Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Imagerie biomédical'
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Anastasiadou, Makrina. "Imagerie polarimétrique : développements instrumentaux et applications biomédicales." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003712.
Full textBenzeroual, Karim. "Acquisition d'images stétéoscopiques et calibration de caméras par algorithmes génétiques : application dans le domaine biomédical." Thesis, Tours, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOUR4011/document.
Full textThis thesis “Acquisition of stereoscopic images and camera calibration with genetic algorithms: application in the biomedical domain” consists to define a complete tool for acquiring the topography and texture of a 3D surface in order to apply it in the dermatological and more generally in the biomedical field.First, the objective is to study and to specify or design hardware devices such as professional cameras, assembly systems for stereo equipments, lighting system and trigger system for devices.Then, the thesis focuses on algorithmic and software aspects which relate to all mathematic and computational treatments needed to obtain a 3D surface.One of major issues addressed is the geometric calibration of stereo cameras. The developed approach pushes the limits of conventional methods in this field by proposing the use of more efficient and easier to implement optimization methods.We have shown that the algorithms using the principles of genetic algorithms can obtain more reliable results than their competitors and they can deal more easily the variable conditions of experiments.The real applications of our genetic algorithm for camera calibration cover many acquisition devices (industrial cameras, SLR cameras, stereo microscopes, beam splitters, pinhole and telecentric objectives), each acquisition device is adapted to a specific use following the requested study (microscopic areas, face or body parts). This thesis “acquisition / calibration” is a part of a global system called VirtualSkinLAB
Guyot, Steve. "Analyse des matrices de Mueller et du champ de speckle en vue d'applications au génie bio-médical." Paris 12, 2003. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002136440204611&vid=upec.
Full textLe, Bihan Denis. "Imagerie par résonance magnétique nucléaire des mouvements incohérents microscopiques : application à l'imagerie de la diffusion moléculaire et de la microcirculation dans le domaine biomédical." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112089.
Full textGassem, Faouzi. "Etude de faisabilité d'une nouvelle méthode d'irradiation laser spatialement sélective et applications dans le domaine biomédical." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112196.
Full textResearch of new selectivity means for laser treatment in the biomedical domain is not currently an active field, contrary to the analysis of cells and tissues by light which is in an intense phase of evolution. My work consisted of proposing a selective light deposition system and of looking for the potential applications of such a device. I have achieved an experimental setup using a liquid crystal spatial light modulator and allowing the control of the light repartition relating to the video image of the surface to be treated. This control uses an automatic image analysis. Experimental results have allowed the evaluation of the performances that can be actually reached by the irradiation system. In fact we get a spatial resolution about 30 æm without having reached the limits of our system, and a hardiness and a simplicity of implementation because we use no mobile parts in the system. On the other hand our solution is limited as for the maximal dose of the deliverable energy. Function of the actual performances and those that we think accessible after adding improvement, we have tried to look for the application for which this irradiation system could have a consequent contribution. We have been brought to put a side the most current applications of laser treatments because of either the implemented biologic processes or the limitations of the system. However it appears that the characteristics of the system seem to be perfectly adapted to the manipulation of the cellular and tissular growth
Venturini, Pierre. "Synthèse et caractérisation de nanomatériaux hybrides innovants pour le biomédical." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0351/document.
Full textFrom decades now, nanomaterials and especially superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are studied for their numerous applications in nanomedecine area. The biocompatibility and the magnetic properties of such nano-objects allow their utilization for diagnostic (MRI, optical imagery, PET…) and for therapy application (nanovectorization, hyperthermia…) During this thesis work, the first step was to study the influence of several synthesis parameters on the final properties of the magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. The aim of this study was the development and the optimization of the widely used way of synthesis by co-precipitation modified by a ligand addition during the growth step of the synthesis. Citrate capped iron oxide nanoparticles with a controlled size between 4 and 13 nm have been synthesized, the saturation magnetization of these nanoparticles reach 75 emu/g of iron oxide, this value is particularly high for nanoparticles of such sizes. During this work, the large panel of characterizations performed on these nanoparticles (TEM, XRD, Mössbauer, FTIR, XPS, DLS, Magnetic measurement) allowed to study precisely the relations between size, ligand ratio, composition and magnetic properties of the synthesized nanoparticles. The interaction between the synthesized citrate capped nanoparticles and biological materials such as human cells have been investigated in-vitro notably to evaluate cells internalization and citotoxicity. In a second step, some additional works have been performed on the citrate capped iron oxide nanoparticles in order to replace the citrate ligand by a bio-inspired polymer (poly-oxazoline). This polymer can have multiple biomedical applications depending of the pendent chemical groups that have been fixed on it
Devinoy, Raymond Henri. "Contribution à l'extraction de primitives, à la classification et au diagnostic dans le domaine biomédical." Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUES072.
Full textPrima, Sylvain. "étude de la symétrie bilatérale en imagerie cérébrale volumique." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00636169.
Full textAntunes, Neves Ana Luisa. "Application au domaine biomédical des moyens de caractérisation électromagnétique de matériaux dans le spectre des micro-ondes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0320/document.
Full textThe penetration capacity of the electromagnetic (EM) waves in matter or biological tissues allows exploring media non-destructively. Concerning the public health sector, improving the quality of life has become one of the greatest concerns of nowadays society. EM wave research on different media and biological tissues shows a great potential for diagnostic applications and eventually for therapeutically applications. In this doctoral thesis, we focus on the vast domain of the biomedical applications of wave-matter interactions, based on the knowledge of the electromagnetic properties of matter, the complex permittivity and the conductivity. On a first instance, we address the emerging domain of ultra-high field MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), which nowadays puts effort into the clinical implementation of 7T devices. Firstly our purpose is to produce an anthropomorphic head model, composed of the brain’s different layers, and taking into account the electromagnetic properties and the proton relaxation times inherent to each tissue. These realistic head models allow to evaluate the newly developed protocols for these ultra-high field devices. Secondly, we have studied and developed field homogenization devices, which allow brightening the shadow areas displayed in some MRI images, such as the cerebellum and the temporal lobes in brain imaging at 7T. This procedure, named Passive Shimming, is based on the use of high permittivity dielectric pads composed of Barium Titanate, which focalize the field to the areas where normally the wavelength in insufficient to generate a homogeneous signal distribution
Grimaldo, Morón José Teófilo. "Contribution à la synthèse de macrocycles tétraphosphorés : ligands polydentates présentant un intérêt biomédical." Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10161.
Full textDa, Silva Anabela. "Méthodes optiques pour le diagnostic et l'imagerie biomédicale." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Aix-Marseille Université, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01053305.
Full textDupont, Jan. "Imagerie polarimétrique de speckle statique pour l’étude de matériaux et dynamique pour la détection de micro-vascularisation tumorale." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESAE0002/document.
Full textWhen an electromagnetic wave is scattered by a rough surface or in a volume, a speckle field is observed, with characterlstlcs depending on the consldered scatterer. Multiple scattering in samples immpact the State of polarizatlon of an incident light. Thus, polarization Is a sensitive parameter for material characterization and study. A spatially resolved polarlmetry method, allowing accurate measurements in speckle fields is proposed. That method is used to study the Impact of various parameters on polarimétrie measurements, especially the depolarization phenomenon due to the observation setup. A polarlzed speskle simulation model is proposed, validated by comparison with expérimentation for various scattering régime. Besides, dynamlc properties of samples can be measured by an analysis of the scattered speckle contrast. A method allowing microvascularization imaging based on dynamic polarized light scattering imaging is optlmlzed, then applied to in-vivo study of the tumor angiogenesis occuring on murine melanoma, as well as the vascularization évolution after a treatment called electrochemotherapy. Potentlal of the method for non invasive détection and study of the murine melanoma is demonstrated, its efflciency on human melanoma for biomédical applications remaning to be characterized
Denolin, Vincent. "Sources of contrast and acquisition methods in functional MRI of the human brain." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211408.
Full textL'Imagerie fonctionnelle par Résonance Magnétique (IRMf) a connu un développement important depuis sa découverte au début des années 1990. Basée le plus souvent sur l'effet BOLD (Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent), cette technique permet d'obtenir de façon totalement non-invasive des cartes d'activation cérébrale, avec de meilleures résolutions spatiale et temporelle que les méthodes préexistantes telles que la tomographie par émission de positrons (TEP). Facilement praticable au moyen des imageurs par RMN disponible dans les hôpitaux, elle a mené à de nombreuses applications dans le domaine des neurosciences et de l'étude des pathologies cérébrales.
Il est maintenant bien établi que l'effet BOLD est dû à une augmentation de l'oxygénation du sang veineux dans les régions du cerveau où se produit l'activation neuronale, impliquant une diminution de la différence de susceptibilité magnétique entre le sang et les tissus environnants (la déoxyhémoglobine étant paramagnétique et l'oxyhémoglobine diamagnétique), et par conséquent un augmentation du signal si la méthode d'acquisition est sensible aux inhomogénéités de champ magnétique. Cependant, il reste encore de nombreuses inconnues quant aux mécanismes liant les variations d'oxygénation, de flux et de volume sanguin à l'augmentation de signal observée, et la dépendance du phénomène en des paramètres tels que l'intensité du champ, la résolution spatiale, et le type de séquence de RMN utilisée. La première partie de la thèse est donc consacrée à l'étude de l'effet BOLD, dans le cas particulier des contributions dues aux veines de drainage dans les séquences de type écho de gradient rendues sensibles au mouvement par l'ajout de gradients de champ. Le modèle développé montre que, contrairement au comportement suggéré par de précédentes publications, l'effet de ces gradients n'est pas une diminution monotone de la différence de signal lorsque l'intensité des gradients augmente. D'importantes oscillations sont produites par l'effet de phase dû au déplacement des spins du sang dans les gradients additionnels, et par la variation de cette phase suite à l'augmentation du flux sanguin. La validation expérimentale du modèle est réalisée au moyen de la séquence PRESTO (Principles of Echo-Shifting combined with a Train of Observations), c'est-à-dire une séquence en écho de gradient où des gradients supplémentaires permettent d'augmenter la sensibilité aux inhomogénéités de champ, et donc à l'effet BOLD. Un accord qualitatif avec la théorie est établi en montrant que la variation de signal observée peut augmenter lorsqu'on intensifie les gradients additionnels.
Un autre source de débat continuel dans le domaine de l'IRMf réside dans l'optimalisation des méthodes d'acquisition, au point de vue notamment de leur sensibilité à l'effet BOLD, leurs résolutions spatiale et temporelle, leur sensibilité à divers artefacts tels que la perte de signal dans les zones présentant des inhomogénéités de champ à grande échelle, et la contamination des cartes d'activation par les contributions des grosses veines, qui peuvent être distantes du lieu d'activation réel. Les séquences en écho de spin sont connues pour être moins sensibles à ces deux derniers problèmes, c'est pourquoi la deuxième partie de la thèse est consacrée à une nouvelle technique permettant de donner une pondération T2 plutôt que T2* aux images. Le principe de base de la méthode n'est pas neuf, puisqu'il s'agit de la « Préparation T2 » (T2prep), qui consiste à atténuer l'aimantation longitudinale différemment selon la valeur du temps de relaxation T2, mais il n’avait jamais été appliqué à l’IRMf. Ses avantages par rapport à d’autres méthodes hybrides T2 et T2* sont principalement le gain en résolution temporelle et en dissipation d’énergie électromagnétique dans les tissus. Le contraste généré par ces séquences est étudié au moyen de solutions stationnaires des équations de Bloch. Des prédictions sont faites quant au contraste BOLD, sur base de ces solutions stationnaires et d’une description simplifiée de l’effet BOLD en termes de variations de T2 et T2*. Une méthode est proposée pour rendre le signal constant au travers du train d’impulsions en faisant varier l’angle de bascule d’une impulsion à l’autre, ce qui permet de diminuer le flou dans les images. Des expériences in vitro montrent un accord quantitatif excellent avec les prédictions théoriques quant à l’intensité des signaux mesurés, aussi bien dans le cas de l’angle constant que pour la série d’angles variables. Des expériences d’activation du cortex visuel démontrent la faisabilité de l’IRMf au moyen de séquences T2prep, et confirment les prédictions théoriques quant à la variation de signal causée par l’activation.
La troisième partie de la thèse constitue la suite logique des deux premières, puisqu’elle est consacrée à une extension du principe de déplacement d’écho (echo-shifting) aux séquences en écho de spin à l’état stationnaire, ce qui permet d’obtenir une pondération T2 et T2* importante tout en maintenant un temps de répétition court, et donc une bonne résolution temporelle. Une analyse théorique approfondie de la formation du signal dans de telles séquences est présentée. Elle est basée en partie sur la technique de résolution des équations de Bloch utilisée dans la deuxième partie, qui consiste à calculer l’aimantation d’état stationnaire en fonction des angles de précession dans le plan transverse, puis à intégrer sur les isochromats pour obtenir le signal résultant d’un voxel (volume element). Le problème est aussi envisagé sous l’angle des « trajectoires de cohérence », c’est-à-dire la subdivision du signal en composantes plus ou moins déphasées, par l’effet combiné des impulsions RF, des gradients appliqués et des inhomogénéités du champ magnétique principal. Cette approche permet d’interpréter l’intensité du signal dans les séquences à écho déplacé comme le résultat d’interférences destructives entre diverses composantes physiquement interprétables. Elle permet de comprendre comment la variation de la phase de l’impulsion d’excitation (RF-spoiling) élimine ces interférences. Des expériences in vitro montrent un accord quantitatif excellent avec les calculs théoriques, et la faisabilité de la méthode in vivo est établie. Il n’est pas encore possible de conclure quant à l’applicabilité de la nouvelle méthode dans le cadre de l’IRMf, mais l’approche théorique proposée a en tout cas permis de revoir en profondeur les mécanismes de formation du signal pour l’ensemble des méthodes à écho déplacé, puisque le cas de l’écho de gradient s’avère complètement similaire au cas de l’écho de spin.
La thèse évolue donc progressivement de la modélisation de l’effet BOLD vers la conception de séquences, permettant ainsi d’aborder deux aspects fondamentaux de la physique de l’IRMf.
Doctorat en sciences appliquées
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Mertens, Benjamin. "Bringing 3D and quantitative data in flexible endoscopy." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209275.
Full textIn this thesis, a contribution to more a robust 3D reconstruction endoscopic device is proposed. Structured light technique is used and implemented using a diffractive optical element. Two patterns are developed and compared: the first is based on the spatial-neighbourhood coding strategy, the second on the direct-coding strategy. The latter is implemented on a diffractive optical element and used in an endoscopic 3D reconstruction device. It is tested in several conditions and shows excellent quantitative results but the robustness against bad visual conditions (occlusions, liquids, specular reflection,) must be improved.
Based on this technology, an endoscopic ruler is developed. It is dedicated to answer endoscopists lack of measurement system. The pattern is simplified to a single line to be more robust. Quantitative data show a sub-pixel accuracy and the device is robust in all tested cases. The system has then been validated with a gastroenterologist to measure polyps. Compared to literature in this field, this device performs better and is more accurate.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
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Pérez, Olivas Huetzin Aaron. "Instrumentation biomédicale et étude des applications sur des effets de champs magnétiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV031/document.
Full textThis thesis has the objective to determine the effect produced by weak magnetic field stimulation on the following types of cell cultures: Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba invadens, human lymphocyte, and HEK- 293T.Changes in cell’sproliferation and longevity without affecting their viability are thus studied. We intend to understand the effect produced by the magnetic field and gadolinium in the different levels of cell organization (organelle, macro molecules, and chemical reactions).We are mainly interested in asserting the behavior of cells in a controlled manner, for example when applying oscillating magnetic fields at different frequencies and time intervals as well as the addition of certain concentrations of super-paramagnetic fluid in the growing medium. Here I present effects on the cell motility of Entamoeba invadens cell cultures and the change in the natural cell behavior, such as controlled agglutination, cell movement velocity, membrane structural form. I also present the effects and dynamic responses on the growth of Entamoeba cells by applying an oscillating magnetic field in specific audio frequencies such as 100 Hz, 800 Hz, 1500 Hz, and 2500Hz, at six minutes time periodic intervals
Loison, Olivier. "Imagerie plasmonique multimodale en vue d'applications biomédicales." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077102.
Full textSurface plasmons are collective oscillation modes of the conductive electrons at the interface between a metal and a dielectric. Plasmonic is a field of optics based on the properties of containment and exaltation of the electromagnetic field given by this mode. Plasmonics is particulary used in biosensors to quantify and to follow interaction dynamic between biomolecules. The specificity of these sensors named Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) is their unstrained characteristic. SPR sensitivity relies on the strong dependence of the resonance conditions to the refractive index of the studied dielectric. In particular, the refractive index depends on the biomolecules concentration at the sensor surface. Here, we suggest to use an original device in transmission (tSPR) preserving the strong sensitivity characteristic of standard SPR. We show that this configuration allows a high parallelization density of measurement. Multiplexing given by tSPR is around one order of magnitude more than the one of classical SPR. Propagative surface plasmon (PSP) is associated with an evanescent field. The high intensity of the field and its strong axial confinement have been recently been used in Surface Plasmon mediated Fluorescence (SPF) imaging. Moreover, the presence of a metallic interface in the vicinity of a fluorescent dye induces new relaxation processes, especially via the surface Plasmon, producing a sharp decrease of the fluorescence lifetime. Lifetime information can be extract with a fluorescence lifetime imaging microscope (FLIM). We show that FLIM imaging coupled with surface Plasmon provides nanometric accuracy of the dye-metal distance. We show that such a device is adapted to plasmic membrane tomography with an axial resolution about 15 nm
Penelle, Benoît. "Système de réalité virtuelle d'aide à la réalisation et à l'évaluation d'exercices physiques." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209284.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
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Hassan, Aref. "Modifications chimiques des aptamères, pour des applications en imagerie biomédicale." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0242/document.
Full textThe aim of my thesis was to develop new probes that can be used in biomedical imaging, based on the use of aptamers for the detection of two types of tumors: glioblastomas and melanomas. Tracers have been developed with the aim to target the matrix protein hMMP-9. In a thesis, an aptamer anti-hMMP-9 noted F3B was obtained. Based on this compound, different derivatives were prepared for using in biomedical imaging: F3B-Cy5, F3B-DOTA or F3B-MAG3. The affinity of the new conjugates for hMMP-9 was evaluated by SPR and on sections of human melanomas. Biodistribution studies of F3B-DOTA conjugates and F3B-MAG3 were performed at on melanoma bearing mice, the results showed that both radiolabeled aptamers specifically detected the hMMP-9. In addition, optical fluorescence imaging confirmed the binding to hMMP-9 by F3B-CY5. In order to improve tumor detection sensitivity, two types of modifications were investigated: developing of F3B multimeric structures and a bi-functional system. For both these approaches, we synthesized a dendrimer with a focal point, which could give access to a multi-modal imaging. This dendrimer has two or three spacers bearing an azide group used for coupling with aptamers by "click" chemistry. The dendrimer carrying at the focal point an amine function NH2 used for fixing biotin in order to determine the affinity Kd of this new probe by using SPR. A DOTA ligand will be fixed later in order to view this tracer in SPECT
Dréo, Johann. "Adaptation de la métaheuristique des colonies de fourmis pour l'optimisation difficile en variables continues. Application en génie biologique et médical." Phd thesis, Université Paris XII Val de Marne, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00093143.
Full textLa première approche pour concevoir des métaheuristiques d'optimisation continue en suivant cette métaphore consiste à créer un système multi-agent. Nous proposons ainsi un algorithme de "colonies de fourmis interagissantes" (CIAC). La deuxième approche décrit ces métaheuristiques comme des méthodes manipulant un échantillonnage d'une distribution de probabilité. Nous proposons ainsi un algorithme "à estimation de distribution" (CHEDA).
En accord avec le concept de programmation à mémoire adaptative, nos algorithmes font l'objet d'une hybridation avec une recherche locale de Nelder-Mead (HCIAC). Nous avons ensuite adapté cette méthode à des problèmes continus dynamiques (DHCIAC), pour lesquels nous proposons également un nouveau jeu de test cohérent.
Nos algorithmes sont enfin appliqués dans le cadre de l'automatisation du suivi des lésions de l'oeil.
Kozhemyak, Anastasia. "Modèles mathématiques et méthodes de reconstruction pour des techniques émergentes d'imagerie biomédicale." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EPXX0007.
Full textNguyen, David. "Etude de la nucléation contrôlée de latex polymère à la surface de nanoparticules d’oxyde pour l’élaboration de colloïdes hybrides structurés." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13715/document.
Full textHybrid colloids based on silica and polystyrene have been synthesized. Oxide particles were first elaborated, surface modified, and then used as seed in a styrene polymerization step. Two heterogeneous polymerisation proceeds were employed (emulsion or dispersion) leading to colloids with original and controlled morphologies. A morphological study by electronic tomography enabled to better understand growth and organisation mechanisms of latexes around silica seeds. Janus particles synthesis for biomedical imaging is also described. Silica particles were surface modified with a biphotonic chromophore and a tumor cells targeting agent. Spectroscopic studies and cytotoxicity tests were investigated
Leclercq, Jean François. "Imagerie microonde active pour applications biomédicales : systèmes 2D et 3D monochromatiques." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112285.
Full textThis work concerns microwave imaging systems, based upon the method of diffraction tomography. We can obtain informations about dielectric properties and physical parameters influencing them as, for instance, the temperature. The principle can be described in this way the abject under investigation is illuminated by a plane wave, with a wave length of about one centimeter. This creates inside the abject equivalent currents, which generate a diffracted field in the whole space. From the measure of the diffracted field, we can obtain the equivalent currents. We have studied the reconstruction algorithms, in two and three dimensions for multiview monochromatic systems, the improving of the resolution, and the decreasing of the total time for the obtention of an image, and also the numerical and experimental checkings of the theoretical results. We employ the spectrum of plane waves method which gives an easy relation between the Fourier transforms of the diffracted field and of the equivalent currents. Experimentally in three dimensions, we measured the electric field on a plane area with a microwave camera, using the modulated scattering technique. We have caracterised this camera and we present here the first results obtained with phantoms
Dehez, Harold. "Méthodes d'hyperrésolution optique et leurs applications pour l'imagerie biomédicale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30261/30261.pdf.
Full textThe nervous system cannot be analyzed without structural and functional observations of its hundred of billions of neurons. Since the discovery of fluorescent probes, at the end of the 20th century, optical microscopes became the best trade-off between structural (high resolution) and functional (live cells, high selectivity) analysis. However, it is well known, since the end of the 19th century, that the resolution of a focusing light microscope is limited by diffraction to about 200 nm; most of sub-cellular compartments cannot be discriminate with those modalities. We had to wait the end of the 90th, to witness the development of novel microscopy techniques “breaking the diffraction barrier”; STED (STimulated Emission Depletion), PALM (PhotoActivated Localization Microscopy) and STORM (STochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy) achieved spatial resolution of about 10 nm. However, most of those “superresolution” techniques are probe dependent (PALM/ STORM), or require high power laser and a complete modification of the microscope (STED). The goal of this thesis is to develop novel, low-power, and retrofittable “superresolution” procedures in laser scanning microscopy without limiting the specifications of conventional modalities (probe dependency, photodommage, simplicity, temporal resolution, . . . ). In this thesis, we propose to increase the resolution of laser scanning microscopes by structuring the illumination. The issue is tackled in two different ways: a direct approach where the excitation volume is reduced by changing the Gaussian beam used in conventional systems into a radially polarized transverse magnetic TM01 beam, and an indirect approach based on two successive illuminations of the sample with a Gaussian beam and a “dark” beam having a minimum of intensity at its center. With the later approach, we doubled the spatial resolution of confocal microscopes while keeping the specifications of the conventional systems except from doubling the temporal resolution.
Rougé-Labriet, Hélène. "Développement de l'imagerie X biomédicale en contraste de phase par tavelures." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAS031.
Full textOsteoarticular diseases are one of the most common causes of chronic pain, but their diagnosis and understanding can be complex. Different imaging methods are available to describe joint conditions such as radiography, MRI, CT scan or ultrasound, but none of them can depict all the anatomical components in a single image. For the past two decades, X-ray Phase Contrast Imaging (PCI) are constantly being under development because of their superiority for imaging low density objects and its ability to a simultaneous visualization of all tissues. But the extraction of the phase signal is not directly possible, making this information not very often retrieved. The required gold standard instrumentation for PCI is currently a synchrotron facility, limiting clinical applications due to limited access.Several PCI techniques have already been developed and, despite the advances in the literature, they still face many challenges, both instrumental and dosimetric. In this context, the main motivation of this PhD was to propose and develop a phase contrast imaging technique that is easily transferable to conventional sources. The speckle based PCI technique was chosen because, compared to other PCI techniques, it appears to be the most suitable technique for the dose aspects. In addition, it does not require neither an expensive instrumentation nor the specific properties of synchrotron radiation to be implemented. Despite these benefits, it required many algorithmic developments and optimization of the experimental configurations before a transfer on conventional sources.In the first part of the thesis, we propose to show the diagnostic potential of the PCI for osteoarticular applications by imaging anatomical pieces and small animal osteoarticular models. The development and the optimization of speckle based PCI was first performed using the ideal conditions of the European synchrotron source. In particular, a new phase retrieval algorithm has been implemented permitting to reduce the delivered dose while maintaining a constant image quality compared to other speckle based PCI techniques. Several acquisition schemes and experimental conditions were tested. A new instrumental solution for speckle generation has been created. Finally, under these optimized conditions, measurements were made with various conventional X-ray sources. The results obtained have demonstrated the feasibility of the transfer on standard sources under compatible experimental conditions of clinical and pre-clinical imaging routines. This transfer could improve the understanding of the osteoarticular diseases as well as the follow-up of different therapeutic strategies and finally an earlier diagnosis
Beyazit, Selim. "Functional nanoparticles for biomedical applications." Thesis, Compiègne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014COMP2163.
Full textThis thesis describes the development of novel methods to obtain versatile, functional nanoparticles that can potentially be used for biomedical applications such as drug delivery, bioassays and bioimaging. Nanomaterials are versatile tools that have found applications as drug carriers, bioimaging or biosensing. In particular, core-shell type nanoparticles have attracted much attention due to their small size, high surface to volume ratio and biocompatibility. In this regard, we propose in the first part of the thesis (Chapter 2), a novel method to obtain core-shell nanoparticles via combined radical emulsion and living polymerizations. Polystyrene core seeds of 30-40 nm, with a narrow size distribution and surface-bound iniferter moieties were used to further initiate polymerization of a polymer shell. Core-shell nanoparticles were prepared in this way. Different types of shells : anionic, zwitterionic, thermoresponsive or molecularly imprinted shells, were thus grafted. Our method is a versatile platform with the ability to add multi-functionalities in either the core for optical sensing or/and the shell for cell interaction and toxicity studies, as well as receptor materials for cell imaging. In the second part of the thesis (Chapter 3), we describe a novel and versatile method for surface modification of upconverting nanoparticles (UCPs). UCPs are lanthanide-doped fluorescent nanocrystals that have recently attracted much attention. Their fluorescence is excitated in the near infrared, which makes them ideal as labels in biomedical applications such as bioimaging and bioassays, since the autofluorescence background is minimized compared to organic dyes and quantum dots. However, UCPs are hydrophobic and non-compatible with aqueous media, therefore prior surface modification is essential. The strategy that we propose makes use oft he UV or Vis emission light of near-infrared photoexcited upconverting nanoparticles, as secondary light source for the localized photopolymerization of thin hydrophilic shells around the UCPs. Our method offers great advantages like ease of application and rapid surface functionalization for attaching various ligands and therefore can provide a platform to prepare polymeric-encapsulated UCPs for applications in bioassays, optical imaging and drug delivery. Stimuli responsive hydrogels are materials that can change their physico-chemical properties in response to external stimuli such as temperature, pH or light. These smart materials play critical roles in biomedical applications such as drug delivery or tissue engineering. The third part of the thesis (Chapter 4) proposes a novel method for obtaining photo and pH-responsive supramolecularly crosslinked hydrogels. Two building blocks, one containing photoresponsive 4-[(4-methacryloyloxy)phenylazo] benzoic acid and the other, consisting of cationic 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate units, were first synthesized. Combining the two building blocks yielded photo and pH responsive monodisperse 100-nm particles. These nanoparticles can be eventually utilized for drug delivery, especially delivery of biomolecules such as siRNAs or proteins. In conclusion, we have designed several new efficient, versatile, generic and easily applicable methods to obtain functionalized polymer nanoparticles and nanocomposites that can be applied in various biomedical domains like drug delivery, biosensing, bioassays and bioimaging
Richard, Frédéric. "Modèles et analyses statistiques de l'image biomédicale." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00522704.
Full textMaurice, Vincent. "Fonctionnalisation de nanoparticules de silicium pour l’imagerie biomédicale." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112355.
Full textWe studied and modified the properties of silicon nanoparticles produced by laser pyrolysis, to use them as fluorescent probes for biological imaging. At first, the surface properties of the particles have been studied, especially their oxidation mechanisms. The silicon particles are indeed easily oxidized in aqueous medium, leading to their destruction if this phenomenon is not controlled. Knowledge of factors causing the deterioration of the properties of particles in biological media has allowed us to define the functionalization strategy adopted for this study. We chose to protect the particles with a layer of silica formed by sol-gel process in homogeneous phase or microemulsion, its thickness ranging from 1 to 30 nm. The encapsulated particles have been characterized, in particular, their rate of oxidation at neutral ph was measured. They were then covered with amines in order to graft organic molecules to their surface. PEG chains were grafted onto the amines to improve the colloidal stability of the particles and their resistance to oxidation. Then we performed the grafting of a protein, to provide biological functionality to the particles. The various functions grafted were assayed by different methods. The particles were also used for biological imaging tests as well as measures of toxicity
Gontard, Gwenaëlle. "Synthèse de nanoconjugués PEG-PLA pour des applications biomédicales : libération contrôlée et Imagerie." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30279.
Full textThis PhD thesis is based on a joint between Sanofi in Vitry-sur-Seine and LHFA. This work consists in the development of new nanovectors based on biodegradable and biocompatible polymerics conjugate that enable to encapsulate, transport and deliver therapeutic agents. Previous works in the laboratory have shown that the release of hydrophobic drugs, such as Cabazitaxel, a taxane derivative, could be controlled by the architecture of the conjugated PEG-PLA. In the first chapter, a study was realized to improve the release kinetics of the drug, taking advantage of the difference of pH between healthy and cancerous tissue. Different linkers (linking the drug to the copolymer) having a pH dependent behavior have been studied, such as hydrazone, acetal and β-thiopropionate. The boronic ester bonding, dynamic function of pH, was also studied in order to destroy the NP and indirectly improve the release of drug. The synthesis and the evaluation of various conjugates have shown that the amphiphilic polymeric structure of the conjugates significantly inhibited the expected pH-dependent behavior. In the second chapter, several technologies such as targeting or imaging were studied. The influence of the Y and L-shape on the recognition and imaging properties was analyzed. The Y-shape offers advantages like the amount of ligand required for optimal active targeting and better visualization, in comparison with the results obtained with the L conjugates. The method of co-nanoformulation allowed to adjust the ligand amount or imaging probe within the NPs. In the third chapter, the synthesis and efficiency of (bi)pyridinium salts as catalysts for the ROP of ε-caprolactone are presented. A collaborative behavior with dication bipyridiniums is bearing two hydrogen bonds (IHBD) was demonstrated for the activation of the ε-caprolactone, with greater ROP activities compared to systems involving the participation of only one H bond. The best systems were evaluated in more details and allowed access to polymers with a molecular weight of up to 13 000 g / mol
Santelli, Julien. "Nanoparticules multimodales à base de lanthanides pour l'imagerie biomédicale et le suivi de cellules mésenchymateuses." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30042/document.
Full textThe objective of these works was to put into practice the use of lanthanide-based multimodal nanoparticles (NPs) for biomedical imaging in general and mesenchymal cells (MSCs) tracking in particular. To that purpose, two types of NPs have been used, both presenting a gadolinium oxysulfide (Gd2O2S) matrix allowing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography. The addition of dopant elements brings fluorescence properties: europium (Gd2O2S :Eu3+) is more appropriate for an in vitro examination whereas the combination ytterbium/thulium (Gd2O2S :Yb3+/Tm3+) is more appropriate for an in vivo examination through the up-conversion process. First, we have demonstrated the possibility of visualizing those NPs over-time in a living organism with complementary methods (MRI and fluorescence). The complete study of their biodistribution and ways of elimination allowed us to highlight a hepatobiliary metabolization associated with a slow feces excretion. The labeling of a wide variety of cell types (lines and primary cells from different species) has also pointed out their potential as a universal cell tracer. Thereafter, we focused our research on mesenchymal cells tracking in a cell therapy context. Short, medium and long term biocompatibility was validated via a series of analyses (MTT, neutral red, wound healing and differentiation) and the reliability of the tracer was confirmed by detailed study of the cell labeling. Finally, after developing a custom-made system dedicated to up-conversion imaging in small animals, we were able to perform over-time tracking of those labeled cells after injection in a solid organ. We achieved multimodal imaging of the MSCs with MRI, computed tomography and up-conversion. Altogether, these results underline the potential of these nanoparticles for long term imaging in preclinical and/or clinical studies
Martin, Loïc. "Analyse et interprétations expérimentales en polarimétrie de Mueller : applications biomédicales." Brest, 2011. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00664642.
Full textAs part of this work is in the context of the Mueller polarimetric imaging. Indeed, the acquisition of images with polarimetric information can be very interesting to characterize spatially ordered micro environments such as biological tissues, particularly as a means of non-invasive biophysical investigation of possible alterations in biological tissues. The thirst chapter returns to the use of the optical wave as a biophysical investigation by addressing issues and challenges of optical imaging of biological tissues, complex environments where live absorption and diffusion. By studying the properties of biological tissues, including collagen, we justify the choice of polarimetric imaging as a contrast agent as part of our study. The second chapter defines the concept of polarization of light and the main mathematical tools for understanding and analysis. The third chapter discusses the techniques of decomposition of any Mueller matrix into simple elements, essential tools to retrieve relevant information contained in the experimental Mueller matrix. The fourth chapter presents the experimental device used in this study. This is a goniometer imager-polarimeter at 808 nm using rotating waveptates. The fifth chapter describes the influence of error propagation in the different Mueller matrix decompositions on the choice of the algorithm best suited to the experimental configuration. We present both a procedure for determining the adequate decomposition algorithm and a new “hybrid” based on the decomposition introduced in Chapter 3, which limits the propagation of measurement errors and to remove ail ambiguity about the matrices obtained. The sixth chapter presents the experimental results obtained in the study of radiation-induced damage to the skin. The seventh and final chapter focuses on the study of liver fibrosis. With images of different samples of liver, from healthy liver to liver cirrhosis (severe fibrosis), we show that the measurement of polarimetric parameters introduced, coupled with existing techniques, may be useful in identifying the stages of fibrosis
Bodi, Geoffroy. "Débruitage, déconvolution et extraction de caractéristiques de signaux dans le domaine temporel pour imagerie biomédicale optique." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1588.
Full textSeppecher, Laurent. "Modélisation de l'imagerie biomédicale hybride par perturbations mécaniques." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01021279.
Full textJoulaud, Cécile. "Caractérisation par diffusion de second harmonique de nanocristaux pour l'imagerie biomédicale." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00856045.
Full textZubiolo, Alexis. "Extraction de caractéristiques et apprentissage statistique pour l'imagerie biomédicale cellulaire et tissulaire." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4117/document.
Full textThe purpose of this Ph.D. thesis is to study the classification based on morphological features of cells and tissues taken from biomedical images. The goal is to help medical doctors and biologists better understand some biological phenomena. This work is spread in three main parts corresponding to the three typical problems in biomedical imaging tackled. The first part consists in analyzing endomicroscopic videos of the colon in which the pathological class of the polyps has to be determined. This task is performed using a supervised multiclass machine learning algorithm combining support vector machines and graph theory tools. The second part concerns the study of the morphology of mice neurons taken from fluorescent confocal microscopy. In order to obtain a rich information, the neurons are imaged at two different magnifications, the higher magnification where the soma appears in details, and the lower showing the whole cortex, including the apical dendrites. On these images, morphological features are automatically extracted with the intention of performing a classification. The last part is about the multi-scale processing of digital histology images in the context of kidney cancer. The vascular network is extracted and modeled by a graph to establish a link between the architecture of the tumor and its pathological class
Rousseau, David. "De la résonance stochastique à la physique de l'information." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université d'Angers, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00841261.
Full textBuscemi, Isabella Chiara. "Conception et réalisation d’un nouveau système d’imagerie biomédicale fondé sur l’exploitation de la lumière polarisée." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1119.
Full text(…) The domain of the biomedical imaging was widely developed. In this context, this thesis aims at the conception and at the realization of a new plan exploiting the wavelength and the state polarimétrique of a beam of light. The final goal of this optical method is the application in the early biomedical diagnosis, and more particularly in the field of the dermatology. It is important to call back that the analyzed environment does not undergo either biopsy or agent's injection of contrast. So, this technique is not invasive and is made without contact. Besides, as often as regards the visible optics, this system is low-cost and the calibration remains relatively accessible; What makes a device very well adapted to the use in medical routine has the instar of the optical probes which equip the current saturomètres. In a first part of this manuscript, the mathematical methods said about "Stokes" and about "Mueller" are presented. This allows us to introduce easily the description of our system polarimétrique as well as the calculation of the degree of polarization (DOP). We reserve a whole chapter of the manuscript for the calibration of the plan, for the evaluation of its possibilities as well as for his theoretical and experimental limits. This protocol thus allows the measure of the degree of linear, circular and elliptic polarization of any system rétrodiffusion. Let us add that this measure is made in multispectral according to three channels defined well (red, green and blue) and quite there almost time - reality, that is has a rhythm about 12 images per second in full resolution. The DOP, defined as the difference normalized of component orthogonal of the electric field, is studied and correlated in the properties optics of distribution of the studied systems
Hage, Charles-Henri. "Sources optiques fibrées pour applications biomédicales." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00907642.
Full textLaprise-Pelletier, Myriam. "Les nanoparticules de silice mésoporeuses comme sondes pour l'imagerie biomédicale - purification, études in vitro et in vivo." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26361.
Full textMesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are increasingly used in medical imaging and drug delivery applications. They are still not approved for the clinic; however, these products have been used in several preclinical studies, and are being evaluated for clinical trials. Our group demonstrated that MSNs labeled with paramagnetic elements are efficient as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The open porosity of these products leads to interesting applications for drug delivery under medical imaging. This master’s degree project has focused on the preparation of MSNs labeled with paramagnetic elements, for applications in cellular imaging, and vascular imaging. First, MSNs labeled with paramagnetic element (Mn) were used to label and to visualize cells in MRI. These products were subjected to a physico-chemical characterization study, and a cellular labelling study. It was demonstrated that Mn-MSNs nanoparticles internalized in leukaemia mouse cells are visible using MRI. However, before cells treatment, just like for the preparation of MSNs suspension for intravascular injection, it is necessary to purify nanoparticles from the potentially toxic paramagnetic metal ions (Gd3+, Mn2+). To facilitate and accelerate the purification time, a size exclusion chromatography method was developed, optimized and applied to MSNs labelled with paramagnetic (Gd3+) and radioactive (64Cu2+) ions. The development of this technique was essential to purify MSNs from both Gd3+ and 64Cu2+, which were then injected in mice, and visualized with MRI and positron emission tomography (PET). These studies have made it possible to measure the biodistribution of MSN over 48 h in the mouse model. PET dynamic biodistributions studies allow a better understanding of biodistribution, organ retention, and excretion of MSNs nanoparticles developed as potential drug vectors.
Savinaud, Mickaël. "Recalage de flux de données cinématiques pour l'application à l'imagerie optique." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00545424.
Full textMoula, Karimdjy Maria. "Nouveaux marqueurs à base de lanthanides pour l'imagerie moléculaire et l'analyse biomédicale." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAV046/document.
Full textMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a widely used diagnostic method in medicinal practice. It is the ideal technique for molecular imaging, which allows biological events to be observed at the molecular scale thanks to its high resolution. However it has a very low sensitivity. Commercial contrast agents can palliate this lack of sensitivity, but their efficiency, defined as relaxivity, is too low for molecular imaging. The relaxivity of Gd(III) chelates depends on parameters such as the hydration number, the exchange rate and the rotational dynamics of the complex, which can be optimized to improve the relaxivity. Two strategies can be considered to improve the sensitivity: the first one is to gather a high number of complexes demonstrating an optimized relaxivity on a nanoobject ; the second one is the design of a bimodal probe MRI/Optical imaging to combine the high resolution of MRI and the high sensitivity of optical imaging.In this work we present the incorporation of gadolinium chelates into macromolecular systems and two different types of nanoobjects. Gd(III) chelates with improved relaxometric properties have been functionalized and grafted onto quantum dots for the design of a bimodal probe and into oligonucleotides for the conception of a DNA probe. The non-covalent incorporation of Gd(III) in silica spheres allows both a high relaxivity per Gd(III) and per particle. The simultaneous incorporation of Yb(III) complexes emitting in the near infrared permits the design of a bimodal probe. All of these systems lead to the development of a new class of promising probes for molecular imaging
Lahrech, Hana. "Echos stimulés en imagerie et en spectroscopie par résonance magnétique nucléaire : séquences d'échos stimulés modifiées : applications biomédicales." Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO10019.
Full textViallon, Magalie. "Imagerie par résonance magnétique nucléaire de l'hélium3 hyperpolarisé : application à l'étude fonctionnelle du poumon et perspectives biomédicales." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10135.
Full textGateau, Jérôme. "Imagerie ultrasonore ultrarapide d'évènements de cavitation : application en thérapie par ultrasons et imagerie de détection." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00863591.
Full textLaude-Boulesteix, Blandine. "Développements instrumentaux en imagerie tomographique et polarimétrique." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000841.
Full textCavaro-Ménard, Christine. "Compression d'images basée sur un modèle contour-texture : adaptation d'un système de codage aux images biomédicales." Tours, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOUR3308.
Full textJouannot, Erwan. "Développements et applications de l'imagerie ultrasonore haute fréquence et fonctionnelle chez la souris." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066598.
Full textNakib, Amir. "Conception de métaheuristiques d'optimisation pour la segmentation d'images : application à des images biomédicales." Paris 12, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00308789.
Full textThe metaheuristics appeared in the eighties. These global optimization algorithms are stochastic and can be applied to any problem, at the condition it is formulated as a mono-objective or multiobjective optimization problem. They also can be extended, particularly to multiobjective optimization. In order to design a segmentation system that allows to have good segmentation results on different kinds of images, we formulate the segmentation as : a mono-objective then a multiobjective optimization problem. In the mono-objective approach, we adapt several metaheuristics to the segmentation problem. Then, an application to the brain magnetic resonance images (MRI) is performed. This adaptation allows to compare the different metaheuristics in terms of complexity, convergence speed, adaptability and solution reproducibility. Afterwards, we propose a multiobjective optimization approach to solve the image segmentation problem. In this context, we develop three adaptive methods : the first is based on agregation of criteria, the second is based on a non-Pareto approach and the third is based on a Pareto approach. Finally, we consider the case of brain ventricle space segmentation and we apply the different approaches to sane and pathologic MRI
Ayoub, Mohamed. "Etude des niveaux profonds dans les CdTe et CdZnTe par des méthodes électriques pour des applications biomédicales : imagerie X et γ." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13080.
Full textNuclear medical imagery systems based on the detection of ionising rays use semiconductors which require high performances in terms of sensitivity, efficiency, dimension and in particular electrical and physical uniformity. The aim of this thesis is to study and understand the origins and effects of the deep levels in CdTe and CdZnTe crystals, as well as the effects of thermal treatment on the electrical and physical uniformity of these materials. Chapter I presents the crystal growth techniques and the electrical properties, as well as the importance of the CdTe and CdZnTe crystals in the biomedical domain. To identify the deep levels present in the material, a numerous spectroscopic methods (PICTS, SCLC, etc. ) were used as described in the chapter II. Chapter III contains the study of the electrical uniformity of these materials in term of resistivity following the development of a contactless measurement technique for resistivity : TDCM. The study of the precipitates by IR microscopy allows the correlation between the resistivity and precipitate density and their volumetric fraction. The defect characterisation which was the object of chapter IV shows the influence of the deep levels on the electrical performance of the materials. Assignment attempts of some of the defects were carried out in comparison with those of the literature. Chapter V is devoted to the thermal treatments, a crucial stage for homogenising the electrical and physical properties of our materials. A study was performed to know the influence of the various thermal treatments on the macro and microscopic defects and consequently on the homogeneity of the electrical and physical properties of the materials. As a conclusion, an optimised annealing efficiency on the pixel detector matrices is presented in Chapter VI. In vivo tests of these matrices in biomedical applications have been carried out
Panagiotopoulou, Maria. "Organic-inorganic composite materials for specific recognition and optical detection of environmental, food and biomedical analytes." Thesis, Compiègne, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016COMP2315/document.
Full textThis thesis describes the state of the art in nanomaterials-based targeted bioimaging and introduces molecularly imprinted polymers, also termed ‘plastic antibodies’ as novel biorecognition agents for labeling and imaging of cells and tissues. In fundamental biology and medical diagnostics, there is a constant need to localize and quantify specific molecular targets. Abnormal glycosylation levels or distributions of hyaluronan or sialic acids on cells are indicators of infection or malignancy. In general, bioimaging with fluorescent probes enables the localization and qualitative or quantitative determination of these pathological biomarkers. However, no reliable tools for the recognition of glycosylation sites on proteins exist, because the commercially available antibodies or lectins have poor affinity and selectivity for these targets. In this context, tailor-made molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are promising synthetic receptor materials since they present a series of advantages over their natural counterparts such as the ease and low cost of preparation and their physical and chemical stability. Thus, MIPs could provide a robust and specific imaging tool for revealing the location/distribution, time of appearance and structure of glycosylation sites on/in cells, which would lead to a better insight of the tremendously diverse biological processes in which these molecules are involved. Herein, we describe the synthesis of water-compatible MIPs for the molecular imaging of hyaluronan and sialylation sites on cells and tissues. Since molecular imprinting of entire biomacromolecules like oligosaccharides is challenging, we opted for what is commonly called the ‘epitope approach’, which was inspired by nature. The monosaccharides, glucuronic acid and N-acetylneuraminic acid were imprinted, and the resulting MIPs were able to bind these molecules when present and accessible on the terminal unit of hyaluronan and sialylation sites. Fluorescent MIPs were synthesized as rhodamine-labeled nanoparticles and as MIP-coated InP/ZnS core-shell quantum dot (QD) particles. For the coating of the QDs, a novel versatile solubilization and functionalization strategy was proposed, which consists of creating polymer shells directly on QDs by photopolymerization using the particles as individual internal light sources. A standard immunostaining protocol was then successfully adapted for the application of the fluorescently labeled MIPs to image fixed and living human keratinocytes and skin tissues, by epifluorescence and confocal fluorescence microscopy. The results were comparable to those obtained with a reference method where staining was done with a biotinylated hyaluronic acid binding protein. Multiplexed and cancer cell imaging were also performed, demonstrating the potential of molecularly imprinted polymers as a versatile biolabeling and bioimaging tool. Although the MIPs were not cytotoxic at the concentrations used for bioimaging, in order to render them generally applicable in biomedicine, where toxicity of the polymerization precursors is a matter of concern, we suppressed the initiator, a toxic chemical. Initiator-free MIPs were thus synthesized by using monomers that can self-initiate under UV irradiation or heat. The specificity and selectivity of the obtained MIPs were as good as the ones prepared with initiators. In conclusion, we have demonstrated for the first time the great potential of MIPs as synthetic antibody mimics for bioimaging. The possibility to associate other functionalities such as QDs and additionally attach drugs to the same material appears rather straightforward due to the synthetic polymeric nature of MIPs, which paves the way to new potential applications in theranostics
Richard, Sophie. "Elaboration de nanoplateformes bimodales pour l’imagerie moléculaire des cancers." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCD099.
Full textEarly diagnosis of cancer and development of personalized medicine is a major challenge. These issues require the development of new tools which are able to target relevant biomarkers in order to access of diagnostic using imaging techniques. The objective of this work is to develop new contrast agents for molecular imaging of cancers. To this aim, the functionalized iron oxide nanoplateformes with caffeic acid were synthesized and coupled to an antibody labeled with a fluorophore. These nanoplateformes were characterized by different techniques and evaluated on in vitro and in vivo conditions. An improvement was made with the use of PEG chains and a novel antibody. Results of this work is the obtention of a T₂ MRI contrast agents targeting endothelin receptor. Using a new wayof synthesis, different sizes of iron oxide nanoparticles have been developed and coupled to apeptide for targeting the neoangiogenesis : the cycloRGD. These nanoparticles have proven to be excellent T₂ MRI contrast agents managing a passive targeting. Persistent luminescence nanoparticles were also synthesized. These 6 nm nanoparticles offer the advantage of limiting the absorption of luminescence by the tissues and prevent the excitation in situ, limiting the autofluorescence of the tissues. Finally, the combination of these two types of nanoparticles has been studied to obtain bimodal nanoparticles combining MRI and persistent luminescence imaging