Relevant bibliographies by topics / Illicit trade of antiquities

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Illicit trade of antiquities'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Illicit trade of antiquities"

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Brodie, Neil. "Congenial Bedfellows? The Academy and the Antiquities Trade." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 27, no. 4 (November 2011): 408–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986211418885.

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The illicit trade in antiquities and other cultural objects is socially harmful in several respects. Private collectors and museums are generally considered culpable in providing end demand by acquiring illicitly traded objects, but this article suggests that the facilitating actions of academic experts have previously been overlooked. Through a series of case studies, it examines different ways in which academic expertise is indispensable for the efficient functioning of the trade and suggests that a knowledge-based ethical environment for academic practice would allow scholars to make more informed choices about the propriety or otherwise of their involvement with the trade.
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Brodie, Neil. "Statistics, damned statistics, and the antiquities trade." Antiquity 73, no. 280 (June 1999): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00088402.

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The antiquities trade is a rather shady business — and few facts are available. Here Neil Brodie of the Illicit Antiquities Research Centre at Cambridge reviews the facts and figures of the British trade in such goods.
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Gill, David, and Christopher Chippindale. "The Trade in Looted Antiquities and the Return of Cultural Property: A British Parliamentary Inquiry." International Journal of Cultural Property 11, no. 1 (January 2002): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739102771579.

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The British parliamentary report on Cultural Property: Return and Illicit Trade was published in 2000. Three key areas were addressed: the illicit excavation and looting of antiquities, the identification of works of art looted by Nazis, and the return of cultural property now residing in British collections. The evidence presented by interested parties—including law enforcement agencies and dealers in antiquities—to the Culture, Media and Sport Committee is assessed against the analysis of collecting patterns for antiquities. The lack of self regulation by those involved in the antiquities market supports the view that the British Government needs to adopt more stringent legislation to combat the destruction of archaeological sites by looting.
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Proulx, Blythe Bowman. "Organized criminal involvement in the illicit antiquities trade." Trends in Organized Crime 14, no. 1 (October 23, 2010): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12117-010-9115-8.

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ÖZÜŞEN, Banu, and Levent KÖSEKAHYAOĞLU. "Two Case Studies in the Illicit Trade in Antiquities." Cedrus, no. 6 (June 30, 2018): 737–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.13113/cedrus.201835.

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Campbell, Peter B. "The Illicit Antiquities Trade as a Transnational Criminal Network: Characterizing and Anticipating Trafficking of Cultural Heritage." International Journal of Cultural Property 20, no. 2 (May 2013): 113–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739113000015.

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AbstractThe illicit antiquities trade is composed of a diverse population of participants that gives the appearance of complexity; however, using the network paradigm, a simple underlying structure is revealed based on specific geographical, economic, political, and cultural rules. This article uses a wide range of source material to chart interactions from source to market using a criminal network approach. Interchangeable participants are connected through single interactions to form loosely based networks. These flexible network structures explain the variability observed within the trade, as well as provide the basis behind ongoing debates about the roles of organized crime, terrorism, and the Internet in antiquities trafficking. Finally, a network understanding of trade's organization allows for anticipation, though not necessarily prediction, of antiquities trafficking and offers the opportunity to develop new strategies for combating the trade.
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Gallagher, Steven. "“Purchased in Hong Kong”: Is Hong Kong the Best Place to Buy Stolen or Looted Antiquities?" International Journal of Cultural Property 24, no. 4 (November 2017): 479–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739117000224.

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Abstract:The looting of antiquities from archaeological sites has received widespread coverage in the media. Concerns about the loss of heritage have resulted in international multilateral and bilateral agreements intended to prevent the illicit trade in looted antiquities. China has suffered from the looting of its archaeological sites for centuries, but the problem has been exacerbated in recent years because of the increased demand for Chinese antiquities and the consequent sharp increase in market prices. China has requested international assistance to combat the illicit trade in its heritage. It is strange therefore that one of China’s special administrative regions—Hong Kong—also one of the world’s major art markets, retains a “legal absurdity,”1which may protect the buyer of stolen or looted goods from claims for the return of stolen items. This statutory provision may result in the bizarre outcome that goods stolen from a museum or looted from an archaeological site and then purchased from a shop or market in Hong Kong may be protected from claims for their return; this protection may apply even if the loser is the Chinese state.
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Yates, Donna. "Crowdsourcing Antiquities Crime Fighting." Advances in Archaeological Practice 6, no. 2 (April 26, 2018): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2018.8.

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In early 2017, Sarah Parcak used her $1 million TED Prize to build the GlobalXplorer° platform (https://www.globalxplorer.org) “to identify and quantify looting and encroachment to sites of archaeological and historical importance,” using a crowdsourced “citizen science” methodology popularized by the Zooniverse web portal. GlobalXplorer° invited the public to search satellite imagery from Peru for evidence of looting within 100 m × 100 m squares, training them along the way and gamifying participation. In this review, I test the platform and consider the applicability of GlobalXplorer° as a vector for changing the way that the general public perceives the global illicit trade in cultural objects.
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Sabrine, Isber, Ristam Abdo, and Neil Brodie. "Some New Evidence Documenting the Involvement of Da’esh in Syria with the Illicit Trade in Antiquities." Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies 10, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.10.2.0115.

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ABSTRACT We present here some new evidence documenting the involvement of Da’esh with the looting and illicit trade of antiquities in northeastern Syria. We have interviewed four people who have first-hand knowledge of its activities and acquired some images of looted objects and Da’esh administrative documents. We examine this new evidence in the context of previously reported accounts of Da’esh involvement with the antiquities trade. We also report looting at some previously unknown archaeological sites, describe extensive looting when northeastern Syria was controlled by the Free Syrian Army, and critically examine the reliability of prices reported inside Syria.
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Bruhns, Karen Olsen, Neil Brodie, Jennifer Doole, and Colin Renfrew. "Trade in Illicit Antiquities: The Destruction of the World's Archaeological Heritage." Journal of Field Archaeology 28, no. 1/2 (2001): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3181473.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Illicit trade of antiquities"

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Fay, Emily Victoria. "Trading in antiquities on eBay : the changing face of the illicit trade in antiquities." Thesis, Keele University, 2013. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/197/.

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The sale of ancient objects on eBay is presented to buyers as legitimate and ethical. However the antiquities trade is a grey market, where both licit and illicit objects are sold (Bowman, 2008). An unknown percentage of illicit antiquities have entered the market as a consequence of archaeological looting. However, antiquities are fungible by nature, meaning that it is very difficult for buyers to differentiate the licit from the illicit. This thesis is based on the premise that the antiquities trade causes harm through the destruction of archaeological knowledge, and therefore there is a necessity to reduce the size of the market. Using Sutton’s market reduction approach, the study sets out to collect empirical data on the market from eBay. The thesis considers three main research questions: First, is the current regulatory framework for the sale of antiquities adequate? Second, what is the scale and scope of the market on eBay for antiquities? Third, what are the routine features of the operation of this market?
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Lane, David C. Jr. "The Social Economy of the Illicit Arts and Antiquities." VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd_retro/83.

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This work will offer sociological theory about deviance, positing that deviance is part of larger social processes. Specifically, it will examine the illicit arts and antiquities trade, arguing that networks of legitimate status-role positions facilitate illegitimate behaviors. This theoretical framework is developed out of the notion that deviant actions may be the result of a social economy, and not the result of individual or psychological concerns. The work will use an exploratory methodology and attempt to explain or answer several research questions. This is tested by using qualitative, open-source data describing the context and means of participation in the status-role positions. The intent is to highlight specific cases and explain how the alternative theory of deviance may be more suitable to explain this type of phenomena.
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BUNYARD, KATRINA LEE. "ISIL AND THE ILLEGAL ANTIQUITIES TRADE." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/612623.

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This thesis examines the involvement of the terrorist organization the Islamic State (ISIL) in the global illegal antiquities trade. Specifically, it focuses on its ideology and organization, as well the impact of illegal antiquities on global markets. I argue that ISIL’s professed ideology is primarily for propaganda purposes and its public and that they are regular participants in a global, fluid antiquities trade network. This allows for looted antiquities to develop a “legitimate” provenance, eventually permeate legitimate markets and accounts for the perceived lack of Syrian antiquities on the market currently.
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Klooster, Wim. "Illicit riches : Dutch trade in the Caribbean, 1648-1795 /." Leiden : KITLV press, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb391681754.

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Ebrahim, Zeenat. "The recent spike in illicit tobacco trade in South Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31558.

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Since 2015, the South African National Treasury has experienced declines in tax-paid cigarette revenues. The declines have been attributed to upward spikes in the illicit tobacco trade. This dissertation explores the upward spike in the illicit tobacco trade, in order to assess whether or not a relationship exists between tobacco companies’ actions and the spike in illicit activity. The study analyses information gathered from semi-structured key informant interviews in order to derive expert insights into the spike. The results indicate that the tobacco industry as a whole is using a variety of tactics to protect their interests. This thesis suggests that the recent increase in the illicit tobacco trade is the result of an increase in under-declared cigarette production by the tobacco industry, which exploits a weak enforcement of antitobacco laws.
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Klooster, Wim. "Illicit riches : the Dutch trade in the Caribbean, 1648-1795 /." [Leiden] : [W. W. Klooster], 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39105771f.

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Tsirogiannis, Christos. "Unravelling the hidden market of illicit antiquities : the Robin Symes-Christos Michaelides network and its international implications." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648271.

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Sciandra, Elena. "The Social Organisation of the Illicit Trafficking in Antiquities: The Cases of Bulgaria and Italy." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/243016.

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Illicit trafficking in antiquities is a transnational market that shows high level of complexity due to the diversification in the actors involved, the objects smuggled and the vast geographical areas targeted. The networked organised crime type has been utilised to describe the transnational nature of the illicit antiquities trafficking, however it eludes the precise characterisation of the mechanisms of interaction between the actors. The thesis aims at examining the dynamics of the organisation of the actors involved in the illicit trafficking at issue in Bulgaria and Italy. To achieve this goal, a model of script analysis was developed to classify the activities that shape this market, their criminal or lawful nature, their interaction, their weight and significance within the whole illicit antiquities trafficking, and the complexity, sophistication and professionalisation of the persons and groups active in this illicit trafficking. Data was collected by means of semi-structured interviews with law enforcement officials, archaeologists and prosecutors, and open data research. The thesis is divided in five parts. While part one introduces the topic, part two applies the social organisation of deviants’ framework to the illicit antiquities trafficking. Part three presents the research design and develops the script used to analyse the case studies described in part four: Bulgaria and Italy. They are sources of antiquities and serve as a bridge to several illegal goods that are smuggled into western European markets, including illicit antiquities. Part five concludes with a comparative discussion of the findings. This study highlights the possibilities of script analysis as research method to investigate understudied transnational crimes. It grounds what is currently known about the transnational illicit antiquities trafficking to the reality, by providing an accurate description of the ways people interact and shape the structure of the crossborder movement of antiquities in Bulgaria and Italy.
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Kersel, Morag Macdonald. "License to sell : the legal trade of antiquities in Israel." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252005.

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Chatzidi, Sofia. "Regulating the illegal trade in antiquities : Britain and Greece compared." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2008. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54479/.

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This thesis is about policy change in regulating the illegal trade in antiquities by way of a comparative case study between the United Kingdom and Greece - the UK being a prime example of a country that hosts the market in antiquities, Greece being a prime example of a country for whose antiquities this market trades in. The study of this research was based on the examination of primary and secondary data. Elite interviews were conducted which highlighted new areas. The main research question is whether the theoretical perspective of globalization, modernization or Europeanization (or a combination of particular elements of all three) best explains policy change in regulating the illegal trade in antiquities. My basic findings are that the regulatory change in Greece, came as a response to international developments begun with the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, developments that then continued with the effect of the European Union, Greek elites having used both the Convention and EU law to legitimize policy change in the field. In contrast, developments in the UK (I will argue) had come as the result of crises such as the Sotheby's scandal and later on the Baghdad looting of antiquities in 2003, which caused irreplaceable damage to the London art market which was based on the notion of trust. It was obvious that the London art market could not continue operating under the self-regulatory system and there was a need for clear rules. Moreover the British Government wanted to appear as a responsible international player. That is why it enacted a new Act of Law and signed the UNESCO Convention of 1970. This research aims to contribute in understanding policy change in regulating the illegal trade in antiquities by examining the reasons that have led to this change and the role of the involved actors. In contributing to the understanding of how the regulation of the antiquity trade has developed, this thesis will assist future research on the effectiveness of regulation as a policy instrument as such.
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Books on the topic "Illicit trade of antiquities"

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Governing guns, preventing plunder: International cooperation against illicit trade. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

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Jennifer, Doole, Watson Peter 1943-, Museums Association, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research., and ICOM UK, eds. Stealing history: The illicit trade in cultural material. Cambridge [England]: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2000.

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Transnational crime and the interface between legal and illegal actors: The case of the illicit art and antiquities trade. Nijmegen, Netherlands]: Wolf Legal Publishers, 2006.

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All the king's horses: Essays on the impact of looting and the illicit antiquities trade on our knowledge of the past. Washington, DC: SAA Press, Society for American Archaeology, 2012.

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Traviglia, Arianna, Lucio Milano, Cristina Tonghini, and Riccardo Giovanelli. Stolen Heritage Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Heritage in the EU and the MENA Region. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-517-9.

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It is a well-known fact that organized crime has developed into an international network that, spanning from the simple ‘grave diggers’ up to powerful and wealthy white-collar professionals, makes use of money laundering, fraud and forgery. This criminal chain, ultimately, damages and dissipates our cultural identity and, in some cases, even fosters terrorism or civil unrest through the illicit trafficking of cultural property.The forms of ‘possession’ of Cultural Heritage are often blurred; depending on the national legislation of reference, the ownership and trade of historical and artistic assets of value may be legitimate or not. Criminals have always exploited these ambiguities and managed to place on the Art and Antiquities market items resulting from destruction or looting of museums, monuments and archaeological areas. Thus, over the years, even the most renowned museum institutions have - more or less consciously - hosted in their showcases cultural objects of illicit origin. Looting, thefts, illicit trade, and clandestine exports are phenomena that affect especially those countries rich in historical and artistic assets. That includes Italy, which has seen its cultural heritage plundered over the centuries ending up in public and private collections worldwide.This edited volume features ten papers authored by international experts and professionals actively involved in Cultural Heritage protection. Drawing from the experience of the Conference Stolen Heritage (Venice, December 2019), held in the framework of the NETCHER project, the book focuses on illicit trafficking in Cultural Property under a multidisciplinary perspective.The articles look at this serious issue and at connected crimes delving into a variety of fields. The essays especially expand on European legislation regulating import, export, trade and restitution of cultural objects; conflict antiquities and cultural heritage at risk in the Near and Middle East; looting activities and illicit excavations in Italy; the use of technologies to counter looting practices.The volume closes with two papers specifically dedicated to the thorny ethical issues arising from the publication of unprovenanced archaeological objects, and the relevance of accurate communication and openness about such topics.
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Comolli, Virginia, ed. Organized Crime and Illicit Trade. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72968-8.

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Tosza, Stanisław, and John A. E. Vervaele, eds. Combatting Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67802-9.

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Illicit trade and the global economy. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2012.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Culture, Media, and Sport Committee. Cultural property: Return and illicit trade. London: Stationery Office, 2000.

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Smuggler nation: How illicit trade made America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Illicit trade of antiquities"

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Hashemi, Layla, and Louise Shelley. "Antiquities Trade, Illicit." In Encyclopedia of Big Data, 37–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32010-6_545.

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Hashemi, Layla, and Louise Shelley. "Antiquities Trade, Illicit." In Encyclopedia of Big Data, 1–2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32001-4_545-1.

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al-Saad, Ziad, and Stefan Simon. "Illicit Excavations and Trade in Antiquities." In Studies in Art, Heritage, Law and the Market, 81–101. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14084-6_6.

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Hashemi, Layla, and Abi Waddell. "Investigating the Online Trade of Illicit Antiquities." In Antiquities Smuggling in the Real and Virtual World, 218–39. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003023043-12.

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Polk, Kenneth. "The Global Trade in Illicit Antiquities: Some New Directions?" In Heritage Crime, 206–23. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137357519_12.

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Vlasic, Mark V., and Jeffrey Paul DeSousa. "The Illicit Antiquities Trade and Terrorism Financing: From the Khmer Rouge to Daesh." In The Palgrave Handbook of Criminal and Terrorism Financing Law, 1167–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64498-1_47.

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Rush, Laurie W. "Illicit Trade in Antiquities." In Enforcing International Cultural Heritage Law, 65–76. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199680245.003.0004.

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"What’s going on around the corner? Illegal trade of art and antiquities in Argentina." In Illicit Antiquities, 240–46. Routledge, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203165461-16.

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"Reducing incentives for illicit trade in antiquities: the US implementation of the 1970 UNESCO Convention." In Illicit Antiquities, 253–61. Routledge, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203165461-18.

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Yates, Donna, and Emiline Smith. "Museums and the market." In The Oxford Handbook of Museum Archaeology, 87—C4.P77. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198847526.013.11.

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Abstract The connection between the illicit trade in looted antiquities and museums is more nuanced than museum ethics codes currently address. This chapter explores the role that museums play in the transnational illicit trade in antiquities, considering how museums serve as ‘Receivers’ and ‘Influencers’ both driving the market and acting as a public social conscience working against it. As ‘receivers’, museums bring illicit antiquities into their collection via direct sales or donations, obscuring or ignoring the illicit origins of the object, thus validating the trade. As ‘influencers’, museums set trends of cultural consumption among buyers through blockbuster exhibitions that have a trickle-down effect towards what is looted ‘on the ground’. They also influence market values through their purchases, their collaboration with antiquities collectors, and their display of privately held works of dubious provenance. Contrastingly, some museums challenge the purchase of illicit antiquities through targeted exhibitions, education of donors, and strict acquisition policies.
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Conference papers on the topic "Illicit trade of antiquities"

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Sanfilippo, Antonio, and Satish Chikkagoudar. "Automated detection of anomalous shipping manifests to identify illicit trade." In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security (HST). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ths.2013.6699059.

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de Lozano, Graciela Uribe. "CONTROL OF THE ILLICIT TRADE IN SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS." In Proceedings of the Forty-Eighth Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812810212_0029.

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Wang, Jiaojiao, Saike He, Yiyuan Xu, Zhidong Cao, Lei Wang, and Daniel Dajun Zeng. "Spatial-temporal patterns and drivers of illicit tobacco trade in Changsha county, China." In 2016 IEEE Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics (ISI). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isi.2016.7745455.

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Peters, Matthew, Miriam Saffron, and Madeleine Peters. "Mandatory plain cigarette packaging has not increased illicit tobacco trade in Sydney, Australia." In ERS International Congress 2017 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.pa1255.

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Hazel Kwon, K., and Chun Shao. "Communicative Constitution of Illicit Online Trade Collectives: An Exploration of Darkweb Market Subreddits." In SMSociety'20: International Conference on Social Media and Society. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3400806.3400815.

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Kamenju, Jacob. "ILLICIT ARMS TRADE IN THE GREATER HORN OF AFRICA AND ITS IMPACT ON DEVELOPMENT." In Proceedings of the Forty-Ninth Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812799647_0036.

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Kaiser, Elke, Maya Kashuba, Nadezhda Gavrilyuk, Marianna Kul’kova, Gerwuld Schneider, Malgozhata Daszkiewicz, Katya Winger, Kirsten Hellström, Mariya Vetrova, and Dmitro Nikonenko. "Produced for kitchen or for trade? archeometrical investigation of pottery from the Late bronze and Early Iron age to the north from the black Sea." In Antiquities of East Europe, South Asia and South Siberia in the context of connections and interactions within the Eurasian cultural space (new data and concepts). Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-35-9-207-210.

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Reports on the topic "Illicit trade of antiquities"

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Albright, David, Andrea Stricker, and Houston Wood. Future World of Illicit Nuclear Trade: Mitigating the Threat. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada585980.

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Fisman, Raymond, and Shang-Jin Wei. The Smuggling of Art, and the Art of Smuggling: Uncovering the Illicit Trade in Cultural Property and Antiques. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13446.

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Rokhideh, Maryam. Leveraging the Peacebuilding Potential of Cross-border Trader Networks in Sub-Saharan Africa. RESOLVE Network, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2021.17.lpbi.

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Cross-border trade plays a prominent role in economic, social, and political life in Sub-Saharan Africa, contributing significantly to development, poverty reduction, and job creation. Across the continent, cross-border trade accounts for 43 percent of the entire population’s income. As actors embedded in licit and illicit networks at local and regional levels, cross-border traders have the potential to fuel conflict or mitigate it. They can act as spoilers, supporting armed groups and war economies, or as peace intermediaries, negotiating peace deals and bridging conflict divides across communities. Given that most armed conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa are shaped by cross-border dynamics, cross-border traders present an underexamined yet critical point of entry for analyzing and addressing conflicts and should be included in new and ongoing peacebuilding programming. This policy note provides recommendations on how policymakers can leverage the untapped peacebuilding potential of cross-border traders and decrease their spoiling power.
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Kelly, Luke. Definitions, Characteristics and Monitoring of Conflict Economies. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.024.

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The idea of conflict economies is a broad concept encompassing several research angles. Definitions differ according to these focuses. Some of the main uses of the concept are to understand: • economic analysis of the motives for and likelihood of war • financing of state and non-state belligerents • how the continuation of conflicts can be explained by rational motives including economic ones • how conflict affects economic activity, and how conflict parties and citizens adapt Some distinctive characteristics of war economies are (Ballentine & Nitzschke, 2005, p. 12): • They involve the destruction or circumvention of the formal economy and the growth of informal and black markets, • Pillage, predation, extortion, and deliberate violence against civilians is used by combatants to acquire control over lucrative assets, capture trade networks and diaspora remittances, and exploit labour; • War economies are highly decentralised and privatised, both in the means of coercion and in the means of production and exchange; • Combatants increasingly rely on the licit or illicit exploitation of / trade in lucrative natural resources • They thrive on cross-border trading networks, regional kin and ethnic groups, arms traffickers, and mercenaries, as well as legally operating commercial entities, each of which may have a vested interest in the continuation of conflict and instability. The first section of this rapid review outlines the evolution of the term and key definitions. Most of this discussion occurs in the academic literature around the early 2000s. The second looks at key characteristics of conflict economies identified in the literature, with examples where possible from both academic and grey literature. The third section briefly identifies methodologies used to measure and monitor conflict economies, as well as some current research and programmes on conflict economies, from academic literature as well as NGOs and other sources. The findings have been derived via a literature search and advice from experts in the field. Given time constraints, the report is not comprehensive. The review is gender- and disability blind.
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Free trade zones and illicit gold flows in Latin America and the Caribbean. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/7536db96-en.

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