montage in which the gaps are as important as the fragments. In contrast to traditional theories of montage, the 'montage of gaps' aims not to shock but to remain unresolved, to be remade by each user.
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Telmon, Norbert. "L'exercice illegal de la medecine et les actes illegaux dans la pratique medicale." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU31520.
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Ilha, Ana. ""Illegals" in the land of opportunity the press and the labor rights of undocumented workers /." View dissertation online, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2047/d10016934.
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Brügger, Esther. "On corruption and illegal strategies." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://www.zb.unibe.ch/download/eldiss/04bruegger_e.pdf.
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Shali, Fatin. "Illegal immigration till staden Rom." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1100.
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<p>Uppsatsen handlar om illegala immigrationen och dess effekt i staden Rom. Europa möter idag ett stort problem för att stoppa illegala flyktingar från att ta sig över gränsen till kontinenten. Immigrationsvågen har ökat kraftigt de senaste åren och var ett av de största diskussion ämne i EU toppmötet i Bryssel juni 2003. Italien är en av de Europeiska länder som har blivit en port för illegala immigranter för att komma in Europa.</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att ge en bättre uppfattning för sambanden som finns mellan illegal immigration och staden Rom. Undersökningen i uppsatsen behandlar den illegala immigrationens omfattning och karaktär som ett fenomen i staden Rom. Vad är orsakerna till den illegala immigrationen i Italien och Rom isynnerhet? Vad har majoriteten av de illegala immigranterna i staden Rom för bakgrund, det vill säga var kommer de ifrån? Varför valde de Italien och i synnerhet staden Rom? Vad gör de när de stannar kvar i Rom? Stannar de kvar i staden Rom eller slussas de vidare till andra städer?</p><p>Resultatet av studien är att när det gäller den illegala immigrationen till Italien så finns det inget fungerande system. Italien behöver en ny immigrationspolitik för att stoppa immigrationsvågen. Integrationspolitiken behöver skapa ett samarbetet mellan lokalbefolkningen och den illegala immigrationen som finns redan i landet.</p>
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Mattsson, Jan-Erik. "Jaktbrott : Illegal jakt utifrån rutinaktivitetsteorin." Thesis, Umeå University, Basic training programme for Police Officers, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-27483.
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<p>För att den svenska vargstammens överlevnad skall kunna säkras så måste 500 individer finnas inom rikets gränser. Vargen har gått från att ha varit nästintill utrotad till att den förekommer i allt större utsträckning. Detta har medfört att den illegala jakten efter varg har ökat. Jag kommer därför att i detta arbete försöka förstå hur detta brott kan förebyggas genom att utgå från rutinaktivitetsteorin och sedan beskriva de tre faktorerna i brottet (polis, varg och jägare). Detta leder slutligen ut i konkreta förslag på hur brottet kan förebyggas.</p>
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Fadel, Souad Mohamed Ali. "Libya and illegal transit migration." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/15968.
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This study investigates how illegal migrants from African countries crossed Libya’s land and maritime boundaries with the aim of reaching Europe, and the reasons why Libya became both a transit and a destination country.
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Stynes, Sean Patrick Cleary. "Legal ethics and illegal migrants : the bounds of ethical conduct for lawyers helping 'illegals' become 'legal'." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/32187.
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This thesis investigates the bounds of ethical conduct for immigration lawyers
helping illegal migrants regularize their status in Canada. The field of legal ethics and
the phenomenon of illegal migration are independently fascinating areas of inquiry, yet
both topics remain largely understudied in Canadian legal scholarship. This paper aims
to provide some ethical guidance for immigration lawyers representing illegal migrants
in Canada and to offer new insights into how we understand and conceptualize both legal
ethics and illegal migration.
The thesis focuses around a hypothetical situation involving a family of 'failed
refugees' facing imminent deportation but awaiting a decision on an outstanding
permanent residence application based on humanitarian and compassionate grounds.
This thesis asks whether it is ethical for a lawyer - even in the most sympathetic of cases
- to advise clients not to appear for their removal. This is the kind of question prominent
legal ethics scholar, David Luban so eloquently captures with the question, 'can the good
lawyer be a bad person?'
Tackling this central question requires an understanding of the phenomenon of
illegal migration as well as the field of legal ethics. In terms of illegal migration, this
thesis seeks to deconstruct the concept of illegal migration and offer new insights into
the so called 'problem' in Canada. This thesis reports the results of a series of Access to
Information requests filed by the author offering great insight into the extent and kinds
of illegal migration in Canada.
With respect to legal ethics, this thesis questions their very nature of the
discipline. Are legal ethics to be understood as legal, as in the 'law of lawyers' with
rules and codes backed by punishment? Or should legal ethics be understood as ethics,
requiring an 'all things considered' approach free from threat of coercive state
punishment. I argue that the answer to the central question of the thesis, depends on how
we understand legal ethics. This thesis proposes an approach to legal ethics that is
halfway between law and ethics, consistent with William Simon's 'contextual view' of
legal ethics, where the bounds of ethical conduct are defined by the underlying merits of
the case and allow for 'ethical discretion in lawyering'.<br>Law, Peter A. Allard School of<br>Graduate
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Oja, Emma. "Illegal användning av legala droger : Litteraturstudie om den illegala och icke medicinska användningen av narkotikaklassade läkemedel." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-66862.
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Roller, Charles Gail, and Dorothy May Major. "Ramifications of illegal U.S. arms exports." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/24280.
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This thesis examines the impact of illegal U.S. arms transfers upon recipient nations' war fighting capabilities and upon the American national security. Data were gathered primarily from U.S. District Court records and interviews with U.S. governmental officials from intelligence services and the Departments of Commerce, Justice and State. An investigation of the illicit arms transfers to Iran formed the basis of conclusions reached. Additionally, policy recommendations are provided to enhance the governmental detection and investigation of illegal export violations. The viability of utilizing court documents as intelligence tools for measuring military capabilities is assessed.
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Knutsson, Niklas. "Musikwebben : Ett alternativ till illegal fildelning?" Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Biblioteks- och informationsvetenskap / Bibliotekshögskolan, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-18440.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine a new music downloading service called Musikwebben, which is now available in many Swedish libraries. It focuses on the differences and similarities between this service and illegal music sharing services. The question is raised, whether the appeal of Musikwebben is high enough for it to be able to “recruit” users from similar, illegal services. To answer this question, a qualitative content analysis is used, to explore various views on what legal downloading services have to offer and how these differ to illegal alternatives. The focus here lies mainly on the technical differences of the music files and how these may affect fair use and personal use. In addition, the musical content of Musikwebben is compared to the content of a leading illegal file sharing service. Logically, the more variety of music the service has to offer, the more appealing it would be to users. The result of this thesis shows that the music files being offered by Musikwebben are protected by a technology called DRM (Digital Rights Management). This is used to prevent illegal use of the files, mainly copying and sharing, but it also prevents other uses, which falls under both fair use and personal use. Consequently, illegal file sharing services, which are DRM free, are technologically superior and should therefore be more appealing to users. The results also show that the illegal services have a wider spectrum of music to offer, which of course would also be more user appealing.<br>Uppsatsnivå: C
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BUNYARD, KATRINA LEE. "ISIL AND THE ILLEGAL ANTIQUITIES TRADE." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/612623.
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This thesis examines the involvement of the terrorist organization the Islamic State (ISIL) in the global illegal antiquities trade. Specifically, it focuses on its ideology and organization, as well the impact of illegal antiquities on global markets. I argue that ISIL’s professed ideology is primarily for propaganda purposes and its public and that they are regular participants in a global, fluid antiquities trade network. This allows for looted antiquities to develop a “legitimate” provenance, eventually permeate legitimate markets and accounts for the perceived lack of Syrian antiquities on the market currently.
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Waters, Jaime. "Illegal drug use among older adults." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2010. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14974/.
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Illegal drug use IS a much discussed, publicised and researched area of criminology. However, there has been little interest in its mature users. It is this subsection of illegal drug users that is investigated in this research. As the first generation of widespread and popular drug users is reaching late-middle age, this is becoming a fast growing and fascinating area of study. As the size of this drug using subsection is set to grow in coming years, the lack of existing research in this area is becoming more and more apparent. Existing research related to the area of drug use among older adults tends to be out-of date, predominantly American based, and looks largely at alcohol use, prescription misuse, and over-the-counter abuse. Equally, there is a lack of community based research in this area, which relies heavily on samples taken from the criminal justice system and treatment centres. This research aims to address these deficiencies. To create therefore as complete a picture of this little investigated social phenomenon as possible both quantitative and qualitative research techniques are incorporated into the research. Quantitatively, secondary data analysis is used to explore the British Crime Survey. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate techniques are used to analyse the data set, including hypothesis testing and logistics regression. For the qualitative component, the research uses snowball sampling to conduct face to-face in-depth interviews with adults over the age of 40 involved in recent illegal drug use living in the community. Overall, this research shows that older recent illegal drug users exists, it produces a profile of older recent drug users, including demographic and criminological characteristics, and illustrates the drug using careers of older drug users, showing how they incorporate drug use into their lives. Ultimately, it provides evidence that contradicts the notion that illegal drug use is an activity reserved exclusively for the young and shows that drug use does not exclude having a long, happy and productive life.
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Heinemann, Danton Lynx. "Social service use among illegal immigrants." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291986.
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This thesis paper researches the impact of illegal immigration on U.S. social services. The study focuses on information gathered from a group of illegal Mexican immigrants who have lived and worked in the U.S. The sample of illegal Mexican immigrants was attracted to the U.S. primarily for economic reasons. The U.S. economic system has directly and indirectly attracted Mexican workers into America for over a 100 years. The U.S. economy has directly attracted Mexican workers through recruitment practices employed by several U.S. business sectors. Indirectly, the powerful U.S. economy has historically attracted Mexicans north because the U.S.'s economy offers more economic opportunities than the Mexican economy. Illegal Mexican immigrants' presence in the U.S. economy has led to the increased use of U.S. social services and as a result of this extra use, a burden has been put on several social service institutions. To what extent this burden affects the U.S. economy is still not clear because illegal immigrants pay U.S. taxes that may compensate the system for this extra use.
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Fisch, Andreas. "Menschen in aufenthaltsrechtlicher Illegalität : Reformvorschläge und Folgenabwägungen aus sozialethischer Perspektive /." Berlin : Lit, 2007. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2901704&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Naranjo, R. Alberto J. "Drugonomics : Industrial Organization of Illegal Drug Markets." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Economics, Stockholm University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-1372.
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Gulotty, Robert. "Public concerns of illegal immigration and ideology." Connect to resource, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/31830.
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Spiteri, Mario. "Alcohol,tobacco and illegal drugs in adolescence." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250053.
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Steyn, G. "Are illegal squatters ruralising the urban edge?" South African Journal of Art History, 2008. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000814.
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This article was motivated by a claim in literature that migrants are ruralising Third World cities. It
investigates the impacts of migration - the fact that all residents are from somewhere else - on the
form and function of an informal settlement, using an illegal shantytown in Mamelodi, Tshwane, as a
case study, by exploring the relationships between (1) the demographic profiles of migrant households,
including their origins and expectations, (2) the form of a squatter settlement, and (3) how it actually
functions as a setting for social and economic activities. Illegal settlement making is finally tentatively
explained with a theory developed from the ruralisation hypothesis.
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Cepak, Natalie Ann. "NAFTA and the flow of illegal immigration." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192300.
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Orr, Schyler Thomas. "Beliefs and Behaviors Regarding Illegal Music Piracy." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/229794.
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Digital piracy is a relatively new phenomenon that poses a severe threat to the global music industry. Numerous studies have shown that digital piracy is linked to billions of dollars in lost revenue, leaving record companies scrambling to convince consumers to legally purchase music. A key population in this battle is college students, who are highly likely to engage in illegal downloading. For this study, a voluntary survey was conducted to uncover different classes of digital pirates with the purpose of gaining a better understanding of the types of students engaging in illegal downloading. This understanding can be used by music industry executives to develop new and innovative marketing campaigns that either challenge students’ willingness to engage in illegal downloading, or encourage them to purchase music legally.
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St, John Freya A. V. "Assessing and sentencing illegal behaviours in conservation." Thesis, Bangor University, 2012. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/assessing-and-sentencing-illegal-behaviours-in-conservation(d848473c-117d-465c-ac16-990120388e0c).html.
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Many conservation interventions aim to influence people's behaviour. Success depends upon a proper understanding of what motivates behaviour. I begin by reviewing social psychological models of behaviour, discussing how social psychological predictors of behaviour have been studied within conservation. Many studies focus on general attitudes towards conservation, rather than attitudes towards specific behaviours impacting on conservation success, assuming general attitudes are a useful indicator of behaviour, despite mixed evidence. Interventions depending upon rules require information about the quantity of people, and the types of people, breaking rules. However, when the subject of investigation is sensitive because it is illegal or socially taboo, it is naive to expect that people will respond honestly to questions about rule breaking when asked directly. Specialised methods exist for investigating sensitive topics yet are rarely used within conservation. I provide evidence that the randomised response technique (RRT) produces more accurate estimates of illicit behaviours compared to conventional surveys. Further, I show that RRT can be adapted to investigate how non-sensitive social psychological characteristics of respondents, such as their attitudes towards specific conservation-related behaviours, can be linked to their behaviour. This paves the way for using RRT to test the effectiveness of innocuous questions as proxy indicators for people's involvement in illicit behaviours. There has been concern that sanctions for wildlife crimes do not reflect how serious crimes are in terms of illegal profits or the threat status of targeted species. Sanctions should reflect how serious a crime is, whilst being socially acceptable. I use conjoint analysis to understand public and professional opinions as to which aspects of wildlife crimes make them more or less serious, and so deserving of a greater or lesser sentence. Results highlight the gravity judiciaries place on illegal profits when setting sentences. Finally, to understand how sanctions relate to species threat status, I analyse 23 years of wildlife crime sanctioning from the United Kingdom providing evidence that sanction severity increases with threat status and corresponding legal protection. This thesis is an example of how expanding our knowledge beyond traditional academic boundaries can enhance the development of conservation science.
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Leal, Nerida Louise. "Illegal street racing and associated (hooning) behaviours." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/43350/1/Nerida_Leal_Thesis.pdf.
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In an Australian context, the term hooning refers to risky driving behaviours such as illegal street racing and speed trials, as well as behaviours that involve unnecessary noise and smoke, which include burn outs, donuts, fish tails, drifting and other skids. Hooning receives considerable negative media attention in Australia, and since the 1990s all Australian jurisdictions have implemented vehicle impoundment programs to deal with the problem. However, there is limited objective evidence of the road safety risk associated with hooning behaviours.
Attempts to estimate the risk associated with hooning are limited by official data collection and storage practices, and the willingness of drivers to admit to their illegal behaviour in the event of a crash. International evidence suggests that illegal street racing is associated with only a small proportion of fatal crashes; however, hooning in an Australian context encompasses a broader group of driving behaviours than illegal street racing alone, and it is possible that the road safety risks will differ with these behaviours.
There is evidence from North American jurisdictions that vehicle impoundment programs are effective for managing drink driving offenders, and drivers who continue to drive while disqualified or suspended both during and post-impoundment. However, these programs used impoundment periods of 30 – 180 days (depending on the number of previous offences). In Queensland the penalty for a first hooning offence is 48 hours, while the vehicle can be impounded for up to 3 months for a second offence, or permanently for a third or subsequent offence within three years. Thus, it remains unclear whether similar effects will be seen for hooning offenders in Australia, as no evaluations of vehicle impoundment programs for hooning have been published.
To address these research needs, this program of research consisted of three complementary studies designed to: (1) investigate the road safety implications of hooning behaviours in terms of the risks associated with the specific behaviours, and the drivers who engage in these behaviours; and (2) assess the effectiveness of current approaches to dealing with the problem; in order to (3) inform policy and practice in the area of hooning behaviour.
Study 1 involved qualitative (N = 22) and quantitative (N = 290) research with drivers who admitted engaging in hooning behaviours on Queensland roads. Study 2 involved a systematic profile of a large sample of drivers (N = 834) detected and punished for a hooning offence in Queensland, and a comparison of their driving and crash histories with a randomly sampled group of Queensland drivers with the same gender and age distribution. Study 3 examined the post-impoundment driving behaviour of hooning offenders (N = 610) to examine the effects of vehicle impoundment on driving behaviour.
The theoretical framework used to guide the research incorporated expanded deterrence theory, social learning theory, and driver thrill-seeking perspectives. This framework was used to explore factors contributing to hooning behaviours, and interpret the results of the aspects of the research designed to explore the effectiveness of vehicle impoundment as a countermeasure for hooning. Variables from each of the perspectives were related to hooning measures, highlighting the complexity of the behaviour.
This research found that the road safety risk of hooning behaviours appears low, as only a small proportion of the hooning offences in Study 2 resulted in a crash. However, Study 1 found that hooning-related crashes are less likely to be reported than general crashes, particularly when they do not involve an injury, and that higher frequencies of hooning behaviours are associated with hooning-related crash involvement. Further, approximately one fifth of drivers in Study 1 reported being involved in a hooning-related crash in the previous three years, which is comparable to general crash involvement among the general population of drivers in Queensland. Given that hooning-related crashes represented only a sub-set of crash involvement for this sample, this suggests that there are risks associated with hooning behaviour that are not apparent in official data sources. Further, the main evidence of risk associated with the behaviour appears to relate to the hooning driver, as Study 2 found that these drivers are likely to engage in other risky driving behaviours (particularly speeding and driving vehicles with defects or illegal modifications), and have significantly more traffic infringements, licence sanctions and crashes than drivers of a similar (i.e., young) age.
Self-report data from the Study 1 samples indicated that Queensland’s vehicle impoundment and forfeiture laws are perceived as severe, and that many drivers have reduced their hooning behaviour to avoid detection. However, it appears that it is more common for drivers to have simply changed the location of their hooning behaviour to avoid detection. When the post-impoundment driving behaviour of the sample of hooning offenders was compared to their pre-impoundment behaviour to examine the effectiveness of vehicle impoundment in Study 3, it was found that there was a small but significant reduction in hooning offences, and also for other traffic infringements generally. As Study 3 was observational, it was not possible to control for extraneous variables, and is, therefore, possible that some of this reduction was due to other factors, such as a reduction in driving exposure, the effects of changes to Queensland’s Graduated Driver Licensing scheme that were implemented during the study period and affected many drivers in the offender sample due to their age, or the extension of vehicle impoundment to other types of offences in Queensland during the post-impoundment period. However, there was a protective effect observed, in that hooning offenders did not show the increase in traffic infringements in the post period that occurred within the comparison sample. This suggests that there may be some effect of vehicle impoundment on the driving behaviour of hooning offenders, and that this effect is not limited to their hooning driving behaviour. To be more confident in these results, it is necessary to measure driving exposure during the post periods to control for issues such as offenders being denied access to vehicles.
While it was not the primary aim of this program of research to compare the utility of different theoretical perspectives, the findings of the research have a number of theoretical implications. For example, it was found that only some of the deterrence variables were related to hooning behaviours, and sometimes in the opposite direction to predictions. Further, social learning theory variables had stronger associations with hooning. These results suggest that a purely legal approach to understanding hooning behaviours, and designing and implementing countermeasures designed to reduce these behaviours, are unlikely to be successful.
This research also had implications for policy and practice, and a number of recommendations were made throughout the thesis to improve the quality of relevant data collection practices. Some of these changes have already occurred since the expansion of the application of vehicle impoundment programs to other offences in Queensland. It was also recommended that the operational and resource costs of these laws should be compared to the road safety benefits in ongoing evaluations of effectiveness to ensure that finite traffic policing resources are allocated in a way that produces maximum road safety benefits. However, as the evidence of risk associated with the hooning driver is more compelling than that associated with hooning behaviour, it was argued that the hooning driver may represent the better target for intervention.
Suggestions for future research include ongoing evaluations of the effectiveness of vehicle impoundment programs for hooning and other high-risk driving behaviours, and the exploration of additional potential targets for intervention to reduce hooning behaviour. As the body of knowledge regarding the factors contributing to hooning increases, along with the identification of potential barriers to the effectiveness of current countermeasures, recommendations for changes in policy and practice for hooning behaviours can be made.
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Gavinelli, M. P. "Persistance of illegal drugs in bovine manure." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/66688.
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Oral or parenteral livestock drugs can be detected unmodified or as metabolites in animal dejections (urines and/or faeces). During manure maturation and before its disposal on cultivated lands, drugs present in cattle dejections can undergo a degradation, most of all due to the presence of faecal bacteria. The degradation level depends on the chemical structure of the different compounds. The general purpose of this work is to evaluate if manure can be a useful matrix to detect the presence of forbidden drugs in animal production, so to become a cheap and quick method of analysis.
Considering the compounds banned in European Directive 96/23/EC group A and in attachment IV of Reg. CEE 2377/90, some of them have been chosen, based on positive cases frequency in later years, to select those of most interest for cattle husbandry. A bibliographic research has been performed on these compounds, to analyze their metabolic characteristics and to find out the best analytical methods to check these substances during screening and confirmatory analysis.
Methods have been improved for screening analysis, using immunoassay techniques with sensitivity more or less up to ng/g. Generally we have adapted kits ELISA, already used in urine or in other tissues, to detect these compounds in manure. We optimized in manure matrix HPLC MS-MS methods for compounds where kit ELISA could not be used and to confirmatory analysis.
Afterwards, the degradation kinetics of substances in manure has been evaluated in a 4 months period, using in vitro models and both ELISA and HPLC MS-MS techniques. The studied substances and preliminary results are reported below.
STANOZOLOL
• ELISA technique: a kit for urine, serum and plasma has been adapted. We have found the limit of quantification about at 0.1ng/ml and the curve saturation was at 2ng/ml. Matrix effect was high.
• HPLC MS-MS: the method has been optimized for 16 β OH stanozolol with CCα of 0.42ng/ml, CCβ of 0.58ng/ml.
ZERANOL α and β
• ELISA technique: a kit for urine, serum and bovine tissue has been adapted. Matrix effect was high so the maximum level for quantification was 0.67ng/ml.
• HPLC MS-MS: the method has been optimized to show both of the compounds, CCα was 0.25ng/ml and 0.45 ng/ml for α and β-zeranol respectively; CCβ was 0.45ng/ml and 0.90ng/ml for α and β zeranol respectively.
NITROFURAN (AOZ and AMOZ)
• ELISA technique: a kit for different tissues in different animal species has been adapted. Matrix effect was scarce for AOZ but not so waek for AMOZ. Both metabolites showed sensibility close to 0.2ng/ml.
• HPLC MS-MS: samples have been derivatized before extraction. CCα was 0.20ng/ml and CCβ 0.30ng/ml for AMOZ and 0.45ng/ml and 1.30ng/ml for AOZ.
Β2 AGONISTS (CLENBUTEROL and TERBUTALINE)
• ELISA technique: a kit for analyzing clenbuterol and another one for analyzing together clenbuterol and terbutaline have been adapted. The limit of quantification was between 0.1 and 0.2ng/ml and saturation level about at 10ng/ml for clenbuterol on its own; together with terbutaline the limit of quantification was 0.5ng/ml and saturation level between 10 and 20ng/ml without matrix effect.
• HPLC MS-MS: CCα was 0.14ng/ml and CCβ was 0.22ng/ml.
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL
• ELISA technique: a kit for urine, bile, muscle and faeces has been adapted. The limit of quantification was between 12.5 and 25ppt, the saturation level about on 10ng/ml without matrix effect.
• HPLC MS-MS: CCα was 0.41ng/ml and CCβ was 0.86ng/ml.
TRENBOLONE
• ELISA technique: a kit for urine, bile, muscle, liver and faeces has been adapted. The limit of quantification was 2ng/ml and saturation level of 10ng/ml
• HPLC MS-MS: CCα was 0.80ng/ml and CCβ was 1.10ng/ml.
CHLORANPHENICOL
• ELISA technique: a kit for honey, eggs, urine, milk, plasma, meat and fish has been adapted. The limit of quantification was between 0.2 and 0.5ng/ml
• HPLC MS-MS: CCα was 0.32ng/ml and CCβ was 1.07ng/ml.
ISOXSUPRINE
• HPLC MS-MS: we searched this compound only with mass spectrometry and CCα and CCβ values were 0.24ng/ml and 0.36ng/ml respectively.
TIOURACIL
• HPLC MS-MS: it has been derivatized before extraction; we found 0.34ng/ml for CCα and 0.49ng/ml for CCβ.
CORTICOSTEROIDS
• HPLC MS-MS :we searched some drugs: prednisolone, prednisone, cortisol, cortisone, dexamethasone, betamethasone and methylprednisone and we found CCα from 0.10ng/ml to 0.60ng/ml and CCβ from 0.15ng/ml to 0.75ng/ml for all compounds.
ANABOLIC-ANDROGENIC STEROIDS
• HPLC MS-MS: we searched androstadienedione, α-boldenone, β-boldenone, androstenedione, testosterone and epitestosterone only with mass spectrometry. If we exclude ET CCα value range from 0.20ng/ml to 0.80ng/ml and CCβ from 0.40ng/ml to 2.50ng/ml.
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FINO, ROBERTA. "Three Essays on Illegal and Temporary Migration." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/153781.
Full textAbstract:
My dissertation focuses on two of the most important aspects concerning
migration, from a host country point of view: undocumented immigration on
the one hand, and temporary versus permanent immigration on the other hand.
The thread of my work is the issue of immigrants integration in the destination
country. In particular, I deal with integration in labor market, in consumption
patterns and in natives’ sentiments towards immigrants.
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Ganapathiraju, Pramod. "Illegal and unreported fishing : global analysis of incentives and a case study estimating illegal and unreported catches from India." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/41730.
Full textAbstract:
Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing has been identified as one of the
important drivers affecting sustainable management of fish stocks worldwide. Although,
Governments have initiated regulations and institutions to address these concerns, over
the years little progress has been achieved in controlling drivers of illegal fishing. In the
post UNCLOS era, countries adopting progressive laws like the United Nations Fish
Stocks Agreement, FAO Compliance Agreement and FAO International Plan of Action
on IUU fishing have not backed them up with adequate monitoring and surveillance
assets, leading to low compliance. Most countries within the new legal framework lack
adequate institutional and enforcement infrastructure to improve fisheries compliance.
The thesis employs three approaches to identify and evaluate the drivers of illegal and
unreported fishing worldwide. First, a case study approach using a questionnaire was
used to determine adequacy of monitoring control and surveillance in fisheries of 41
countries. Results demonstrate that monitoring control and surveillance is poor, with both
developing and developed countries having problems in this area. The second approach
used 1211 illegal fishing penalty cases in 109 countries to show that low penalties
provide economic incentives for IUU fishing to persist in many EEZs. Finally, a detailed
case study of the Indian EEZ exemplifies the problems of developing countries by
evaluating various stages where illegal and unreported catches occur in commercial and
small-scale fisheries. The study found evidence of serious decline in mesh size in several
net fisheries. Significant evidence of the abuse of joint venture tuna fisheries also reveals
that only 20% of the actual catch is reported; with unreported by-catch as large as the
actual tuna catch. Results from each of the maritime states in India (including the remote
Andaman and Nicobar Islands) reveal that 45000 to 60000 tonnes is taken annually by
illegal foreign fishing vessels, while 1.2 million tonnes of discards and 293,000 tonnes
remain unreported in the small-scale and commercial trawl fisheries.
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LOMBARDI, LEONARDO. "Sistemi di controllo interno e normativa, lotta all'illegalità nelle aziende a partecipazione pubblica: il caso AnconAmbiente." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/274618.
Full textAbstract:
Il lavoro prende spunto dalla volontà del legislatore italiano di combattere fenomeni illegali e degenerativi del sistema produttivo del Paese, quali corruzione e cattiva amministrazione. In particolare, la legge 190/2012 ed il D.Lgs. 97/2016, ma anche il D.Lgs. 231/2001 ed il D.Lgs. n. 33/2013, si inseriscono in una significativa attività normativa che, negli ultimi anni, ha profondamente toccato l’organizzazione ed il funzionamento della pubblica amministrazione.
Fortemente connessi al concetto di stato di diritto sono i concetti di trasparenza e responsabilità.
Dal punto di vista aziendalistico appare utile comprendere come, soprattutto nel settore delle public utility, adeguati meccanismi di accountability (esterna ed interna) siano portatori di numerosi vantaggi contribuendo a migliorare l’ambiente nel quale l’azienda opera.
La corruzione trova infatti terreno fertile nell'eccesso di norme e oneri procedimentali, nella ridotta qualità della burocrazia e in sistemi sanzionatori inefficaci. La norma non può essere in grado di attingere tutte le fenomenologie di abuso della funzione pubblica, ma l'individuazione di efficaci strumenti di contrasto permette di sviluppare, come già detto, una “cultura della responsabilità”.
In effetti, è plausibile che con rigorosi sistemi di misurazione e controllo siano meno possibili fenomeni di degenerazione morale e, quindi, una maggiore efficienza ed efficacia aziendale.<br>The work is inspired by the will of the Italian legislator to fight illegal and degenerative facts of the national production system, such as corruption and bad administration.
The law 190/2012 and the Legislative Decret 97/2016, but also the Legislative Decret 231/2001 and the Legislative Decret 33/2013, are part of a significant regulatory activity which, in recent years, has deeply affected the organization and functioning of the public administration.
Strongly related to the concept of rule of the law are the concepts of transparency and accountability.
From a corporate point of view, it seems useful to understand how, especially in the public utility sector, adequate accountability mechanisms bring a lot of advantages, and helping to improve the place where the company operates.
Corruption finds fertile ground in the excess of rules and procedural burdens, in the reduced quality of bureaucracy and ineffective sanctioning systems.
The laws may not be able to draw all the types of abuse of the public function, but the identification of effective contrasting instruments allows to develop, that wich is said, a "culture of responsibility".
It is possible that with rigorous measurement and control systems, the phenomens of moral degeneration and, greater efficiency and business effectiveness are less possible.
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Barsom, Sara. "Illegal fildelning : Ur ett materiellt och processuellt perspektiv." Thesis, Örebro University, Department of Behavioural, Social and Legal Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-1512.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Upphovsrätt är den rätt som författare, kompositörer, konstnärer och andra upphovsmän har till sina verk. Bestämmelserna om detta finns i lagen (1960:729) om upphovsrätt till litterära och konstnärliga verk. Upphovsrätt avser att ge rättsligt skydd för resultat av andligt skapande i vilken form det än föreligger samt en rätt till ersättning för skapade verk. Upphovsrätten har emellertid tvingats genomgå omfattande förändringar på grund av den tekniska utvecklingen som sker på området. Den digitala teknologin möjliggör idag att det snabbt, billigt och enkelt går att framställa nästan exakta kopior av skyddade verk i alla former och att överföra dem till ett stort antal mottagare med hjälp av internationella nätverk som Internet. Detta kan exempelvis ske genom s.k. P2P nätverk, d.v.s. fildelningssprogram. Dessa program gör det väldigt enkelt att dela med sig av upphovsrättsligt skyddat material, utan upphovsmannens tillåtelse. Denna utveckling har medfört att upphovsrättshavarna söker skydda och stärka sina rättigheter genom att dels få igenom lagändringar och dels genom olika intresseorganisationer som värnar och arbetar för deras intressen. Detta har i sin tur lett till att andra viktiga intressen har fått ge vika för upphovsrättsinnehavarnas, såsom tillgång till information och integritetsskydd.</p>
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Al-Oufi, Saleh Abdullah. "Legal control of illegal payments by multinational corporations." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5182.
Full text
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Oplatowska, Michalina. "Detection of illegal food dyes using immunochemical techniques." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.534597.
Full text
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Liu, Sai-him Jeffrey, and 廖世謙. "Illegal dumping of hazardous waste in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254081.
Full text
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Andrade, Emily Y. "Illegal immigration : 6 stories from an American family." Virtual Press, 2007. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1365172.
Full textAbstract:
Illegal Immigration: Six Stories from an American Family is a collection of stories derived from and inspired by the author's personal life experiences, dreams, and family history, as a Mexican American woman. The stories also hold distinct archetypal patterns, images, storylines and symbolism due to the author's connection to the collective unconscious through meditation. The stories tell character driven stories of adversity, and the search for home, and identity by linking main characters to their family members in each story. The collection as a whole reveals generational patterns, histories and connections not only present in the matriarchal bloodline of the collection, but from one human to another. The stories beckon the reader into an alternate reality created by these archetypal patterns inherent in all humans, in an attempt to transcend genres and find a place within the psyche where anything is possible.<br>Illegal immigration -- Marco and Margarita -- La muerte de mi padre -- Together again -- Vivi and Ricardo -- The healer.<br>Department of English
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Gaytan, Helena Fabiola. "Controlling of illegal immigration : a trade theoretic approach." Thesis, University of Essex, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363446.
Full text
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Pena, Anita Alves. "Illegal and legal immigration and domestic public policy /." May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Liu, Sai-him Jeffrey. "Illegal dumping of hazardous waste in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20667644.
Full text
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Knowles, Martin E. "Illegal moves as a source of problem difficulty." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0004910.
Full text
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Appleby, Clare A. "Local regulation of immigration." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p1464878.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.A.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.<br>Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 2, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-88).
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OESTERBLAD, JACQUELYN NIKOLE. "ALL MURDERS ARE ILLEGAL, BUT SOME ARE MORE ILLEGAL THAN OTHERS: A FEMINIST ANALYSIS OF THE COMMON LAW DOCTRINE OF PROVOCATION." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/613400.
Full textAbstract:
There exists a robust body of scholarship addressing the common law doctrine of provocation
and its use in justifying and excusing murders predicated on female sexuality, but the field has
largely been abandoned during the past decade. This thesis proposes a return to the question
and a reopening of the debate. It begins by reviewing and updating the literature on the
historical development of the doctrine and the philosophical assumptions about reason and
emotion that underlie it. It then moves into a comparative analysis of reform efforts in the United
States, England and Wales, and Australia and policymakers’ failure to effectively shift the
doctrine’s gendered implications. It ends with a discussion of provocation’s potential to serve as
an entrance into a larger research agenda about gender and law and to inform the complicated
task of feminist law reform. The doctrine of provocation is not merely an extreme example of a
legal loophole but rather an indication of a deeper tendency in the common law, built as it is on
the foundation of precedent and tradition, to represent the interests of (white) men at the expense
of others. As such, provocation remains a fertile site for research on gender and law.
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Wong, Chung-kwong Caesar. "Chinese illegal immigrants their effects on the social and public order in Hong Kong /." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B36194839.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.A.)--University of Leicester in association with School of Professional and Continuing Education, University of Hong Kong, 1995.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaf 154-163) Also available in print.
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Borger, Scott Charles. "Essays on migration and monetary policy." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3369466.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.<br>Title from first page of PDF file (viewed September 15, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Ivanova, Katsiaryna. "Corruption, illegal trade and compliance with the Montreal Protocol." Berkeley, CA : University of Southern California, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1166577291&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=78006&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Kratzmann, Katerina. "Auf einmal war ich illegal : undokumentierte Migranten in Österreich /." Wien : Verl. des Inst. für Europ. Ethnologie, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016329549&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Robinson, Cara Marie. "Illegal Drug Use, Deviancy and Social Exclusion Amongst Youth." Thesis, University of Kent, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520884.
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Swarc, Alan. "Illegal immigration to Palestine 1945-1948 : the French connection." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445118/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis principally concerns the illegal immigration campaign launched by a secret organisation, the Mossad FAliyah Bet (The Mossad), to breach the British naval blockade of Palestine and thereby enable the entry of Jewish survivors of the Holocaust. My primary objective is to prove that from late 1945 to April 1948 this campaign was largely facilitated by the covert help of elements within the French coalition Governments, without which it would not have succeeded. Crucially, France takes centre stage because this was the location, par excellence, chosen by the Mossad from which to carry out its operational activities. Whilst the overall historiography of illegal immigration to Palestine is vast and has included many archival references to French involvement, this has not been clearly substantiated. On the basis of archive sources, some only recently made available, and despite the paucity of direct evidence of French complicity, I will illustrate that there is a wealth of documentation which, taken as a whole, provides compelling circumstantial evidence that mis involvement was extensive. Furthermore, I will argue that French cooperation with Zionist leaders extended to political issues and military aid as well. Amongst other issues, I will focus on the rather free environment in France, in the post-war era, which proved to be so conducive to the operations of the Mossad. This includes considerations such as the political make-up of the French Government, the partisan approach of some of its ministers and civil servants, the Jewish community's attitude towards Zionism and the work of intermediaries between certain Government ministers and the Mossad. I will also examine the effects of British diplomatic pressure on the French Ministries involved and the attempts of its Secret Service to prevent illegal ships leaving France.
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Cheng, Jinchao, and 程進超. "Analysis of illegal parking : a case study on Hefei." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/199864.
Full textAbstract:
Illegal Parking has become a serious problem in major cities of China, but the features and causes of illegal parking are seldom studied; hence, no effective solutions have been proposed to solve this problem.
This study is a case study on one provincial capital city of China, Hefei, Anhui. With an on-site observation and a self-designed questionnaire survey, this study is able to reveal the general background of the study area where illegal parking is prevalent due to great parking shortage. After analyzing all the data obtained from the surveys, this study also brings to light the main characteristics of illegal-parking participants, including age, gender, income, perception on punishments and parking difficulty, as well as the distributions of illegal-parking activities temporally and spatially. Through these, this study gives a comprehensive picture of what illegal-parking phenomenon is like.
The reasons leading to illegal parking vary. This study uses a combination model of PEST and Cause and Effect Diagram (CED) to comprehensively explain the illegal parking causes from four aspects: policy & regulation, economic, social and technique.
Aiming at solving illegal parking problem, this study looks deeply into the externalities produced by and the costs of illegal-parking activity. A microeconomic analysis is adopted to compare the external cost, generalized cost and perceived cost of illegal parking. Lastly, a series of recommendations are proposed accordingly.
Increasing generalized cost is then considered as an effective and efficient way to solve illegal parking problem by not only reducing illegal parking demand but also internalizing the externality. Besides, carrying out supportive policies, increasing parking supply, educating drivers and updating parking facilities and management methods are also recommended based on the analysis of illegal parking causes.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Transport Policy and Planning<br>Master<br>Master of Arts in Transport Policy and Planning
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CHEN, SHU-CHUN, and 陳淑君. "Public Perception of Everyday Illegal Behavior: Illegal Street Vendors in Taiwan." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00233879972338664135.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺北大學<br>犯罪學研究所<br>98<br>This thesis aims to explore, taking illegal street vendors in Taiwan as an example, the reasons that people acquiesce in illegal behavior. The objectives are: (1) analyzing the reasons that people acquiesce in illegal street vendors through the aspects of relationship, morality, economics and culture; (2) extending the study to public perception of other improper acts; and (3) providing some suggestions for improving street-vendor administration.
By questionnaire survey of five sample groups: customers of street vendors, neighborhoods, legal street vendors or shops, illegal street vendors and the police, this study examines the social context of illegal street vendors in terms of 4 factors: relational distance, moral distance, economical distance and cultural distance, which are subconcepts derived from social distance. The data reveal that the acquiescence is higher for illegal street vendors and customers, and is lower for the police and the neighborhoods. The acquiescence to illegal street vendors within whole sample groups, however, is slightly high. Furthermore, by stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, the results show that “relational distance” is the primary factor in influencing the acquiescing action, and “relational distance” and “moral distance” are the two main factors in influencing the acquiescing notion, although the performance of factors in acquiescent notion may be more complicated.
In addition, the study also finds that acquiescence to other improper acts is prevalent. How serious people think an improper act is does not influence the frequency that they do it. Also, when people measure the seriousness of improper acts, they take many factors into consideration, not simply the consequence of disobeying laws and the penalty.
Finally, this study hopes to provide suggestions on street-vendor administration and further research.