Academic literature on the topic 'Illumination percentage'
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Journal articles on the topic "Illumination percentage"
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Matillano, Bryan Joseph. "Lunar influenced community structure among Seagrass associated Epifaunal Macroinvertebrates." Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) 22, no. 1 (2023): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10158191.
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Seagrass-associated epifaunal macroinvertebrates communities are complex ecosystems patterned with diel shift rhythms and niche cycles. Most studies focus on diurnal rhythms as researchers engage in daytime collections, creating community structure frameworks accustomed to this analysis. Less is known to nocturnal cycles and diurnal-nocturnal shifts as community structure in these periods may offer a holistic ecosystems framework rather than a diurnal outlook. Moreso, literature is limited in lunar-influenced community structure in seagrass-associated epifaunal macroinvertebrates. This paper seeks to identify the community structure patterned on lunar illumination percentages based on waning gibbous, full moon, waxing gibbous, waxing crescent, and; waning crescent. Each phase differs in illumination percentage, and identifying community structure may depict activity and favorable adaptive mechanisms among the community. Four stations were established in Eastern Samar, Philippines, in a month-long collection, laying 50 meter transect lines with five quadrats placed every 10 meters in shallow waters covering seagrass beds. Results show that mollusks dominated the structure together with diverse echinoderms, arthropods, poriferans, and annelids. During the full moon, the species' relative abundance was the highest value compared to other lunar phases. This structure was followed by waning gibbous, waxing gibbous, waxing crescent, and; waning crescent. In reference to the illumination percentage, community structure was influenced in favour for a brighter lunar phase based on the computed relative abundance. As lunar illumination percentage was reduced, assemblages of epifaunal macroinvertebrates were also reduced. This community structure indicated assemblages in response to lunar illumination, lunar phases, and the framework of the seagrass ecosystems should be monitored using this outlook.published by the <strong>Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)</strong>
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Lusiana G.N Banase, Ade Y.H Lukas, and Asriati Djonu. "Effects of percentage of aquarium cover on light illumination in influencing growth patterns of Pangasius sp. seeds." International Journal of Scholarly Research and Reviews 2, no. 1 (2023): 025–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.56781/ijsrr.2023.2.1.0017.
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This study aims to see the effect of differences in light illumination on the growth pattern of seed catfish (Pangasius sp). The experimental design used in this study was a completely randomized design (RAL) with 4 light illumination treatments and 3 replications. The parameters measured in this study were the daily growth rate and growth pattern of seed catfish. The difference in light illumination tested in the study had an influence on the daily growth rate of seed catfish (Pangasius sp). with the best treatment in this study from treatment A namely by providing light illumination of 11 lx provides the best daily growth rate of 5,9 % and continues to increase every week. The growth pattern of the length and weight of a relationship is negative allometric where the value (b) and the determinant coefficient value is lower than 3 which means that the growth of fish seed length affects the body weight gain of seed catfish.
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Zhang, Tong, Yingjie Yan, Chuantong Li, et al. "Influence of Illumination Time and Soil Moisture on Seed Germination and Seedling Establishment of Magnolia sprengeri Pamp." HortScience 56, no. 11 (2021): 1381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci16144-21.
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This study investigated the effects of illumination time and soil moisture on seed germination and seedling establishment of Magnolia sprengeri Pamp. to improve the seed germination percentage and seedling survival percentage of M. sprengeri. It is of great significance for rapid propagation, seedling regeneration, field management, and artificial high-efficiency cultivation of M. sprengeri. In this study, the seeds of natural M. sprengeri populations from original habitat were used as test materials. Seed germination and seedling establishment of M. sprengeri were performed under different illumination time and soil moisture treatments in artificial climate incubator. The study found that there were significant differences among various key parameters related to seed germination and seedling establishment under different treatments (P < 0.05). Germination percentage, germination potential, germination index, vigor index, germination rate, plant height, number of leaves, base diameter, taproot length, number of lateral roots, maximum lateral root length, single plant leaf area, fresh weight, and seedling survival rate reached the maximum at continuous illumination and 13% of soil moisture, respectively. By the integrative evaluation for the influence of these two factors on seed germination and seedling establishment, soil moisture is a dominant factor affecting seed germination and seedling establishment, whereas illumination is an important promoting factor for seedling establishment of M. sprengeri. Continuous illumination and 13% of soil moisture content is suitable for seed germination and seedling establishment of M. sprengeri.
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Catherine, Silva– Agurto, Michel Leiva Mora, Nayeli Sanchez Ortiz, and Danny del Castillo Bastidas. "Influencia de las condiciones de iluminación sobre el establecimiento in vitro de yemas de Solanum tuberosum L. var. Cecilia." Bionatura 8, no. 3 (2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2023.08.03.9.
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In vitro, micropropagation is an essential biotechnological tool for the mass production of plants. Several factors influence in vitro plant development, such as the culture medium, phytohormones, and illumination conditions. The present work aimed to evaluate the effect of illumination conditions on the in vitro establishment of buds of S. tuberosum Var. Cecilia. Previously disinfected tuber shoots were sown in a culture medium composed of MS + 20 g.L⁻¹ sucrose + 7 g.L⁻¹ agar and exposed to different illumination conditions. The number of nodes, the number of leaves, the number of shoots, plant height, percentage of establishment and percentage of contamination were determined. At 30 days, total fluorescent white light and 12 h natural light + 12 h darkness showed a greater plant height, while the lighting conditions showed no effect on the number of nodes, number of leaves, number of shoots per plant, percentage of establishment and percentage of contamination. Based on the results of the present work, it was concluded that both total white fluorescent light and 12 h natural light + 12 h darkness favored in vitro establishment. Keywords: darkness, growth, light, sprouts.
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Chirindo, Mathews, Ettienne Cox, and Kahesh Duness. "An optical gas imaging technique based on strobed illumination." MATEC Web of Conferences 406 (2024): 08006. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202440608006.
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Gas leakage from equipment poses undesirable safety, environmental and operational impacts. Many optimal gas imaging techniques exist which detect and visualize gas plumes. However, most of these techniques struggle to produce clear images when the temperature gradient between the scene background and the gas plume is small. This paper presents an optical gas imaging technique that is based on strobed illumination, wherein the strobing frequency of the illuminating device is associated with the camera frame rate. Experimental test results are presented to show the improved detection of volatile organic compound gases during strobed illumination under dark room laboratory conditions where the percentage contrast value of the illuminated gas relative to its background varies by 50.8% The test results for the detection of sulphur hexafluoride gas and liquid petroleum gas under an outside environment are also presented.
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Luo, Shaoqin, Junbo Liu, Chuan Jin, and Ji Zhou. "Illumination Field Uniformity Correction by Novel Finger Arrays for Lithography Illumination System." Photonics 11, no. 7 (2024): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11070661.
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In order to correct the integrated nonuniformity of a lithographic illumination field, a high-precision uniformity correction method for an advanced lithographic illumination system is proposed. The method adopts the opaque finger array structure and improves correction ability and accuracy by optimizing the arrangement and structure of the unit without changing the width of each unit. The correction accuracy is expressed as the percentage of the corrected integrated nonuniformity. Through theoretical analysis and simulation, it can be seen that the correction accuracy of a staggered finger array is better than 0.22%. When staggered and layered, the correction accuracy of a finger array is better than 0.14%, which is better than that of a non-layered finger array. When staggered, layered, and chamfered of each unit, the correction accuracy of the finger array structure is better than 0.12%.
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Ignatavičius, Gytautas, Alius Ulevičius, Vaidotas Valskys, Lina Galinskaitė, Peter E. Busher, and Giedrius Trakimas. "Lunar Phases and Wildlife–Vehicle Collisions: Application of the Lunar Disk Percentage Method." Animals 11, no. 3 (2021): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030908.
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We investigated the relationship between lunar illumination based on the percentage of the visible lunar disk (LDP) and the frequency of wildlife–vehicle collisions (WVCs) in Lithuania. We analyzed WVC frequency during ten 10% LDP intervals to more precisely reflect the relationship between LDP and WVC. The 10% LDP interval approach showed a significant trend of increasing WVC frequencies with an increasing LDP at night. We also examined the correlation between the daily numbers of WVCs and LDP for different months and seasons. The relationship seemed to be stronger at night and during the late autumn–winter months, particularly in December, suggesting the importance of lunar illumination on WVCs. There was a weak positive correlation between LDP and overall daily number of WVCs (rs = 0.091; p < 0.001) and between LDP and night WVCs (rs = 0.104; p < 0.001). We found significant positive correlations for winter (December–February) (rs = 0.118; p = 0.012) and autumn (August–November) (rs = 0.127; p = 0.007). Our study suggests that the LDP interval approach may provide more possibilities for the evaluation and quantification of WVCs and lunar light relationships than the traditional lunar phase approach.
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Zhang, Xiangyang, Nan Zhao, Fadi Al-Turjman, Muhammad Bilal Khan, and Xiaodong Yang. "An Optimization of the Signal-to-Noise Ratio Distribution of an Indoor Visible Light Communication System Based on the Conventional Layout Model." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (2020): 9006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219006.
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For an actual visible light communication system, it is necessary to consider the uniformity of indoor illumination. Most of the existing optimization schemes, however, do not consider the effect of the first reflected light, and do not conform to the practical application conventions, which increases the actual cost and the complexity of system construction. In this paper, considering the first reflected light and based on the conventional layout model and the classic indoor visible light communication model, a scheme using the parameter Q to determine the optimal layout of channel quality is proposed. We determined the layout, and then carried out a simulation. For comparison, the normal layout and the optimal layout of illumination were also simulated. The simulation results show that the illuminance distributions of the three layouts meet the standards of the International Organization for Standardization. The optimal layout of channel quality in the signal-to-noise ratio distribution, maximum delay spread distribution, and impulse response is obviously better than the optimal layout of illumination. In particular, the effective area percentage of the optimal layout of channel quality is increased by 0.32% and 6.08% to 88.80% as compared with the normal layout’s 88.48% and the optimal layout of illumination’s 82.72%. However, compared with the normal layout, the advantages are not very prominent.
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Zhou, Xiangling, Zhongmin Gao, Huanji Gong, and Shenglin Li. "DeFFace: Deep Face Recognition Unlocked by Illumination Attributes." Electronics 13, no. 22 (2024): 4566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13224566.
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General face recognition is currently one of the key technologies in the field of computer vision, and it has achieved tremendous success with the support of deep-learning technology. General face recognition models currently exhibit extremely high accuracy on some high-quality face datasets. However, their performance decreases in challenging environments, such as low-light scenes. To enhance the performance of face recognition models in low-light scenarios, we propose a face recognition approach based on feature decoupling and fusion (DeFFace). Our main idea is to extract facial-related features from images that are not influenced by illumination. First, we introduce a feature decoupling network (D-Net) to decouple the image into facial-related features and illumination-related features. By incorporating the illumination triplet loss optimized with unpaired identity IDs, we regulate illumination-related features to minimize the impact of lighting conditions on the face recognition system. However, the decoupled features are relatively coarse. Therefore, we introduce a feature fusion network (F-Net) to further extract the residual facial-related features from the illumination-related features and fuse them with the initial facial-related features. Finally, we introduce a lighting-facial correlation loss to reduce the correlation between the two decoupled features in the specific space. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on four real-world low-light datasets and three simulated low-light datasets. We retrain multiple general face recognition methods using our proposed low-light training sets to further validate the advanced performance of our method. Compared to general face recognition methods, our approach achieves an average improvement of more than 2.11 percentage points on low-light face datasets. In comparison with image enhancement-based solutions, our method shows an average improvement of around 16 percentage points on low-light datasets, and it also delivers an average improvement of approximately 5.67 percentage points when compared to illumination normalization-based methods.
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Tsay, Chien-Yie, Shih-Ting Chen, and Man-Ting Fan. "Solution-Processed Mg-Substituted ZnO Thin Films for Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Visible-Blind Photodetectors." Coatings 9, no. 4 (2019): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9040277.
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The effects of Mg on the microstructural, optical, and electrical properties of sol-gel derived ZnO transparent semiconductor thin films and the photoelectrical properties of photodetectors based on MgxZn1−xO (where x = 0 to 0.3) thin films with the metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) configuration were investigated in this study. All the as-synthesized ZnO-based thin films had a single-phase wurtzite structure and showed high average transmittance of 91% in the visible wavelength region. The optical bandgap of MgxZn1−xO thin films increased from 3.25 to 3.56 eV and the electrical resistivity of the films rose from 6.1 × 102 to 1.4 × 104 Ω·cm with an increase in Mg content from x = 0 to x = 0.3. Compared with those of the pure ZnO thin film, the PL emission peaks of the MgZnO thin films showed an apparent blue-shift feature in the UV and visible regions. The photo-detection capability was investigated under visible, UVA, and UVC light illumination. Linear I-V characteristics were obtained in these ZnO-based photodetectors under dark and light illumination conditions, indicating an ohmic contact between the Au electrodes and ZnO-based thin films. It was found that the pure ZnO photodetector exhibited the best photoconductivity gain, percentage of sensitivity, and responsivity under UVA illumination. Under UVC illumination, the photoconductivity gain and percentage of sensitivity of the MgZnO photodetectors were better than those of the pure ZnO photodetector.
Book chapters on the topic "Illumination percentage"
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"La Biblioteca pubblica veneziana e gli incunaboli miniati." In Printing R-Evolution and Society 1450-1500. Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-332-8/029.
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Venice was central to the production of printed books in the 15th-century and illumination continued to be applied to this new type of books, beyond the age of the manuscript. However, the illuminated incunabula preserved today in the Library of the Serenissima do not represent a noticeable percentage of the production of value. As is known, very few specimens printed on parchment or with miniatures entered the Marciana collections. Yet, the activity of the press was favoured by Bessarion, who included his remarkable Roman incunabula among his legacy to San Marco. The Roman incunabula of the Bessarion collection, published between 1468 and 1472, have characteristics that are entirely similar to the manuscripts he had commissioned in the last years of his life. The incunabula that entered the library in the later centuries, chiefly following the suppressions of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, are the result of different priorities.
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Ahmed Mobyen Uddin, Rahman Hamidur, and Begum Shahina. "Quality Index Analysis on Camera-Based R-Peak Identification Considering Movements and Light Illumination." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-868-6-84.
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This paper presents a quality index (QI) analysis on R-peak extracted by a camera system considering movements and light illumination. Here, the proposed camera system is compared with a reference system named Shimmer PPG sensor. The study considers five test subjects with a 15 minutes measurement protocol, where the protocol consists of several conditions. The conditions are: normal sittings, head movements i.e., up/down/left/right/forward/backword, with light on/off and with moving flash on/off. A percentage of corrected R-peaks are calculated based on time difference in milliseconds (MS) between the R-peaks extracted both from camera-based and sensor-based systems. A comparison results between normal, movements, and lighting condition is presented as individual and group wise. Furthermore, the comparison is extended considering gender and origin of the subjects. According to the results, more than 90% R-peaks are correctly identified by the camera system with &plusmn;200 MS time differences, however, it decreases with while there is no light than when it is on. At the same time, the camera system shows more 95% accuracy for European than Asian men.
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A, Seshappa, Prasanna P, Subbaratnam B, and Naresh Kumar S. "AN INNOVATIVE METHOD OF USING TRASH DEBRIS TO MINIMIZE PRODUCT COSTS WAS INVESTIGATED DURING AN EXAMINATION OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A HYBRID NANO-COMPOSITE MADE OF AN ALUMINUM MATRIX." In Futuristic Trends in Mechanical Engineering Volume 3 Book 7. Iterative International Publisher, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bfme7p3ch2.
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Plenty of aluminum composites made of the metal matrix are highly regarded over innovative complementary properties like illumination mass, increased performance, and coefficient of thermal extension, and their actual applications span the aerospace sector, military services, automobiles aerobic activity teaching apparatus, and electronics industries. Aerospace manufacturers make extensive use of the practical Al 7075 alloy for structural mechanism gradual improvement. In this preliminary study, Al-7075 was strengthened using the swirl transmission technique amidst increasing 2, 4, 6, and 8 affect support in terms of privilege to Al2O3and 3 affect support in terms of proportional representation of SiC, and of solid waste (PKSA) that was both natural and synthetic. Test specimens for rigidity, the elongation impact, and wear are all set up in line with worldwide norms. After the casting process is complete, Al-HMC may be successfully added to aluminum by a swirl gearbox approach employing up to 8% of silicon carbide and the aluminium oxide residue. This AL-HMC had greater rigidity and tensile strength when Al203 and SiC residues were absorbed into the material. Wear and frictional strength are diminished when AMC deposits of Al2O3, SiC, and solid waste (PKSA) accumulate. When the Al2O3, SiC, and solid waste (PKSA) percentages in the MMC are drastically raised, the collision intensity fluctuation becomes negligible. Combining the L9 Array with Different DOE Methods This study establishes several WEDM process settings to enhance minimum surface roughness in addition to MRR for Al7075, Al2O3, SiC, and solid waste (PKSA). Increases in surface roughness and the percentage of Al2O3, SiC, and solid waste (PKSA) pilot must have been independently responsible for the observed decrease in MRR. To produce HMMC of Al 7075 with Al2O3, SiC, and solid waste (PKSA) at different weight percentages, the study's results were utilized to choose the quickest as well as most accurate WEDM Process settings.
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Glaessl Alexander, Schiffner Roman, Walther Thomas, Landthaler Michael, and Stolz Wilhelm. "Are Dermatologists in Private Practice Interested in Teledermatological Services?" In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 1999. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-908-0-185.
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Diagnosing dermatologic skin conditions can be difficult, especially in pigmented skin lesions. Therefore, the consultation of an expert via teledermatology could prove vital. For this purpose, a rapid transfer of medical data including high resolution images is essential. This transfer can be performed with a variety of modern telecommunication technologies, including ISDN, highspeed-ISDN, Internet, and Intranet. As the levels of both communication software and camera-systems can be quite different, our survey investigated the equipment of 84 dermatologists in private practice. A questionaire was distributed on computer equipment, operating system software, and any image documentation systems used, as well as required telecommunications equipment and possible applications of teledermatology. This survey showed a response rate of 54% and proves that dermatologists in private practice are interested in telemedicine services. Most dermatolgists surveyed use Windows 95 operating software and 74% have access to modern ISDN modems or PC-cards. Dermatologists currently prefer applications with low- tech communication hardware and software requirements. Consultation of dermatological centers was the favored application with 59%. Our survey clearly demonstrates that a high percentage of dermatologists in private practice would use teledermatology. In our experience, for the excellence of this service an image documentation system is essential to provide the teledermatolocical expert with standardized images with constant illumination.
Conference papers on the topic "Illumination percentage"
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GALINSKAITĖ, Lina, and Gytautas IGNATAVIČIUS. "Temporal patterns of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) traffic accidents in Lithuania: effects of daytime, season and lunar phase." In 12th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VILNIUS TECH, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2023.838.
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In many countries road safety and animal protection pose a serious problem due to wildlife-related accidents. Profound information of temporal and spatial patterns of deer-vehicle accidents is necessary for safe mitigation efforts and further accident analysis. We described the temporal patterns of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) vehicle collisions from 2014 till 2021 in Lithuania. Using a comprehensive dataset, consisting of 19.707 data points, we examined the influence of different time units (i.e. day of year, day of week, month) and moon illumination percentage. Therefore, we identified roe deer peak accident periods within the time units. Highest frequencies of collisions occurred in May, November and December. Between days of the week collisions increased on Friday with a secondary peak on Saturday. Relationships between roe deer vehicle collisions (RDVc) and lunar phases were analyzed, providing evidence for high frequencies of RDVc during full moon illumination. We believe that RDVc are dependent both on human activity in traffic and wildlife activity. Overall our results highlight, that RDVc disturbance among time is nonrandom. Methods to effective reduce deer-vehicle accidents should be adapted to species-specific temporal periods or place and concentrated to short-term mitigation measures (e.g. speed limits, wildlife warning signs, traffic controls).
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Feng, M., Y. X. Tao, E. Inclan, and R. Bartra. "Evaluation of Energy Usage for a Teaching and Research Complex." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14959.
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The evaluation of energy performance for a teaching and research complex located in South Florida was carried out by auditing the energy bills, on-site data monitoring, and numerical simulation by computer. To facilitate the process of on-site data monitoring, a remotely controlled, wireless thermal monitoring system was deployed in the building. The system can automatically collect the temperature, relative humidity ratio, illumination intensity, and building electricity usage data for analysis. The contribution and savings potential of each energy consumption component is analyzed for the whole building. From the audit result it is obvious that laboratory equipment is the dominant electricity consumption factor. The fluctuation pattern of electricity usage due to artificial lighting demonstrates the effectiveness of occupancy sensors for energy saving during evenings, weekends and holidays. The trend of HVAC chilled water consumption rate follows closely with the indoor and outdoor temperature difference. Since the HVAC coil load represents the building's total cooling requirement, the ratio between chilled water rate and temperature difference reflects the building's comprehensive thermal resistance. This coefficient can be used as a new building energy index for future energy audits of similar buildings. Finally, computer software simulates several proposed energy saving scenarios, e.g. reducing the HVAC fresh air percentage, adding energy wheel to recycle the wasted cooling, etc. The result shows that installing energy wheel can save more cooling load than other methods, however such benefit is compromised by its extra motor electricity usage.
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AhsanShaikh, Mohammad, and Musbah S. Mahfoud. "Ecological Sustainability of Fiber Optic Solar Lighting in the Future of the State of Qatar." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90484.
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The use of electric lighting in our homes and our workplaces stands for a significant portion of the society’s electric energy consumption. Furthermore, generating such electricity leads to the production of greenhouse gases. At the same time as the electricity is coming through our lamps inside our houses, an overflow of light is flowing down from the sky and hits the exterior of the same houses. At almost any day of the year, the daylight is superior in both the illumination level and quality compared to the artificial light we are using for our everyday tasks. A technology capable of collecting this abundant sunlight and distributing it, via optical fibers, into the interior of a building will be of great benefit. Sunlight is an abundant and infinite source of energy that is being underutilized in Qatar. The state’s climate is sunny most of the year, with temperatures ranging from 12°C to 48°C, and thus the solar source of energy is abundant. Therefore, it is of an economical benefit for the state to harvest and utilize this energy source in every way possible. In Qatar, a large part of electricity is used for indoor lighting during daytime, accounting for 10% of the total electric energy required for buildings. In many facilities, this percentage is even higher. For example, illumination in an office space of 400 m2 accounts for approximately 40% of the total energy consumption of the space. In fact, Qatar is recognized amongst the world’s largest consumers of energy per capita. According to the United Nations Statistic Division, relative to the size of Qatar’s economy, the country on a whole uses twice the amount of energy as the nations of Germany or Japan. As a partial remedy to reduce the consumption of electrical energy, Qatar can take advantage of its sunny climate, and thus it is possible to collect and focus sunlight on optic-fiber cables that transfer the light to indoor rooms, buildings and stores. In the present work, we wanted to cast some light on fiber optic daylighting and its potential use in a very sunny and relatively hot environment, such as that in Qatar. The main goal of this project was to explore the use of a lighting system based on fiber optics as the main light source.
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St Clair, Andi, and Alex Chaparro. "Automotive Head-Up Displays (HUDs): Considerations for Color-limited Users." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003650.
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Head-Up-Displays (HUDs) were initially developed for use in aircraft to provide the pilot with essential aircraft flight information aid while flying. The HUD allows the pilot to view primary flight information overlaid on the external scene without the necessity of looking down inside the cockpit at their instruments. Thus they can maintain their gaze outside of the cockpit during critical phases of flight like landing while still having access to critical flight information like altitude, speed, and heading. HUDs have also been adapted to ground vehicles. The first production vehicle with a HUD was the General Motors Cutlass Supreme, in 1988 (Weihrauch et al., 1989). Over 30 companies have implemented this technology into select vehicle models (Korentsides et al., 2021). This technology is also gaining traction among aftermarket manufacturers that offer hardware that owners can integrate into their vehicles. Information typically displayed on a HUD includes safety alerts, navigation directions, and the status of vehicle parameters such as speed. The systems allow drivers to customize the information they see displayed and they can change the information based on the situation. Most HUDs employ a limited color palette of red, green, yellow, and sometimes blue to code information and to represent hazards or risks. Typically alphanumeric information in aviation and automotive applications is rendered in bright green that is visible across a wide range of external illumination conditions. The use of color in consumer products poses some challenges because approximately 8% of the male population and a much smaller percentage of women have color deficiencies that affect their ability to discriminate among some hues including the widely used red, green, and yellow hues (Chaparro & Chaparro, 2017). By recognizing this issue, designers, engineers, and human factors practitioners can ensure that all users, irrespective of their visual status, can use their systems safely. In this paper, we explore different strategies to ensure that information is accessible to users regardless of their visual status. The strategies include using redundant coding so that critical information is encoded using multiple stimulus dimensions (e.g., brightness, color, saturation, texture, font, etc). We also discuss the use of software applications that simulate how any color combination might appear to persons with different color limitations allowing designers to evaluate different color codes or palettes.
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Codreanu, Liviu. "Chromium bioaccumulation potential of edaphic cyanobacterium nostoc linckia grown on multimetallic systems." In 5th International Scientific Conference on Microbial Biotechnology. Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52757/imb22.16.
Full textAbstract:
Over the past few decades, chromium contamination of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems has increased as a result of various anthropogenic activities. In this regard, various useful and practical remediation technologies have been emerging to control chromium content in water, soil and other resources. Chromium remediation through microorganisms may be the best technology currently available for cleaning up Cr contaminated sites. These technologies using biological agents are cheaper, safer and ecofriendly than chemical treatment methods. Cr exists in several oxidation states, but the most stable and common forms are Cr(0), Cr(III) and Cr(VI) species. Chromium toxicity depends on its valence state. Hexavalent chromium is a highly mobile and toxic contaminant. Cr(III) being less mobile is much less toxic than Cr(VI). The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of cyanobacterium Nostoc linckia to accumulate hexavalent chromium during three successive cultivation cycles on multimetallic systems. Cyanobacterium Nostoc linckia (Roth) Born et Flah CNM-CB-03 was grown in a mineral medium and metal ions in different combinations. Cultivation was carried out in Erlenmayer flasks of 1000 mL with a working volume of 700 mL. The following parameters were used: pH of the medium 6.8-7.2, temperature 25-27oC, light intensity of 37-55 μmol photons m-2 s-1, continuous illumination, slow periodic shaking. The amount of inoculum was 0.4 g/L. Each cultivation cycle lasted 12 days. Multimetallic systems Cr/Fe, Cr/Fe/Ni, Cr/Fe/Ni/Zn and Cr/Fe/Ni/Zn/Cu were added to culture medium on the exponential phase of nostoc growth. In this study, the bioaccumulation of Cr(VI) from multimetallic systems was performed - a situation that is closer to real conditions, since in most cases the contamination of certain areas occurs due to the presence of several pollutants. Among the four studied systems, in Cr/Fe, Cr/Fe/Ni, and Cr/Fe/Ni/Zn/Cu, the rate of chromium uptake by nostoc was very similar and varied with the cultivation cycle. Thus, in these three systems, chromium uptake in the first cultivation cycle was 35.8-40.2% of the initial level of metal; in the second cycle - 27.2-32.7%, and in the third cycle - 19.7-27.1%. In Cr/Fe/Ni/Zn system, the bioaccumulation capacity of nostoc biomass was significantly higher and amounted to 63.1%, 56.0% and 34.8% of Cr(VI), which corresponds to three cultivation cycles. Moreover, Fe, Ni, Zn and Cu were also taken up during the cultivation of nostoc biomass from one cycle to another. For instance, iron uptake in the first cycle was 59-78% and it was accumulated almost completely in the next two cycles. Nickel uptake in the first cycle was 43.2-62.6%, in the next two - 49.7-83.1%. The percentage of zinc recovery by nostoc biomass was at the same level in all three cycles and amounted to 37.1-39.8% of its initial content in the Cr/Fe/Ni/Zn system. In the Cr/Fe/Zn/Ni/Cu system, zinc uptake increased from 25.8% in the first cycle to 54.5% in the third one. Copper uptake was 46.5-57.8%, and its maximum amount was accumulated in the second cycle of nostoc cultivation. Thus, the culture of Nostoc linckia demonstrated resistance to multimetallic systems and a high potential for bioaccumulation of Cr(VI) and other metals present. The capacity of cyanobacterium Nostoc linckia to bioaccumulate Cr(VI) from the contaminated medium remained high over three generations, while the uptake of Fe, Ni, Cu and Zn in the biomass increased from generation to generation. In conclusion, edaphic cyanobacterium Nostoc linkia is a good accumulator of chromium, but also of other metals in multimetallic systems. Due to its biological nature, Nostoc linckia is a suitable matrix for remediation processes that offers a vast competition ground for metal cations. Therefore, the use of microorganisms for heavy metal removal is a sustainable remediation approach that must be adopted in order to balance the environment and nature.