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Academic literature on the topic 'Ilots génomiques'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ilots génomiques"
Da, Cunha Violette. "Réseaux de régulation et éléments intégratifs et conjugatifs de la famille TnGBS dans l’adaptation de Streptococcus agalactiae." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066014.
Full textS. Agalactiae (GBS) was initially described as responsible for bovine mastitis, but is now recognized as a leading cause of infections in neonates causing pneumonia, septicemia, and meningitidis. However, this bacterium is primarily a commensal of the human digestive and genitourinary tracts. To colonize and to adapt to this broad range of environments, GBS utilizes transcriptional regulators. Using transcriptomic approaches, we have characterized some of these regulatory systems. In particular, we have demonstrated that the D-alanylation of the LTA is under the control of a dual feedback loop involving the two TCS DltRS and CiaRH. This dual regulation ensure a fine-turning of the expression of the dlt operon expression and consequently of the net charge of the bacterial cell surface. We have also shown that the loci encoding the virulence factors Srr and PI-2a are regulated by two transcription factors of RofA-like family, and also regulated by CovRS regulatory system belonging to the core genome. The EGMs are the major contributor of genome evolution by lateral gene transfer. We have characterized a new family of ICEs ,the TnGBS, corresponding to the first family of ICEs whose excision/integration is mediated by a DDE transposase. Another characteristic of this family is their insertion specificity upstream promoters sequences. The characterization and the comparative analysis of TnGBS related elements led to define the proteins implicated in the different steps of the conjugation process. The TnGBS related elements can be classified in subgroups sharing the tranposase but associated with two different conjugation machineries
Becq, Jennifer. "Rôle des transferts horizontaux dans l'évolution de la pathogénicié de Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077193.
Full textThe different parametric methods - based on compositional characteristics of genomes - for detecting horizontal transfers often uncover different sets of genes. Using homogenous artificial genomes combined to create all kinds of horizontal transfers, we were able to assess the efficiency of the methods according to the horizontal transfer characteristics. The efficiency of the different methods fluctuates a lot with small or phylogenetically close fragments. As a conclusion, we preconise the use of a combination of methods, adequately chosen according/to the studied genome characteristics. A consensus of three methods (GC\%, codon usage and genomic signature) was used to search for horizontal transfers in genomes of the M. Tuberculosis complex, that comprises the species causing tuberculosis in mammals. We identified 48 chromosomal regions displaying typical features of genomic islands. By comparative genomic analysis, we showed that these regions were transferred during the emergence of the tubercle bacilli and that they are still being ameliorated. Also, our results strongly suggest that the ancestor of the tubercle bacilli was a environmental bacilli that exchanged genomic material with other bacterial species, that were present in its surrounding and sometimes pathogenic
Graindorge, Arnault. "Le clone épidémique "Bourg-en-Bresse" de l'espèce Burkholderia cenocepacia : origine, positionnement phylétique et phénomènes génétiques liés à son émergence." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00586252.
Full textZoropogui, Anthony. "Analyse du génome de Nocardia cyriacigeorgica GUH-2 : plasticité génétique et métabolisme secondaire d'un pathogène opportuniste." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00838589.
Full textGraindorge, Arnault. "Le clone épidémique "Bourg-en-Bresse" de l’espèce Burkholderia cenocepacia : origine, positionnement phylétique et phénomènes génétiques liés à son émergence." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10217/document.
Full textThe Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) comprises 17 species found in lung infections of individuals with cystic fibrosis. The bacteria of this complex are present in the soil, the rhizosphere of field crops, wastewater and may also be encountered in nosocomial infections. In France, the B. multivorans and B. cenocepacia species are the major species in infections of cystic fibrosis patients. Various epidemic clones have been described within the B. cenocepacia species whose ET12 clone associated with "cepacia syndrome". In 2004, a nosocomial outbreak involving a clone of Bcc occurred in a French hospital. During this outbreak, origin of this clone (B&B clone), its classification within the Bcc and several genetic events associated with its emergence have been studied. These investigations have identified this clone as belonging to the species B. cenocepacia with a strong proximity with the ET12 lineage. The study of transcriptional factors of σ70 family within the Bcc has revealed a similar genetic structure between the ET12 lineage and this clone, but different from that observed in other species of Bcc. Analysis of genetic elements repeated family of insertion sequences (IS), however, allowed to observe a distinct genomic organization of the ET12 lineage. It has been linked to phenomen of genetic instability including acquisition of mobile genetic elements like genomic island (GI). All of this work has helped to characterize a set of genetic events may explain the emergence of epidemic clones such as clone B&B
Proudhon, Charlotte. "Caractérisation génomique et fonctionnelle de l'empreinte parentale par le modèle murin mutant pour Dnmt3L." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077242.
Full textMonoparental expression of imprinted genes is under the control of methylation marks that are set up independently in the male and female germlines, at specific regions called ICRs (Imprinting Control Regions). After fertilization, these marks or «imprints» are faithfully maintained throughout development. The DnmtSL protein, a co-factor of de novo DNA-methyltransferases, is crucial for the establishment of germline methylation, by stimulating the activity of DnmtSA on specific sequences, determined by genomic and epigenetic characteristics. The genetic inactivation of DnmtSL in mouse females leads to the production of imprint-free oocytes, allowing a genome-wide scale analysis of the phenomenon in Dnmt3L-/+ embryos. My PhD project consisted in a functional, evolutive and genomic analysis of the biology of genomic imprinting. Based on a transcriptional and ontological study, I first pointed out the dominant role of maternal imprints compared to paternal ones during early development. This functional asymmetry was linked to a different nucleotidic evolution of maternal versus paternal ICRs. Then, I developed a genome-wide method for the screening of new maternal ICRs in the mouse genome, and identified potential candidates. Finally, I was involved in a systematic analysis of the allelic expression of imprinted genes in various tissues, to reveal the spatio-temporal variability of monoparental expression and of ICR regulatory role in adult life. This multi-angle approach allowed me to provide an unbiased and global view of genomic imprinting and has contributed to the development of new research axes in the laboratory
Farasin, Julien. "Diversité génomique et fonctionnelle de bactéries du genre Thiomonas isolées du drainage minier acide de Carnoulès (Gard)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ079/document.
Full textUnderstanding the link between diversity and adaptation in natural bacterial populations represents an important issue in microbial ecology. The amount of whole genome sequencing data currently available has allowed for interesting advances in this field. Several strains from the genus Thiomonas belonging to the species, Tm. arsenitoxydans (3As) and Tm. spp. (CB1, CB2, CB3 and CB6), were isolated from the acid mine drainage (AMD) at Carnoulès (Gard, France). Comparison among genomes allowed for a better definition of their phylogenetic relationships and highlighted differences in genetic content, which is essentially due to the presence of genomic islands. Some of these differences were experimentally correlated with functional traits concerning arsenite oxidation, urea degradation, and biofilm biosynthesis, and are potentially beneficial in situ (leading to an enhanced resistance to arsenite (As(III)), metal precipitation, and an increase in pH, ultimately protecting cells). The comparison of genome synteny of Tm. arsenitoxydans 3As, Tm. sp CB2, and Tm. intermedia K12 (not isolated from this AMD) show several important genomic rearrangements exist in Tm. sp CB2. This type of rearrangements could be involved in the emergence of arsenite "super-resistant" variants in the Tm. sp CB2 population. In particular, several copies of an integrative and conjugative element (ICE) containing the aioBA operon coding arsenite oxidase were detected in the genomes of two variants, which could explain their higher levels of resistance to As(III). The percentage of variants in biofilm culture is higher when grown in the presence of As(III), and transcriptomic data suggests that genomic rearrangements probably occurred through DNA repair systems following damage caused by As(III) induced oxidative stress. Therefore, biofilm development and As(III) appear to allow for the adaptation of Tm. sp. CB2 genome flexibility and evolutionary potential. These data suggest that CB2 and Tm. sp. CB3 have more flexible genomes than the other strains. Tm. arsenitoxydans 3As and Tm. spp. CB1 and CB6 form both a phylogenetic and functional cluster ("3As group") suggesting that they occupy a specific ecological niche and therefore could represent an ecotype of the genus Thiomonas. The Thiomonas population from the Carnoulès AMD might therefore consist of at least one stable ecotype as well as other strains with more instable genomes, whose higher adaptive potential could be affected by As(III) and biofilm development
Bellanger, Xavier. "Transfert, accrétion et mobilisation des éléments intégratifs conjugatifs et des îlots génomiques apparentés de "Streptococcus termophilus" : Un mécanisme clef de l'évolution bactérienne ?" Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10125/document.
Full textAnalyses of genomes had suggested that numerous bacterial genomic islands would be integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) or elements deriving from them. ICEs excise under a circular form by site-specific recombination, transfer by conjugation, and integrate in a recipient cell. The type of elements is very widespread in genomes of bacteria and archaea. Various related genomic islands are integrated at the 3' of the fda ORF in different Streptococcus thermophilus strains. This family includes 2 integrative and potentially conjugative elements, of which ICESt3, and 4 elements deriving from ICEs by deletion and named CIMEs (cis mobilizable elements). This work has demonstrated that ICESt3 transfers between S. thermophilus and related species. This element is the first conjugative element identified in this streptococcus. The ICESt3 transfer to a cell already carrying an ICE or a CIME leads to the characterization of site-specific accretions of ICESt3 and a related genomic island. Using donor cell harboring a CIME-ICE tandem, the co-transfer of the CIME and the ICE, the transfer of the ICE and the transfer of the only CIME were obtained, demonstrating conjugative mobilization of a CIME by ICESt3. Thus, the genomic islands from S. thermophilus evolve by site-specific accretion and conjugative mobilization. Moreover, an analysis of sequences from databases and an analysis of literature strongly suggest that CIMEs are widespread and that site-specific accretions between genomic islands play a key role in bacterial evolution
Massip, Clémence. "Rôle de l'îlot génomique pks dans la synthèse des sidérophores-microcines chez Escherichia coli." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30163.
Full textSiderophore-microcins H47 and M (MccH47 and MccM) are antimicrobial peptides, built from a peptidic precursor modified with a siderophore enterobactin derived moiety. They are responsible for Escherichia coli strain Nissle (EcN) antagonistic activity against pathogenic enterobacteria. EcN also carries the pks island encoding the genotoxin colibactin production. We determined that the pks island encoded peptidase ClbP was necessary for siderophore-microcins synthesis in EcN. ClbP catalytic site, which is involved in colibactin maturation, plays no role in EcN antagonistic activity, whereas its C-terminal domain, which anchors ClbP to the inner membrane is required. EcN microcin gene cluster is truncated in comparison to E. coli strains CA46 or CA58 microcin gene clusters. We showed that IroB, which is involved in salmochelin synthesis is required for EcN antagonistic activity. It probably replaces its homolog McmL lacking in EcN. We determined that all E. coli strains bearing a truncated microcin gene cluster also carried the pks island and the salmochelin gene cluster. It reinforces the hypothesis of an interplay and a coevolution of these systems. We studied the presence of the microcin, the pks, and the salmochelin gene cluster in a collection of E. coli strains responsible for pyelonephritis, cystitis, or asymptomatic bacteriuria. The genetic analysis of more than 200 strains collected after cytobacteriological examinations of urine confirmed the systematic association between these three gene clusters. The proportion of strains producing MccH47 and MccM is identical whatever the clinical presentation, which tends to prove that they are not virulence factors per se, but that they may favor the colonization of the urinary tract from the intestinal niche
Douard, Grégory. "Mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans le transfert horizontal de l'îlot génomique de multi-résistance aux antibiotiques Salmonella Genomic Island 1." Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR4015/document.
Full textThe Salmonella genomic island 1 is an integrative mobilizable element (IME) originally identified in epidemic multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica Typhimurium DT104. The occurrence of SGI1 in several S. enterica serovars and recently in Proteus mirabilis has led to demonstrate its horizontal transfer. SGI1 excises from the donor chromosome to form a circular extrachromosomal intermediate that can be mobilized in trans to the recipient. SGI1 integrates site-specifically into the chromosome at the 3’ end of the trmE gene. Here, we have studied the mechanism of conjugative transfer of SGI1. First, we have shown by SGI1 mobilization assays with different plasmid incompatibility groups that only multidrug-resistance IncA/C plasmids were able to mobilize SGI1. The transfer origin of SGI1 has been located on a 135 bp DNA region by mobilization assays of a non mobile plasmid containing this region. The decrease in transfer frequency of a SGI1 lacking this putative oriT region confirmed this location. The involvement in the SGI1 transfer of the S020 ORF coding for a putative integrase was also demonstrated. One other region located between S013-S019 ORFs contained an element required for SGI1 mobilization. The identification of the different molecular components involved in SGI1 mobilization is an important step for understanding the dissemination of the genomic island