Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Imagerie de résistivité électrique'
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Fargier, Yannick. "Développement de l'imagerie de résistivité électrique pour le reconnaissance et la surveillance des ouvrages hydrauliques en terre." Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ECDN0042.
Full textIn France, a large stock of hydraulic earth structures dedicated to producing hydroelectricity, to navigation and to water supplying generates substantial economic and security challenges. Regarding flood protection structures, there is no year without a failure and more than 70 incidents were recorded in 25 years by the French Committee on Large Dams. The DC-Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) method is very sensitive to soil state parameters and is widely accepted as one of the relevant geophysical methods for the survey and the monitoring of hydraulic earth structures. However, using ERI in a conventional manner is likely to yield image artifacts. This is due to the lack of information in the measured data and the fact that the full complexity of the problem and available a priori information are usually not accounted for. Therefore, new approaches of data acquisition and inversion have been developed. This development aims at filling the gap between more classical 2D and purely 3D approaches, by optimising a compromise between acquisition cost and model reliability. The research work has implied developing a finite element approach for the forward problem and a Gauss-Newton algorithm for the 3D inverse problem. Finally, experimental campaigns were conducted on both a semi-controlled embankment and a real hydraulic embankment in order to test and validate the developments in more realistic conditions. Outcomes indicate that interpretation capability and quality can be significantly enhanced by using these news approaches
Vion, Denis. "Caractérisation physico-chimique de couches minces de niobium déposées par pulvérisation magnétron sur la surface interne de cavités électromagnétiques accélératrices." Lyon, INSA, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ISAL0065.
Full textThe energy efficiency of niobium coated superconducting radio frequency accelerating cavities is a function of the electrical resistivity at low temperature in the normal conducting state. This resistivity depends on the nature and the number of the different kinds of defects introduced in the films during their growth by magnetron sputtering. Some films with a residual resistivity ratio (RRR) of about 60 deposited en annealed copper substrates, and some films with an RRR of about 20 deposited on non-annealed copper were produced simultaneously Variation measurement methods were used on both kinds of film in order to defect plays the major role in determining the resistivity. Transmission Electronic Micros shows that only those films with high RRR have their Nb grains epitaxially grown on the Cu. These grains are two to three times larger than those of low RRR films. X-Ray Diffraction measurements show that deformations and micro deformations are approximately the same in both kinds of sample. It is also the case for argon entrapment during growth, measured by Vacuum Hot Extraction. Interstitial impurities contents were too low to be measured. It is although clear that the resistivity of non-epitaxialy grown films is due to grain boundaries. Their specific resistivity is about 3-4. E (-16) Ohm meter square. 'This work shows that quality improvement of Nb films requires an optimisation of the CU substrate pre-treatment
Jodry, Clara. "Développements méthodologiques pour l’imagerie et le suivi temporel par méthodes géoélectriques des structures de protection contre les inondations fluviales ou les submersions marines." Nantes, 2016. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=866caffc-868f-436f-9d0b-01237b677612.
Full textThe diagnosis and monitoring of flood protection structures are major concerns. As part of the RS2EOSUNA project (Region Pays de la Loire), this thesis has contributed to this by methodological developments centered on electrical resistivity imaging (ERI), combined with other geophysical methods and direct observations (permanent instrumentation). The developments have been specifically applied to two sites in real conditions: an embankment levee along the Loire River near Saumur and a grey dune on the island of Noirmoutier. The first scientific objective of this work involved the characterization of the internal structure of the investigated objects. A recent approach in ERI, that takes into account the 3D effects without increasing the cost of the method relative to a conventional 2D approach, has been adapted and tested. On the levee, the approach has proven to be very effective. For the grey dune, the preliminary results on this natural site still show imaging challenges. The second objective concerned the monitoring, on different time scales, of changes in internal properties of the medium. We used optimized acquisition protocols and conventional 2D inversion methods. On the levee, the temporal changes described by ERI are consistent with the direct measurements of the parameters of the soil. For the grey dune, the temporal variations have proven to be of very low amplitude due to an extremely specific geological setting. The work is ends with a methodological comparison between the two sites and proposes future prospects for further research and improvement of the developed approaches
Legaz, Aurélie. "Imagerie et identification des signaux géophysiques distinctifs induits en surface par l'activité hydrothermale." Chambéry, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CHAMS008.
Full textThis thesis is a study into the structure and functioning of hydrothermal systems. We focused on two areas, Waimangu, New Zealand, and the Phlegrean Fields - Solfatara, Italy, that we observed with several geophysical methods. The first system was chosen owing to its strong dynamics, and because it seems to be purely hydrothermal, without any magmatic influence; the second one allowed the observation and the geophysical characterization of a shallow hydrothermal plume. Our study first aimed to recognize the large scale structure of the Waimangu hydrothermal system, and to characterize its main surface expressions, namely hot lakes, geysers, and fumaroles. For this purpose, we related the self-potential and the electrical resistivity methods to measurements of temperature and CO2 flux. We then concentrated on three small-scale laboratories : Iodine vent, Inferno Crater Lake, and the Old Geyser Site. These areas are different from each other in size and also in their water chemistry, which is a key parameter in the sensitivity of electrical methods. This range enabled us to implement acoustic and electrical imaging techniques on singular systems that have their own dynamics. At Iodine Pool, the implementation of recent imaging techniques from underwater acoustics allowed us to locate hydrothermal noise sources with high accuracy. The self-potential monitoring of an intermittent vent showed cyclic fluctuations that could be explained by a change in the hydraulic head. The joint application of acoustic and electrical imaging at the Old Geyser Site showed how these two techniques complement each other in defining the location of a hydrothermal structure that matches both acoustic and electrical sources. A third step consisted in the study of the geo-electrical signature of fluid movements that relate to the Inferno cyclic activity. Electrical resistivity monitoring highlighted that the observed lake fluctuations are characterized by notable electrical resistivity changes; these variations could be due to phase changes occurring at depth, and are in good agreement with analog modellings. The experiments that have been made at the Solfatara allowed us to image the hydrothermal plume with electrical methods (3-D resistivity tomography), acoustic and thermal measurements. We present the results from both electrical resistivity tomography and temperature data that allowed us to establish the boundaries of the hydrothermal plume
Taillet, Elodie. "Caractérisation des discontinuités dans des ouvrages massifs en béton par la diagraphie électrique de résistivité." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00982066.
Full textDupuis, Matthieu. "Processus de mise en place et évolution des systèmes de volcans de boue." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10057/document.
Full textThis doctoral work studies the mechanisms involved in the growth of mud volcanoes systems and the processes involved with their surface evolution. The study is based on a structural analysis using seismic data acquired on two anticlines located in the NW of the South Caspian Basin and on an extensive structural field work combined with a sub-surface imagery based on electrical resistivity and geochemical analysis on edifices located on the onshore in continuity of the Kura Basin (Azerbaijan). Mud Pie are edifices having a flat morphology induced by the occurrence of a reserve of liquid mud on surface that we call Superficial Chamber. The input of material from a shallow mud source induce the inflation of this chamber which, reaching the equilibrium, induces a compressional stress that deform the edifice and make it grow, following a model named “Pushing Walls”. Conical edifices are linked to deeper storage zones (Secondary Chamber) or even to the source of mud itself (Primary Chamber). The fluid source (water and gas) is clearly disconnected to the source of mud. Sedimentation plays a dominant role on mud volcano systems evolution allowing to seal the fluid migration paths, thus the formation of fluids overpressure, inducing an evolution by successive pulses leading to interlocked mud volcano systems: mud volcano systems complexes
Samyn, Kévin. "Imagerie de subsurface à partir d'une approche géophysique multi-méthode basée sur l'inversion coopérative 2 D : Nouvelle formulation théorique et applications numériques et expérimentales sur des données électriques et sismiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066612.pdf.
Full textUnderstanding geology from geophysical investigation is better when information is obtained from different kinds of data. A single method may not have sufficient resolution to provide the expected information. Joint inversion is a step forward to quantitatively combine data of different nature. Joint inversion may be considered in two different ways, petrophysical or structural. We may subdivide a joint inversion into two categories, joint inversion of data function of the same physical parameter, and cooperative inversion of data of different nature such as electrical and seismic data. In this work, we propose to combine a zonal cooperative inversion scheme with a Gauss-Newton method for minimizing the cost function. The basic idea of zonal cooperative inversion is to use cooperatively fuzzy c-means (FCM) classe analysis and separate inversion algorithm. For each iteration classe analysis of separate inversion results is used to construct models composed by several classes that contain the parameter characteristics of dominant subsurface structures. These constructed models are then used in the expression of the model space a priori covariance term in a new stage of separate inversion. The resulting models are then possibly biased to a priori models which depend on the number of classes. To overcome this problem, we formulate the inverse problem using a regularization parameter selected by an adapted L-curve method to weigh the impact of the a priori model on the solution when geology cannot be described by segmented models. The advantage of such a formulation is to avoid undesirable bias towards the starting model and leads to significantly improved spatial resolution for consistent prior information. Hence, the choice of the number of classe to create the a priori model is although less important. The developed methodology is tested and validated on two synthetic models. An experimental application is performed on real data acquired as part of a research survey of the National Agency for Radioactive Waste Management (Andra) for the characterization of a site of interest. Given the results of this application, the use of a cooperative approach for the inversion of electrical and seismic data allows the reconstruction of a more robust geological model, consistent with all the data. The variations of the parameters with depth are more precisely described using this approach
Nguyen, Tuan Anh. "Approches expérimentales et numériques pour l'étude des transferts hygroscopiques dans le bois." Thesis, Limoges, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIMO0034/document.
Full textIn civil engineering constructions, the development of timber structures requires today to managers works some diagnostic tools and monitoring systems to monitor pathologies (excessive deflections, cracks, biological attack, etc.) but also to control moisture content in the element sections. In the last context, the proposed work in this PhD thesis is the development of a tool for characterization of the moisture content map in the cross sections of structural elements. Studied method is based on the resistivity measuring, comprising a measuring head (resistivity meter) associated with many connected probes in a multiplexed system, and an inverse method implemented in a finite element software. In the first part, it is studied the techniques of characterization of diffusion properties in wood samples characterized by orthotropic and nonlinear behaviors according to average moisture content measurements (gravimetric method) and spatial profiles gamma densitometer measures. It is shown that the coupling of the two measurements provides the intrinsic properties with more reliability and more robustness. The second part deals with the development of an experimental protocol in order to achieve 1D and 2D mapping of the moisture content field in a cross section. The technique is based on the generalization of multiplexed resistivity geophysical methods used in the study of stratified soils with 2-dimensional geometries. The algorithm is based on the coupling between the resistivity measurements and an inverse multiplexed analysis implemented in a finite element code. The 1D solution provides spatial profiles which can replace gamma densitometer measures. For a selected section, 2D profiles allow estimating the moisture content field at any point and thus provide a time tracking of moisture profiles
Gresse, Marceau. "Imagerie géophysique (électrique et sismique) haute résolution et modélisation du système hydrothermal superficiel de la Solfatare de Pouzzoles, Italie du Sud. Application à l’étude des processus hydrothermaux." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAU035/document.
Full textThe Campi Flegrei caldera is located in the metropolitan area of Naples (Italy), and it is one of the largest volcanic systems on Earth. Since 1950, this volcanic complex shows significant unrest, which accelerated over the last decade with a rise in the seismic activity, ground deformation, and the extent of the degassing area. Recent studies indicate that the volcanic system is potentially moving toward a critical state, although their authors remain unable to point out when and where a possible eruption could take place. The difficulty of predicting the real volcanic state is here mainly related to the hydrothermal system. Indeed, at the Campi Flegrei, it is difficult to separate the magmatic input signal from the hydrothermal response. Hence, the aim of this thesis is to improve our knowledge on the shallow hydrothermal system of the Solfatara volcano, where most of the renewal activity takes place. A multidisciplinary approach has been performed in two steps: first a geophysical imagery of the volcano and second the modeling of its hydrothermal system.The 3-D electrical resistivity tomography of the crater allows to recognize the main geological units, and their connection with hydrothermal fluid flow features. The interpretation of the resistivity model has been realized thanks to numerous soil complementary measurements: CO2 flux, temperature, self-potential, Cation Exchange Capacity and pH. We identify two liquid-dominated plumes: the Fangaia mud pool and the Pisciarelli fumarole. In the Fangaia area, the comparison between electrical resistivity and velocity models reveals strong gradients related to a sharp transition at the border between the hydrothermal plume and the high diffuse degassing region. Combining electrical resistivity model with hydrothermal tremor sources localization reveal the anatomy of the main fumarolic area. Two separated conduits, gas-saturated, feed the two fumaroles Bocca Grande and Bocca Nuova. These conduits originate from the same gas reservoir located 60 m below the surface. The intense degassing activity, produced in the vicinity of fumaroles, creates large amounts of vapor condensation. The resistivity model reveals this condensate circulation, within a fractured area.All these results are incorporated into a multiphase flow model of the main fumarolic area. The simulation accurately reproduces the fumaroles observables: temperature, flux and CO2/H2O ratio. The model validates the geophysical imagery and confirms the interaction between Bocca Nuova fumarolic conduit and the condensate flow. Hence, this simulation explains for the first time the distinct geochemical signature of the two fumaroles due to a shallow water-interaction. The multidisciplinary approach performed in this thesis constitutes a new step toward a better understanding of hydrothermal interactions. Those phenomena have to be taken into account in order to perform dynamic modelling, and thus apprehend the real state of the volcanic system
Samyn, Kévin. "Imagerie de subsurface à partir d'une approche géophysique multi-méthode basée sur l'inversion coopérative 2 D : Nouvelle formulation théorique et applications numériques et expérimentales sur des données électriques et sismiques." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066612/document.
Full textUnderstanding geology from geophysical investigation is better when information is obtained from different kinds of data. A single method may not have sufficient resolution to provide the expected information. Joint inversion is a step forward to quantitatively combine data of different nature. Joint inversion may be considered in two different ways, petrophysical or structural. We may subdivide a joint inversion into two categories, joint inversion of data function of the same physical parameter, and cooperative inversion of data of different nature such as electrical and seismic data. In this work, we propose to combine a zonal cooperative inversion scheme with a Gauss-Newton method for minimizing the cost function. The basic idea of zonal cooperative inversion is to use cooperatively fuzzy c-means (FCM) classe analysis and separate inversion algorithm. For each iteration classe analysis of separate inversion results is used to construct models composed by several classes that contain the parameter characteristics of dominant subsurface structures. These constructed models are then used in the expression of the model space a priori covariance term in a new stage of separate inversion. The resulting models are then possibly biased to a priori models which depend on the number of classes. To overcome this problem, we formulate the inverse problem using a regularization parameter selected by an adapted L-curve method to weigh the impact of the a priori model on the solution when geology cannot be described by segmented models. The advantage of such a formulation is to avoid undesirable bias towards the starting model and leads to significantly improved spatial resolution for consistent prior information. Hence, the choice of the number of classe to create the a priori model is although less important. The developed methodology is tested and validated on two synthetic models. An experimental application is performed on real data acquired as part of a research survey of the National Agency for Radioactive Waste Management (Andra) for the characterization of a site of interest. Given the results of this application, the use of a cooperative approach for the inversion of electrical and seismic data allows the reconstruction of a more robust geological model, consistent with all the data. The variations of the parameters with depth are more precisely described using this approach
Mary, Benjamin. "Développement de l'imagerie des systèmes racinaires dans les ouvrages hydrauliques en remblai par tomographie électrique et acoustique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4386/document.
Full textWoody vegetation from earth dikes or dams is a fragility factor which can promote mechanisms of degradation such as erosion. An accurate assessment of root system structure, from geophysical non-destructive methods, of root position into the embankment (depth, extension), and a good knowledge of soil conditions are critical in order to anticipate the consequences of vegetation development for the hydraulic structure’s safety. Laboratory experiments allowed determining intrinsic acoustical and electrical root properties leading to identify relevant signatures and discriminate anomalies related to roots in the field. The establishment of adapted experimental devices led us progressively to assess different parameters (roots mass, water content. . . ) under controlled conditions. Experiments in semi-controlled conditions with trees planted into a homogenous soil, were conducted to assess the relevance of different methodologies, such as the use of temporal induced polarization in complex resistivity tomography or the geometry of sensors for acoustical tomography. Innovative data processing such as wavelet analysis were used to valorize the rich database. The results were validated by the determination of actual root position.Finally, field investigations into an embankment have been performed to highlight a spatial variability of dike structures associated with trees presence. A methodology adapted to the geophysical diagnostic of vegetation roots in embankments was developed
Vecchiola, Aymeric. "Développement d’une imagerie de résistance électrique locale par AFM à pointe conductrice en mode contact intermittent." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112058/document.
Full textThe atomic force microscope (AFM) allows to characterize with excellent spatial resolution samples of different types of surfaces and can be implemented in various environments. This versatility has encouraged the development of a large number of derivative technics, intended to investigate various local physical properties. The LGEP thus achieved a module, the Résiscope, capable of measuring the local electrical resistance on the surface of a sample polarized continuously, on a range of 11 decades. Developed in contact mode, where the tip continuously exerts a force on the sample, this technic works well on hard materials, but finds its limits on soft or fragile samples since under certain conditions, the tip can alter the surface. For such samples, an intermittent contact mode, in which the tip comes at regular intervals touch very briefly the surface, is more appropriate, but complicates the achievement of electrical measurements. The aim of this thesis was to overcome this difficulty by changing the Résiscope to be able to join the "Pulsed Force Mode", intermittent mode where the tip oscillates at a frequency of 100Hz to 2000Hz. Different hardware and software changes have been made to permit the detailed temporal monitoring of the electrical resistance signal to each make / break contact (necessary to review the phenomena related to intermittency), as well as to be able to work in acceptable scan speeds. For imaging, the best contrasts were obtained through an electronic timing and treatment taking into account the electrical resistance values at specific times.To test this new system, we have initially compared resistance and deflection curves we get by this mode with those considered classically in the force-distance curves mode. We then investigated the influence of main parameters (frequency and amplitude of oscillation, setpoint, coating of the tips, etc.) on the topographical and electrical measurements, using the HOPG as reference material. These tests resulted to highlight a nearly systematic delay of the electrical signal relative to the deflection signal (other than the Resiscope measure time), which we were not able to elucidate the origin. Once these knowledge acquired, we studied two types of organic samples, one in academic nature - Self-Assembled Monolayers of alkanethiols (SAMs), the other more applicative purpose – formed of thin layers of an interpenetrating network of two components (P3HT:PCBM) for photovoltaic cells. In both cases we have shown the relevance of the Resiscope tool in intermittent mode to obtain qualitative and quantitative information. In addition to these work on fragile materials, we conducted an annex study on a phenomenon of growth material of insulating nature found in special conditions on various hard materials, which has been interpreted as the friction polymer formation as a result of repeatedly nano-sliding associated with the deflection of the cantilever. These investigations were conducted under a CIFRE agreement with the Concept Scientific Instruments company, backed by the ANR MELAMIN» (P2N 2011) project
Vernet, Kinson. "Imagerie densitométrique 3D des volcans par muographie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UCFAC112.
Full textMuography is an imaging technique in particle physics where atmospheric muons passing through a target are used to determine information about the interior of the target : density distribution or chemical composition via the atomic number. Depending on the energy of the muons and the amount of matter they have to cross, some of them will survive and others will be stopped by the target. And, the diffusion of the muons depends, to a first approximation, on their momentum and the average atomic number along their flight path. Muography proposes, from the measurement of the transmission and/or diffusion of muons through a target, to provide information about its interior.There are currently two types of muography : transmission muography, where the transmitted flux of muons through the target is measured to infer the density distribution of that target, and diffusion muography, where the diffusion of muons through the target is used to determine the distribution of the atomic number of the target. This thesis discusses transmission muography in order to radiography volcanoes.In the case of transmission muography, a muon telescope is used to measure the transmitted flux of atmospheric muons through the target. This flux is, to a first approximation, a bijective function of the amount of matter encountered by the muons. The idea is to invert the measured number of muons into a density estimation of the target.There are other imaging methods in geophysics that can be used to reconstruct the density of a target. This is the case, for example, of gravimetry and seismic imaging. These so-called conventional methods have weaknesses. For these methods, the inversion problem is either ill-posed, i.e. there is no unique solution, or the solution presents large variations for small variations of the parameters on which it depends. A set of additional constraints are then added to remove the non-uniqueness.In muography however, the inversion problem is well posed and the solution is unique. Conventional geophysical methods alone cannot determine the density of a target. Combined with muography, they have great potential, either by providing other information on the rock and/or on the nature of the water, or by improving the accuracy of the target density reconstruction.Several experiments use the CSDA (Continuous Slowing Down Approximation) approximation to estimate the survival probability of muons through a target. Using this approximation, thus neglecting the stochastic character of the interaction of muons with matter, underestimates the muon survival probability and therefore induces systematic effects on the density reconstruction. In standard rock kilometers the effect is 3% - 8% depending on the modeling of the interaction of high energy muons with matter. In addition, a bad estimation of the background of the low momentum muons affecting the measurement of the signal results in an underestimation of the density of the target with respect to the gravimetry. This probably comes from the use of the analytical approximation to simulate the propagation of the muons through the target and the difficulty of rejecting in the measurement those with low momentum. For these reasons, in the Muon IMaging (MIM) experiment (where this thesis was conducted), we use a Monte Carlo treatment to simulate the muon transport through the target. In this case, we can accurately estimate the effet of these low momentum muons on the density reconstruction. One of the techniques used in our experiment, to make the low momentum muons scatter so that they can be statistically rejected, is to insert a thickness of lead between the telescope detection planes. (...)
Cacucci, Arnaud. "Croissance de multicouches périodiques métal/oxyde : relation structure / comportement électrique dans les systèmes à base de titane et de tungstène." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOS003/document.
Full textPeriodic multilayers have found many applications in the fields of optics, mechanics or electronics. However, few studies focus on the electrical responses of the metal/oxide periodic structures versus temperature. The interest of this work was focused on the characterization of the multilayers and their electrical properties versus temperature. In TiO/Ti/TiO/TiO2 and WO/W/WO/WO3 systems produced by the reactive gas pulsing process, sample structures were established by transmission electron microscopy for sublayers thicknesses between 1.3 and 50.8 nm. Then, this study highlights a modification of conventional electrical behavior versus temperature. An empirical relationship was established between the electrical resistivity variation and the metal/oxide periodic multilayer structures. The correlation between the operating conditions and the produced structure allows predicting the resistivity of these metal/oxide multilayer structures. Finally, this manuscript paves the way to a new periodic nanostructuration with the combined use of glancing angle deposition and gas reactive pulsing process to produce the first films composed by inclined columns and periodic metal/oxide alternations
Toquet, Fabien. "Study of the combined roles of the Silica/Oil/UHMWPE formulation and process parameters on morphological and electrical properties of battery Separators." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1014/document.
Full textThis work is devoted to understand the effect of the formulation and more specifically of the precipitated silica on the resistivity of the PE-separators. The PE-separators are designed for the lead-acid batteries. PE-separators are composed of precipitated silica, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) and organic oil. The first part of this work was to elaborate PE-separator models at a laboratory scale. Then, the factors impacting the structural and physico-chemicals properties of PE-separators were investigated. These factors are mainly the amounts of oil, precipitated silica, the grade of the precipitated silica, the temperature conditions of crystallization and the device used to elaborate the membrane. The influence of the amounts of oil and precipitated silica on the crystallization of the polyethylene wasthoroughly described showing that the oil helps to increase the final crystallinity of UHMWPE and that the silica plays a role of oil reservoir. Moreover, it was shown that the amount and the grade of precipitated silica have an influence on the wettable part of the porosity of the PE-separators. The coating of the pores by the precipitated silica is responsible of the wettability of the membranes by the electrolyte. Thus, an empirical parameter has been proposed in order to quantify the efficiency of the dispersion and distribution of the precipitated silica in the membrane. The more the membranes are wettable by the electrolyte the more the resistivity of the membranes is decreased. To finish, for a same amount of components and a same method of processing, it is possible to discriminate the efficiency of each grade of precipitated silica for the battery separator application
Nodot, Émilie. "Détection et caractérisation d'objets anthropiques par méthodes géophysiques et en particulier par méthode magnétique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAH019.
Full textLast three wars have left millions of tons of unexploded ordnance (UXO) in French subsoil. They put the population and the environment at risk. Geophysics and particularly the magnetic methods present some solutions to characterise and locate those generally magnetised objects. The multi-sensor magnetic cartography device designed at EOST has some faults. Consequently, (i) the production of a new digitizer, (ii) the acquisition of a new geo-spatial positioning system and (iii) the use of an extra sensor to correct the time-related variations of the magnetic field allow us to improve our cartography quality. Likewise, multi-altitude measurement allow us to optimise the time in relation to the wanted cartography definition. According to the approximation generally used in magnetism theory, the anomaly is insignificant compared to the regional magnetic field. At the same time as my previously described field work, a thorough study of the dipole theory, allowed me to evaluate that this approximation results in a non-negligible mistake reaching 16% of the anomaly. The inversion results are sensible to this mistake. Moreover, l've developed an algorithm based on Euler deconvolution and l've re-evaluated the method already used which is based on analytic signal. After I compared some of the inversion methods, the one based on the analytic signal seems to ascertain the better the object characteristics
Hoareau, Johan. "Utilisation d'une approche couplée hydrogéophysique pour l'étude des aquifères : application aux contextes de socle et côtier sableux." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10301.
Full textThe pertinence of any aquifer management plan relies o nthe knowledge of this system, and therefore on the information used to chearacterize it. The aim of this thesis is to quantify the improvement of this characterization when geophysical methods are used complementary to hydrogeological techniques. Two hydrogeological contexts have been selected for the study, as their characterization is often difficult while they gather important populations : cristalline hard rock aquifers, and the freshwater lens of sandy coastal aquifers. The results of a numerical study and its validation on two study site located in India reveal that the information brought by electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and magnetic resonance soundings (MRS) enable to precise the interpretation of pumping tests in hard rock areas. The uncertainly on transmissivity is reduced by an average of 39 % and by an average of 34 % for storativity. In a sandy coastal area, the combined use of water level measurements, Archie's law, time domain electromagnetism (TDEM) and MRS soundings enable to quantify the available freshwater volume. This volume would have been overstimated by 23 % with a more classical approach. Time lapse geophysics also enable to quantify the net recharge of the aquifer for 2008, as 142 mm (for a total rainfall of 2030 mm). As the site present an important geomagnetic field heterogeneity, a new protocol for the acquisition and the interpretation of MRS data has been tested and validated. It is based on the measurements of spin echo signals. It enables to constrain the estimation of water content on this site, which under-estimate by 29 % by the classicla protocol
Bourhane, Anli. "Méthodes d'investigation de l'intrusion marine dans les aquifères volcaniques (La Réunion et La Grande Comore)." Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0028/document.
Full textIn volcanic islands context, the aquifers of coastal areas have very strong heterogeneities related to their structure, the disparity of their recharge and the influence of the downstream boundaries (rocky coasts, detritic cones...). The works considered here consist to develop a methodology adapted to different hydrogeological configurations in the aim to better understanding the development of saltwater intrusions. Time series recording and geophysical investigations are carried out on various sites, with different hydrogeological conditions, on the west coast of Reunion Island and throughout Grande Comore Island. The groundwater observatory tested in the pilot study area of Reunion was exported to three others experimental sites situated in Grande Comore Island (Indian Ocean). The geophysical investigations reveal a very important lateral heterogeneity along the shoreline due to the existence of 3D volcanic structures such as palaeovalleys filled by recent lava flows. In coastal areas, these structures exert an important role towards the marine intrusion dynamics, like it was confirmed by numerical simulations. Time series recording has allowed the hydrodynamic characterisation of the coastal groundwater and has enhanced the understanding of low and high frequency variations of the groundwater resources quality
Touron, Frédérique. "Simulation numérique 2D des sondes de résistivité électrique en forage." Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30105.
Full textNodot, Émilie. "Détection et caractérisation d'objets anthropiques par méthodes géophysiques et en particulier par méthode magnétique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAH019/document.
Full textLast three wars have left millions of tons of unexploded ordnance (UXO) in French subsoil. They put the population and the environment at risk. Geophysics and particularly the magnetic methods present some solutions to characterise and locate those generally magnetised objects. The multi-sensor magnetic cartography device designed at EOST has some faults. Consequently, (i) the production of a new digitizer, (ii) the acquisition of a new geo-spatial positioning system and (iii) the use of an extra sensor to correct the time-related variations of the magnetic field allow us to improve our cartography quality. Likewise, multi-altitude measurement allow us to optimise the time in relation to the wanted cartography definition. According to the approximation generally used in magnetism theory, the anomaly is insignificant compared to the regional magnetic field. At the same time as my previously described field work, a thorough study of the dipole theory, allowed me to evaluate that this approximation results in a non-negligible mistake reaching 16% of the anomaly. The inversion results are sensible to this mistake. Moreover, l've developed an algorithm based on Euler deconvolution and l've re-evaluated the method already used which is based on analytic signal. After I compared some of the inversion methods, the one based on the analytic signal seems to ascertain the better the object characteristics
Bourreau, Lucas. "Diagnostic de corrosion sur ouvrage : fiabilité et aide à la décision." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT4083/document.
Full textThis thesis work aims at studying the reliability of the corrosion diagnosis of reinforced concrete structures located in coastal marine environment. As part of the Project DéCoF-Ré, several non-destructive measurements were carried out on the piers of the Ré bridge in France, including half-cell potentials of the reinforcement and electrical resistivities of the concrete. The reliability firstly focused on the on-site measurement protocol and, secondly, on the interpretation of the measured data, in particular according to factors influencing the measurement. The results showed that in the case of marine structures, interpretations based on texts or recommendations available in the literature, widely used for structures exposed to atmospheric environment, may lead to erroneous conclusions indicating an overestimated degradation of the structure. Indeed, the tidal phenomenon may induce areas without oxygen for which the measurements concluded the presence of “at risk” zones that did not necessarily resulted from the corrosion of the reinforcements. Based on a major experimental campaign performed on the structure, the influence of the tide (high or low), the tidal and the seasons on the measurements was studied and quantified. By subtracting these environmental and time effects to raw data, interpretation of the corrosion diagnosis has been improved a made more reliable. This was confirmed and validated by autopsies (destructive tests), revealing the real state of corrosion of the reinforcements. Finally, a prioritization of the zones to be repaired was suggested using management's tools
Toumi, Jihene. "Développement de systèmes polymères fonctionnels et caractérisation de leur résistivité électrique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25504.
Full textNowadays, the use of composites increases with the progress of research. From this context, this work has been prepared for the master project. The project objectives are addressing two issues that affect the determination and the improvement of the electrical resistivity of polymer blends. The first part focuses on the features of the fluorescence in the field of polymers. The carbon black is acting as quencher; it causes the decrease of the fluorescence intensity of the anthracene to turn it off completely for a percentage of 1% in the films and 4x10-3 mol/L of chloroform solution. The second part studies the effect of a thermoplastic elastomer, on the electrical resistivity of the composite polyvinylidene fluoride /polyethylene terephthalate/ carbon black/graphite. It was observed that the electrical resistivity of the blends decreases with increasing carbon black concentration and the addition of 5% and 7.5% of the elastomer.
Knider, Fatima. "Etude ab initio de la résistivité de l'aluminium, le sodium, le plomb et le manganèse en phase liquide." Metz, 2007. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2007/Knider.Fatima.SMZ0733.pdf.
Full textThe resistivity of four liquid metals (Al, Na, Pb and Mn) just above the melting point have been calculated from the optical conductivity expressed in the Kubo-Greenwood formalism. The numerical simulations have been carried out within the SIESTA code based on the framework of the finite density functional theory combined with molecular dynamics. A relatively modest supercell size suffices to obtain results better than 1% compared towards the experimental values. It stems from a faithful description of the density of states owing to the flexible basis set up of double-zeta plus polarization functions. In order to reach agreement with experiment it is essential for liquid Na to correct the non locality of the pseudopotential when the dipolar matrix elements are performed. Both a magnetic and a non magnetic solution have been evidenced for liquid Mn. The Ziman approach as well as the Greenwood-Kubo one show that the magnetic solution leads to the best agreement with the measured resistivity. The magnetic solution exhibits an antiferromagnetic ordering where each pair of neighbour atoms bears local magnetic moments pointing in opposite direction giving rise to zero magnetization over the cell. The convincing results obtained for Al, Na, Pb and Mn indicate that the SIESTA code is appropriate to study all types of liquid metals such as simple, polyvalent and transition elements
Naudet, Véronique. "Les méthodes de résistivité électrique et de potentiel spontané appliquées aux sites contaminés." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007727.
Full textGrellier, Solenne. "Suivi hydrologique des centres de stockage de déchet-bioréacteurs par mesures géophysiques." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066092.
Full textNaar, Samuel. "Evaluation non destructive du béton par mesures de résistivité électrique et thermographie infrarouge passive." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13161.
Full textTaillet, Elodie. "Caractérisation des discontinuités dans des ouvrages massifs en béton par la diagraphie électrique de résistivité." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/128.
Full textBrahmi, Ali. "Etude de la précipitation des carbures de fer en présence du manganèse et du nitrure d'aluminium dans les aciers extra-doux par mesure du pouvoir thermoélectrique." Lyon, INSA, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ISAL0103.
Full textThe achievement of thin sheets of low-carbon aluminium-killed steel of good quality is closely linked to the behaviour of the steel during the different heat and thermomechanical treatments occurring along the various process stages. The understanding of this behaviour and the knowledge of the influence of the different elements present in the steel on the evolution of the microstructure are of a primordial importance. The aim of this work is to improve the knowledges that have been already acquired concerning the thermoelectric power (TEP) sensitivity and the structural transformations which may be detected by this technic. So, two problems have been taken up : the manganese-carbon-carbides interaction and the aluminium nitride precipitation. Complementary investigation methods have been used : electrical resistivity, internai friction, hardness measurement, optical and electronic microscopy and microanalysis. Three steels with different manganese contents have been used to perform the study of the first problem. The results obtained show that the manganese content has no a particular effect on the precipitation kinetics of iron carbides, however, the migration of manganese from solid solution to the cementite particles has been made in evidence. Besides, the influences of manganese and of carbon both in solution on the TEP have been determined. The hypothesis of the formation of MnC complexes could not be confirmed. Concerning the second problem, a detailed study of the precipitation kinetics of AIN was carried out using a high purity Fe-Al-N alloy and allowed to define precisely the influences of aluminium and nitrogen in solid solution on the TEP
Lataste, Jean-François. "Évaluation non destructive de l'état d'endommagement des ouvrages en béton armé par mesures de résistivité électrique." Bordeaux 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR12609.
Full textSamouëlian, Anatja. "Analyse tridimensionnelle non destructive de la fissuration d'un sol cultivé à partir de mesures de résistivité électrique." Orléans, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ORLE2008.
Full textPeruzzo, Luca. "Geoelectrical approaches for characterizing soil geochemical processes and soil-root interactions." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BOR30015.
Full textIn this thesis I investigate some of the possibilities offered by the use of geoelectrical methods for characterizing soil geochemical processes and root-soil interactions. The motivation for this thesis arises from the pivotal role of soil quality and root-soil interactions in manifold environmental issues. In addition, there is growing evidence of the importance of mutual interactions between roots and soil, for this reason this thesis explores the use of geoelectrical methods for more comprehensive approaches. Both soil physicochemical processes and root-soil interactions involve, among others, the movement of water and solutes, altercations of the soil structure, and biological feedbacks. Geoelectrical methods are potentially sensitivity to these hydrogeological and biogeochemical modifications. The Spectral Induced Polarization (SIP) method was combined with geochemical analyses and modeling in order to investigate its sensitivity to pore fluid composition, pH, and ionic strength. In particular, the SIP signature of Na+/Cu2+ substitution was investigated because of their worldwide relevance for soil quality. The SIP investigation focused on saturated silica, and explored concentrations of Na+ and Cu2+ that are typical to agricultural soils exposed to the use of Cu pesticides. The results showed how pH and ionic strength were the main variables controlling the SIP signals, while negligible effects were related to the Cu/Na substitution. The concurrent use of chemical and geophysical laboratory experiments allowed a better characterization of the investigated complexation processes and significantly supported the interpretation of the SIP signals. The Electrical Resistivity Tomography and the Mise-A-La-Masse methods were combined to develop a novel approach for imaging the electric current pathways in the root-soil system. Since the current conduction in soil and roots is mostly electrolytic, the proposed approach relates to the movement of water and solutes within the root-soil system. The potential of the method for field investigations was explored with a set of experiments on a grapevine. In light of the promising results, the method was further developed and applied to rhizotron laboratory experiments on cotton and maize plants. The method proved to be sensitive to inter-species physiological differences and possibly to the plant response to environmental stressors. New experiments with physiological analyses of root tissues are needed to elucidate these aspects. Emerging technologies are strongly supporting to the diffusion of imaging and monitoring geoelectrical applications at the field-scale. In this promising context, the results of this thesis contribute to the development of geoelectrical approaches for studying soil and its mutual interactions with plant roots over relevant spatiotemporal scales
Barry, Thierno Saidou. "Effet de l’empilement des anodes de carbone pendant la cuisson sur leur densification et sur leur résistivité électrique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67908.
Full textNowadays, the only industrially applicable process to produce aluminum is known as the Hall-Héroult process. The process essentially uses carbon-based materials as electrodes (anodes and cathodes). The productivity and energy efficiency of the process is closely linked to the quality of the anodes (uniformity and properties variations). In this project, we studied different parameters that could influence the uniformity of the anode final properties by mainly determining their electrical resistivity. The baking process is the last step in the anode manufacturing process. This is a very critical step while the anodes undergo the most significant microstructural transformations giving them the properties required for their use in the Hall-Héroult process. During baking, the anodes are stacked in the furnace and baked according to predefined temperature profiles leading to the generation of mechanical stresses, due to stacking, combined with thermochemical transformations, due to the baking process. The consequence of this phenomena can lead to anisotropy in terms of anode internal properties. The hypothesis is that during baking, the upper anodes can exert an external pressure on the lower anodes, thus causing the rearrangement of the coke particles in the internal structure of the anode. This change could lead to a reduction in the distance between particles, possibly affecting the electrical resistivity. In this work, the variations in the electrical resistivity of a series of industrial anodes as a function of their position in the baking furnace were first examined. Then, through experimental work carried out in the laboratory, anode samples were fabricated and baked under different external pressures. Finally, their electrical resistivity was determined to establish a relationship between the applied mechanical force and the electrical resistivity.
Besson, Arlène. "Analyse de la variabilité spatio-temporelle de la teneur en eau des sols à l’échelle parcellaire par la méthode de résistivité électrique." Orléans, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ORLE2045.
Full textSchneider, Sébastien. "Estimation des paramètres hydrodynamiques des sols à partir d'une modélisation inverse de données d'infiltration et de résistivité électrique." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00459291.
Full textSchneider, Sebastien. "Estimation des paramètres hydrodynamiques des sols à partir d'une modélisation inverse de données d'infiltration et de résistivité électrique." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00398650.
Full textSchneider, Sébastien. "Estimation des paramètres hydrodynamiques des sols à partir d’une modélisation inverse de données d’infiltration et de résistivité électrique." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112337.
Full textThis thesis work aims to establish an inverse method for estimating soil hydraulic properties using infiltration data (during a disc infiltromètre experiment) and electrical resistivity data obtained in the wetting bulb zone. After introducing the method and suggesting it’s the relevance, we realized numeric study (synthetic data) for demonstrating the capability of the method to get a correct estimation of the hydraulic parameters (parameters of the Mualem-van Genuchten). Therefore maps of the objective function have been realized, and inversion scenarios have been tested. Three hydraulic parameters and two petrophysical parameters witch allow to convert by the Rhoades's law (1976) the soil electrical resistivity to the volumetric water content. The numerical study showed that the method is well suited for estimating the hydraulic parameters but not for the petrophysical parameters. The last chapter deals will real experiments and their associated numerical inversions. For the 3 soil textures tested, 4 inverse scenarios were realized. In comparison with other methods, we concluded, that, for the loamy soil case, the method has led to the correct estimations of the hydraulic parameters, but estimations on the Rhoades parameters is incorrect. The dispersivity is estimated with a large uncertainty. For the sandy soil estimations the hydraulic parameters and of the dispersivity are less accurate than for the loamy case. For the clay soil, hydraulic parameters are also estimated with a large uncertainty. The method, at this stage of development, seems to be more adapted for soils with medium texture
Gomez, Marin Enrique. "Etude du comportement de la résistivité électrique des monochalcogénures de plutonium et des alliages de plutonium et americium." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10018.
Full textNguyen, Anh Quan. "Evaluation non destructive du gradient de teneur en eau dans les structures en béton armé par résistivité électrique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30380/document.
Full textWe propose a new measurement procedure that allows drawing a resistivity curve as a function of the spacing between current electrode and potential electrode which is linked to the investigation depth and the water content gradient. The resistivity measurements above the rebars are performed and an inversion procedure to assess the resistivity gradient is carried out. For the experimental part two kinds of measurement are performed on concrete slabs (reinforced and unreinforced). Two gradient types are studied: drying and wetting. The presence of the reinforcement significantly decreases the measurement of the resistivity. The measurements show the interest of the proposed procedure for the study of the water content gradient. Two measurement results were considered in numerical analyses. The simulation shows that it is possible to assess the resistivity gradient and the electrochemical parameters of the rebar via the Butler-Volmer model
Gauvin, Guillaume, and Guillaume Gauvin. "Investigation de l'augmentation de la résistivité des barres collectrices utilisées dans les cuves d'électrolyse d'aluminium." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22906.
Full textLa durée de vie des cuves d’électrolyse d’aluminium peut atteindre jusqu’à 3000 jours. Pendant cette période, les blocs cathodiques subissent divers changements physico-chimiques qui pourraient entraîner une augmentation de la résistivité électrique. L'augmentation peut être due à la migration du carbone de la fonte à la barre d'acier, à l’écart géométrique entre le bloc cathodique et la fonte, la fissuration de la cathode, etc. Ce mémoire se concentre toutefois uniquement sur l'évolution de la résistivité électrique dans les barres collectrices. Pour révéler les principaux phénomènes responsables de l'augmentation de la résistivité électrique, des analyses chimiques, des tests de résistivité électrique et des métallographies ont été faits sur deux barres d’acier prises à partir de cellules Hall-Héroult après autopsies. La perte de tension ainsi que la température ont été mesurées sur 16 échantillons le long de chaque barre d’acier. La résistivité électrique peut atteindre 1,21μΩ-m pour une barre d'acier de 2505 jours.
Life span of aluminium smelting electrolysis cells can reach up to 3000 days. During this period, cathode blocks go under various physical and chemical changes that could result in an increase of electrical resistivity. The increase may be due to carbon migration from the cast iron to the steel bars, gap evolution between the cathode block and the cast iron, cathode cracking, etc. This thesis focuses, however, only the evolution of electrical resistivity of collector steel bars. To reveal the main phenomena responsible for the electrical resistivity increase, chemical analysis, metallographic and electrical resistivity tests were conducted on two steels bars picked up from two Hall-Héroult cells after their autopsies. Cathode voltage loss and temperature were measured using electrically insulated internal probes and thermocouples on 16 samples from each steel bar. Electrical resistivity can reach up to 1.21μΩ-m for a steel bar aged for 2505 days and it depends on temperature and carbon concentration.
Life span of aluminium smelting electrolysis cells can reach up to 3000 days. During this period, cathode blocks go under various physical and chemical changes that could result in an increase of electrical resistivity. The increase may be due to carbon migration from the cast iron to the steel bars, gap evolution between the cathode block and the cast iron, cathode cracking, etc. This thesis focuses, however, only the evolution of electrical resistivity of collector steel bars. To reveal the main phenomena responsible for the electrical resistivity increase, chemical analysis, metallographic and electrical resistivity tests were conducted on two steels bars picked up from two Hall-Héroult cells after their autopsies. Cathode voltage loss and temperature were measured using electrically insulated internal probes and thermocouples on 16 samples from each steel bar. Electrical resistivity can reach up to 1.21μΩ-m for a steel bar aged for 2505 days and it depends on temperature and carbon concentration.
Fiorentino, Eve-Agnès. "Phénomènes électrocinétiques et transport multiphasique en milieux poreux." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAH008/document.
Full textThe electrokinetic coefficient is simulated in a large range of salinities using the Lattice Boltzmann method in a 2-D channel. The effect of permittivity and viscosity is discussed. The validity of the Helmholtz Smoluchowski equation using strong zeta potentials is assessed. A model of bulk fluid conductivity is derived, taking into account the local variations of conductivity which have a significant impact in the presence of polyvalent counterions. Extended to unsaturated conditions, the model shows that the electrical charge density associated to the air-water interface is a key component. The coefficient shows a non monotonous behaviour, with an enhancement compared to the saturated state. The magnitude of this enhancement depends on the dynamic state of the bubbles, moving or entrapped. The multiphase transport aspect is associated to a numerical study of the influence of the sample geometry on the measurement of the capillary pressure / saturation relationships used in hydrology
El, Baroudi Majid. "Auscultation du pergélisol par méthodes géo-électriques : tomographie de polarisation provoquée, diagraphie et tomographie de résistivité électrique en forages." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29864.
Full textIn Nunavik (Québec), frost-susceptible marine sediments were deposited along the coasts of Hudson Bay and Ungava Bay after their deglaciation and during the subsequent marine transgression. Following the postglacial emersion due to the isostatic uplift, the marine deposits came in contact with the cold air and ice-rich permafrost formed in these deposits. Therefore, the Inuit communities located along the coasts of Nunavik may be built on ice-rich permafrost and their infrastructures may be vulnerable to permafrost degradation. This vulnerability may impact the sustainable development of these communities affecting the performance, maintenance costs and service life of their infrastructures. In answer to the needs of efficient permafrost investigation in cold regions engineering to avoid zones vulnerable or use mitigation method to permafrost degradation, the main goals of this doctoral research project are: 1) to assess a conceptual geocryological model of an ice-rich permafrost mound in the discontinuous permafrost zone in Nunavik from the interpretation of five cone penetration tests carried out in the mound, 2) taking into account the previous model and using the forward modelling approach in geophysics, to develop an innovative geophysical approach based on different geo-electrical methods for permafrost investigation, 3) to test this geophysical approach for the characterization of the previous ice-rich permafrost mound, and 4) to contribute to knowledge development on the geocryology of permafrost mounds in Nunavik. The study site is located in a deep valley near the Inuit community of Umiujaq along the east coast of Hudson Bay. Permafrost environments characteristic of Nunavik such as ice-rich permafrost mounds are found in this valley which is accessible from this community. The research methodology consists in using the forward modelling approach in geophysics taking into account the conceptual geocryological model of the studied ice-rich permafrost mound to design the geophysical investigation based of induced polarization tomography and electrical resistivity logging. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional induced polarization tomography and electrical resistivity logging were then performed of the study site. Unidimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional models of electrical resistivity and chargeability of the study site were found from the inversion of these geo-electrical surveys. The conceptual geocryological model was then improved by interpretating these geo-electrical models. The ice-rich core of the permafrost mound was accurately delineated using this geophysical approach. In conclusion, the geo-electrical investigation approach developed herein for the two-dimensional and three-dimensional characterization of ice-rich permafrost environments can be used to delineate zones vulnerable to permafrost degradation before the construction of northern infrastructures or along existing infrastructures to assess their vulnerability.
Sirhan, Asal. "Méthodes électrique et électromagnétique d’exploration rapide du sous-sol : application à l’hydrogéologie et nouveau développement instrumental." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066528.
Full textMedina, Bañuelos Verónica. "Représentation tridimensionnelle de l'activité électrique cérébrale." Compiègne, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991COMPD432.
Full textAssi, Jean Patrice. "Contribution de la tomographie électrique 3D à la détermination de la variabilité spatiale du sol à l'échelle décimétrique : application au suivi des phénomènes d'infiltrations rapides." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066064.
Full textGuissi, Guillaume Claver. "Contribution à l'étude des corrélations entre les variations de résistivité électrique et les variations de la résistance à la compression." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2004. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1249.
Full textSrayeddin, Iyad. "Transferts hydriques sol-plante et extraction racinaire : une approche de la spatialisation des prélèvements hydriques par tomographie de résistivité électrique." Avignon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AVIG0617.
Full textA better knowledge of the functioning of water uptake by plant roots is necessary in order to optimize agricultural water resources management. To this respect, the understanding of the acquisition of soil water by root systems is an important objective of agronomical research. However, characterization of water transfer in the soil-plant system and the spatialization of water uptake at the field scale are still problematic and challenging. Soil - plant environment is a complex system, varying in time and space. The depletion of soil water in the rooted zone is controlled by soil, plant and climatic factors. In order to spatialize the water uptake at the plant’s population scale, methodologies and proxy variable allowing an estimation of water extraction and its variability are highly needed. This would reflect simultaneously the overall and spatial heterogeneity of the population and its growing medium. To this aim, we used the Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) as an alternative approach to the classical methods of water measurements (local soil water balance) for estimating root water uptake. ERT results in a spatial estimation of soil electrical resistivity, the latter being related to the variability of soil water content. 2D or 3D imaging of soil electrical resistivity and its variations with time are related to water content variations as well as water extraction distribution in soil. This experimental study aims at evaluating ERT for spatializing water uptake at the field scale with various plants and different levels of water availability. Three types of plant (Maize, Sorghum and Broad bean) were selected because they exhibit different root systems morphologies and /or and water extraction capacities. These crops were subjected in the field to three levels of water availability ranging from rain fed to full irrigation. Water extraction and its variability, at the field scale, was estimated firstly by a “direct” approach which empirically links the temporal difference in soil electrical resistivity and the uptake. Secondly, an “indirect” more general approach, using in situ calibration between soil electrical resistivity and water content into a spatialized water balance calculation has been used. The water uptake images resulting from these estimations show high spatial and temporal variation of water uptake. The estimation of root water uptake at field scale by ERT is thus possible. However, this spatial estimation can be more or less severely restricted by different constraints which are related to: ERT sensitivity (decrease of ERT sensitivity with depth, accuracy of the in situ water content-resistivity calibration relationship: RMSE ~ 0. 03 cm3. Cm-3), the type of ERT measurement setup (decrease of resolution with depth with a surface array) and to the environmental conditions (problems for ERT measurements in dry and clay soil: decrease of soil-electrode contact and increase of soil heterogeneity due to soil cracking). This work contributes to a first methodological step, showing the possible use of ERT for spatializing and quantifying the spatial variations of root water uptake, if soil hydrodynamic data are available. More globally, this work traces new developments in the understanding of the spatial heterogeneity of root water uptake in relation with soil properties and root system growth
Savard, Catherine. "Imagerie électrique de la sous-fondation pergélisolée des pistes d'atterrissage au Nunavik." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23595/23595.pdf.
Full textSavard, Catherine, and Catherine Savard. "Imagerie électrique de la sous-fondation pergélisolée des pistes d'atterrissage au Nunavik." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18689.
Full textLe climat du Nunavik s'est réchauffé de près de 3 [degré]C entre 1990 et 2000. Ce réchauffement climatique affecte le régime thermique et la stabilité du pergélisol. Des impacts de ce réchauffement touchent les pistes d'atterrissage du Nunavik, lien vital entre les communautés nordiques et le sud du Québec. Il est donc fondamental de connaître les conditions physiques du pergélisol sous ces infrastructures pour anticiper les impacts du réchauffement climatique prévu pour le prochain siècle aux hautes latitudes. À cette fin, l'auscultation non destructive des milieux physiques à l'aide de méthodes géophysiques est une avenue intéressante. Des profilages de résistivité électrique avec un système couplé capacitivement et des levés de géoradar ont été réalisés le long des pistes d'atterrissage des communautés de Tasiujaq, Aupaluk, Kangirsuk et Quaqtaq en Ungava. Intégrés ensemble, l'interprétation des résultats des deux méthodes géophysiques a permis de produire une coupe stratigraphique du remblai de piste et des conditions de pergélisol sous chaque piste.
Buvat, Solène. "Caractérisation de l'organisation spatiale de la couverture pédologique par mesure de la résistivité électrique : application à la cartographie des sols en contexte agricole." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066497.
Full textThe increasing importance of environmental issues has led to a renewed interest in soils. Soils are subjected to numerous hazards that may threaten their quality and affect their properties. An optimal management and protection of soils goes through an accurate knowledge of their spatial variability. The goal of the presented work is to make use of electrical survey data through relying on the discriminating power of electrical resistivity towards the different horizons composing the soil cover in order to characterize their geometrical and typological properties. First of all, modeling of multi-depth electrical resistivity measurements was performed in order to define an optimal survey strategy and assess the efficiency and limitations of electrical method. The experimental study of a trench dug along several metres, including soil sampling and resistivity measurements, permitted us to characterize the vertical and lateral variability of the soil cover’s horizons. Relationships between electrical resistivity and pedological properties such as mass water content, volume water content or soil bulk density were established. Finally, a new and original method for exploiting data generated by multi-depth electric resistivity survey was put forward. The method is based on the confrontation of geophysical and pedological taxonomies, and on the mapping of vertical apparent resistivity profiles. It allowed finding back soil cartographic unit outlines that were coherent with the previously available soil map. This approach is a valuable tool for studying soil cover spatial variability and has potential for setting up a (semi-)automated method of soil mapping
Jardani, Abderrahim. "Nouvelles approches géophysiques pour l’identification des dolines et des cavités souterraines dans un contexte karstique." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUES045.
Full textThe self-potential method has strongly evolved during the last few years. In this Ph-D thesis, We have investigated the usefulness of this method in the context of karstic hydrogeology. Our goals were (1) to test its efficiency to map the pattern of trensient aquifers in the shallow subsurface and (2) to use this method to locate preferential drainage pathways associated with areas of preferential dissolution of the undrlying chalk formation (sinkholes and crypto-sinkholes). The sinkholes are indeed preferential ground water flow pathways that channels the shallow ground waters inside the deep aquifer located in the chalk formation at depth. We suceesfully located sinkholes from their self-potential signature evidencing the localization of preferential drainage pathways. Self-potential maps were obtained during the rainy season (spring) and the dry season (summer). These maps reveal the relationships between the hydrodynamics of the shallow ground water flow on one side and the hydroelectrical parameters of the vadose zone and the seld-potential measurements obtained at the ground surface on the other side. These measurements confirm that the downward percolation of the ground water and the evapotranspiration in the vadose zone yield negative and positive self-potential signatures at the ground surface, respectively. In the field of engineering, we have developed a new application of the self-potential method to the detection of caves. Indeed, in Haute-Normandie (France), there are thousands of abandonned anthropic caves over the chalk plateau The development of a simple method to locate these abandonned caves was a really challenge for the geophysicists. We have demonstrated the usefulness of the self-potential method to detect the roof of the cavities because of the impact of the cavities on the geometry of the flow of the ground water and the electrical resistivity contrast between the cavity and the surrounding sedimentary formations. We have been working also on the inversion of self-potential signals made at the ground surface of the Earth and associated with groundwaer flow at depth (streaming potential). We have developed 3D algorithms to invert the self-potential response in term of geometry of the water table corresponding to the piezometric surface of the nunconfined aquifer. We have also demonstrated that the self-potential method can be combined with other geophysical methods, like low-frequency electromagnetic methods (EM31 and EM34), and jointly inverted