Academic literature on the topic 'Illumination Engineering'

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Journal articles on the topic "Illumination Engineering"

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Koshel, R. John. "Illumination Engineering." Optical Engineering 43, no. 7 (2004): 1478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.1760084.

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Sharma, D., NK Tripathy, V. Raghunandan, and BM Sekhar. "Visual acuity through Night Vision Goggles (NVGs): A comparative assessment between Gen 2++ and Gen 3 NVGs under different illumination conditions." Indian Journal of Aerospace Medicine 65 (August 6, 2021): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/ijasm_15_2021.

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Introduction: During night flying operations, Night Vision Goggles (NVGs) help the aircrew to visualize by intensifying lights reflected from an object. Night sky illumination and image intensification mechanism are the two important factors that affect visual acuity (VA) through NVG. Hence, assessment of visual acuity through Gen 2++ and Gen 3 NVG under different illumination conditions and comparative analysis between the two NVGs was the desired objective of the study. Material and Methods: In a prospective repetitive measure design, a total of 60 volunteered subjects were examined for their VA through Gen 2++ and Gen 3 NVGs using USAF Tri-Bar Chart in the eye lane room of the NVG Lab. The VA was measured under four different illumination conditions; full moon (FM), half moon (HF)quarter moon (QM), and starlight (SL) conditions. The measured VA was converted to logMAR values and analyzed. Results: VA deteriorated significantly with decreasing illuminations through both Gen 2++ (χ2 = 149.9, P < 0.001) and Gen 3 NVGs (χ2 = 156.5, P < 0.001). For Gen 2++ NVG, the difference in VA was statistically significant in all conditions other than between FM and HM. Whereas, it was almost significant for all illumination conditions for Gen 3 NVG. The VA through Gen 2++ was better than Gen 3 in all conditions and the difference in VA widened with decreasing illuminations. Conclusion: VA declined with decreasing illuminations for Gen 2++ as well as Gen 3 NVG, even though, the difference was not significant between FM and HM for Gen 2++ NVG. VA was observed to be consistently better through Gen 2++ NVG compared to Gen 3 across all four illumination conditions. However, keeping in view the dynamic changes in night sky illuminations during flying operations, the findings of the study need to be validated in operational conditions.
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Huang, Juan, Dana Křemenáková, Jiří Militký, and Vít Lédl. "Improvement and evenness of the side illuminating effect of side emitting optical fibers by fluorescent polyester fabric." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 10 (2018): 2010–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518783344.

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A strong and even side illuminating effect is required for plastic optical fibers (POFs) in illuminating applications. In consideration of good flexibility and illumination, side emitting POFs with 2 and 3 mm core diameters are preferred, especially in active illuminating safety textiles. However, the side illumination intensity of side emitting POF varies significantly along the fiber length. Fluorescent polyester (PET) fabric rather than traditional surface modifications is employed to enhance and even the side illuminating effect of POFs based on the emitting principle of phosphors. Two testing methods of side illumination intensity are carried out on semi-automatic devices. The results indicate that 2 mm side emitting POFs might take the place of 3 mm side emitting POFs by using fluorescent PET fabric, with a similar side illuminating effect in applications under certain circumstances.
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Pasturel, Aurelien, Pierre-Olivier Strale, and Vincent Studer. "Hydrogel Engineering with Widefield Patterned Illumination." Biophysical Journal 116, no. 3 (2019): 464a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.2507.

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Rodrigo, José A., and Tatiana Alieva. "Illumination coherence engineering and quantitative phase imaging." Optics Letters 39, no. 19 (2014): 5634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.39.005634.

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Lazareva, T. K., T. I. Andreeva, V. S. Osipchik, and T. P. Kravchenko. "The Development of Illumination-Engineering Polymer Composites." International Polymer Science and Technology 38, no. 10 (2011): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1103801011.

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Kobayashi, Shigeo. "Campus Illumination." JOURNAL OF THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF JAPAN 87, no. 10 (2003): 856–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2150/jieij1980.87.10_856.

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Chen, Ran, Jie Lin, Peng Jin, Michael Cada, and Yuan Ma. "Photonic nanojet beam shaping by illumination polarization engineering." Optics Communications 456 (February 2020): 124593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2019.124593.

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Abernathy, Michael. "Non Sequential Raytracing: Englightened Software for Illumination Engineering." Optics and Photonics News 7, no. 11 (1996): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.7.11.000022.

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Yoshida, Makoto, Ichirou Ishimaru, Katsumi Ishizaki, Toshiki Yasokawa, and Yusuke Inoue. "Rotational Speed Control by Optical PWM Operation for Single Cells." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 18, no. 6 (2006): 824–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2006.p0824.

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To rotating single cells, we harness light pressure generated by light absorption as a rotating torque, illuminating the two proximal points from different directions using two beams. Rotational speed is controlled by optical pulse width modulation (PWM) that controls the amount of light received per unit of time by controlling the time of illumination. To change the illumination time, the pencil of rays is scanned by a galvanometric mirror.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Illumination Engineering"

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Mouradian, Sara L. (Sara Lambert). "Target detection through quantum illumination." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/77028.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, February 2012.<br>"February 2012." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-70).<br>Classical target detection can suffer large error probabilities in noisy and lossy environments when noise photons are mistaken for signal photons reflected from an object. It has been shown theoretically that the correlation between entangled photons can be used to better discriminate between the signal photons reflected by an object and noise photons, thus reducing the probability of error [13, 15, 17, 7, 6]. This thesis presents the first experimental implementation of target detection enhanced by quantum illumination (QI). Nondegenerate, time entangled signal and idler beams are created through Type-O spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC). The signal is attenuated and combined with large levels of noise. The signal is phase modulated to improve the observation by shifting it from DC to 16 kHz. The return signal and idler are recombined in an optical parametric amplifier (OPA) which captures the phase correlation between the two beams. It is found that only 10% of the total signal and idler photons interact at the OPA due to the multi-mode nature of the SPDC emission which does not match the pump spatial mode and thus experience lower gains at the OPA. Considering only the power interacting at the OPA, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of QI agrees with the theoretical model.<br>by Sara L. Mouradian.<br>M.Eng.
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Xu, Wenbang. "Defeating eavesdropping with quantum illumination." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/71512.

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Thesis (Elec. E.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2012.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-79).<br>Quantum illumination is a paradigm for using entanglement to gain a performance advantage-in comparison with classical-state systems of the same optical power-over lossy, noisy channels that destroy entanglement. Previous work has shown how it can be used to defeat passive eavesdropping on a two-way Alice-to-Bob-to-Alice communication protocol, in which the eavesdropper, Eve, merely listens to Alice and Bob's transmissions. This thesis extends that work in several ways. First, it derives a lower bound on information advantage that Alice enjoys over Eve in the passive eavesdropping scenario. Next, it explores the performance of alternative practical receivers for Alice, as well as various high-order modulation formats for the passive eavesdropping case. Finally, this thesis extends previous analysis to consider how Alice and Bob can minimize their vulnerability to Eve's doing active eavesdropping, i.e., when she injects her own light into the channel.<br>by Wenbang Xu.<br>Elec.E.
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Li, Fung Yuen Ken. "White LED for general illumination applications." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42151.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2007.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>In the 21st century, mankind faces problem of energy crisis through depletion of fossil fuels as well as global warning through the production of excessive greenhouse gases. Hence, there is an urgent need to look for new sources of renewable energy or ways to utilize energy more effectively. Solid state lighting (SSL) is a major area of research interest to use energy in a more efficient manner. Early light emitting devices (LEDs) were originally limited their use for low power indication lights. Later research produces high brightness LEDs (HB-LEDs) as well as blue color LEDs. This brings to reality of the entire visible light spectrum. White light is also made possible. As with other technologies, numerous obstacles will have to be surmounted in bringing LEDs from the laboratory to the marketplace. LEDs will also have to compete with established technologies such as incandescent and fluorescent lighting. This thesis will describe the current state of high powered LEDs, examine challenges faced by LEDs and look at future markets. Evaluation in the potential of LEDs for general illumination will be carried out through cost modeling and performance analysis.<br>by Ken, Li Fung Yuen.<br>M.Eng.
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Dubla, Piotr. "Interactive global illumination on the CPU." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2012. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/55482/.

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Computing realistic physically-based global illumination in real-time remains one of the major goals in the fields of rendering and visualisation; one that has not yet been achieved due to its inherent computational complexity. This thesis focuses on CPU-based interactive global illumination approaches with an aim to develop generalisable hardware-agnostic algorithms. Interactive ray tracing is reliant on spatial and cache coherency to achieve interactive rates which conflicts with needs of global illumination solutions which require a large number of incoherent secondary rays to be computed. Methods that reduce the total number of rays that need to be processed, such as Selective rendering, were investigated to determine how best they can be utilised. The impact that selective rendering has on interactive ray tracing was analysed and quantified and two novel global illumination algorithms were developed, with the structured methodology used presented as a framework. Adaptive Inter- leaved Sampling, is a generalisable approach that combines interleaved sampling with an adaptive approach, which uses efficient component-specific adaptive guidance methods to drive the computation. Results of up to 11 frames per second were demonstrated for multiple components including participating media. Temporal Instant Caching, is a caching scheme for accelerating the computation of diffuse interreflections to interactive rates. This approach achieved frame rates exceeding 9 frames per second for the majority of scenes. Validation of the results for both approaches showed little perceptual difference when comparing against a gold-standard path-traced image. Further research into caching led to the development of a new wait-free data access control mechanism for sharing the irradiance cache among multiple rendering threads on a shared memory parallel system. By not serialising accesses to the shared data structure the irradiance values were shared among all the threads without any overhead or contention, when reading and writing simultaneously. This new approach achieved efficiencies between 77% and 92% for 8 threads when calculating static images and animations. This work demonstrates that, due to the flexibility of the CPU, CPU-based algorithms remain a valid and competitive choice for achieving global illumination interactively, and an alternative to the generally brute-force GPU-centric algorithms.
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Brookshire, Charles Thomas. "Illumination Recovery For Optical Microscopy." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1588936914060945.

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Sanders, Larry Dean Jr. "IR Illumination-Assisted Smart Headlight Glare Reduction." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton151211742430073.

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Dror, Ron O. (Ron Ofer) 1975. "Surface reflectance recognition and real-world illumination statistics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16911.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, February 2003.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-150).<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Humans distinguish materials such as metal, plastic, and paper effortlessly at a glance. Traditional computer vision systems cannot solve this problem at all. Recognizing surface reflectance properties from a single photograph is difficult because the observed image depends heavily on the amount of light incident from every direction. A mirrored sphere, for example, produces a different image in every environment. To make matters worse, two surfaces with different reflectance properties could produce identical images. The mirrored sphere simply reflects its surroundings, so in the right artificial setting, it could mimic the appearance of a matte ping-pong ball. Yet, humans possess an intuitive sense of what materials typically "look like" in the real world. This thesis develops computational algorithms with a similar ability to recognize reflectance properties from photographs under unknown, real-world illumination conditions. Real-world illumination is complex, with light typically incident on a surface from every direction. We find, however, that real-world illumination patterns are not arbitrary. They exhibit highly predictable spatial structure, which we describe largely in the wavelet domain. Although they differ in several respects from the typical photographs, illumination patterns share much of the regularity described in the natural image statistics literature. These properties of real-world illumination lead to predictable image statistics for a surface with given reflectance properties. We construct a system that classifies a surface according to its reflectance from a single photograph under unknown illumination. Our algorithm learns relationships between surface reflectance and certain statistics computed from the observed image.<br>(cont.) Like the human visual system, we solve the otherwise underconstrained inverse problem of reflectance estimation by taking advantage of the statistical regularity of illumination. For surfaces with homogeneous reflectance properties and known geometry, our system rivals human performance.<br>by Ron O. Dror.<br>Ph.D.
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Rangarajan, Prasanna. "Pushing the limits of imaging using patterned illumination." Thesis, Southern Methodist University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3624926.

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<p> The image captured by an imaging system is subject to constraints imposed by the wave nature of light and the geometry of image formation. The former limits the resolving power of the imager while the latter results in a loss of size and range information. The body of work presented in this dissertation strives to overcome the aforementioned limits. The suite of techniques and apparatus ideas disclosed in the work afford imagers the unique ability to capture spatial detail lost to optical blur, while also recovering range information. </p><p> A recurring theme in the work is the notion of imaging under patterned illumination. The Moir&eacute; fringes arising from the heterodyning of the object detail and the patterned illumination, are used to improve the resolving power of the imager. The deformations in the phase of the detected illumination pattern, aid in the recovery of range information. </p><p> The work furnishes a comprehensive mathematical model for imaging under patterned illumination that accommodates blur due to the imaging/illumination optics, and the perspective foreshortening observed at macroscopic scales. The model discloses the existence of a family of active stereo arrangements that jointly support super resolution (improvement of resolving power) and scene recovery (recovery of range information). </p><p> The work also presents a new description of the theoretical basis for super resolution. The description confirms that an improvement in resolving power results from the computational engineering of the imager impulse response. The above notion is explored further, in developing a strategy for engineering the impulse response of an imager, using patterned illumination. It is also established that optical aberrations are not an impediment to super resolution. </p><p> Furthermore, the work advances the state-of-the-art in scene recovery by establishing that a broader class of sinusoidal patterns may be used to recover range information, while circumventing the extensive calibration process employed by current approaches. </p><p> The work concludes by examining an extreme example of super resolution using patterned illumination. In particular, a strategy that overcomes the severe anisotropy in the resolving power of a single-lens imager is examined. Spatial frequency analysis of the reconstructed image confirms the effectiveness of lattice illumination in engineering a computational imager with near isotropic resolving power.</p>
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Sundkvist, Johan. "AN EVALUATION OF REAL-TIME GLOBAL ILLUMINATION TECHNIQUES." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-163369.

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Real-time global illumination techniques are becoming more and more realistic as the years pass and new technologies are developed. ‘This report therefore set out to evaluate di‚fferent implementations of real-time global illumination.‘ The three implementations that are looked at are Unity, Unreal and a Voxel Cone Tracer. For Unity and Unreal we also look at their three main sett‹ings for global illumination, in order to look at the diff‚erences between methods using pre-computation and those that are run-time focused.Th‘e evaluation focuses on visual quality and render times. In order to compare render times we look at how the framerate is e‚ffected by both scaling up the number of lights and then adding motion to the light sources. When comparing the results from a visual quality perspective we made use of the perceptual quality metrices SSIM and HDR-VDP-2 with reference images rendered in Blender. For these tests we use three di‚fferent scenes with di‚fferent lighting conditions.We conclude that while the Voxel Cone Tracer faced large framerate problems when lighting was scaled up, the higher end implementations in the form of Unity and Unreal, neither had any problem keeping a high frame rate when the same tests were applied to them. Th‘e visual quality tests faced some problems as the tests using HDR-VDP-2 had problems ge‹ing any good results. Th‘e results from SSIM were more useful, showing that there still is progress to be made for all the implementations and that the ones using more pre-computations generally perform be‹tter.
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Wang, Yongchang. "Novel Approaches in Structured Light Illumination." UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/116.

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Among the various approaches to 3-D imaging, structured light illumination (SLI) is widely spread. SLI employs a pair of digital projector and digital camera such that the correspondences can be found based upon the projecting and capturing of a group of designed light patterns. As an active sensing method, SLI is known for its robustness and high accuracy. In this dissertation, I study the phase shifting method (PSM), which is one of the most employed strategy in SLI. And, three novel approaches in PSM have been proposed in this dissertation. First, by regarding the design of patterns as placing points in an N-dimensional space, I take the phase measuring profilometry (PMP) as an example and propose the edge-pattern strategy which achieves maximum signal to noise ratio (SNR) for the projected patterns. Second, I develop a novel period information embedded pattern strategy for fast, reliable 3-D data acquisition and reconstruction. The proposed period coded phase shifting strategy removes the depth ambiguity associated with traditional phase shifting patterns without reducing phase accuracy or increasing the number of projected patterns. Thus, it can be employed for high accuracy realtime 3-D system. Then, I propose a hybrid approach for high quality 3-D reconstructions with only a small number of illumination patterns by maximizing the use of correspondence information from the phase, texture, and modulation data derived from multi-view, PMP-based, SLI images, without rigorously synchronizing the cameras and projectors and calibrating the device gammas. Experimental results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed novel strategies for 3-D SLI systems.
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Books on the topic "Illumination Engineering"

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Koshel, R. John, ed. Illumination Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118462539.

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Applied illumination engineering. 2nd ed. Fairmont Press, 1997.

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Applied illumination engineering. Fairmont Press, 1991.

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Illumination engineering: Design with nonimaging optics. Wiley-IEEE Press, 2013.

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Murdoch, Joseph B. Illumination engineering--from Edison's lamp to the laser. Macmillan Pub. Co., 1985.

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Murdoch, Joseph P. Illumination engineering: From Edison's lamp to the laser. Visions Communications, 1994.

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Murdoch, Joseph B. Illumination engineering: From Edison's lamp to the laser. Visions Communications, 1994.

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Zyda, Michael J. A data structure for a multi-illumination model renderer. Naval Postgraduate School, 1986.

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Lee, Dong. Scattering impulse response synthesis using random noise illumination: Initial concept evaluation. Naval Postgraduate School, 1988.

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Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. Nomenclature and definitions for illuminating engineering. the Society, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Illumination Engineering"

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Koshel, R. John. "Introduction and Terminology." In Illumination Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118462539.ch1.

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Koshel, R. John. "Étendue." In Illumination Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118462539.ch2.

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Benítez, Pablo, Juan C. Miñano, and José Blen. "Squeezing the Étendue." In Illumination Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118462539.ch3.

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Miñano, Juan Carlos, Pablo Benítez, Aleksandra Cvetkovic, and Rubén Mohedano. "SMS 3D Design Method." In Illumination Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118462539.ch4.

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Chaves, Julio, and Maikel Hernández. "Solar Concentrators." In Illumination Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118462539.ch5.

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Cassarly, William J. "Lightpipe Design." In Illumination Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118462539.ch6.

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Koshel, R. John. "Sampling, Optimization, and Tolerancing." In Illumination Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118462539.ch7.

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Hoeher, Peter Adam. "Fundamentals of Illumination Engineering." In Visible Light Communications. Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446461727.002.

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Hoeher, Peter Adam. "Fundamentals of Illumination Engineering." In Visible Light Communications. Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446463035.002.

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Qing, Laiyun, Weiqiang Wang, and Wen Gao. "Illumination Invariant Shot Boundary Detection." In Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45080-1_158.

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Conference papers on the topic "Illumination Engineering"

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Koshel, R. John. "Why illumination engineering?" In Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Roland Winston and R. John Koshel. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.739751.

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Koshel, R. John. "A course in illumination engineering." In Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by R. John Koshel and G. Groot Gregory. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.740225.

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Koshel, R. John. "Illumination system tolerancing." In Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by José M. Sasian and Mitchell C. Ruda. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.736540.

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Cassarly, William J. "Illumination merit functions." In Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Roland Winston and R. John Koshel. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.737955.

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Yamaguchi, Eiichiro, Vinay K. Natrajan, and Kenneth T. Christensen. "Development of a Two-Dye LIF Technique for Measuring Fluid Temperature Fields in Microfluidic Devices." In ASME 2006 2nd Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting Collocated With the 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2006-98128.

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The feasibility of implementing a two-color laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique to study thermal transport at the microscale is investigated. A temperature-sensitive fluorescent dye (Rhodamine B) and a temperature-insensitive dye (Nile Red) are used in tandem to determine fluid temperature with high accuracy and low noise using a pulsed Nd: YAG laser as an illumination source. While the fluorescence intensity of the temperature-sensitive dye is proportional to temperature, it can be biased by variations in the illuminating intensity. Therefore, a second, temperature-insensitive dye is required to account for noise associated with variations in illumination intensity. Calibration of the system reveals that the two-color dye mixture in ethanol yields 1.0%/K of temperature sensitivity with volume illumination from the Nd:YAG laser. The feasibility of this methodology is explored by measuring steady-state conduction in a heated micro-reservoir.
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Teague, Lucile C., Aaron L. Washington II, Martine C. Duff, Michael Groza, Vladimir Buliga, and Arnold Burger. "Illumination response of CdZnTe." In SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Larry A. Franks, Ralph B. James, and Arnold Burger. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.892398.

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Cheng, Yu, Zhigang Jin, and Cunming Hao. "Illumination normalization based on 2D Gaussian illumination model." In 2010 3rd International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering (ICACTE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacte.2010.5579870.

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Sturari, Mirco, Luca Esposto, Christian Spurio, Domenico Tigano, Adriano Mancini, and Primo Zingaretti. "Vehicle Tracking and Classification From Videos Under Illumination Changes and Occlusions." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-68004.

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Vehicle tracking and classification algorithms that remain robust under illuminations changes and occlusions remain a challenging task for vehicle recognition systems. A vehicle which reappears in the scene after disappearing behind an obstacle or a bigger vehicle has to re-obtain the previous identification number assigned by the system. In other circumstances, two or more vehicles overlapping each other are recognized by the system as a single entity: for this reason, after splitting, the system has to reassign pending identification numbers to the respective vehicles. In this paper we propose a three steps (vehicle identification with removal of headlight reflections, tracking with occlusion management and classification with size and speed estimation) algorithm operating in presence of illumination changes, reflections and occlusions. The experimental results obtained by processing a video recorded from a static camera show that the approach is able to successfully manage occlusions in over 90% of cases and to satisfactory classify vehicles into four classes, depending on their length/dimension.
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Rangarajan, Prasanna, Marc P. Christensen, and Predrag Milojkovic. "Parsimony in PSF engineering using patterned illumination." In Computational Optical Sensing and Imaging. OSA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cosi.2013.cth3c.1.

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Miñano, Juan C., Pablo Benítez, Bill Parkyn, et al. "Geodesic lens: new designs for illumination engineering." In Contract Proceedings 2006, edited by G. Groot Gregory, Joseph M. Howard, and R. John Koshel. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.692271.

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