Journal articles: 'Imageability'

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Tracy, Robert J., William R. Betts, and Pauline Ketsios. "The Effect of Abstract and Concrete Contexts on the Imageability and Recallability of Words." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 14, no. 3 (March 1995): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/txvg-09qr-u582-ga6y.

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Word imageability, the degree to which different words arouse imagery, is a powerful variable affecting mental imagery and memory. This study examined whether word imageability varies depending on the context within which words are presented. We randomly sampled abstract (low imageability) words and also concrete (high imageability) words from available norms. Introductory psychology students rated the words for imageability in different contexts. In the mixed content, students rated the abstract and concrete words mixed within the same set of words, similarly to the way words were rated in the norms. Concrete words were rated as more imageable than abstract words, replicating results from the norms. In the unmixed contents, students rated only abstract words or only concrete words. Surprisingly, concrete and abstract words no longer differed in rated imageability. We concluded that word imageability is not due to the mental imagery aroused by a particular word. Rather, a word's imageability is profoundly influenced by the imageability of surrounding words. This outcome opposes the typical interpretation that word imageability measures the abstractness-concreteness of the referenced object and also how recallable the word will be.

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Caplan, Jeremy B., and Christopher R. Madan. "Word Imageability Enhances Association-memory by Increasing Hippocampal Engagement." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 28, no. 10 (October 2016): 1522–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00992.

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The hippocampus is thought to support association-memory, particularly when tested with cued recall. One of the most well-known and studied factors that influences accuracy of verbal association-memory is imageability; participants remember pairs of high-imageability words better than pairs of low-imageability words. High-imageability words are also remembered better in tests of item-memory. However, we previously found that item-memory effects could not explain the enhancement in cued recall, suggesting that imageability enhances association-memory strength. Here we report an fMRI study designed to ask, what is the role of the hippocampus in the memory advantage for associations due to imageability? We tested two alternative hypotheses: (1) Recruitment Hypothesis: High-imageability pairs are remembered better because they recruit the underlying hippocampal association-memory function more effectively. Alternatively, (2) Bypassing Hypothesis: Imageability functions by making the association-forming process easier, enhancing memory in a way that bypasses the hippocampus, as has been found, for example, with explicit unitization imagery strategies. Results found, first, hippocampal BOLD signal was greater during study and recall of high- than low-imageability word pairs. Second, the difference in activity between recalled and forgotten pairs showed a main effect, but no significant interaction with imageability, challenging the bypassing hypothesis, but consistent with the predictions derived from the recruitment hypothesis. Our findings suggest that certain stimulus properties, like imageability, may leverage, rather than avoid, the associative function of the hippocampus to support superior association-memory.

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D'Angiulli, Amedeo. "Dissociating Vividness and Imageability." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 23, no. 1 (September 2003): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/j0g5-ftht-8950-6y8v.

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This study was designed to dissociate the effects of vividness from those of imageability (and other imagery-related properties) of nouns. Mental image latencies and vividness ratings were collected for nouns of common objects with known imageability, concreteness and meaningfulness norms [1]. Two subsets of nouns were identified with vividness and, alternatively, imageability approximately constant; then, the effects of all noun-properties were examined using hierarchical multiple regression. Image latency was strongly related to vividness when noun imageability was controlled (Analysis 1). Conversely, latency was strongly related to imageability for nouns eliciting approximately same vividness ratings (Analysis 2). In both analyses, concreteness and meaningfulness were redundant. Imageability and vividness are dissociable and can be used to investigate distinct working memory and neurocognitive components of imagery.

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MA, WEIYI, ROBERTA MICHNICK GOLINKOFF, KATHY HIRSH-PASEK, COLLEEN MCDONOUGH, and TWILA TARDIF. "Imageability predicts the age of acquisition of verbs in Chinese children." Journal of Child Language 36, no. 2 (October 21, 2008): 405–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000908009008.

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ABSTRACTVerbs are harder to learn than nouns in English and in many other languages, but are relatively easy to learn in Chinese. This paper evaluates one potential explanation for these findings by examining the construct of imageability, or the ability of a word to produce a mental image. Chinese adults rated the imageability of Chinese words from the Chinese Communicative Development Inventory (Tardif et al., in press). Imageability ratings were a reliable predictor of age of acquisition in Chinese for both nouns and verbs. Furthermore, whereas early Chinese and English nouns do not differ in imageability, verbs receive higher imageability ratings in Chinese than in English. Compared with input frequency, imageability independently accounts for a portion of the variance in age of acquisition (AoA) of verb learning in Chinese and English.

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Raghunath, Bindiya Lakshmi, Claudio Mulatti, Michelle Jin-Yee Neoh, Marc H. Bornstein, and Gianluca Esposito. "The Associations between Imageability of Positive and Negative Valence Words and Fear Reactivity." Psychiatry International 2, no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint2010003.

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This study investigated the associations of imageability with fear reactivity. Imageability ratings of four word classes: positive and negative (i) emotional and (ii) propriosensitive, neutral and negative (iii) theoretical and (iv) neutral concrete filler, and fear reactivity scores—degree of fearfulness towards different situations (Total Fear (TF) score) and total number of extreme fears and phobias (Extreme Fear (EF) score), were obtained from 171 participants. Correlations between imageability, TF and EF scores were tested to analyze how word categories and their valence were associated with fear reactivity. Imageability ratings were submitted to recursive partitioning. Participants with high TF and EF scores had higher imageability for negative emotional and negative theoretical words. The correlations between imageability of negative emotional words and negative theoretical words for EF score were significant. Males showed stronger correlations for imageability of negative emotional words for EF and TF scores. High imageability for positive emotional words was associated with lower fear reactivity in females. These findings were discussed with regard to negative attentional bias theory of anxiety, influence on emotional systems, and gender-specific coping styles. This study provides insight into cognitive functions involved in mental imagery, semantic competence for mental imagery in relation to fear reactivity, and a potential psycholinguistic instrument assessing fear reactivity.

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ANIBLE, BENJAMIN. "Iconicity in American Sign Language–English translation recognition." Language and Cognition 12, no. 1 (March 2020): 138–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2019.51.

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abstractReaction times for a translation recognition study are reported where novice to expert English–ASL bilinguals rejected English translation distractors for ASL signs that were related to the correct translations through phonology, semantics, or both form and meaning (diagrammatic iconicity). Imageability ratings of concepts impacted performance in all conditions; when imageability was high, participants showed interference for phonologically related distractors, and when imageability was low participants showed interference for semantically related distractors, regardless of proficiency. For diagrammatically related distractors high imageability caused interference in experts, but low imageability caused interference in novices. These patterns suggest that imageability and diagrammaticity interact with proficiency – experts process diagrammatic related distractors phonologically, but novices process them semantically. This implies that motivated signs are dependent on the entrenchment of language systematicity; rather than decreasing their impact on language processing as proficiency grows, they build on the original benefit conferred by iconic mappings.

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Peti-Stantić, Anita, Maja Anđel, Vedrana Gnjidić, Gordana Keresteš, Nikola Ljubešić, Irina Masnikosa, Mirjana Tonković, Jelena Tušek, Jana Willer-Gold, and Mateusz-Milan Stanojević. "The Croatian psycholinguistic database: Estimates for 6000 nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs." Behavior Research Methods 53, no. 4 (April 26, 2021): 1799–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-020-01533-x.

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AbstractPsycholinguistic databases containing ratings of concreteness, imageability, age of acquisition, and subjective frequency are used in psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic studies which require words as stimuli. Linguistic characteristics (e.g. word length, corpus frequency) are frequently coded, but word class is seldom systematically treated, although there are indications of its significance for imageability and concreteness. This paper presents the Croatian Psycholinguistic Database (CPD; available at: 10.17234/megahr.2019.hpb), containing 6000 Croatian nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, rated for concreteness, imageability, age of acquisition, and subjective frequency. Moreover, we present computationally obtained extrapolations of concreteness and imageability to the remainder of the Croatian lexicon (available at: https://github.com/megahr/lexicon/blob/master/predictions/hr_c_i.predictions.txt). In the two studies presented here, we explore the significance of word class for concreteness and imageability in human and computationally obtained ratings. The observed correlations in the CPD indicate correspondences between psycholinguistic measures expected from the literature. Word classes exhibit differences in subjective frequency, age of acquisition, concreteness and imageability, with significant differences between nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. In the computational study which focused on concreteness and imageability, concreteness obtained higher correlations with human ratings than imageability, and the system underpredicted the concreteness of nouns, and overpredicted the concreteness of adjectives and adverbs. Overall, this suggests that word class contains schematic conceptual and distributional information. Schematic conceptual content seems to be more significant in human ratings of concreteness and less significant in computationally obtained ratings, where distributional information seems to play a more significant role. This suggests that word class differences should be theoretically explored.

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Raman, Ilhan. "Word Imageability Effects on Naming: A Pilot Investigation of Beginning Readers of Turkish." Perceptual and Motor Skills 90, no. 2 (April 2000): 472–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2000.90.2.472.

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Word imageability, a semantic variable, in naming by beginning readers of English is well documented particularly with poor readers naming high image-able words more accurately than low imageable words. The present study examined the role of imageability on word naming by 20 good and 20 poor beginning readers as a function of orthographic transparency by utilizing the peculiarities of the transparent Turkish writing system. Neither good nor poor beginning readers show any evidence of imageability for Turkish suggesting that the contribution of imageability to word naming may indeed be determined by orthographic transparency. Implications of these findings are discussed.

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Westbury, Chris, and Gail Moroschan. "Imageability x phonology interactions during lexical access." Mental Lexicon 4, no. 1 (April 24, 2009): 115–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.4.1.05wes.

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Although many studies have demonstrated the effects of imageability and phonological neighborhood size, few have examined if these factors interact. Strain, Patterson, and Seidenberg (1995) explained an imageability effect in naming low-frequency exception words (only) as being due to a slowing of orthographic-to-phonological mapping for these words, which allowed semantics to have an effect. Tyler, Voice, and Moss (2000) showed an interaction between imageability and phonological cohort size in word repetition. Westbury and Buchanan (2006) found an interaction between imageability and phonology using an auditory false memory paradigm that measured the false recognition rate for phonological associates of semantically primed words. They explained the finding in terms of a greater reliance of abstract than concrete words on phonological representations. In this paper we test three related hypotheses: that the imageability x phonology interaction should be modulated by modality; that measures of phonological processing fluency should predict the size of the interaction; and that concrete and abstract words should show a systematic difference in number of phonological neighbours. We find support for all three hypotheses, suggesting that the interaction between imageability and phonology reflects a difference in the representation of abstract and concrete words in the lexicon.

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Shibahara, Naoki, Marco Zorzi, Martin P. Hill, Taeko Wydell, and Brian Butterworth. "Semantic Effects in Word Naming: Evidence from English and Japanese Kanji." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 56, no. 2 (February 2003): 263–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980244000369.

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Three experiments investigated whether reading aloud is affected by a semantic variable, imageability. The first two experiments used English, and the third experiment used Japanese Kanji as a way of testing the generality of the findings across orthographies. The results replicated the earlier findings that readers were slower and more error prone in reading low-frequency exception words when they were low in imageability than when they were high in imageability (Strain, Patterson, & Seidenberg, 1995). This result held for both English and Kanji even when age of acquisition was taken into account as a possible confounding variable, and the imageability effect was stronger in Kanji compared to English.

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Zhuang, Jie, Billi Randall, Emmanuel A. Stamatakis, William D. Marslen-Wilson, and Lorraine K. Tyler. "The Interaction of Lexical Semantics and Cohort Competition in Spoken Word Recognition: An fMRI Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 12 (December 2011): 3778–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00046.

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Spoken word recognition involves the activation of multiple word candidates on the basis of the initial speech input—the “cohort”—and selection among these competitors. Selection may be driven primarily by bottom–up acoustic–phonetic inputs or it may be modulated by other aspects of lexical representation, such as a word's meaning [Marslen-Wilson, W. D. Functional parallelism in spoken word-recognition. Cognition, 25, 71–102, 1987]. We examined these potential interactions in an fMRI study by presenting participants with words and pseudowords for lexical decision. In a factorial design, we manipulated (a) cohort competition (high/low competitive cohorts which vary the number of competing word candidates) and (b) the word's semantic properties (high/low imageability). A previous behavioral study [Tyler, L. K., Voice, J. K., & Moss, H. E. The interaction of meaning and sound in spoken word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7, 320–326, 2000] showed that imageability facilitated word recognition but only for words in high competition cohorts. Here we found greater activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 45, 47) and the right inferior frontal gyrus (BA 47) with increased cohort competition, an imageability effect in the left posterior middle temporal gyrus/angular gyrus (BA 39), and a significant interaction between imageability and cohort competition in the left posterior superior temporal gyrus/middle temporal gyrus (BA 21, 22). In words with high competition cohorts, high imageability words generated stronger activity than low imageability words, indicating a facilitatory role of imageability in a highly competitive cohort context. For words in low competition cohorts, there was no effect of imageability. These results support the behavioral data in showing that selection processes do not rely solely on bottom–up acoustic–phonetic cues but rather that the semantic properties of candidate words facilitate discrimination between competitors.

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Lin, Kimberly R., Lisa Wisman Weil, Audrey Thurm, Catherine Lord, and Rhiannon J. Luyster. "Word imageability is associated with expressive vocabulary in children with autism spectrum disorder." Autism & Developmental Language Impairments 7 (January 2022): 239694152210858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23969415221085827.

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Background & aims Throughout typical development, children prioritize different perceptual, social, and linguistic cues to learn words. The earliest acquired words are often those that are perceptually salient and highly imageable. Imageability, the ease in which a word evokes a mental image, is a strong predictor for word age of acquisition in typically developing (TD) children, independent of other lexicosemantic features such as word frequency. However, little is known about the effects of imageability in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), who tend to have differences in linguistic processing and delayed language acquisition compared to their TD peers. This study explores the extent to which imageability and word frequency are associated with early noun and verb acquisition in children with ASD. Methods Secondary analyses were conducted on previously collected data of 156 children (78 TD, 78 ASD) matched on sex and parent-reported language level. Total expressive vocabulary, as measured by the MacArthur Bates Communicative Development Inventory (MB-CDI), included 123 words (78 nouns, 45 verbs) that overlapped with previously published imageability ratings and word input frequencies. A two-step hierarchical linear regression was used to examine the relationship between word input frequency, imageability, and total expressive vocabulary. An F-test was then used to assess the unique contribution of imageability on total expressive vocabulary when controlling for word input frequency. Results In both the TD and ASD groups, imageability uniquely explained a portion of the variance in total expressive vocabulary size, independent of word input frequency. Notably, imageability was significantly associated with noun vocabulary and verb vocabulary size alone, with imageability explaining a greater portion of the variance in total nouns produced than in total verbs produced. Conclusions Imageability was identified as a significant lexicosemantic feature for describing expressive vocabulary size in children with ASD. Consistent with literature on TD children, children with ASD who have small vocabularies primarily produce words that are highly imageable. Children who are more proficient word learners with larger vocabularies produce words that are less imageable, indicating a potential shift away from reliance on perceptual-based language processing. This was consistent across both noun and verb vocabularies. Implications Our findings contribute to a growing body of literature describing early word learning in children with ASD and provide a basis for exploring the use of multisensory language learning strategies.

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O'Neill, Ward. "Word-Imagery Effects on Recollection and Familiarity in Recognition Memory." Perceptual and Motor Skills 100, no. 3 (June 2005): 716–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.100.3.716-722.

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The Remember/Know procedure was used to investigate the effects of word imageability on recognition memory. An experiment, using French-speaking undergraduate students (17 women and 3 men), replicated Dewhurst and Conway's 1994 finding that rated imageability significantly increased accurate Remember responses but not Know responses when analyzed in the traditional way, assuming that the response types are mutually exclusive. Data were also analyzed using the Yonelinas, et al. 1998 dual-process signal-detection model, for estimating recollection and familiarity while assuming that Remember and Know responses are independent. Analysis indicated significant enhancement of imageability for estimates of both recollection and familiarity. This was interpreted as meaning that imageability enhanced both item-specific and contextual information associated with studied words.

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Tyler, L. K. "Imageability and category-specificity." Neurocase 5, no. 5 (October 1, 1999): 404a—404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neucas/5.5.404-a.

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Rofes, Adrià, Lilla Zakariás, Klaudia Ceder, Marianne Lind, Monica Blom Johansson, Vânia de Aguiar, Jovana Bjekić, et al. "Imageability ratings across languages." Behavior Research Methods 50, no. 3 (July 13, 2017): 1187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0936-0.

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Tyler, L. K., and H. E. Moss. "Imageability and Category-specificity." Cognitive Neuropsychology 14, no. 2 (March 1997): 293–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026432997381583.

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Fajar, Putra Fajar, and Ari Widyati Purwantiasning. "KAJIAN KONSEP IMAGEABILITY DAN PERMEABILITY DALAM PENGEMBANGAN KAWASAN PUSAT KOTA BARU PARAHYANGAN." Jurnal Arsitektur ZONASI 4, no. 1 (February 6, 2021): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jaz.v4i1.28307.

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Kawasan Kota Baru Parahyangan merupakan Kawasan di kota bandung yang terletak di sebelah barat kota bandung. Kawasan ini merupakan Kawasan kota mandiri pemekaran dari kota bandung dan menjadi kota satelit. Kawasan kota baru parahyangan memiliki berbagai fasilitas seperti kantor, komersial, residensial, rekreasi, olahraga, dan fasilitas umum. Arsitektur Kawasan KBP Sebagian besar memiliki gaya modern tropis yang mana bentuk penyesuaian iklim kota bandung yang sejuk, serta infrastruktur yang dibangun secara matang dan berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji konsep imageability dan permeability dalam pengembangan pusat kota baru parahyangan dengan menggunakan teori kevin lynch. Imageability merupakan penggambaran kualitas fisik yang dimiliki suatu objek atau Kawasan. Permeability merupakan kualitas aksesibilitas dan aktivitas pergerakan manusia pada suatu Kawasan. Kawasan Kota Baru Parahyangan memiliki imageability dan permeability cukup baik.

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Lin, Zihan, Nan Wang, Yan Yan, and Toshimune Kambara. "Vowel Length Expands Perceptual and Emotional Evaluations in Written Japanese Sound-Symbolic Words." Behavioral Sciences 11, no. 6 (June 21, 2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs11060090.

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In this study, we examined whether vowel length affected the perceptual and emotional evaluations of Japanese sound-symbolic words. The perceptual and emotional features of Japanese sound-symbolic words, which included short and long vowels, were evaluated by 209 native Japanese speakers. The results showed that subjective evaluations of familiarity, visual imageability, auditory imageability, tactile imageability, emotional valence, arousal, and length were significantly higher for sound-symbolic words with long vowels compared to those with short vowels. Additionally, a subjective evaluation of speed was significantly higher for written Japanese sound-symbolic words with short vowels than for those with long vowels. The current findings suggest that vowel length in written Japanese sound-symbolic words increases the perceptually and emotionally subjective evaluations of Japanese sound-symbolic words.

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Song, Dangui, and Degao Li. "Psycholinguistic Norms for 3,783 Two-Character Words in Simplified Chinese." SAGE Open 11, no. 4 (October 2021): 215824402110544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211054495.

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Over 70% of the more than 56,000 most frequently used words in simplified Chinese are two-character words (2C-words). The present study collected data on subtitle frequency, number of strokes, number of meanings, familiarity, concreteness, imageability, age of acquisition, subjective frequency, subjective number of meanings (sNOMs), compositionality, emotional experience rating, sensory experience rating (SER), and semantic transparency (ST) for 3,783 commonly used 2C-words. Correlative patterns were identified between the 13 variables, all of which, with the exception of imageability, SER, and sNOM, were significantly predictive of the changes in participants’ RTs in LDs on the target words. In conclusion, skilled readers’ awareness of 2C-words’ features such as concreteness, imageability, compositionality, sNOM, and ST is closely associated with their semantic perception of the constituent characters.

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Chmielewski, Szymon, Andrzej Bochniak, Asya Natapov, and Piotr Wężyk. "Introducing GEOBIA to Landscape Imageability Assessment: A Multi-Temporal Case Study of the Nature Reserve “Kózki”, Poland." Remote Sensing 12, no. 17 (August 27, 2020): 2792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12172792.

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Geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) is a primary remote sensing tool utilized in land-cover mapping and change detection. Land-cover patches are the primary data source for landscape metrics and ecological indicator calculations; however, their application to visual landscape character (VLC) indicators was little investigated to date. To bridge the knowledge gap between GEOBIA and VLC, this paper puts forward the theoretical concept of using viewpoint as a landscape imageability indicator into the practice of a multi-temporal land-cover case study and explains how to interpret the indicator. The study extends the application of GEOBIA to visual landscape indicator calculations. In doing so, eight different remote sensing imageries are the object of GEOBIA, starting from a historical aerial photograph (1957) and CORONA declassified scene (1965) to contemporary (2018) UAV-delivered imagery. The multi-temporal GEOBIA-delivered land-cover patches are utilized to find the minimal isovist set of viewpoints and to calculate three imageability indicators: the number, density, and spacing of viewpoints. The calculated indicator values, viewpoint rank, and spatial arrangements allow us to describe the scale, direction, rate, and reasons for VLC changes over the analyzed 60 years of landscape evolution. We found that the case study nature reserve (“Kózki”, Poland) landscape imageability transformed from visually impressive openness to imageability due to the impression of several landscape rooms enclosed by forest walls. Our results provide proof that the number, rank, and spatial arrangement of viewpoints constitute landscape imageability measured with the proposed indicators. Discussing the method’s technical limitations, we believe that our findings contribute to a better understanding of land-cover change impact on visual landscape structure dynamics and further VLC indicator development.

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Hayakawa, Sayuri, James Bartolotti, Aimee van den Berg, and Viorica Marian. "Language Difficulty and Prior Learning Influence Foreign Vocabulary Acquisition." Languages 5, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages5010002.

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When learning a foreign language, words that are the hardest to learn are often the easiest to forget. Yet, there is also evidence that more challenging learning contexts can lead to greater long-term retention. Here, we investigate the effect of language difficulty on vocabulary retention by teaching participants novel words that varied in both imageability and similarity to a known language over a period of four weeks. We found that easier words (high-imageability and familiar) were generally retained better than harder words (low-imageability and unfamiliar). However, when words were fully learned during training, the more difficult unfamiliar words were later recalled with higher accuracy than easier familiar words. The effect of language difficulty on vocabulary retention therefore varies depending on how well words were initially encoded. We conclude that greater challenges can reap greater long-term rewards so long as learners establish a strong foundation during initial acquisition.

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Cortese, Michael J., and April Fugett. "Imageability ratings for 3,000 monosyllabic words." Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 36, no. 3 (August 2004): 384–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03195585.

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Schock, Jocelyn, Michael J. Cortese, and Maya M. Khanna. "Imageability estimates for 3,000 disyllabic words." Behavior Research Methods 44, no. 2 (October 25, 2011): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0162-0.

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Wise, R. J. S., D. Howard, C. J. Mummery, P. Fletcher, A. Leff, C. Büchel, and S. K. Scott. "Noun imageability and the temporal lobes." Neuropsychologia 38, no. 7 (June 2000): 985–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0028-3932(99)00152-9.

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Wolter, Julie A. "Imageability and Transparency in Morphological Awareness." Topics in Language Disorders 34, no. 3 (2014): 228–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/tld.0000000000000022.

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Kastner, Marc A., Kazuki Umemura, Ichiro Ide, Yasutomo Kawanishi, Takatsugu Hirayama, Keisuke Doman, Daisuke Deguchi, Hiroshi Murase, and Shin'Ichi Satoh. "Imageability- and Length-Controllable Image Captioning." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 162951–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3131393.

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Wendel, Delia Duong Ba. "Imageability and Justice in Contemporary New Orleans." Journal of Urban Design 14, no. 3 (August 2009): 345–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13574800903056804.

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Jones, Gregory V. "Deep dyslexia, imageability, and ease of predication." Brain and Language 24, no. 1 (January 1985): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-934x(85)90094-x.

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Shema, Abdulsalam I. "Rethinking Architecture and Urban Form in the Context of Power Discourse: Case Study Nicosia, North Cyprus." Journal of Asian and African Studies 54, no. 8 (July 30, 2019): 1227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909619865570.

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This study investigates the symbolic attributes of power relations within the built environment of the walled city of Nicosia and contributes to the interpretation of generated meaning. The fundamental aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive explanation and description of how power as a socially constructed phenomenon aids in defining the language of the city and architecture. Studies of the built environment in relation to power discourse are a continuous process, and due to the subjectivity of interpretations, this study adopted the epistemological stance of constructivism. Based on deductive reasoning, this study hypothesises that power aids in defining the language and imageability of the city, and the results have verified the propositions. The case study of this research was diachronically analysed and focused on the socially-constructed symbolic meaning generation, within the framework of interpretivism. In order to analyse the city, a conceptual approach was developed. Two main approaches that support the research hypothesis were established: the language of the city; and imageability of the city. The imageability of the city was based on the five elements of the city, published in 1960. However, due to the context of this research, three of the elements that fully supported the research aim and objectives were selected, namely, landmark, district and path. The two main conceptual approaches were tied to power relations within the built environment based on the theoretical frameworks of: Markus; Dovey; and Njoh. In conclusion, the walled city of Nicosia exhibits symbols of ‘power over’ such as segregation, seduction, manipulation, and authority. The results have verified the proposition that power aids in defining the language and imageability of a city, thereby transforming the city and its inhabitants.

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Glicksohn, Joseph. "Putting interaction theory to the empirical test." Pragmatics and Cognition 2, no. 2 (January 1, 1994): 223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.2.2.02gli.

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I report an empirical study deriving from a Gestalt-Interactionist approach to metaphor. Both the type of figurative expression (metaphor or simile) and the form of the expression (A is B or B is A) were manipulated in a factorial design. Subjects were asked to evaluate a given figurative expression both with regard to complexity and interest, and in terms of the degree of imageability of the tenor and the vehicle. As hypothesized, the design factors interacted in their influence on these ratings. Specifically, both the metaphor in standardform and the simile in reversed form received relatively higher ratings in degree of interest aroused and degree of complexity, while receiving relatively lower ratings in degree of vehicle imageability.

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VILLANI, CATERINA, LUISA LUGLI, MARCO TULLIO LIUZZA, and ANNA M. BORGHI. "Varieties of abstract concepts and their multiple dimensions." Language and Cognition 11, no. 3 (August 13, 2019): 403–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2019.23.

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abstractThe issue of how abstract concepts are represented is widely debated. However, evidence is controversial, also because different criteria were used to select abstract concepts – for example, imageability and abstractness were equated. In addition, for many years abstract concepts have been considered as a unitary whole. Our work aims to address these two limitations. We asked participants to evaluate 425 abstract concepts on 15 dimensions: abstractness, concreteness, imageability, context availability, Body-Object-Interaction, Modality of Acquisition, Age of Acquisition, Perceptual modality strength, Metacognition, Social metacognition, Interoception, Emotionality, Social valence, Hand and Mouth activation. Results showed that conceiving concepts only in terms of concreteness/abstractness is too simplified. More abstract concepts are typically acquired later and through the linguistic modality and are characterized by high scores in social metacognition (feeling that others can help us in understanding word meaning), while concrete concepts obtain high scores in Body-Object-Interaction, imageability, and context availability. A cluster analysis indicated four kinds of abstract concepts: philosophical-spiritual (e.g., value), self-sociality (e.g., politeness), emotive/inner states (e.g., anger), and physical, spatio-temporal, and quantitative concepts (e.g., reflex). Overall, results support multiple representation views indicating that sensorimotor, inner, linguistic, and social experience have different weights in characterizing different kinds of abstract concepts.

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Shafto, Meredith, Billi Randall, Emmanuel A. Stamatakis, Paul Wright, and L. K. Tyler. "Age-related Neural Reorganization during Spoken Word Recognition: The Interaction of Form and Meaning." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24, no. 6 (June 2012): 1434–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00218.

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Research on language and aging typically shows that language comprehension is preserved across the life span. Recent neuroimaging results suggest that this good performance is underpinned by age-related neural reorganization [e.g., Tyler, L. K., Shafto, M. A., Randall, B., Wright, P., Marslen-Wilson, W. D., & Stamatakis, E. A. Preserving syntactic processing across the adult life span: The modulation of the frontotemporal language system in the context of age-related atrophy. Cerebral Cortex, 20, 352–364, 2010]. The current study examines how age-related reorganization affects the balance between component linguistic processes by manipulating semantic and phonological factors during spoken word recognition in younger and older adults. Participants in an fMRI study performed an auditory lexical decision task where words varied in their phonological and semantic properties as measured by degree of phonological competition and imageability. Older adults had a preserved lexicality effect, but compared with younger people, their behavioral sensitivity to phonological competition was reduced, as was competition-related activity in left inferior frontal gyrus. This was accompanied by increases in behavioral sensitivity to imageability and imageability-related activity in left middle temporal gyrus. These results support previous findings that neural compensation underpins preserved comprehension in aging and demonstrate that neural reorganization can affect the balance between semantic and phonological processing.

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CITRON, FRANCESCA M. M., BRENDAN S. WEEKES, and EVELYN C. FERSTL. "How are affective word ratings related to lexicosemantic properties? Evidence from the Sussex Affective Word List." Applied Psycholinguistics 35, no. 2 (November 22, 2012): 313–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716412000409.

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ABSTRACTEmotional content of verbal material affects the speed of visual word recognition in various cognitive tasks, independently of lexicosemantic variables. However, little is known about how the dimensions of emotional arousal and valence interact with the lexicosemantic properties of words such as age of acquisition, familiarity, and imageability, that determine word recognition performance. This study aimed to examine these relationships using English ratings for affective and lexicosemantic features. Eighty-two native English speakers rated 300 words for emotional valence, arousal, familiarity, age of acquisition, and imageability. Although both dimensions of emotion were correlated with lexicosemantic variables, a unique emotion cluster produced the strongest quadratic relationship. This finding suggests that emotion should be included in models of word recognition as it is likely to make an independent contribution.

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Fajar, Putra, and Ari Widyati Purwantiasning. "KAJIAN KONSEP IMAGEABILITY DAN PERMEABILITY DALAM PENGEMBANGAN KAWASAN PUSAT KOTA KOWLOON HONGKONG." JAUR (JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM RESEARCH) 4, no. 2 (April 28, 2021): 136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jaur.v4i2.4462.

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Kawasan Kowloon Hongkong merupakan kawasan perkotaan di Hongkong yang terdiri dari Semenanjung Kowloon and New Kowloon, Kawasan ini merupakan pusat kota dari negara hongkong yang mempunyai mobilitas tinggi. Kawasan kowloon memiliki beragam fasilitas seperti perkantoran, komersial, bisnis, fasilitas umum, residensial, konservasi, dan rerkreasi. Arsitektur kawasan sebagian besar memiliki gaya internasional atau modern yang menjadikan infrastruktur nya memiliki kualitas baik dan menjadi daya tarik bagi pengunjungnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji konsep imagability dan permeability dalam pengembangan kawasan pusat kota Kowloon dengan menggunakan teori kevin lynch. Imageability merupakan penggambaran kualitas fisik yang dimiliki suatu objek atau kawasan. Permeability merupakan kualitas aksesibilitas dan aktivitas pergerakan manusia pada suatu kawasan. Kawasan Kowloon memiliki imageability dan permeability yang baik yang menjadikan kawasan ini legibility.

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Cortese, Michael J., Greg B. Simpson, and Steph Woolsey. "Effects of association and imageability on phonological mapping." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 4, no. 2 (June 1997): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03209397.

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Sabsevitz, D. S., D. A. Medler, M. Seidenberg, and J. R. Binder. "Modulation of the semantic system by word imageability." NeuroImage 27, no. 1 (August 2005): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.04.012.

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Richardson, J. T. E. "The effect of word imageability in acquired dyslexia." Neurocase 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 170a—170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neucas/6.2.170-a.

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Singh, Rana Pratap Bahadur, and Sarvesh Kumar. "Ayodhya: The Imageability and Perceptions of Cultural Landscapes." Space and Culture, India 5, no. 3 (March 25, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v5i3.305.

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Most of the visitors (pilgrims in the majority) and the dwellers (mostly Hindus) perform some sorts of rituals at varying degrees and become involved in the religious activities to gain solace or soul healing. Of course, as sidetrack visitors also perform other activities of recreation and side-show. However, these are the marginal activities. It is obviously noted that personality of pilgrims and dwellers in the context of economic, social, cultural, job status, and perspective of life, has a direct effect on the nature of environmental sensitivity to its sacred landscapes and mythologies that support and make them alive. Ongoing rituals, continuous performances of Ramalila in the evening, pilgrimages and auspicious glimpses to the divine images, and associated happenings together make the whole are a part of the sacred environment. These are categorised within the frame of responsive perception, testing Kevin Lynch’s scale of imageability represented with the five elements, viz. path, edge, node, district, and landmark. The perceptual survey of dwellers and pilgrims are codified into a composite cognitive map that reflects the generalised images of various behavioural attributes that fit the cultural and natural landscapes of the city; this is similar to other holy cities of north India like Varanasi, Mathura, and Chitrakut.

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Klaver, Peter, Jürgen Fell, Thomas Dietl, Simone Schür, Carlo Schaller, Christian E. Elger, and Guillén Fernández. "Word imageability affects the hippocampus in recognition memory." Hippocampus 15, no. 6 (2005): 704–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20081.

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Ide, Makoto, Yasuhito Nemoto, and Hisato Ide. "Fundamental Study on Increasing Imageability of "Green-Sphere"." Journal of the City Planning Institute of Japan 20 (October 25, 1985): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11361/journalcpij.20.349.

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Alamoush, Saja Jamil, and András Kertész. "Imageability of cities in regards of attractiveness: A case of Salt City in Jordan." Pollack Periodica 17, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/606.2021.00385.

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Abstract Imageability is the quality of a place that makes it distinct, recognizable, and memorable. It defines the character and identity for cities. However, the fast expansion of urban development affects the image of city and its fabric toward the mega scale and transforms cities local cultural life as loosing most of their historic fabrics. These make cities loose there images gradually. Hence, the aim of this paper is to explore the main physical elements that contribute toward attractiveness as one of imageability character in Salt City in Jordan. Historical review and site analysis were the main methodology used in this study. This paper show some of the physical elements that contribute to attractiveness connected with image of the Salt City in Jordan, these elements are: building appearance (material, façade design) and landscape (topography).

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Liang, Haiyan. "Factors accounting for acquisition of polysemous shàng ‘to go up’-phrases in Chinese as a second language (CSL)." Chinese as a Second Language Research 3, no. 2 (October 1, 2014): 201–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/caslar-2014-0011.

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AbstractThis study looks into how factors such as Chinese L1 prototypicality, imageability, concreteness, literalness and frequency account for Chinese L2 acquisition of polysemous shàng ‘to go up’-phrases. As the first step, Chinese L1 speakers (N = 92) were instructed to produce five sentences with the verb shàng ‘to go up’. The production prototypicality pattern was achieved. This led to the selection of a list of 20 test items. In the second step the list of items were used to measure Chinese L2 learners' acquisition of them with a translation task (N = 96). Following this another four independent groups of Chinese L1 participants were asked to rank the test items according to their perceptions of teaching sequence in CSL (N = 95) and rate them based on their perceptions of imageability (N = 68), concreteness (N = 52) and literalness (N = 63). The same set of data was also checked in two Chinese corpora for the objective frequency in language use. The analyses indicate that L1 perceptions are reliable in predicting the acquisition sequence of the target shàng-phrases in CSL. The sequence correlates significantly with the prototypicality patterns but not with concreteness, imageability or literalness rating patterns. No conclusion, however, can be drawn about how objective frequency in corpora contributes to the acquisition pattern because of discrepancy between the two corpora. The results of the study support the cognitive reality of prototypicality and have implications for prototypicality-based L2 research and teaching practice.

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WAUTERS, LOES N., AGNES E. J. M. TELLINGS, WIM H. J. VAN BON, and A. WOUTER VAN HAAFTEN. "Mode of acquisition of word meanings: The viability of a theoretical construct." Applied Psycholinguistics 24, no. 3 (August 1, 2003): 385–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716403000201.

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This article examines the reliability and validity of the construct, mode of acquisition (MOA). The MOA of a word denotes the way in which the word's meaning is learned. A word's meaning can be acquired perceptually, linguistically, or by some combination of both. In Experiment 1, 26 student volunteers from third year special education courses rated 566 words, taken from reading texts in elementary school, on MOA. Our findings show that MOA ratings gradually change over grades, shifting from mainly perceptually acquired word meanings in Grade 1 texts to mainly linguistically acquired concepts in Grade 6 texts. In Experiment 2, 34 educational professionals completed a list on MOA, concreteness, or imageability. Judgments on the MOA proved to be different from judgments of concreteness and imageability. We suggest that the increasingly linguistic character of word meanings contribute to explaining some of the reading difficulties of deaf children.

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Holyfield, Christine. "Comparative Effects of Picture Symbol With Paired Text and Text-Only Augmentative and Alternative Communication Representations on Communication From Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 30, no. 2 (March 26, 2021): 584–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_ajslp-20-00099.

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Purpose Technology features that maximize communicative benefit while minimizing learning demands must be identified and prioritized to amplify the efficiency and effectiveness of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) intervention. Picture symbols with paired text are a common representation feature in AAC systems for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who are preliterate, yet little research about their comparative benefit exists. Method Four school-age children with ASD and limited speech who were preliterate participated in two single-subject studies. In one study, communication of high imageability words (e.g., nouns) on an AAC app during a book-reading activity was compared across two representation conditions: picture symbols with paired text and text only. In the second study, communication of low imageability words (e.g., verbs) was compared. Both studies had baseline, intervention, generalization, and maintenance phases. Results Prior to intervention, participants communicated across both representation conditions at low rates except two participants who were relatively successful using picture symbol with paired text representations of high imageability words. In response to intervention, all participants demonstrated increases in communication across representation conditions and maintained the increases. Participants demonstrated generalization in the text-only representation condition. Conclusions Children with ASD who were preliterate acquired communication at comparable rates regardless of whether an AAC app utilized picture symbol with paired text or text-only representation. Therefore, while larger scale research is needed, clinicians and technology developers could consider increasing the use of text in AAC representation given the inherent value associated with learning to recognize written words. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.13661357

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Desrochers, Alain, and Glenn L. Thompson. "Subjective frequency and imageability ratings for 3,600 French nouns." Behavior Research Methods 41, no. 2 (May 2009): 546–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/brm.41.2.546.

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Erdeljac, Vlasta, and Martina Sekulić Sović. "Role of imageability in lexical–semantic hypernymy/hyponymy processing." Suvremena lingvistika 44, no. 85 (July 20, 2018): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22210/suvlin.2018.085.02.

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Nittono, Hiroshi, Maki Suehiro, and Tadao Hori. "Word imageability and N400 in an incidental memory paradigm." International Journal of Psychophysiology 44, no. 3 (June 2002): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8760(02)00002-8.

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Ploetz, Danielle M., and Mark Yates. "Age of acquisition and imageability: a cross-task comparison." Journal of Research in Reading 39, no. 1 (November 14, 2014): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9817.12040.

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Davelaar, Eileen, and Derek Besner. "Word Identification: Imageability, Semantics, and the Content-Functor Distinction." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 40, no. 4 (November 1988): 789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640748808402299.

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It has often been suggested that different special-purpose mechanisms underlie the processing of content words and function words. The received view is that processing differences in various tasks arise because of differences between these word classes in terms of their semantic/syntactic function, despite the fact that these tasks often involve word processing in the absence of any sentence context. It is also well known that the ease with which a word arouses a sensory impression is often a good predictor of word-processing performance, yet the literature largely ignores the fact that, typically, imageability and word class are confounded factors. A series of three experiments shows that in the context of a Stroop task, the typical content-function word difference can be obtained, but that this word class difference disappears completely when the items are matched on the dimension of imageability. It is suggested that the processing of decontextualized content and function words does not necessarily engage distinct special purpose processing mechanisms. Implications for understanding previously published work on word class effects in other paradigms are briefly noted.

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Strain, Eamon, and Chris M. Herdman. "Imageability effects in word naming: An individual differences analysis." Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale 53, no. 4 (1999): 347–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0087322.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Imageability'

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