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1
Woods, Rebecca. "Investigating the syntax of speech acts : embedding illocutionary force." Thesis, University of York, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13883/.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation examines the notion of illocutionary force and whether it is embeddable by examining the syntax, semantics and pragmatic effects of a range of root-like embedded constructions. Though illocutionary force has long been considered a property exclusive to root clauses, the examination and analysis of English embedded inverted questions and other quasi-quotational constructions cross-linguistically show that this is not the case. The contributions of this dissertation are three-fold: a refined definition of independent illocutionary force; a syntax for non-root complement clauses that carry independent illocutionary force; and a model for the discourse that captures the effects of these clauses. I also work towards understanding how the instantiation of independent illocutionary force in such constructions leads to their restricted distribution. Illocutionary force may be represented both lexically and through syntactic processes such as verb movement. I argue that verb movement to Force° is an interface operation—it occurs in syntax but is directly linked to a specific discourse interpretation. Building on Krifka (2014), illocutionary force is the expression of who takes responsibility for asserting or responding to a proposition or set of propositions, according to a given modal base. When illocutionary force is independently expressed on an embedded clause, the perspective holder and responsibility taker(s) are unambiguous and not mixed. In contrast, standard embedded clauses may be ambiguous as to who takes responsibility and may contain multiple perspectives. Clauses with independent illocutionary force have an expanded C-layer that is nonetheless smaller than that in true root clauses. An Illocutionary Act head selects for the embedded ForceP, determines illocutionary force and, obliquely, determines the restricted distribution of quasi-quotational constructions. A range of facts show that quasi-quotational constructions are truly embedded but are not direct objects of the matrix verb. Instead, they are in close apposition with a nominal direct object. This structure accounts for the properties of quasi-quotational constructions as entities that refer to a conversational move proffered in the relevant discourse, following Roberts's (1996, 2012) Question Under Discussion framework.
2
Beyssade, Claire, and Jean-Marie Marandin. "From complex to simple speech acts : a bidimensional analysis of illocutionary." Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/1031/.
Full textAbstract:
We present a new analysis of illocutionary
forces in dialogue. We analyze them
as complex conversational moves involving
two dimensions: what Speaker commits
herself to and what she calls on Addressee
to perform. We start from the analysis of speech acts such as confirmation requests or whimperatives, and extend the analysis to seemingly simple speech acts, such as statements and queries.
Then, we show how to integrate our proposal in the framework of the Grammar for Conversation (Ginzburg, to app.), which is adequate for modelling agents' information states and how they get updated.
3
Pagmar, David. "Frequency, Form, and Distribution of Illocutionary Speech Acts in Swedish Parent-Child Interaction." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-131459.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, young children’s development of speech acts was examined. Interaction between six Swedish-speaking parents and their children was observed. The frequency, form and distribution of speech acts in the output from the parents were compared with the frequency, form and distribution of the children’s speech acts. The frequency was measured by occurrences per analysed session. The aim of the analysis was to examine if the parent’s behaviour could be treated as a baseline for the child’s development. Both the parents’ and the children’s illocutionary speech acts were classified. Each parent-child dyad was observed at four different occasions, when the children were 1;0, 1;6, 2;0, and 2;6 years of age. Similar studies have previously shown that parents keep a consistent frequency of speech acts within a given time span of interaction, though the distribution of different types of speech acts may shift, depending on contextual factors. The form, in terms of Mean Length of Speech Act in Words (MLSAw), were correlated with the longitudinal result of the children’s MLSAw. The distribution of the parents’ speech acts showed extensive individual differences. The result showed that the children’s MLSAw move significantly closer the MLSAw of their parents. Since the parent’s MLSAw showed a wide distribution, these results indicate that the parent’s speech acts can be treated as a baseline for certain aspects of the children’s development, though further studies are needed.
4
Oghanian, Mina. "A Contrastive Study of the Intercultural Differences in People’s Reactions Based on Their Cultures." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1481252360919345.
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Panoyan, Anna. "Facework in a Faceless Environment : A Contrastive Analysis of Hedges in Readers' Comments on Political and Personal Issues in E-newspapers." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-103407.
Full textAbstract:
The present study investigates the use of hedging devices in the readers’ comment section of the newspaper The Guardian Online. Two comment sections were chosen for the contrastive study: ‘Politics’ in the subsection ‘Comment is free’ and the series ‘Problem solved’ in the subsection ‘Life and style’. The corpus-based analysis of the frequency of hedges has revealed that the incidence of hedging devices in comments on personal issues is higher (by 19.2%) than on political articles. Three of the most frequently occurring hedging devices, namely, might, SEEM and I (don’t) think underwent further contextual analysis: the utterances containing these items were classified according to their illocutionary force, applying Bach’s (2003) classification of illocutionary acts. The most commonly hedged speech act types, characteristic of each section, were revealed. Subsequently, an attempt was made to account for these findings from the perspective of ‘face’ and ‘facework’ as represented by Brown and Levinson (1987), Lim and Bowers (1991), MacGeorge, Lichtman and Pressey (2002), Ting-Toomey and Kurogi (1998). Since hedging is considered to be an effective strategy in minimizing ‘threats’ to the face of the addressee, it has been possible to conclude that in discussions of personal issues participants are more concerned to ‘save’ the addressee’s face than in the case of political matters where the comment writers’ ‘self-face seems to be in the forefront.
6
Falk, Erik. "Verbala förolämpningar i 1630-talets Uppsala : En historisk talaktsanalys." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för nordiska språk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-156909.
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This thesis investigates verbal insults recorded in judicial protocols in the Swedish university townUppsaladuring the 1630s. The aim of the study is to analyze insults as linguistic formulations and social acts in Early Modern Swedish society. The methodology of the study is guided by speech act theory and ethnography of communication in order to examine the lexical realizations of insults and verbal action in different speech communities. From a total of 652 protocols in two series of records from the city court and the university council inUppsalain the 1630s, sections of text were excerpted that registered insults. The material under investigation comprises 179 cases that contained 276 insults. The descriptive meta-linguistic expressions for insults are rich as well as varied, and the performed insults are reported with or without invectives and as direct or indirect speech. Clear patterns emerged in the investigation by performing various semantic-, pragmatic-, and discourse-level analyses of the judicial records. Insults among city people were commonly interpreted as truth-conditional representative speech acts and thereby were viewed as false accusations of various kinds. In the academic world, however, the truth value of the insult was of minor importance. The speech act was regarded mainly as an expressive utterance of anger and frustration. Through a comparison of the city and university judicial records, it is shown that the patterns of insults reveal a general semantic process in which primarily concrete, objective meanings come to fulfill increasingly interpersonal and pragmatic speech functions.
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Beutler, Cleonice de Oliveira Santos. "A INTENÇÃO SUBJACENTE AOS ATOS DE FALA." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2009. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9072.
Full textAbstract:
This research presents a study of the intention that exists in the speech acts. The context is placed as a determinant element as far as such acts are concerned, which are units of language in use. Special attention is given to the Austinian approach for its relevance to the studies of language. The previously mentioned approach
provides important contributions to the performative and pragmatic understanding of language usage. Through the speech acts theory, Austin called the attention to a
new conception, where language is accepted as action, starting to be seen as nontransparent, but open to different interpretations. This conception of language is
supported by the performative and pragmatic approach by Austin, Searle and Grice, beginning a new phase in the linguistic studies, a new paradigm in the language
study, not only for contemporary philosophy but also for linguistics. The present work shows a different approach from the philosophers aforementioned, comparing them,
in order to demonstrate that there are significant differences in relation to the way they understand the intention in the speech acts. The different understandings of these researchers are also presented as well as their definitions of locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. Finally, the Austinian contributions to the study of language are also emphasized in the present study.Este trabalho apresenta um estudo da intenção que está presente nos atos de fala. O contexto se coloca como um determinante no que diz respeito a esses atos, os quais são unidades de linguagem em uso. Destacamos a concepção austiniana, que apresenta importantes contribuições com relação à visão performativa e pragmática do uso da língua. Com a teoria dos atos de fala, Austin evidenciou uma nova concepção, em que a linguagem é concebida enquanto ação, passando a ser vista como não transparente, mas aberta a diferentes interpretações. Essa concepção de linguagem consolida-se com a abordagem performativa e pragmática de Austin, Searle e Grice, originando uma nova etapa nos estudos linguísticos e constituindo um novo paradigma de estudo da linguagem, tanto para a filosofia contemporânea quanto para a linguística. O presente trabalho faz uma abordagem dos filósofos citados, comparando-os entre si, com a finalidade de mostrar que existem diferenças significativas em relação à forma como entendem a intenção nos atos de fala. Também destacamos os entendimentos desses estudiosos, bem como a sua definição em relação aos atos locucionários, ilocucionários e os perlocucionários. Por fim, enfatizamos as contribuições que Austin nos deixou para o estudo da linguagem.
8
Tanksley, Charles William. "The failure of storytelling to ground a causal theory of reference." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/147.
Full textAbstract:
I argue that one cannot hold a Meinongian ontology of fictional characters and have a causal theory of reference for fictional names. The main argument presented refutes Edward Zalta's claim that storytelling should be considered an extended baptism for fictional characters. This amounts to the claim that storytelling fixes the reference of fictional names in the same way that baptism fixes the reference of ordinary names, and this is just a claim about the illocutionary force of these two types of utterance. To evaluate this argument, therefore, we need both a common understanding of the Meinongian ontology and a common taxonomy of speech acts. I briefly sketch the Meinongian ontology as it is laid out by Zalta in order to meet the former condition. Then I present an interpretation of the taxonomy of illocutionary acts given by John Searle in the late 1970s and mid 1980s, within which we can evaluate Zalta's claims. With an ontology of fictional characters and a taxonomy of speech acts in place, I go on to examine the ways in which the Meinongian might argue that storytelling is an extended baptism. None of these arguments are tenable-there is no way for the act of storytelling to serve as an extended baptism. Therefore, the act of storytelling does not constitute a baptism of fictional characters; that is, storytelling fails to ground a causal chain of reference to fictional characters.
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Duchatelez, Stéphane. "La communication poétique. Vers une approche linguistique de l'effet poétique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUL3002.
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L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une description unifiée de la modalité poétique, qu’elle apparaisse dans des textes en vers ou en prose. L’angle d’approche adopté est celui de la pragmatique linguistique. Renonçant à la catégorie générique de poésie, nous redéfinissons la poéticité à partir de la notion d’effets, que notre enquête se propose donc de définir. Afin de dégager des pistes théoriques, nous passons d’abord en revue un certain nombre de notions issues des approches (post-)jakobsonienne, énonciatives et évocatives, puis nous précisons nos hypothèses en menant des analyses de corpus sur des textes de Michaux et Roubaud. De cette première étape, il ressort que les effets poétiques s’accompagnent de parcours interprétatifs concomitants, de statuts différents. Afin de proposer une formulation linguistique de ces phénomènes, nous avançons des arguments justifiant le choix de la théorie des actes de langage comme cadre descriptif général. Réexaminées dans ce cadre conceptuel, les données rassemblées jusqu’ici nous permettent de définir les effets poétiques comme des effets perlocutoires anticipés, et parallèles à la visée illocutoire principale. Enfin, nous évaluons la robustesse de cette définition à travers une série d’études de corpus portant sur une gamme étendue de faits de langue : des phénomènes syntaxiques (parallélismes), des faits énonciatifs (polyphonie, valeurs du présent de l’indicatif) ou textuels (allégorie) sont ainsi examinés. Ces analyses confirment la plausibilité de nos hypothèses. En outre, elles permettent d’envisager l’étude de la poéticité dans des textes plus contemporains ainsi que dans la prose romanesque de certains auteursThis research aims to propose a unified conception of poetic modality, whether it appears in verse or prose texts. The approach followed belongs to pragmatics. Renouncing the generic category of poetry, this study redefines poeticity by means of the notion of effects, which our investigation proposes to define. We first show limits and problems of some notions used in (post-)Jakobsonian, enunciative and evocative approaches, then we specify our hypotheses by conducting corpus analyses on Michaux and Roubaud texts. From this first step of our investigation, it appears that the poetic effects are accompanied by parallel interpretative paths of different status. To propose a linguistic formulation of these phenomena, we develop arguments justifying the choice of speech acts theory as a general descriptive framework. Re-examined into this conceptual framework, the gathered data allow us to define poetic effects as anticipated perlocutionary effects, concomitant to the main illocutionary act. Finally, through a series of corpus studies covering a wide range of language facts, we evaluate the robustness of our definition: syntactic phenomena (parallelisms), enunciative (polyphony, values of present simple) or textual (allegory) facts are thereby examined. These analyses confirm the plausibility of our explanation. In addition, our hypotheses about poeticity take into account its manifestations in contemporary poems and some kinds of novels
10
Leonte, Eva. "Enacting the Silence of Subaltern Women : Julie Otsuka and the Japanese Picture Brides." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för kultur och estetik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-144396.
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It is by now a truth universally acknowledged that the world’s subaltern women (in Gayatri Spivak’s understanding of the term) cannot make their voices heard, that what we think we know about them are mostly stereotypes of our own making. It is likewise acknowledged that literature has a privileged status when it comes to representing these women, given its unique prerogative to retrieve their traces and convey their subjectivity through imagining. Literary texts which embark on this task can be seen as symbolic speech acts and, as such, they depend upon their illocutionary force for success in the public sphere. In this thesis I have chosen to discuss The Buddha in the Attic by Julie Otsuka (2011) – a novel I perceive as a collective speech act – from the combined perspective of speech-act criticism (J. L. Austin, S. Petrey), subaltern studies (G. Spivak, G. Pandey) and feminist theory (M. P. Lara, S. Lanser). My analysis explores the interrelation between this little-known story of the first-generation Japanese women immigrants to the US and the sophisticated narrative strategy which sustains it, continually balancing between the women's heterogeneity and their shared experiences, especially their systematic silencing by the dominant population. Finally, the thesis discusses the novel’s larger illocutionary implications for the public sphere, in particular how the reclaiming of the past creates new understandings of the present as well as opens up onto the future. Keywords: Otsuka, The Buddha in the Attic, migrant literature, picture brides, subalternity, feminist theory, communal voice, speech-act criticism, illocutionary force.
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Kock, L. J. (Levina Jacoba). "The drama of Senkatana by S.M. Mofokeng : a speech act exploration." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17109.
Full textAbstract:
The drama of Senkatana by S.M. Mofokeng is analysed by applying principles provided
by speech act theory, using as basis the explication of the theory by Bach and Harnish
(1979). The socio-cultural context in the play has as its starting point the realm of myth
and legend. From here all categories of relationships within the protagonist/antagonist
encounter unfold, as do opposing sets of contextual beliefs characters rely on; these are
primarily responsible for the growing conflict in the drama. Enhancing the mythical
character of the play is the absorbing role played by the diboni, acting as seers, as
prophets and as additional 'authorial voice'. Their and those of other characters' speech
acts reflect this and more; they operate in a substantiated sign-system which provides
a framework for evaluating each semiotic act from locutionary, illocutionary and
perlocutionary dimensions of meaning.
Chapter 1 comprises a historical survey of studies on speech act theory, and includes
a brief summary of the position of the theory in the field of semiotics. The micro speech
act analysis of the play is facilitated by the division of the text into smaller action units
(summarised in Addendum 1).
Chapter 2, containing the greater part of the exposition, commences the narration of
the folktale and offers a clear rendering of the epic rise of the hero. Chapter 3 portrays
the rise and progress of the antagonists challenging the hero, coupled with intensifying
anxiety among the protagonists. Chapter 4 provides a vivid overview of how the values
of the hero triumph over those of the antagonist despite the physical slaying of the hero.
Chapter 5 offers a graphic outline of how the macro speech act is accomplished in the
play. It is shown how an investigation of the speech act profiles of characters, coupled
with the evaluation of illocutionary tactics and illocutionary/perlocutionary dynamics,
communicates significant information pertaining to characterisation. A graph illustrating
the rise and fall of micro speech acts within the larger macro speech act is provided in
Addendum 2. Suggestions are made regarding future research in literary texts.African Languages
D.Lit. et Phil. (African Languages)
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Freire, Raquel Margarida da Silva Marques. "O ato de agradecimento nas interações comerciais : contributo para o seu estudo." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.2/5575.
Full textAbstract:
O presente estudo, no âmbito da Pragmática Linguística, resulta de uma
investigação, que observa a realização dos atos ilocutórios expressivos de
agradecimento nas interações comerciais.
O objetivo é tentar compreender os processos linguísticos subjacentes à
realização dos referidos atos ilocutórios, nomeadamente através do
recenseamento dos diferentes tipos de agradecimento, da descrição dos
atos de fala predominantes e das funções semântico-pragmáticas do
agradecimento. Um dos aspetos mais importantes será o recensear dos
tipos de agradecimento mais usados nas interações comerciais.
Para tal, parte-se da observação detalhada de um corpus recolhido no
âmbito específico de interações comerciais que ocorreram entre 10 de
fevereiro de 2014 a 30 de setembro de 2014.
Os resultados obtidos convergem no sentido de que o agradecimento é um
ato expressivo reativo que pode ser verbal ou não verbal, com a finalidade
de estabelecer a relação custo-benefício entre locutor e ouvinte, tendo em
conta e respeitando os vários contextos socioculturais. De facto, o ato de
agradecer, tal como os restantes atos ilocutórios expressivos, depende da
forma como é expressado, dos gestos que o acompanham e das emoções
que lhe são inerentes.This study conducted in the field of Pragmatics, is the result of an investigation that observes the expressive illocutionary acts of gratitude in business interactions. The aim of this work is to try and understand the linguistic processes involved in the illocutionary acts, by assembling the different types of gratitude acts, the description of the most predominant speech acts and semantic-pragmatic functions of gratitude. One of the most important aspects will be the identification of the most common types of gratitude used in business/commercial interactions. In order to do that we analysed the corpus collected in a specific field of business interactions from the 10th of February 2014 to the 30th of September 2014. This study shows that the act of gratitude is a reactive expressive act that can be either verbal or non-verbal and that it has the purpose to establish the cost-benefit relation between speaker and the listener, taking into account and respecting the various socio cultural contexts. In fact, the gratitude act, as well as the other illocutionary expressive acts, depends on the way it is expressed and on the gestures and the emotions involved.
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(6630887), Ryo Nomura. "A Pragmatic Analysis of WISH Imperatives." Thesis, 2019.
Find full textAbstract:
A word or a linguistic construction can mean various things depending on the context. The imperative is a representative example of such a construction and can express a variety of illocutionary forces such as COMMAND, REQUEST, ADVICE, and more (Quirk et al., 1985, Huddleston et al., 2002).
However, although there are many studies that comprehensively deal with the imperative or individual illocutionary forces of it (e.g. Lakoff, 1966, Ljung, 1975, Davies, 1986, Wilson & Sperber 1988, Han, 2000, Takahashi, 2012, Jary & Kissine, 2014), there is no such study that shows a possible overall process of how we would interpret an imperative to reach a certain illocutionary force when it is uttered. Without such a shared process, we cannot explain why we can communicate using imperatives without misunderstandings. Thus, this process needs to be investigated.
Another problem regarding imperatives is the treatment of non-directive uses of imperatives such as “Have a good day”. The illocutionary force of this imperative would be called GOOD WISH and regarded as a conventional use of imperatives (Davies, 1986). However, it has not been clearly explained why we would choose the imperative construction to express wishes. If this kind of wishes expressed in the form of the imperative are actually a use of imperative, then there should be some reason and motivation for it.
The main purposes of this study are to provide (1) a schema of how one would typically reach the interpretation of WISH when hearing an imperative and (2) an account of such use of imperatives as WISH. In this study, examples of imperatives in two non-cognate languages are used for the analysis in the hope to substantiate the credibility of the schema and the account: Japanese and English. Based on the analyses on the imperative and individual illocutionary forces that have been presented in the literature combined with my own analysis, a schema is proposed that illustrates how one would typically reach PRIVATE WISH, the state of affairs of which is deemed to be desirable mainly for the speaker, and GOOD WISH, the state of affairs of which is deemed to be desirable mainly for the addressee. Then, an account for the use of PRIVATE WISH and GOOD WISH is provided. Specifically, the use of imperatives as WISH is an analogous use of prototypical imperatives; people would use the imperative construction to express their strong desirability, and to build and maintain a good relationship with others.
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Scheckle, Linda Ann. "The relevance of the speech act theory to Buzani Kubawo." Diss., 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17671.
Full textAbstract:
Austin's Speech Act Theory is a valuable tool for the
analysis of a literary text. In interaction, the intentionand
purpose-success of linguistic communication can be gauged
by establishing whether participants have met felicity
conditions and have respected maxims. When the Co-operative
Principle is ignored, special effects are achieved and
receivers can only make sense of utterances through
implicature and inferences based on background knowledge and
mutual contextual beliefs.
In the drama, Buzani kubawo, characters interact on four
levels of time in space and place. They reveal themselves
and convey theme through their speech and actions. Conflict
is entrenched by lines of force drawn between opposing
characters and between sub-worlds contrasted. Cohesion,
determined by plot structure, and form, expressed on the
endophoric and exophoric levels, give meaning to the drama.
The micro-analysis of the wedding scene illustrates how
communication can misfire should the playwright allow it!African Languages
M.A. (African languages)
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Theimerová, Stanislava. "Analýza klasifikace řečových aktů a konverzačních implikatur zdvořilosti na příkladu kosmetické reklamy." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-354004.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis we deal with pragmatic aspects of language, specifically studying the classification of speech acts and conversational implicature. The theoretical part is concerned with the work of J. L. Austin, J. R. Searle and M. Grepl with an emphasis on differences in the classification of illocutionary acts. Then we deal with the maxim of politeness and pleasantries types according to P. Brown and S. C. Lewinson. In the practical part using analysis of advertising headlines and slogans we are trying to demonstrate the functionality of the classification of speech acts by individual authors. We try to also confirm the performative nature of these statements also implicitly expressed performative verbs. We are interested in the presence of the maxims of politeness in these texts and the consequent shift between different types of courtesy. The aim is to highlight the issue of classification of illocutionary acts and try to outline improvements to this shift. The assumption is that, although the classification struggling with inaccuracies, we thereunder able to distinguish different types of repetitive speeches. To complement these findings, we want to prove performative character of advertising texts, even assuming that there will be implicitly expressed performative verb and the presence of...
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SVOBODA, Marek. "Řečové akty ve hře Milana Kundery "Majitelé klíčů"." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-174522.
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This thesis deals with the theory of speech acts which is based mainly on analysis of speech and its function in communication. We use speech not only to convey something but to also do something, to change the state of things around us and to accomplish specific goals. Speech acts in a literary piece are then analyzed on theoretical basis, specifically in Milan Kundera's dramatic play Majitelé klíčů.
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Josisová, Pavlína. "Role konvence v Austinově teorii řečových aktů." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-343841.
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The diploma thesis examines the role of convention in J. L. Austin's speech act theory. It describes the possibility of "how to do things with words": such an analysis of language will be suggested that does not focus on the category of truth when dealing with particular utterances but rather replaces it with the category of felicity of a speech act in the social context. After having offered the explication including the central points of the given theory, there starts the investigation of which parts of the speech act theory are conventionally based and what role do conventions play in the speech act theory as a whole.
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Ctibor, Michal. "Pragmatická analýza latinského vokativu." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-339883.
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The thesis presents several so far unnoticed functions of (not only) Latin vocative. It argues against previous believes that vocative is used either for addresses, calls and summons, evaluation of addressee and emphasis, or is otherwise only conventional, polite, and thus lacking any real function. Firstly, the author describes vocative from the Speech Act Theory view-point and offers definitions of speech acts call and address. In chapters 3 and 4, he pays attention to vocatives so far considered as lacking function. Relying on the analysis mostly of Cicero's speeches and old Roman comedies, he presents two crucial functions of vocative in non-initial position in a text: 1) vocative as a mean of cohesion which helps to make the organization of the text more transparent and which emphasizes the structure of the text; 2) vocative of assurance/guarantee. In chapter 5, several minor functions of vocative are mentioned (mostly of pragmatic character): triumphal vocative, vocative as a disgrace and vocative as a parody. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Laurencio, Tacoronte Ariel. "Ilokuční modulace výpovědi: případová studie vazby estar + gerundium." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-374462.
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The studies of the different forms and structures of language usually take for granted that these refer to non-linguistic entities, i.e., that language reflects the world. In the case of verbal devices, such entities happen to be time, aktionsart or aspect. In view of the proven impossibility of giving an accurate account of the behavior of such devices by means of these categories, disquisitions and further elucidations are perpetuated, what complicates the pro- blem to not very judicious levels. Moreover, because the conclusions reached get equally in conflict with a linguistic reality which resists them, contradicts them. So there is no other choice left than to declare exceptions or special uses, or banish the insubordinate segments to the periphery of the system. Our first goal will therefore be the previous establishment of a theoretical framework, as a cure for the a posteriori theorizing based on what is seen on the surface, which would allow us to assign a possible invariant central value to linguistic elements, for which we will rely on the metaoperational system of H. Adamczewski. In it, such elements are operators defined by their belonging to one of two phases in the process of utterance assembly, namely, by a rhematic character, of proposition of the information, or by a thematic...
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Dube, Shumirai. "The form and communicative impact of Shona advertisements: a discourse analytical approach." Diss., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1897.
Full textAbstract:
This study sought to investigate and to record any recurring patterns in the form and communicative impact of Shona advertisements. Motivation to carry out the study came from a realisation of a growing interest in using the Shona language for advertising and the fact that very few studies have been done on Shona advertisements. For methodology, examples of Shona advertisements were qualitatively analysed using some communications and discourse analysis approaches of the speech act theory and text linguistics. A structured interview with advertising agencies randomly selected and a questionnaire on the impact of advertisements were also used. The findings of the research included that Shona was used in advertisements in order to reach out to the majority of the Zimbabwean population. In addition, Shona was also found to have been developed enough to handle formal issues like advertisements. This finding further shows that Shona advertisements reflect an instance of diglossia leakage from Shona L(ow) to Shona H(igh). Another finding is that Shona advertisements reflect some characteristics of the Shona speech community in form. These include code-switching, slang and word- division problems. An innovation in code-switching noted in some Shona advertisements is the use of three languages, namely, English, Shona and Ndebele in one advertisement. It was also established that everything about the elements of Shona advertisements communicate. For instance, the message may be visual, tactile and olfactory. It also emerged that the Shona commercial advertisements had a presenting and a hidden agenda at the same time. To achieve this the advertisements used persuasive techniques such as advertising claims, cultural hooks and personalities as spokespersons. It was also noted that most readers of advertisements do not interpret them up to the hidden persuaders but end with the direct meaning. On the other hand the Shona advertisements that gave information such as health issues have no hidden agenda. One recommendation made is that advertisements be read and studied to raise the level of awareness about the persuasive techniques used in order to distinguish between misleading advertising and those that give useful information. Some recommendations were made for future research such as carrying out similar studies of informal Shona advertisements, advertisements by n'angas/inyangas (traditional healers), prophets and political campaigns.African Languages
M.A. (African Languages)