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Journal articles on the topic 'Illicit trade of antiquities'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Brodie, Neil. "Congenial Bedfellows? The Academy and the Antiquities Trade." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 27, no. 4 (November 2011): 408–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986211418885.

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The illicit trade in antiquities and other cultural objects is socially harmful in several respects. Private collectors and museums are generally considered culpable in providing end demand by acquiring illicitly traded objects, but this article suggests that the facilitating actions of academic experts have previously been overlooked. Through a series of case studies, it examines different ways in which academic expertise is indispensable for the efficient functioning of the trade and suggests that a knowledge-based ethical environment for academic practice would allow scholars to make more informed choices about the propriety or otherwise of their involvement with the trade.

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2

Brodie, Neil. "Statistics, damned statistics, and the antiquities trade." Antiquity 73, no. 280 (June 1999): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00088402.

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The antiquities trade is a rather shady business — and few facts are available. Here Neil Brodie of the Illicit Antiquities Research Centre at Cambridge reviews the facts and figures of the British trade in such goods.

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3

Gill, David, and Christopher Chippindale. "The Trade in Looted Antiquities and the Return of Cultural Property: A British Parliamentary Inquiry." International Journal of Cultural Property 11, no. 1 (January 2002): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739102771579.

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The British parliamentary report on Cultural Property: Return and Illicit Trade was published in 2000. Three key areas were addressed: the illicit excavation and looting of antiquities, the identification of works of art looted by Nazis, and the return of cultural property now residing in British collections. The evidence presented by interested parties—including law enforcement agencies and dealers in antiquities—to the Culture, Media and Sport Committee is assessed against the analysis of collecting patterns for antiquities. The lack of self regulation by those involved in the antiquities market supports the view that the British Government needs to adopt more stringent legislation to combat the destruction of archaeological sites by looting.

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4

Proulx, Blythe Bowman. "Organized criminal involvement in the illicit antiquities trade." Trends in Organized Crime 14, no. 1 (October 23, 2010): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12117-010-9115-8.

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5

ÖZÜŞEN, Banu, and Levent KÖSEKAHYAOĞLU. "Two Case Studies in the Illicit Trade in Antiquities." Cedrus, no. 6 (June 30, 2018): 737–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.13113/cedrus.201835.

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6

Campbell, Peter B. "The Illicit Antiquities Trade as a Transnational Criminal Network: Characterizing and Anticipating Trafficking of Cultural Heritage." International Journal of Cultural Property 20, no. 2 (May 2013): 113–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739113000015.

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AbstractThe illicit antiquities trade is composed of a diverse population of participants that gives the appearance of complexity; however, using the network paradigm, a simple underlying structure is revealed based on specific geographical, economic, political, and cultural rules. This article uses a wide range of source material to chart interactions from source to market using a criminal network approach. Interchangeable participants are connected through single interactions to form loosely based networks. These flexible network structures explain the variability observed within the trade, as well as provide the basis behind ongoing debates about the roles of organized crime, terrorism, and the Internet in antiquities trafficking. Finally, a network understanding of trade's organization allows for anticipation, though not necessarily prediction, of antiquities trafficking and offers the opportunity to develop new strategies for combating the trade.

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7

Gallagher, Steven. "“Purchased in Hong Kong”: Is Hong Kong the Best Place to Buy Stolen or Looted Antiquities?" International Journal of Cultural Property 24, no. 4 (November 2017): 479–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739117000224.

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Abstract:The looting of antiquities from archaeological sites has received widespread coverage in the media. Concerns about the loss of heritage have resulted in international multilateral and bilateral agreements intended to prevent the illicit trade in looted antiquities. China has suffered from the looting of its archaeological sites for centuries, but the problem has been exacerbated in recent years because of the increased demand for Chinese antiquities and the consequent sharp increase in market prices. China has requested international assistance to combat the illicit trade in its heritage. It is strange therefore that one of China’s special administrative regions—Hong Kong—also one of the world’s major art markets, retains a “legal absurdity,”1which may protect the buyer of stolen or looted goods from claims for the return of stolen items. This statutory provision may result in the bizarre outcome that goods stolen from a museum or looted from an archaeological site and then purchased from a shop or market in Hong Kong may be protected from claims for their return; this protection may apply even if the loser is the Chinese state.

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8

Yates, Donna. "Crowdsourcing Antiquities Crime Fighting." Advances in Archaeological Practice 6, no. 2 (April 26, 2018): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2018.8.

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In early 2017, Sarah Parcak used her $1 million TED Prize to build the GlobalXplorer° platform (https://www.globalxplorer.org) “to identify and quantify looting and encroachment to sites of archaeological and historical importance,” using a crowdsourced “citizen science” methodology popularized by the Zooniverse web portal. GlobalXplorer° invited the public to search satellite imagery from Peru for evidence of looting within 100 m × 100 m squares, training them along the way and gamifying participation. In this review, I test the platform and consider the applicability of GlobalXplorer° as a vector for changing the way that the general public perceives the global illicit trade in cultural objects.

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9

Sabrine, Isber, Ristam Abdo, and Neil Brodie. "Some New Evidence Documenting the Involvement of Da’esh in Syria with the Illicit Trade in Antiquities." Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies 10, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.10.2.0115.

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ABSTRACT We present here some new evidence documenting the involvement of Da’esh with the looting and illicit trade of antiquities in northeastern Syria. We have interviewed four people who have first-hand knowledge of its activities and acquired some images of looted objects and Da’esh administrative documents. We examine this new evidence in the context of previously reported accounts of Da’esh involvement with the antiquities trade. We also report looting at some previously unknown archaeological sites, describe extensive looting when northeastern Syria was controlled by the Free Syrian Army, and critically examine the reliability of prices reported inside Syria.

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10

Bruhns, Karen Olsen, Neil Brodie, Jennifer Doole, and Colin Renfrew. "Trade in Illicit Antiquities: The Destruction of the World's Archaeological Heritage." Journal of Field Archaeology 28, no. 1/2 (2001): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3181473.

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11

Luke, Christina. "U.S. Policy, Cultural Heritage, and U.S. Borders." International Journal of Cultural Property 19, no. 2 (May 2012): 175–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s094073911200015x.

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AbstractThis article situates the discussion of illicit trafficking in antiquities in the context of the relationship between the U.S. Departments of State and Homeland Security. The main argument is that U.S. cultural heritage policy is part of a broader agenda of political discourse that links matters of heritage to wider concerns of security. If the underlying goal of the U.S. State Department is mutual understanding through open dialogue, how can initiatives that focus on the criminal networks and security, efforts tackled by the Department of Homeland Security, contribute to building a positive image for the United States abroad? Here I explore strategic aspects of U.S. cultural policies and federally supported programs aimed at mitigating against the illicit trade in antiquities as part of building and maintaining cultural relations.

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12

Rodríguez Temiño, Ignacio, and Antonio Roma Valdés. "Fighting against the archaeological looting and the illicit trade of antiquities in Spain." International Journal of Cultural Property 22, no. 1 (February 2015): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s094073911500003x.

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Abstract:During the seventies, archaeological looting, of both land and underwater sites, not only was widespread in Spain, but also went unpunished. This situation stemmed from a lack of effective administrative and criminal legislation, human resources to combat the plague, and educational policies warning of how harmful such practices were, in spite of damning reports in the media and the social alarm raised in certain professional and political fields. The new political and social phase that began with the Constitution of 1978 has enabled the country to overcome this situation in three ways: first, by passing new, more appropriate administrative and criminal laws to help combat looting and illicit trade; second, through the creation of new regional governments (the autonomous communities) able to enforce these laws, and which have hired archaeologists specializing in cultural heritage management. The fight against the criminal aspect of looting and the illicit trade of antiquities has also been intensified by the creation of police and prosecuting bodies dedicated to the area of cultural heritage, among others. Last, educational policies have been put in place to help increase social awareness of the importance of our cultural heritage and the global loss its destruction represents. In this article we will present the first two points that have improved the initial situation as regards archaeological looting and the illicit trade of looted goods.

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13

Devlin, Liam. "Antiquity market trends in Cycladic figurines, 2000–19: Studies in price, prevalence, and provenance." International Journal of Cultural Property 29, no. 3 (August 2022): 311–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739122000224.

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AbstractWhile the illicit trade in Cycladic figurines is a well-known phenomenon, and the escalatory impact of auction sales upon the looting of Cycladic deposits is widely accepted, there has been to date no systematic study of commercial transactions in Cycladic figurines. This study addresses this gap by performing a quantitative market analysis of auction house sales in Cycladic figurines between 2000 and 2019, examining the frequency with which they appear on the market, fluctuations in their price, and the nature of their provenance. In doing so, it sets out a methodology for navigating the ambiguous nature of antiquity market data, which can often give the misleading impression of a reforming market if the latent commercial contexts are not considered. Overall, a comprehensive insight is gained into the present state of the antiquities market in Cycladic figurines. This insight contributes much needed empirical data on the illicit antiquities trade and offers a new interpretative methodology that can be incorporated in future studies that seek to understand the true nature of antiquity market data.

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14

Colton, Fionndwyfar. "The Destruction of Mali's Cultural Heritage." Potentia: Journal of International Affairs 6 (October 1, 2015): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/potentia.v6i0.4413.

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In Mali, and throughout West Africa, ongoing illicit trafficking movements and violent conflicts have necessitated a call for new protective measures and policies to protect cultural heritage. Traditional strategies of customs regulation and restriction on the antiquities market have been previously based on economic and legal issues enmeshed in trafficking networks and transnational crime processes. However, these do not reflect the realities of Malian daily life, nor do they go beyond the onedimensional stance framing the actions of looters and traffickers as a facet of these processes. What is ignored are the underlying motivations for looting and illicit antiquities trafficking and how these motivations are affected by, and enacted through, the ever shifting socio-political climate that has been Mali’s system of government since its independence from the French Sudan in 1960. This paper explores the realities of looting throughout Mali, ongoing debates concerning the representation of Malian antiquities in the transnational art trade, and the ways in which both national and international bodies have attempted to thwart ongoing heritage destruction.

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15

Prescott, Christopher, and Josephine Munch Rasmussen. "Exploring the “Cozy Cabal of Academics, Dealers and Collectors” through the Schøyen Collection." Heritage 3, no. 1 (February 9, 2020): 68–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage3010005.

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In the wake of the trade in ancient materials, several ethical and political issues arise that merit concern: the decimation of the cultural heritage of war-torn countries, proliferation of corruption, ideological connotations of orientalism, financial support of terrorism, and participation in networks involved in money laundering, weapon sales, human trafficking and drugs. Moreover, trafficking and trading also have a harmful effect on the fabric of academia itself. This study uses open sources to track the history of the private Schøyen Collection, and the researchers and public institutions that have worked with and supported the collector. Focussing on the public debates that evolved around the Buddhist manuscripts and other looted or illicitly obtained material from Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iraq, this article unravels strategies to whitewash Schøyen’s and his research groups’ activities. Numerous elements are familiar from the field of antiquities trafficking research and as such adds to the growing body of knowledge about illicit trade and collecting. A noteworthy element in the Schøyen case is Martin Schøyen and his partners’ appeal to digital dissemination to divorce collections from their problematic provenance and history and thus circumvent contemporary ethical standards. Like paper publications, digital presentations contribute to the marketing and price formation of illicit objects. The Norwegian state’s potential purchase of the entire Schøyen collection was promoted with the aid of digital dissemination of the collection hosted by public institutions. In the wake of the Schøyen case, it is evident that in spite of formal regulations to thwart antiquities trafficking, the continuation of the trade rests on the attitudes and practice of scholars and institutions.

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16

Marks, P. "The ethics of art dealing." International Journal of Cultural Property 7, no. 1 (January 1998): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739198770109.

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The ethics of dealing in antiquities may be discussed in two parts: first, the ethical standards that govern the trade and its relation to clients, and second, the new legal standards that affect dealers and collectors arising from political ambitions in the international relations between source and market nations. Friction between these competing interests began with the ratification of the UNESCO Convention in 1972 and the passage of the Cultural Property Implementation Act in 1983. Unrealistic political approaches to the illicit trade in antiquities have exacerbated rather than solved the problem. A resolution of the conflicts, contradictions, and ambiguities of the present situation can be achieved by stressing the safety of objects and archaeological sites over partisan goals. A satisfactory denouement can be achieved through a partnership between source countries and the market, through an abandonment of retentionist export controls, and through the establishment of an open, free, and rational coalition. Any solution to present difficulties ought to acknowledge the value of continuing to collect and preserve antiquities in private and public collections.

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17

Dietzler, Jessica. "On ‘Organized Crime’ in the illicit antiquities trade: moving beyond the definitional debate." Trends in Organized Crime 16, no. 3 (January 16, 2013): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12117-012-9182-0.

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18

Vandiver, Pamela B. "Preserving Art through the Ages." MRS Bulletin 26, no. 1 (January 2001): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2001.13.

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Preserving art through the ages is more than placing a designated object in a museum, properly storing and exhibiting it. Preservation involves more than preventing the destruction and looting of sites or the theft of and illicit trade in antiquities. It is more than conservation—that is, the assessment, documentation, and stabilization of an artifact's condition, and, if necessary, the skill and judgment to rescue an artifact, to intervene using a reversible treatment, and to follow with a program of monitoring stability.

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19

Yates, Donna. "Reality and Practicality: Challenges to Effective Cultural Property Policy on the Ground in Latin America." International Journal of Cultural Property 22, no. 2-3 (August 2015): 337–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739115000156.

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Abstract:Although on-the-ground preservation and policing is a major component of our international efforts to prevent the looting and trafficking of antiquities, the expectation placed on source countries may be beyond their capacity. This dependence on developing world infrastructure and policing may challenge our ability to effectively regulate this illicit trade. Using case studies generated from fieldwork in Belize and Bolivia, this paper discusses a number of these challenges to effective policy and offers some suggestions for future regulatory development.

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20

Gaimster, David. "Measures against the illicit trade in cultural objects: the emerging strategy in Britain." Antiquity 78, no. 301 (September 2004): 699–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0011333x.

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Until recently the UK was notorious for its illicit market in unlawfully removed art and antiquities from around the globe. Today the UK marketplace is operating in a very different climate. The UK has recently become a state party to the 1970 UNESCO Convention and is now introducing a package of measures designed to strengthen its treaty obligations, central to which is the creation of a new criminal offence of dishonestly dealing in cultural objects unlawfully removed anywhere in the world. These also include the development of effective tools to aid enforcement and due-diligence. Recent events in Iraq have also forced the UK Government to announce its intention to ratify the 1954 Hague Convention.

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21

Abate, D., M. Paolanti, R. Pierdicca, A. Lampropoulos, K. Toumbas, A. Agapiou, S. Vergis, et al. "SIGNIFICANCE. STOP ILLICIT HERITAGE TRAFFICKING WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2022 (May 30, 2022): 729–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2022-729-2022.

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Abstract. The inability to prevent or eliminate illicit trafficking of cultural goods is not limited to failed-state environments or any specific part of the globe. While the antiquities market denies that this illicit trade is a widespread phenomenon, the international community and Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) overwhelmingly recognize the problem indicating that organized crime is involved at all stages. Nowadays, web platforms play host to groups dedicated to illegal archaeological excavations and Illicit trade of cultural goods. Looters have the freedom to connect online with potential buyers around the world. At the same time, social media platform monitoring in search of criminal activities conducted by LEAs is poor due to the lack of expertise, efficient tools to scan the massive amounts of data, and funds. The COVID-19 crisis has compounded the problem by driving more and more dealers and buyers online – where they are discovering that by joining certain unmonitored groups, they can enter the illegal market with ease. The EU funded SIGNIFICANCE project (Stop Illicit heritaGe traffickiNg wIth artiFICiAl iNtelligenCE) has been designed to boost LEAs investigation capabilities in monitoring online illegal activities on social media platforms, the web and the dark web for the identification of cultural property crimes, exploiting Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning algorithms for guaranteeing the successful prosecution of perpetrators unveiling criminal networks.

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22

Schmalenbach, Kirsten. "Ideological Warfare against Cultural Property: UN Strategies and Dilemmas." Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online 19, no. 1 (May 30, 2016): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757413-00190002.

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With iconic cultural heritage in Afghanistan, Mali, Libya, Iraq and Syria at the mercy of Jihadi extremists, the international community’s somewhat feverish compilation of emergency measures illustrates both the sense of urgency now felt, but also how unprepared the world was to be confronted with ideological warfare against the ‘culture of the heretics.’ The laws of armed conflict, and in its wake international criminal law, provide relatively clear cut proscriptive rules against ideologically motived cultural destruction, which cannot be said of peacetime rules on cultural heritage protection. But the threat of incurring international responsibility and punishment is seen as inconsequential when the perpetrators’ driving ideology distains external laws. On UN level, the Security Council has resorted to a global trade ban to target two birds with one stone: to dry-up is’s source of income through illicit trade in Iraqi and Syrian antiquities and to preserve artefacts by making illicit excavation and pillaging economically unattractive. Unfortunately the situation on the ground, with its many uncertainties regarding domestic implementation means the effectiveness of this measure is in abeyance.

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23

Puskás, Anna. "“Blood Antiquities” of Africa: A Link between Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Property and Terrorism-Financing?" Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science 21, no. 1 (November 9, 2022): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2022.1.7.

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In the light of recent years’ armed conflicts and the growing level of terrorist activity globally, the link between illicit trafficking of cultural property and terrorism constitutes a growing concern for war-torn regions as well as for the international community as a whole. Identified as a possible form of terrorism-financing in recent years, the illegal trade of artefacts contributes to the fuelling of the spiral of violence and by this, to the undermining of the identity of the targeted populations. Due to the effects of the Arab Spring swiping through several African countries resulting in a still-existing destabilisation, power vacuum and the spread of different terrorist groups, these countries are serving an especially timeous example from this point of view. By presenting some examples from North Africa and the Sahel region, the paper aims to give an initial insight into the issue as an increasingly important international security challenge.

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24

Davis, Tess. "Supply and demand: exposing the illicit trade in Cambodian antiquities through a study of Sotheby’s auction house." Crime, Law and Social Change 56, no. 2 (July 12, 2011): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10611-011-9321-6.

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25

Nikolentzos, Kostas, Katerina Voutsa, and Christos Koutsothanasis. "What Does It Take to Protect Cultural Property? Some Aspects on the Fight against Illegal Trade of Cultural Goods from the Greek Point of View." International Journal of Cultural Property 24, no. 3 (August 2017): 351–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739117000170.

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Abstract:An overview of both the theoretical approach and the set of actions taken during the last decade by Greece – a country with a profound historical background and rich cultural heritage – to face the problem of the illicit trade of cultural goods. The article contains not only statistical data on recent cases of thefts, clandestine excavations, confiscations, and repatriations of cultural goods but also information on law enforcement and the effort to establish a network to fight the phenomenon on an international level. Aspects such as conforming to the international law, monitoring auctions of antiquities, raising people’s awareness, and reinforcing the current security status of museums and archeological sites are taken into consideration as successful methods for protecting the cultural heritage.

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26

Belzic, Morgan. "Les sculptures funéraires de Cyrénaïque sur le marché de l'art." Libyan Studies 48 (September 28, 2017): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lis.2017.12.

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AbstractIn the course of my research on Cyrenaican funerary sculptures, such as the remarkable ‘Mourning Women’ and ‘Funerary Divinities’ and the distinctive local funerary portraits, I realised to my dismay that a large part of this archaeological material has been or is currently on sale on the international art market. The number of sales of these sculptures on the art market demonstrates the extent of looting over the past twenty years in the Greek necropoleis of Libya. These sales show in particular that the degree of tomb destruction has increased exponentially during the past ten years. This preliminary discussion has three main objectives: 1) to alert and to inform the world about this destruction in order to help end the looting; 2) to describe the operational modes of the illicit trade in antiquities on the art market; and 3) to study and document these sculptures, which are important evidence for understanding the culture and history of ancient Cyrenaica.

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Hardy, Samuel Andrew. "Using Open-Source Data to Identify Participation in the Illicit Antiquities Trade: A Case Study on the Cypriot Civil War." European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 20, no. 4 (June 27, 2014): 459–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10610-014-9250-x.

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28

Bedaux, R. M. A., and M. Rowlands. "The future of Mali's past." Antiquity 75, no. 290 (December 2001): 872–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00089456.

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One of the greatest disasters for African archaeology is the systematic plundering of archaeological sites for the antiquities trade (e.g. Schmidt & McIntosh 1996; ICOM 1994). An eloquent proof of this plundering is the beautiful catalogue ‘Earth and ore’, published in 1997 by Schaedler. Of the 668 objects illustrated fullcolour in this catalogue all come, except for a dozen objects and some forgeries, from recent looting of sites in Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, Chad, Ghana and Nigeria.Regions in Mali that are particularly rich in cultural heritage, such as the Niger Inner Delta and the Dogon country, are particularly shocking examples of this systematic plundering. Archaeological research in 1991 in the south of the Delta, undertaken within the framework of the Malian-Dutch ‘Toguéré’ project of the Institut des Sciences Humaines at Bamako, showed that 450h of the 830 visited sites exhibited traces of illicit excavations (Dembele et al. 1993). In 1996, a sample of 80 of these sites was revisited by Annette Schmidt. The percentage of plundered sites had increased by 20%) (Annette Schmidt pers. comm.). One does not need much imagination to realize the scale of this disaster.

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29

Proulx, Blythe Bowman. "Drugs, Arms, and Arrowheads." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 27, no. 4 (November 2011): 500–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986211418891.

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This article presents findings from a recent worldwide study of archaeological site looting, which largely fuels the international trade in illicitly obtained antiquities. Focused on practicing archaeologists’ opinions about and personal experiences with site looting, the study surveyed 2,358 archaeologists excavating throughout the world in 118 countries. Key findings presented here include archaeologists’ reports of connections between archaeological site looting and the production of and trade in methamphetamine across the United States. American archaeologists report run-ins with “meth heads” on their sites with increasing frequency. Other archaeologists working throughout the world report violent encounters with looters on site, some of whom even report being shot at and assaulted by looters. Overall findings suggest that archaeological fieldwork has become an increasingly dangerous occupation around the world.

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30

Giuliani, Luca. "Zur Frage der Provenienz." Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur 46, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iasl-2021-0006.

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Abstract The question of provenance can have very different implications in different disciplines. In the case of archaeological objects, the finding spot of an object provides us with information about the objectʼs original meaning and function. If the excavation is illegal, those involved in illicit antiquities tend to cancel any trace of their action that could be used as proof of the crime. This leads to a systematic destruction of information: when the objects appear on the market they seem to come out of nowhere; it is exactly this loss of contextual information (and not the problem of ownership) that makes illegal excavation intolerable from a scholarly perspective. My test case is a Greek archaic statue acquired by the Berlin Museum in 1925: it had been heavily damaged in order to facilitate its smuggling out of Greece and then carefully restored in order to promote its acquisition by the museum.

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31

Bowman Balestrieri, Blythe. "Field Archaeologists as Eyewitnesses to Site Looting." Arts 7, no. 3 (September 6, 2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts7030048.

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In a recent worldwide study on the nature, scope, and frequency of archaeological site looting, the vast majority of field archaeologists reported having had multiple encounters with archaeological site looters both on- and off-site. Despite the criminalization of looting in most countries’ domestic statutory schemes, nearly half of surveyed field archaeologists do not report looting activity to external law enforcement or archaeological authorities when they encounter it. The rationales for their actions—or inactions—are examined within a criminological framework, and field archaeologists’ perspectives on looters as “criminals” and “victims” are explored. The paper concludes with a consideration that the criminalization of looting creates an emergent duty to report among archaeologists, and how they choose to address site looting changes their role in and relationship to the trade in illicitly obtained antiquities.

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32

Gallant, M. Michelle. "The Illicit Trade in Art and Antiquities: International Recovery and Criminal and Civil Liability, by Janet Ulph and Ian Smith. Oxford: Hart, 2012, xlviii + 304pp (£82 hardback). ISBN 9781841139647." Legal Studies 34, no. 1 (March 2014): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lest.12044.

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33

Roodt, Christa. "Janet Ulph and Ian Smith, THE ILLICIT TRADE IN ART AND ANTIQUITIES: INTERNATIONAL RECOVERY AND CRIMINAL AND CIVIL LIABILITY Oxford: Hart Publishing (www.hartpub.com), 2012. xlviii + 304 pp. ISBN 9781841139647. £78." Edinburgh Law Review 17, no. 2 (May 2013): 266–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.2013.0158.

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34

Jagielska-Burduk, Alicja. "Challenges and Prospects for the Art Market Vis-à-vis the Evolving EU Regime for Counteracting Illicit Trade in Cultural Objects (Erika Bochereau talks to Alicja Jagielska-Burduk and Andrzej Jakubowski)." Santander Art and Culture Law Review 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.016.15261.

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Erika Bochereau is Secretary General of the International Federation of Art and Antique Dealer Associations (CINOA). Established in 1935, CINOA is the principal international confederation of Art & Antique art market professional associations. Affiliated dealers from 30 leading associations cover a wide array of specialties, from antiquities to contemporary art. CINOA’s associate members include leading associations of auction houses and the International League of Antiquarian Booksellers (ILAB), which alone represents an additional 22 book seller associations. CINOA, and all of its member organizations, have a strict application process to ensure acceptance of only peer-vetted art professionals that have established businesses, reputable galleries, and/or practices. CINOA-affiliated groups abide by a high standard of business practices and codes of ethics which include strict due diligence. During the past nearly 70 years, dealers have been changing their practices to abide by biodiversity, cultural property, and heritage legislation. The CINOA Code of Conduct is updated regularly to reflect these changes. The vast majority of CINOA’s members are businesses of four people or less who work hard to cultivate their clientele: http://www.cinoa.org. UNESCO uses the term partnership for very specific relationships. I don’t think we can keep this sentence. Alicja Jagielska-Burduk is Editor-in-chief of the “Santander Art and Culture Law Review” (SAACLR) and the holder of the UNESCO Chair in Cultural Property Law at the University of Opole. Andrzej Jakubowski serves as SAACLR Deputy Editor-in-chief and Leader of the project “Legal Forms of Cultural Heritage Governance in Europe – A Comparative Law Perspective”, No. UMO-2019/35/B/ HS5/02084, financed by the National Science Centre (Poland). The present interview was undertaken within the framework of this research project.

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Baird, J. A. "(P.K.) Lazrus and (A.W.) Barker Eds All the King's Horses. Essays on the Impact of Looting and the Illicit Antiquities Trade on our Knowledge of the Past. Washington DC: The Society for American Archaeology, 2012. Pp. iv + 164. $26.95. 9780932839442." Journal of Hellenic Studies 136 (2016): 307–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075426916001130.

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Bland, Roger. "The trade in plunder - Neil Brodie, Jennifer Doole & Colin Renfrew (ed.). Trade in illicit antiquities: the destruction of the world's archaeological heritage. xii+ 172 pages, 73 figures, 11 tables. 2001. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research; 1-902937-17-1 (ISSN 1363-1349) hardback £25 & US$45. - Neil Brodie & Kathryn Walker Tubb (ed.). Illicit antiquities. The theft of culture and the extinction of archaeology (One World Archaeology 42). xii+308 pages, 30 figures, 6 tables. 2002. London: Routledge; 0-415-23388-7 hardback £75." Antiquity 76, no. 294 (December 2002): 1138–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0009205x.

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Blake, Janet. "Illicit antiquities and international litigation–the Turkish experience." Antiquity 72, no. 278 (December 1998): 824–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00087421.

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In March, we discussed the founding of the Illicit Antiquities Research Centre (IARC) at the McDonald Institute in Cambridge (ANTIQUITY 72: 4–5). Here we publish a contribution towards the debate on the theft of antiquities from Turkey and their acquisition by museums in the USA. Turkey has long had an active policy in fighting cases for restitution of its heritage, and Janet Blake describes their success.

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Herscher, Ellen. "The Antiquities Market: News and Commentary on the Illicit Traffic in Antiquities." Journal of Field Archaeology 13, no. 3 (January 1986): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/jfa.1986.13.3.329.

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Ferrier, Peyton. "Illicit Agricultural Trade." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 37, no. 2 (October 2008): 273–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500003051.

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Agricultural and wildlife trade is subject to sudden, disruptive import restrictions arising from concerns over sanitary and phytosanitary safety and the conservation of natural resources. These restrictions can create significant international price differences that encourage the smuggling of goods across borders. This article presents an equilibrium model of smuggling where the supply and demand for smuggled goods depend on interregional price disparities in the presence of a trade ban. In this model, smuggling is more prevalent when demand and supply among trade partners is more inelastic or when there are fewer total trade partners at the time a trade ban is enacted. Applications are presented for regionalization, destruction of goods in government eradication programs, price support, stockpiling, and the development of substitutes. Regionalization may increase smuggling under certain production and consumption patterns.

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Sease, Catherine. "Conservation and the Antiquities Trade." Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 36, no. 1 (1997): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3180083.

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Sease, Catherine. "Conservation and the Antiquities Trade." Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 36, no. 1 (January 1997): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/019713697806113639.

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Brodie, N. "The illegal trade in antiquities." KUR - Kunst und Recht 8, no. 1 (2006): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15542/kur/2006/1/9.

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Phythian, Mark. "The Illicit Arms Trade." Criminal Justice Matters 36, no. 1 (January 1999): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09627259908552867.

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Shelley, Louise I. "Corruption & Illicit Trade." Daedalus 147, no. 3 (July 2018): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00506.

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Illicit trade in diverse commodities–including drugs, people, natural resources, and counterfeit goods–is a significant component of the global economy. And illicit trade could not be possible without both high- and low-level forms of corruption. Transnational corruption has facilitated the global growth of illicit trade, undermining governance, the economy, health, social order, and sustainability in all regions of the world. This essay explores the convergences of corruption, illicit trade markets, and the legitimate economy, and identifies strategies for combatting them.

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Herscher, Ellen. "News and Commentary on the Illicit Traffic in Antiquities." Journal of Field Archaeology 12, no. 4 (January 1985): 469–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/jfa.1985.12.4.469.

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Herscher, Ellen. "News and Commentary on the Illicit Traffic in Antiquities." Journal of Field Archaeology 12, no. 1 (January 1985): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/009346985791169553.

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Herscher, Ellen. "News and Commentary on the Illicit Traffic in Antiquities." Journal of Field Archaeology 14, no. 2 (January 1987): 213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/009346987792208475.

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Ede, J. "Ethics, the antiquities trade, and archaeology." International Journal of Cultural Property 7, no. 1 (January 1998): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739198770110.

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This article presents the perspective of a long-time dealer in ancient art and antiquities on the many attacks on the antiquities trade. After a brief historical review of collecting and the different national approaches to control of export of archaeological materials, the author presents an analysis of why the more draconian of the legal systems defeat their intended purposes and are themselves unethical in that they promote the destruction of archaeological sites and the black market in antiquities.

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Tsirogiannis, Christos. "antiquities market we deserve: 'Royal-Athena Galleries' (1942-2020)." Acta ad archaeologiam et artium historiam pertinentia 32, no. 18 N.S. (September 13, 2021): 147–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/acta.9024.

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On September 13, 2020 a quarter of a century had elapsed since the Swiss and Italian authorities raid in the Free Port of Geneva, on the warehouses of Giacomo Medici, later convicted of involvement in cases of trafficked antiquities. Since then, many other raids followed on properties of other notorious antiquities traffickers, thousands of antiquities were confiscated from them and their invaluable archives were discovered and seized. The research on these archives resulted in hundreds of notable repatriations so far, but mainly in the enrichment of our knowledge about the criminal way in which the so-called ‘reputable’ members of the international antiquities market have been acting since the 1970 UNESCO Convention, which they completely ignored in practice. Despite the numerous occasions on which these ‘reputable’ members were identified as involved, even today they continue to act in the same way, some without any (or known) legal sanctions. This chapter reviews the illicit associations of one of these ‘prominent’ members of the international antiquities market, the ‘Royal-Athena Galleries’ in New York, a gallery run by the antiquities dealer Jerome Eisenberg, who has repeatedly been found selling looted, smuggled and stolen antiquities. I then present seven antiquities, most of them identified in October 2019, one in March 2020, soon before the retirement of Jerome Eisenberg and the closure of ‘Royal-Athena Galleries’ on October 31, 2020. This piece lays out all the relevant evidence from the confiscated archives and combines everyone involved to illustrate the network that ‘circulated’ these seven objects. This case study also highlights all the problems that are ongoing in this research field, proving that essentially nothing has changed since 1995, or even 1970, and we indeed deserve the (illicit) antiquities market we still have. On cover:ANNIBALE CARRACCI (BOLOGNA 1560 - ROME 1609), An Allegory of Truth and Time c. 1584-1585.Oil on canvas | 130,0 x 169,6 cm. (support, canvas/panel/str external) | RCIN 404770Royal Collection Trust / © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2021.

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Hardy, Samuel Andrew. "Narratives of the provenance of art and antiquities on the market and the reality of origins at the source." Acta ad archaeologiam et artium historiam pertinentia 32, no. 18 N.S. (September 13, 2021): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/acta.9022.

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This essay presents the findings of the International Conference on Handling of Cultural Goods and Financing of Political Violence and introduces provenance research that examines the market in Europe for antiquities from Asia and the market in North America for antiquities from Europe. It summarises findings, such as the involvement of violent political organisations, transnational organised criminals and politically-exposed persons (PEPs) in illicit trafficking of cultural objects. It also highlights some foundations for progress, such as enhanced traceability and due diligence in the art market, plus action and cooperation to respond to illicit flows as regional problems. On cover:ANNIBALE CARRACCI (BOLOGNA 1560 - ROME 1609), An Allegory of Truth and Time c. 1584-1585.Oil on canvas | 130,0 x 169,6 cm. (support, canvas/panel/str external) | RCIN 404770Royal Collection Trust / © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2021.

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