Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Imagerie en direct'
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Hassan, Mohamed. "Imagerie géoélectrique tri-dimensionnelle en contexte volcanique." Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2011.
Full textElectrical imaging (or electrical tomography) is a multidimensional imaging of intrinsic electrical properties of the geolocical environment. In geophysics, this technique allows to convert surface or sub-surface electric data into interpretable images in geological terms. Electrical imaging is frequently used in different fields (hydrogeology, civil engineering, environment, archeology) in a two-dimensional (2d) approach. Assuming the two-dimensional object, this approach may not properly describe the imaged object since most geological structures are three-dimensional (3d). Hence, as the data contain information about the existence of possible 3d structures, an alternative to 2d electrical imaging in order to extract the maximum information from the data is to use a 3d approach. Moreover, for a medium with complex geometry, for example a volcanic environment, a 3d approach is essential. The first part of this dissertation is devoted to methodological development of a 3d modeling tool (direct and inverse) to interpret electrical data collected with undefined distribution of Schlumberger array. A procedure in geophysical interpretation consists of solving two problems: the direct problem and thee inverse problem. In this study, our interpretation algorithm uses a program to solve the direct problem using finite difference. For the minimization part we used a variant of maximum slope method to determine a solution of the inverse problem without the computation of the sensitivity matrix. This 3d interpretation tool is tested and validated wite synthetic data. Then we have applied the technique to real data collected at a large scale (km) on the Djibouti plain. The resulting resistivity models obtained by the 3d inversion of the field electrical data are interpreted in hydrogeological terms. The results highlight conductive units probably brackish water reservoirs isolated by resistive NW-SE structures. The second part of this dissertation deals with an application at a smaller scale, at a Hydrological Experimental Site (SEH) set up within the framework of the Mawari project, on the plain of Djibouti city. A high resolution electrical imaging survey was carried out to understand some characteristics of the aquifer of Djibouti City and the origin of the invasive brackish water. Data collected on this experimental site were interpreted by a 2D and 3D inversion approach using commercial inversion codes (Res2dinv and Res3dinv). The results revealed the presence of a small basin oriented SW-NE which geometry is controlled by a near surface SW-NE fault. The resistivity models obtained also highlighted a conductor in-depth which we associated to a brackish water aquifer. This brackish water aquifer is very localized in the SEH and its reservoir is mainly composed of very porous scoria
Randriantsoa, Daorolala Alexandre. "Estimation du mouvement fondée sur un schéma direct et rétrograde : application à la segmentatio." Bordeaux 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR12562.
Full textBujoreanu, Denis. "Échographie compressée : Une nouvelle stratégie d’acquisition et de formation pour une imagerie ultrarapide." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEI098/document.
Full textIt is beyond doubt that the relative low cost of ultrasound scanners, the quick procedure and the ability to image soft biological tissues helped ultrasound imaging to become one of the most common medical diagnostic tools. Unfortunately, ultrasound still has some drawbacks when compared to other medical imaging techniques mainly in terms of the provided image quality and details. In the quest for an improved image quality, usually, the price to pay is the drop in the frame acquisition rate. This deep rooted trade-off between the provided image quality and the acquisition time is perhaps one of the most challenging in today’s ultrasound research and its overcoming could lead to diagnostic improvements in the already existing ultrasound applications and even pave the way towards novel uses of echography. This study addresses the previously stated trade-off. Through a mix of such concepts as plane wave imaging, multiple-input /multiple-output systems and inverse problems, this work aims at acquiring ultrasound images of the insonified tissue simultaneously, thus providing an increased frame rate while not degrading the image quality. Through this study we came up with a mathematical model that allows modelling the ultrasound wave propagation inside soft tissues. This model was used to review a great number of existing ultrasound acquisition schemes and to expose their advantages and drawbacks. We proposed to overcome the image quality / frame rate trade-off by using temporally encoded ultrasound waves emitted simultaneously, and the generated direct model enabled the use of different inverse problem approaches in order to reconstruct the pulse-echo impulse response of the insonified medium and thus its image. Moreover, we further improved the direct model, which allowed us to directly link the backscattered echoes to the position / magnitude of the scatterers inside the imaged medium. The results yielded by the inverse problem approaches based on the former model put us face to face with state of the art method that not only increase the image quality several times in terms resolution and speckle coherence but also provide a boost in frame acquisition rate
Milli, Julien. "Caractérisation des disques de débris par imagerie directe et haute résolution angulaire : les performances de NaCo et SPHERE." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENY048/document.
Full textOver the last two and a half decades, the discovery of more than 1800 exoplanets has been a major breakthrough in our understanding of planetary systems. To shed light on the formation and evolution processes of such systems, I have chosen an observational approach based on the study of debris discs. These circumstellar discs are composed of dust particles constantly generated by collisions of small rocky bodies called planetesimals, orbiting a main-sequence star. The stellar light they scatter can be studied from the Earth and reveal a wealth of information on the architecture of the system. These observations are challenging because of the high contrast and the small angular separation between the disc and the star. The recent developments of new high-contrast instruments with extreme adaptive optic systems are therefore bringing new expectations for the study of these systems and set the framework of this PhD thesis. My work aims at characterising debris discs thanks to two instruments installed on the Very Large Telescope: NaCo and SPHERE (Spectro Polarimetric High contrast Exoplanet REsearch). NaCo has been in operation for more than a decade and has undergone many improvements. SPHERE has been designed and assembled in the same period, was intensively tested in laboratory in 2013, and is currently being commissioned on the telescope. The innovative approach of this PhD work is to combine the study of debris discs with strong instrumental expertise to get the best science results from the observations. The first part of the study aims at developing innovative data reduction techniques adapted to the observations of discs in scattered light and to the behaviour of the instrument. I quantify in particular the performances, advantages, and biases of the angular, polarimetric and reference-star differential imaging technique. In a next step, I apply those techniques to characterise two prototypes of debris discs, around the stars beta Pictoris and HR 4796A. A detailed analysis of the morphology is carried out, which reveals new asymmetries interpreted in terms of gravitational perturbers or of dust scattering properties. Lastly, I detail the expected and measured performances of SPHERE, from simulations, laboratory and on-sky measurements. A comparison with NaCo reveals the assets of SPHERE and I conclude with the scientific questions SPHERE will be able to answer with new debris disc observations
Zurlo, Alice. "Characterization of exoplanetary systems with the direct imaging technique : towards the first results of SPHERE at the Very Large Telescope." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4721/document.
Full textIn the year of the 20th anniversary of the discovery of the first extrasolar planet we can count more than 1800 companions found with different techniques. The majority of them are indirect methods that infer the presence of an orbiting body by observing the parent star (radial velocity, transits, astrometry). In this work we explore the technique that permits to directly observe planets and retrieve their spectra, under the conditions that they are bright and far enough from their host star. Direct imaging is a new technique became possible thanks to a new generation of extreme adaptive optics instruments mounted on 8m class telescopes. On the Very Large Telescope two instruments dedicated to the research for exoplanets with direct imaging are now operative: NACO and SPHERE. This thesis will describe the development and results of SPHERE from its predecessor NACO to its integration in laboratory and the final on sky results
Billotey, Claire. "Etude des propriétés des nanoparticules magnétiques anioniques pour l' application au marquage cellulaire direct et la détection in vivo par imagerie par résonance magnétique." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077015.
Full textEl, Khalifa Moulay Ahmed. "Amélioration de la qualité des images en tomographie microonde : contribution à une imagerie quantitative." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112203.
Full textRatovoson, Domoina. "Propriétés thermomécaniques de la peau et de son environnement direct." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00716268.
Full textLei, Ming. "Imagerie 3D d'impédance bioélectrique : problème direct, problème inverse : détermination des lignes de courant en 3D et application de la méthode de la matrice de sensibilité pour la reconstruction d'une image en 3D dans un volume conducteur inhomogène sphérique." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT010H.
Full textGharsalli, Leila. "Approches bayésiennes en tomographie micro-ondes : applications à l'imagerie du cancer du sein." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112048/document.
Full textThis work concerns the problem of microwave tomography for application to biomedical imaging. The aim is to retreive both permittivity and conductivity of an unknown object from measurements of the scattered field that results from its interaction with a known interrogating wave. Such a problem is said to be inverse opposed to the associated forward problem that consists in calculating the scattered field while the interrogating wave and the object are known. The resolution of the inverse problem requires the prior construction of the associated forward model. This latter is based on an integral representation of the electric field resulting in two coupled integral equations whose discrete counterparts are obtained by means of the method of moments.Regarding the inverse problem, in addition to the fact that the physical equations involved in the forward modeling make it nonlinear, it is also mathematically ill-posed in the sense of Hadamard, which means that the conditions of existence, uniqueness and stability of the solution are not simultaneously guaranteed. Hence, solving this problem requires its prior regularization which usually involves the introduction of a priori information on the sought solution. This resolution is done here in a Bayesian probabilistic framework where we introduced a priori knowledge appropriate to the sought object by considering it to be composed of a finite number of homogeneous materials distributed in compact and homogeneous regions. This information is introduced through a "Gauss-Markov-Potts" model. In addition, the Bayesian computation gives the posterior distribution of all the unknowns, knowing the a priori and the object. We proceed then to identify the posterior estimators via variational approximation methods and thereby to reconstruct the image of the desired object.The main contributions of this work are methodological and algorithmic. They are illustrated by an application of microwave imaging to breast cancer detection. The latter is in itself a very important and original aspect of the thesis. Indeed, the detection of breast cancer using microwave imaging is a very interesting alternative to X-ray mammography, but it is still at an exploratory stage
El, Kanfoud Ibtissam. "Résolution de problèmes de rayonnement électromagnétique appliqués à l’imagerie médicale avec FreeFEM++." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4000/document.
Full textThe use of microwaves for diagnosis is booming in the medical field. One of the latest applications is the detection of strokes by microwave imaging. The company EMTensor GmbH based in Vienna, Austria is currently studying such a system in collaboration with LEAT, the LJAD of the Côte d’Azur University and the LJLL of Sarbonne University, for the diagnosis and control of the treatement efficiency. The purpose of this work is to model the brain imaging measurement system developed by EMTensor GmbH. It is a transmission/ reception system consisting of 160 antennas arranged in 5 rings of 32 antennas distributed on a cylinder metal tank of semi-open circular section. One of the major issues of this work is the modeling and electromagnetic simulation (EM) of the complete system including a realistic brain model. The difficulty lies both in the size of the EM problem to be simulated beacause of the relationship between the considerable size of the system and the the very small size of certain inhomogeneities within the brain, and the great heterogeneity of the dielectric permittivities present inside the brain. We decided to use an open source software, FreeFem++ for this modelling because it is well adapted to high performance computing through domain decomposition methods, which is mandatory for the complexity of the EM problem. First, we compared the simulation results of the vacuum matching measurement system (without the brain) to the measurements and the results obtained by the FEM-based EM HFSS simulation software to those obtained by FreeFem++. We then simulated a virtual threedimensional head model, from brain imaging system cuts (CT scan and MRI), in partnership with EMTensor, looking for the position and type of stroke (ischemic and hemorragic). The influence of the measurement noise, the value of the adaptation gel used, the coupling between the sensors and the coupling between the head and the sensors are also studied. In order to validate these models, two simple cases have been studied. A large tube and a small plastic tube are fielld with adaptation liquid with the dielectric characteristic of a brain to find the shape of the tubes used by qualitative imaging. Finally, with the MEDIMAX project partners and the EMTensor company we applied a quantitative method to the detection of ischemic stroke by the microwave tomography. The direct problem has been solved with the help of FreeFem++, using hight order elements and parallel preconditioners for the domain decomposition method. We solved the inverse problem by a minimization algorithm, in order to reconstruct tomographic images of the brain in times compatible with medical imperatives defined by clinicians.”
Lagueux, Émilie. "Efficacité thérapeutique de l’ajout de la stimulation transcrânienne par courant direct (tDCS) à l’imagerie motrice progressive (IMP) pour le traitement du syndrome douloureux régional complexe (SDRC) de type I." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8040.
Full textFonteneau, Clara. "Impact of a single frontal transcranial direct current stimulation on the dopaminergic network in healthy subjects." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1079/document.
Full textTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is used to modulate neuronal activity in the brain. It consists in applying a small constant current between two electrodes placed over the scalp. Two frontal tDCS montages have shown promises in modulating cognitive abilities and/or helping to alleviate clinical symptoms. However, the effects of tDCS on brain physiology are still poorly understood. The aim of this thesis work was to clarify brain mechanisms underlying frontal tDCS in healthy subjects, specifically in relation to the dopaminergic system. Using a double blind sham-controlled design, we combined a single session of tDCS online with several imaging techniques (PET or simultaneous PET-MRI) with the subject at rest. A first study (n=32, 2mA, 20min) showed that bifrontal tDCS induced an increase in extracellular dopamine in the ventral striatum, involved in the reward-motivation network, after the stimulation period. A second study (n=30, 1mA, 30min) showed that fronto-temporal tDCS induced an increase in extracellular dopamine in the executive part of striatum as well as a decrease in perfusion in a region part of the default mode network (DMN), after the stimulation period. The data analysis of this study is still ongoing. Overall, the present work provides evidence that a single session of frontal tDCS impacts the dopaminergic system in regions connected to the stimulated cortical areas. Therefore, levels of dopamine activity and reactivity should be new elements to consider for a general hypothesis of brain modulation by frontal tDCS
Bor, Julie. "Une nouvelle approche de la physiopathologie de la schizophrénie : imagerie des modifications cérébrales biochimiques et fonctionnelles induites par des thérapeutiques non pharmacologiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10147.
Full textDespite the development of new generation antipsychotic drugs, some symptoms of schizophrenia do not respond to these treatments. Based on the pathophysiological hypothesis underlying these symptoms, new therapies such as cognitive remediation therapy and neurostimulation techniques have been developed. This approach remained essentially clinical. In this work, the study of biological mechanisms tending benefits of these non-pharmacological treatment has allowed us to test these pathophysiological hypotheses. Functional MRI (fMRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) were used to investigate the effects of cognitive remediation therapy (CRT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). We demonstrated (1) that CRT modifies cerebral activations during a working memory task in patients with schizophrenia, (2) that TMS modifies brain biochemistry of the stimulated area and of deep brain regions in a patient with schizophrenia and (3) that tDCS modifies the functional connectivity in resting state networks of healthy volunteers
Hadj-Youcef, Mohamed Elamine. "Spatio spectral reconstruction from low resolution multispectral data : application to the Mid-Infrared instrument of the James Webb Space Telescope." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS326/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with an inverse problem in astronomy. The objective is to reconstruct a spatio-spectral object, having spatial and spectral distributions, from a set of low-resolution multispectral data taken by the imager MIRI (Mid-InfraRed Instrument), which is on board the next space telescope James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The observed multispectral data suffers from a spatial blur that varies according to the wavelength due to the spatial convolution with a shift-variant optical response (PSF). In addition the multispectral data also suffers from severe spectral degradations because of the spectral filtering and the integration by the detector over broad bands. The reconstruction of the original object is an ill-posed problem because of the severe lack of spectral information in the multispectral dataset. The difficulty then arises in choosing a representation of the object that allows the reconstruction of this spectral information. A common model used so far considers a spectral shift-invariant PSF per band, which neglects the spectral variation of the PSF. This simplistic model is only suitable for instruments with a narrow spectral band, which is not the case for the imager of MIRI. Our approach consists of developing an inverse problem framework that is summarized in four steps: (1) designing an instrument model that reproduces the observed multispectral data, (2) proposing an adapted model to represent the sought object, (3) exploiting all multispectral dataset jointly, and finally (4) developing a reconstruction method based on regularization methods by enforcing prior information to the solution. The overall reconstruction results obtained on simulated data of the JWST/MIRI imager show a significant increase of spatial and spectral resolutions of the reconstructed object compared to conventional methods. The reconstructed object shows a clear denoising and deconvolution of the multispectral data. We obtained a relative error below 5% at 30 dB, and an execution time of 1 second for the l₂-norm algorithm and 20 seconds (with 50 iterations) for the l₂/l₁-norm algorithm. This is 10 times faster than the iterative solution computed by conjugate gradients
Gueth, Pierre. "Formation directe de champs de déplacement en imagerie ultrasonore." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00684136.
Full textLencrerot, R. "Outils de modélisation et d'imagerie pour un scanner micro-onde : Application au contrôle de la teneur en eau d'une colonne de sol." Phd thesis, Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00438308.
Full textVigan, Arthur. "Détection et Caractérisation des Exoplanètes par Imagerie Directe avec IRDIS." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00460567.
Full textBatmaz, Anil Ufuk. "Speed, precision and grip force analysis of human manual operations with and without direct visual input." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ056/document.
Full textPerceptual system of a surgeon must adapt to conditions of multisensorial constrains regard to planning, control, and execution of the image-guided surgical operations. Three experimental setups are designed to explore these visual and haptic constraints in the image-guided training. Results show that subjects are faster and more precise with direct vision compared to image guidance. Stereoscopic 3D viewing does not represent a performance advantage for complete beginners. In virtual reality, variation in object length, width, position, and complexity affect the motor performance. Applied grip force on a surgical robot system depends on the user experience level. In conclusion, both time and precision matter critically, but trainee gets as precise as possible before getting faster should be a priority. Study group homogeneity and background play key role in surgical training research. The findings have direct implications for individual skill monitoring for image-guided applications
Denis, Gauthier. "Implication des dimensions neurocognitives dans le maintien de l’effort physique au travers du rôle endossé par le cortex préfrontal et de la perspective coûts/bénéfices." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ4091.
Full textThe prefrontal cortex (PFC), usually known for its involvement in higher cognitive control, appears to be particularly involved in maintaining physical effort. While this involvement suggests the existence of a psychological component in the ability to tolerate and maintain exercise, the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms remain relatively unknown. Recent theoretical proposals speculate that exercise termination is determined by a decision-making process, controlled by the PFC. The integration and conscious evaluation of the costs (i.e., unpleasant feelings of fatigue) and benefits (e.g., rewards), associated with the physical task, would control this decision. Maintaining an effort would be facilitated when estimated benefits increase or perceived costs decrease. However, how cognitive functioning and the PFC may modulate the integration of this information to support a decision to continue exercise remains to be clarified. The level of attention given to costs and benefits could play a role in this process. In addition, the unpleasant sensations of fatigue would be limited via an inhibitory function implemented at the level of the PFC. The objective of this doctoral work was to clarify the involvement of the neurocognitive dimensions and in particular of the PFC in the integration and processing of costs and benefits likely to modulate maintaining an effort. The results of study 1 failed to reveal the involvement of the PFC through the engagement of its inhibitory cognitive function in physical endurance. However, the results of studies 2, 3 and 4 indicated that the orientation of attention, more or less directed towards the costs or the benefits, modulated the endurance performance and the activity of the regions of the PFC involved in the integration and regulation of this information. Attention focused on monetary benefits improved performance compared to a focus on the costs of the effort or a cognitive distraction task. The focus on costs and benefits led to increased activity in the anterior and inferior regions of the PFC involved in interpreting this information (study 3). In addition, performing a cognitive distraction task delayed the decision to stop the exercise and resulted in decreased inhibitory activity in prefrontal regions that may regulate exercise costs (study 2). These results suggest the ability of attention to delay exercise cessation by facilitating the conscious integration of benefits (through focusing on that information) and disrupting that of costs (through cognitive distraction). It also tends to emphasize the involvement of the PFC in the regulation of perceived costs and the processing of costs and benefits associated with endurance effort. In a relatively contradictory way, a focus on costs did not necessarily lead to an earlier cessation of the effort (compared to a cognitive distraction condition) but to an improvement in muscular endurance in individuals with the best aerobic capacities (study 4). Facilitating the conscious integration of the costs of the effort would thus prove favorable in maintaining the exercise in certain individuals. The results of this work reinforce the idea that neurocognitive processes are involved in maintaining physical effort. Identifying attentional strategies that could facilitate engaging in physical activity and exercise pursuit in different populations is an interesting research perspective, particularly in sedentary individuals for whom physical activity represents a real health issue
Cugnet, David. "Méthodologie de mesure du diamètre solaire par imagerie directe dans l'espace : application au traitement des données du Michelson Doppler Imager de la mission SOHO." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004VERS0022.
Full textThe question of the solar radius variation was a longstanding issue. Such a variation is not only of interest for the climatologists, who need an absolute solar activity tracer, but also for the solar physicists, who are searching for an evidence of deep structural changes of the solar interior linked to the eleven years Schwabe activity cycle. While results from ground-based instruments are still controversial, those from space instruments (mainly the Michelson Doppler Imager — onboard SOHO) exhibit a much lower variation than expected, as confirmed by the results presented in this document. Algorithms taking into account instrumental effects are required for this solar radius measurement problem. A general frame is presented in this document, as well as generic models of the more usual effects (distortion, point spread function and flat-field) and instrumental devices (spectral filtering, shutters). A full treatment procedure has been programmed using MATLAB language; its numerical stability has been demonstrated on thousands of MDI images. The main instrumental trend measured during the solar maximum is used to correct the results; they show solar radius residuals lower than 9 mas during the 2002-2003 period, where the cycle is in decreasing phase, which are consistent with a constant solar radius, within the achievable precision. The computational speed of this routine is enough to treat in real time high-rate space data and to measure solar radius oscillations and is designed to take advantage of more accurate information about the instrumental function (in particular a better distortion model). Numerical tools dedicated to the measurement of distortion and PSF at the limb from the data themselves are proposed; it would be of interest to apply them to the MDI images and so making possible a monitoring of the solar figure evolution during the Schwabe cycle
Andrei, Cassiana. "Détection directe et sélective de bactéries par imagerie Raman exaltée de surface." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLX065.
Full textRapid detection of bacterial pathogens is an important challenge nowadays in multiple fields like in food industry, health and military biodefense. Biosensors are promising candidates for replacing time consuming and expensive classical tools. In this work, we developed biosensors based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon layer for the covalent grafting of probes (antibodies or sugars) interacting specifically with bacteria, and noble metal nanoparticles for spectroscopic identification of trapped bacteria by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). In a first approach, the production of stable and cost-effective SERS-active substrates based on metallic thin films was proposed for the study of various bacteria. Different SERS fingerprints of three different strains of the same bacteria were obtained allowing their discrimination, result confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA). In a second approach, SERS study of bacteria was performed using nanoparticles colloids, positively charged gold nanorods showing the best reproducibility. In parallel, the optimization of probes grafting on the amorphous silicon surface and of the blocking step for minimization of non-specific adhesion of bacteria were performed. Finally, tests with the entire architecture of the biosensor were performed and by using a fluidic cell the attachment of bacteria was monitored in situ. After contact with gold nanorods the specific identification of bacteria by SERS was possible. Using this strategy limits of detection up to 10 cfu/mL were achieved in a total time of detection of 3 h
Souquet, Agnès. "Etude des processus physiques mis en jeu lors de la microimpression d'éléments biologiques assistée par laser." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14232/document.
Full textOver this decade, cell printing strategy has emerged as one of the promising approaches to organize cells in two and three dimensional engineered tissues. In parallel with ink-jet printing and bioplotting, Laser Assisted Bioprinting (LAB) using Laser-Induced Forward Transfer (LIFT) has emerged as an alternative method in the assembly and micropatterning of biomaterials and cells. LAB is a laser direct-write technique that offers the possibility of printing micropatterns with high spatial resolution from a wide range of solid or liquid materials, such as dielectrics, biomolecules and living cells in solution. In our research works, we considered an experimental and numerical approach to study the physical mechanisms involved in the biological elements microprinting laser assisted.First we defined the rheological parameters of bioinks and the transfer conditions (composition, thickness and viscosity of the bioink and laser energy). Then we led a statistical analysis of the volume of the transfer droplets for four viscosities of bioink, five thicknesses of bioink and five laser energies. Then we designed and implemented a system for time resolved imaging to study the effects of viscosity on the dynamics of the ejection. Thus we have differentiated three ejection regimes in function of the laser energy released in the absorbing layer, the visocsity and the thickness of the bioink. In parallel, a numerical model was developed to understand and predict the dynamics of the ejection parameters according to multiple choice and thickness of the absorbing layer, thickness of the layer bioencre, energy deposited. Finally, with regard to these studies, we propose a mechanism for ejecting droplets involved in the process of laser-assisted microprinting
Udomchaiporn, A. "Volumetric data classification : a study direct at 3-D imagery." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2016. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3004440/.
Full textCollignon, Anne-Margaux. "Utilisation de cellules souches pulpaires combinées à une matrice de collagène pour la réparation osseuse cranio-faciale Strategies developed to induce, direct, and potentiate bone healing Accelerated craniofacial bone regeneration through dense collagen gel scaffolds seeded with dental pulp stem cells Mouse Wnt1-CRE-RosaTomato dental pulp stem cells directly contribute to the calvarial bone regeneration process Early angiogenesis detected by PET imaging with 64Cu-NODAGA-RGD is predictive of bone critical defect repair." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB113.
Full textThe craniofacial area is particularly vulnerable to structural loss. Its location and visibility make a loss causes disorders, both physical (food, phonation...) than psychological (integrity of the person...). Current treatments (autografts, allografts or synthetic bone grafts) are particularly invasive and have a high failure rate. All this strongly affects the quality of life of the patient. In addition, the cost of these treatments is significant for the health systems and the patient. Therefore, there is a real need to develop innovative treatments based on biomimetic tissue approaches for bone repair. The purpose of this thesis is to develop a tissue engineering approach for the repair/regeneration of injured cranial-facial bone tissue. It is based on the use of cellularized scaffolds with mesenchymal stem cells derived from the dental pulp: Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs). Many studies have demonstrated the high plasticity of these cells, which initially derive from the neural crest, but also their trophic ability in the repair of damaged tissues by their osteogenic and chondrocyte differentiation capacity. Moreover, these cells have better's pro-angiogenic properties than mesenchymal cells of the bone marrow (MSCs) and access to this reserve is easy since they can be obtained from extracted teeth. In this context, we have used dense collagen scaffolds seeded with DPSCs to regenerate cranial bone tissue on critical defects model. The objective is to induce a very early neo-angiogenesis for improved short-term survival of implanted cells, then stimulate the long-term maintenance of cells in the implanted neo-tissue, finally to cause osteoformation. We were able to study and validate various aspects of this theme: 1- The positive impact of the use of dense collagen scaffold as osteoconductive support, 2- Long-term follow-up of the cells after implantation in vivo (thanks to the use of a cell line constitutively expressing an intracellular fluorescence protein), 3- The positive impact of a pre-treatment with hypoxia on i/ the survival of the cells after implantation in vivo ii/ their contribution to bone regeneration / repair by orienting their differentiation towards an osteoblastic pathway, 4- The significant contribution of imaging techniques for the monitoring of animals (less sacrifice and longitudinal follow-up...) thanks to positron emission tomography (use of specific tracers of the mineralization within the scaffolds and neo-angiogenesis) and X-ray microscanner (kinetic monitoring of the quality and quantity of regenerated bone matrix) 5- Validation and confirmation of all these results by histology. Thus, these different results allowed us to respond to the working hypothesis and optimize some aspects of the cellular component. However, it remains necessary to optimize the biomaterial itself. It is indeed possible to improve the compressed collagen scaffolds that we currently use, for example by incorporating bioactive ceramics such as bioglasses or hydroxyapatite. In recent years, the study of stem cells has progressed from in vitro to in vivo. The in vivo models established to study these cells in the craniofacial area have already provided valuable information and this work is a continuation of these previous studies by seeking to build on better strategies (right characterization, environment oriented...) for the future use of DPSCs for tissue engineering purposes. In view of this work, potentiating the biomaterials of the scaffolds and combining the DPSCs with a support more adapted to their survival and their growth would considerably improve bone healing, as well as bone regeneration / repair
Sauvage, Jean-Francois. "Calibrations et méthodes d'inversion en imagerie à haute dynamique pour la détection directe d'exoplanètes." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00453100.
Full textPatru, Fabien. "Imagerie Directe en Interférométrie Stellaire Optique:Capacités d'Imagerie d'un Hypertélescope & Densifieur de Pupille Fibré." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00140049.
Full textUn programme de simulation (HYPERTEL) étudie les propriétés d'une image directe à partir d'un ensemble de critères d'imagerie qualitatifs. Il est montré que le choix de la configuration du réseau est un compromis entre la résolution, la dynamique, le champ et l'objectif astrophysique. Un pavage régulier et non redondant des ouvertures améliore à la fois la dynamique, le contraste et la fidélité de l'image, mais minimise le champ d'imagerie. Les étoiles multiples requièrent un champ d'imagerie suffisant, tandis que les surfaces stellaires faiblement contrastées exigent de la dynamique.
Un nouveau concept de densifieur de pupille à fibres optiques monomodes dans le visible (SIRIUS) a été développé au laboratoire optique de Grasse de l'Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur. Des études préliminaires sur l'influence des fibres dans le processus d'imagerie ont mis en évidence un optimum pour redéfinir la pupille de sortie du densifieur. Les premières images de SIRIUS ont montré que la densification monomodale améliore la qualité et la stabilité de l'image d'un hypertélescope, moyennant une perte de flux global. Le filtrage spatial des fibres monomodes convertit les perturbations atmosphériques en fluctuations photométriques plus faciles à étalonner. Ces fluctuations photométriques affectent peu la qualité de l'image densifiée, ce qui permet de simplifier la déconvolution de l'image et le cophasage des faisceaux. Enfin, la flexibilité des fibres permet une reconfiguration entrée/sortie plus aisée de la pupille, ce qui convient bien aux nouveaux interféromètres comme le VLTI, CHARA, NPOI, ou encore MROI et OHANA.
Sauvage, Jean-François. "Calibration et méthodes d'inversion en imagerie à haute dynamique pour la détection directe d'exoplanètes." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077207.
Full textThe science of exoplanets is today a primary research area in astronomy. Their direct observation from the ground is nevertheless a highly delicate issue: On the first hand the flux ratio between the planet and its host star reaches 10^6 to 10^9. On the other hand, the atmospheric turbulence corrugates image formation. This kind of observations therefore requires dedicated instruments, using a large telescope, an extreme adaptive optics Systems, a coronagraphic device removing star light, an optimised focal plane instrumentation (differential imager, or integral field spectrograph), but also an efficient image processing methodology. The SPHERE project gathers these different points and gives a framework to the studies done in this thesis. My thesis work consisted in developing and optimising different methods allowing an optimal detectivity. Firstly, these methods focused on the optimisation of an AO System, via the measurement and compensation of unseen aberrations. These aberrations are one of the main limitations of XAO Systems. We propose simultaneously an improvement of the phase diversity approach, and a new procedure of calibration called *pseudo closed-loop". This procedure has been validated by simulations and tested on the ONERA AO bench. An ultimate accuracy of less than 0. 4 nm rms per mode has been demonstrated, leading to an internal Strehl Ratio on the bench greater than 98. 0% at 0. 6 microns. In a second time, my work consisted in developing an image processing method within the framework of differential imaging. This method, based on a Maximum A Posteriori approach, uses the multi-wavelength information from differential imager so as to simultaneously estimate the structure function of the atmosphere and the parameters of the observed object. Besides the spectral imaging, the SPHERE instrument allows the acquisition of angular differential images, using the field rotation. A method based on the theory of detection is proposed in order to efficiently process these data. In a third time, within the framework of coronagraphic imaging, I proposed a novel analytic model of a long exposure coronographic image. This model accounts for a perfect coronagraph, for residual turbulence after AO correction and for static aberrations upstream and downstream the focal mask. These methods should be implemented on instrument SPHERE, and should contribute to the discovery of new exoplanets by 2011
Nacenta, Mendivil Jorge P. "Imagerie directe de champ électrique par microscopie à balayage d'un transistor à électron unique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAY009/document.
Full textIn this doctoral work, we have developed a new scanning single electron transistor (SET) microscope that works at very low temperatures (T = 50 mK) and high magnetic fields (B = 18 T). A SET consists of a small metallic island connected to source and drain electrodes through two tunnel junctions. In the Coulomb blockade regime at low temperature regime (T 5 K), an external electric field tunes the current circulating through the SET. In addition,small electric field variations lead to large SET current changes that makes the device a highly sensitive charge detector, able to detect charges smaller than 0.01 e. Thus, when the SET scans above a surface, it maps the electrostatic properties of the sample. However, the implementation of a scanning SET microscope is extremely challenging since it combines scanning probe microscopy, low temperatures and sensitive nanoscopic devices. For thisreason, only a few groups have succeeded its realization. Our technological choices to build the microscope improve certain aspects with respect to the already existing instruments. The breakthrough is that we fabricate the SET probe using standard lithographic techniques on commercial silicon wafers.For that reason, batch fabrication of SET probes is possible. Furthermore, by a combination of dicing and etching techniques, the SET is engineered extremely close to the edge of the Si chip (< 1 micrometer). In this way, the SET can be approached to a few nanometer from the sample surface by means of a atomic force distance control. Additionally, an on-probe gate electrode fabricated close to the island can be used to tune the operating point of the SET. Anovelty of our instrument is that with this on-probe gate and a feedback loop we have been able to map directly the local electric field. We demonstrate this new feedback scanning method by imaging an interdigitated array of nanometer scale electrodes. Moreover, the SET is an ideal tool for the study of the localization of electronic states. In the future, our scanning SET will be used for the study of two-dimensional electron systems in the quantum Hall regime, topological insulators and the metal insulator transition
Lachane, Martin. "Portal imaging with a direct-detection active matrix flat panel imager." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38070.
Full textThe use of an a-Se based direct-detection active matrix flat-panel imager (AMFPI) is explored at megavoltage energies for use in the verification of radiotherapy treatments. As with most other megavoltage detectors, a metal front plate is used to reduce patient scatter and to act as a buildup layer. The Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), Noise Power Spectrum (NPS), and Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE) are measured. The DQE for the direct detection AMFPI is compared with the published DQE of an indirect detection AMFPI for portal imaging. The direct detector has a lower DQE at zero frequency, but there is a cross-over at approximately 0.3 cycles/mm after which it has a higher DQE.
A theoretical expression for the DQE of medical imaging detectors with non-elementary cascade stages is derived. This formalism can be used in conjunction with Monte Carlo techniques to evaluate the DQE of megavoltage imaging detectors. The predictions of the theory agree with the experimental DQE results for the direct-detection AMFPI and also for published results for the DQE of both a metal/phosphor detector and an indirect-detection AMFPI.
The effect of scatter on image quality is modeled in terms of the scatter fraction (SF) and scatter-to-primary ratio (SPR) using Monte Carlo techniques. To validate these simulations, the SF is measured experimentally using a prototype a-Se detector which uses an electrostatic probe to measure the a-Se surface potential. The simulations are used, along with the DQE simulations, to study the effect of metal/a-Se or metal/phosphor thicknesses on image quality in direct and indirect AMFPIs at megavoltage energies. It is found that for a-Se or phosphor thicknesses less than about 300 mum, a front plate of about 1 mm copper is optimal whereas for larger a-Se/phosphor thicknesses a front plate of about 0.4 mm may in some situations lead to better image quality.
Salhotra, Amith Kumar. "A performance analysis of a direct-conversion digital X-ray imager." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/50495.
Full textApplied Science, Faculty of
Engineering, School of (Okanagan)
Graduate
Patru, Fabien. "Imagerie directe en interférométrie stellaire optique : capacités d'imagerie des hypertéléscopes & densifieur de pupille fibré." Nice, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NICE4014.
Full textBen, Bouallegue Fayçal. "Contributions en reconstruction TEP 3D par inversion directe." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20078.
Full textWe present two innovative contributions in 3D positron emission tomography (PET) direct reconstruction. First, we develop an extended three-dimensional exact rebinning formula in the Fourier space that leads to an iterative reprojection algorithm (iterative FOREPROJ), which enables the estimation of unmeasured oblique projection data on the basis of the whole set of measured data. In first approximation, this analytical formula also leads to an extended Fourier rebinning equation that is the basis for an approximate reprojection algorithm (extended FORE). These algorithms are evaluated on numerically simulated 3D PET data for the solution of the truncation problem. By taking advantage of all the 3D data statistics, the iterative FOREPROJ reprojection provides a quick and reliable alternative to the classical FOREPROJ and geometric re-projection methods. It significantly improves the quality of the external reconstructed slices without loss of spatial resolution. Then we investigate how the choice of fixed planes for the representation of the projection data of a cylindrical PET scanner simplifies the frequency interpolation required by the 3D Fourier slice theorem (3D-FST). A new gridding algorithm based on a two-plane geometry and requiring only 1D interpolations in the Fourier domain is compared with the direct implementation of the 3D-FST. We show that the use of two orthogonal planes leads to signal to noise ratios similar to those achieved with the 3D-FST algorithm from projection data acquired with up to two times more count rates, while the resolution remains similar
Baldridge, Jeffrey T. (Jeffrey Turner). "Imagery, Psychotherapy, and Directed Relaxation: Physiological Correlates." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278377/.
Full textMas, Marion. "Self-coherent camera : suppression de speckles pour l'imagerie directe d'exoplanètes." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077042.
Full textDirect imaging of exoplanets requires high dynamical techniques as adaptive optics and coronagraphy to detect the light of the planet. From this light, one can retrieve information about intrinsic parameters like the chemical composition, the temperature of the atmosphere. Nevertheless, static and quasi-static aberrations of the instrument degrade the quality of recorded images. They create speckles in the focal plan hiding the image of the faint companion To overcome this problem, we propose the Self-Coherent Camera (SCC). Its principle is based on the lack of coherence between the stellar light and the companion light. The SCC can be used for two purposes. First, it can estimate the wavefront errors upstream of the coronagraph directly from the science image with no additional channel. Then, it can distinguish aposteriori the signal that comes from the companion and the speckle noise
Smith, Isabelle. "Détection d'une source faible : modèles et méthodes statistiques : application à la détection d'exoplanètes par imagerie directe." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00548905.
Full textPerrot, Clément. "Imagerie directe de systèmes planétaires avec SPHERE et prédiction des performances de MICADO sur l’E-ELT." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC212/document.
Full textThis thesis is performed in the context of the study of the formation and evolution of planetary systems using high contrast imaging, also known as direct imaging in contrast to so-called "indirect" detection methods. The work I present in this manuscript is divided into two distinct parts.The first part concerns the observational component of my thesis, using the SPHERE instrument installed at Very LargeTelescope. This work was done as part of the consortium of the same name. The purpose of the SPHERE instrument is to detect and characterize young and massive exoplanets, but also circumstellar disks ranging from very young protoplanetary disks to older debris disks. In this manuscript, I present my contribution to the program SHINE, a large survey with an integration time of 200 nights' worth of observation, the goal of which is the detection of new exoplanets and the spectral and orbital characterization of some previously-known companions. I also present the two studies of circumstellar disks that I made, around the stars HD 141569 and HIP 86598. The first study allowed the discovery of concentric rings at about ten AU of the star along with an unusual flux asymmetry in the disk. The second study is about the discovery of a debris disk that also has an unusual flux asymmetry. The second part concerns the instrumental component of my thesis work done within the MICADO consortium, in charge of the design of the camera of the same name which will be one of the first light instruments of the European Extremely Large Telescope (ELT). In this manuscript, I present the study in which I define the design of some components of the coronagraphic mode of MICADO while taking into account the constraints of the instrument - which is not dedicated to high contrast imaging, unlike SPHERE
Weckel, Antonin. "Molecular mechanisms of Streptococcus pyogenes tissue colonization and invasion The N-terminal domain of the R28 protein promotes emm28 Group A Streptococcus adhesion to host cells via direct binding to three integrins Group A Streptococcus efficiently colonizes and invades a human tissue and limits its immune response during the early steps of infection." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=2090&f=14189.
Full textStreptococcus pyogenes, also known as Group A Streptococcus (GAS), is a Gram-positive pathogen responsible for a wide range of diseases. GAS induces superficial infections such as pharyngitis, with 700 million cases/year worldwide, life threatening invasive infections such as necrotizing fasciitis, with 160 000 deaths, and post-infectious sequelae such as rheumatic fever. Altogether, GAS is responsible for 517 000 deaths in the world annually. GAS strains are genetically diverse and their genotyping involves the sequencing of the emm gene 5' end; emm encodes the M protein, a major virulence factor. More than 250 emm-types have been identified and they harbor specific virulence factor repertoires. During the pathogenesis of GAS infections, GAS adheres to the tissue, multiplies, affects the tissue integrity and invades it, resists and controls the immune response. During my PhD, we focused on deciphering the molecular mechanisms involved in GAS early critical steps of human tissue infection, with gyneco-obstetrical sphere infections, including endometritis, as a model. The first to third most prevalent emm-types eliciting invasive infections in Europe, emm28, is associated with these infections. In a first part of my project, we sought receptors for the emm28 specific R28 surface protein and which domains are involved in promoting adhesion to cells. In the second part, we set up an innovative ex vivo model of human decidual infection and we characterized the contribution of virulence factors to the colonization and invasion of this tissue. By cell adhesion experiments, we show that the R28 N-terminal domain (R28Nt) is responsible for an increase of GAS adhesion to human primary decidual cells. We have subdivided R28Nt into two subdomains; each is involved in binding to decidual, cervical and epithelial endometrial cells. We identified several putative R28Nt receptors and focused on R28Nt interaction with integrins. R28Nt and both subdomains directly interact with the integrins alpha3beta1, alpha6beta1 and alpha6beta4. Since R28Nt also increases the binding to the surface of pulmonary and skin epithelium cells, tissues encountered in GAS induced infections, we suggest that the R28Nt-integrin interactions contribute not only to emm28 endometritis, but also to the overall prevalence of the emm28 strains. In the second part of my project, to better characterize the mechanisms involved in GAS infections, we developed an ex vivo model of tissue infection, using human decidua, a tissue encountered during endometritis. We infected the maternal side of feto-maternal membrane, i. e. decidua, from healthy caesarians with an emm28 endometritis clinical isolate and its derived mutants. Using state of the art imaging set-up, image processing and analysis, we followed and quantified in real time different early infection steps. The bacteria multiply until they colonize the entire tissue surface in up to eight hours and this multiplication is triggered by the tissue. The bacteria form a multilayer biofilm of up to 14 µm thick. GAS readily and actively invades the decidua in a time-dependent manner, which depends on the presence of the cysteine protease SpeB. GAS induces dramatic cell cytotoxicity, with up to 50% of cells killed in the first four hours of infection; Streptolysin O (Slo) is involved in this cytotoxicity, confirming the critical importance of this factor in the early steps of infection. Cytokine overexpression and secretion in the tissue after infection indicate that GAS induces a limited immune response and the inflammatory response does not critically depend on the presence of Slo or SpeB. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the importance of several virulence factors, R28, SpeB and Slo, in the GAS emm28 early steps of infection, such as colonization, biofilm formation, cytotoxicity and tissue invasion, indicating their involvement not only in endometritis, but in other emm28 infections
Innanen, Kristopher A. H. "Approaches to the direct extraction of forest canopy variables from high-spatial resolution winter reflectance imagery." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0006/MQ33486.pdf.
Full textMaier, Kathrin. "Direct multispectral photogrammetry for UAV-based snow depth measurements." Thesis, KTH, Geoinformatik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254566.
Full textPå grund av klimatförändringar och naturliga meteorologiska händelser i arktis behövs mer exakta snökvalitetsprognoser för att stödja samernas rensköttsamhällen i norra Sverige som har problem med att anpassa sig till det snabbt föränderliga arktiska klimatet. Rumslig snödjupsfördelning är en avgörande parameter för att inte bara bedöma snökvaliteten utan även för flera miljöforskning och sociala markanvändningsändamål. Detta står i motsats till den nuvarande tillgången till överkomliga och effektiva metoder för snöövervakning för att uppskatta sådan extremt varierande parameter i tid och rum. I detta arbete presenteras och testas en ny metod för att bestämma rumslig snödjupssdistribution i utmanande alpin terräng under en fältstudie som genomfördes i Tarfala i norra Sverige i april 2019. Via fotogrammetrisk bildbehandlingsteknik hämtades snöytemodeller i 3D med hjälp av en multispektral kamera monterad på en liten obemannad drönare. En viktig fördel, i jämförelse med konventionella fotogrammetriska undersökningar, är användningen av exakt RTK-positioneringsteknik som möjliggör direkt georeferencing och eliminerar behovet av markkontrollpunkter. Den kontinuerliga snödjupfördelningen hämtas genom att ytmodellerna delas upp i snöfria respektive snötäckta undersökningsområden. En omfattande felsökning som baseras på markmätningar utförs, inklusive en analys av effekten av multispektrala bilder. Resultaten från denna studie visar att den famtagna metoden kan producera högupplösta snötäckta höjdmodeller i 3D (< 7 cm/pixel) av alpina områden på upp till 8 hektar på ett snabbt, pålitligt och kostnadseffektivt sätt. Den övergripande RMSE för det beräknade snödjupet är 7,5 cm för data som förvärvats under idealiska undersökningsförhållanden. Som ett led i det svenska projektet “Snow4all” används resultaten från projektet för att förbättra och validera storskaliga snömodeller för att bättre förutse snökvaliteten i norra Sverige.
Da, Cheng. "An objective regional cloud mask algorithm for GOES infrared imager with regime-dependent thresholds for direct radiance assimilation." Thesis, The Florida State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1559511.
Full textA local, regime-dependent cloud mask (CM) algorithm is developed for isolating cloud-free pixels from cloudy pixels for Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) imager radiance assimilation using mesoscale forecast models. In this CM algorithm, thresholds for six different CM tests are determined by a one-dimensional optimization approach based on probability distribution functions of the nearby cloudy and clear-sky pixels within a 10o×10o box centered at a target pixel. It is shown that the optimized thresholds over land are in general larger and display more spatial variations than over ocean. The performance of the proposed CM algorithm is compared with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) CM for a one-week period from 19 to 23 May 2008. Based on MODIS CM results, the average Probability of Correct Typing (PCT) reaches 92.94% and 91.50% over land and ocean, respectively.
Fredj, Asma. "Élaboration de protéines fluorescentes ayant un fort potentiel en imagerie." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00785092.
Full textLatorre, Diana. "Imagerie sismique du milieu de propagation à partir des ondes directes et converties : application à la région d'Aigion (Golfe de Corinthe, Grèce)." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00653801.
Full textClavel, Damien. "Études structurales de la dynamique de protéines fluorescentes vertes et jaunes utilisées en imagerie cellulaire." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS491/document.
Full textFluorescent Proteins (FPs) homologous to AvGFP (Green Fluorescent Protein from the jellyfish Aequoria victoria) are versatile tools used in live cell imaging. The amount of information that can be derived from the fluorescence signals depends on the spectroscopic performances of the FP. The development of new FPs should focus on both brightness increase and control of the protein response to physicochemical parameter variations within the cell. Current yellow FPs exhibit a strong sensitivity to pH. In order to engineer less sensitive variants, two complementary approaches have been used: the first one consists in studying the influence of the hydrogen bond network dynamics around the chromophore on its protonation state. In the second one, I have sought to identify the structural determinants of the particularly high brightness of newly discovered yellow FPs from a sea worm, Branchiostoma lanceolatum.First, I wrote an algorithm that can identify all hydrogen bonds within a protein and analyse their dynamics along molecular dynamics simulations. It allows for their clustering in networks, the identification of networks connected to a given atom and the monitoring of their dynamics. The method was validated by using the algorithm on various AvGFP mutants for which excited state proton transfer has been experimentally studied. This algorithm should also be useful for the study of other biological systems whose function is based on proton transfer.Besides, I solved the structure of the natural yellow FP lanYFP from Branchiostoma lanceolatum, which is particularly bright, but presents a tetrameric arrangement. This protein was monomerized by directed evolution, which led to the yellow-green FP mNeonGreen, now a benchmark in this spectral range. I also solved the structure of mNeonGreen, which allowed me to rationalize a posteriori the mutations that have been introduced during the evolution process. Finally, I performed a specific radiation damage study in order to explain the remarkable change in colour of mNeonGreen crystals upon X-ray data collection. Altogether, the results of my PhD work provides a theoretical and experimental framework of the determinants that drive the fluorescence properties of yellow FPs
Postic, François. "Test et apports d’outils de phénotypage racinaires directs (imagerie des racines) et indirects (méthode électrique capacitive) pour une utilisation en sélection variétale au champ : application au blé." Thesis, Avignon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AVIG0680/document.
Full textEnsuring the food supply of an increasing world population could be achieved by improvingcrop yields through plant breeding. Due to the climate change and the rarefaction of fossilresources, the root systems of the future wheat cultivars should be adapted to low soilmoisture and low soil fertility. Developing tools for in situ root traits measurements fulfilling the high through put requirement of modern breeding is crucial. For this purpose, anagronomic trial was conducted on wheat cultivars to evaluate the relevance of minirhizotrons and plant electrical impedance on assessing varied rooting architecture.We showed that minirhizotrons provide dynamic and relevant quantifications of deep rootlengths, which was a key factor in crop yield under rainfed conditions. In spite ofunderestimated lengths in the shallow part of the root systems, a volumetric conversion ofminirhizotron data using a depth-of-field criterion, coupled with auger sampling for surfacelayers, allowed fairly estimation root to shoot ratio at different growth stages.We determined the optimal setup of plant impedance measurements by a methodological study performed under laboratory conditions. The application of this optimal set up to an in situ survey showed that the quality of the predictions decreased at later growth stages andunder low soil wetness. The plant impedance was described by an imperfect parallel-platecapacitor mode, where plant tissues acted as the separating medium. Consequently, electrical reactance is a root biomass sensor, but only in surface soil layers at low water content
Greene, Danyelle. "Cutting Against Controlling Imagery: An Analysis of Films Directed by Gina Prince-Bythewood and Ava DuVernay." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1984.
Full textBouyeron, Laurent. "Optimisation et cophasage d'un dispositif d'imagerie directe à haute résolution et haut contraste : l'hypertélescope temporel." Phd thesis, Université de Limoges, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00870029.
Full textWajeman, Nathalie. "Observation des discontinuités du manteau terrestre par des méthodes sismologiques : Etude des phases de la coda de l'onde P directe." Toulouse 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU30212.
Full textDenneulin, Laurence. "Approche inverse pour la reconstruction des environnements circumstellaires en polarimétrie avec l'instrument d'imagerie directe ESO / VLT SPHERE IRDIS." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE1183.
Full textCircumstellars environments observation is a key for the comprehension of planet formation. If the very large telescopes allow the resolution of these environments, their observation is difficult due to the high contrast between the environment and their host stars. In fact the host stars are 1000 to 10 000 times brighter than the environment, even 10 000 000 times brighter for exoplanets. When images of these circumstellar environnements are acquired in direct imaging, the signal of the environnements mixed to star light residuals. Yet, the light of the environment is partially linearly polarized while the light od the star is unpolarized. The instrument Infrared Dual-band Imaging and Spectroscopy (IRDIS) of the European Southern Observatory’s (ESO) Spectro-Polarimeter High-contrast Expolanet REsearch (SPHERE) instrument, installed at one of the four Very Large Telescopes (VLT) in Atacama in Chile, acquires datasets where the polarization is modulated according to a known angles cycle. It is then possible, by combinations of the data, to extract the polarized signal of the environment from the unpolarized residual light of the stars and unpolarized light of the disks. The stat-of-the-art methods to extract such signal do not take optimally into account the photon noise statistics of the data, which dominate the signal of interest, nor the read out noise of the detector. Moreover, if any image from a rotation cycle is missing, the rest of the cycle is not used. Finally, any centering and rotation of the data or deconvolution by the PSF is generally performed in separated steps from the data reduction. The bad pixels and dead pixels are interpolated before the processing. The consequence of such approach is that the propagation of the errors in the data is not controlled.The « inverse problem » methods allow such processing while controlling the error propagation in the reconstructions. These approaches have never been developed, so far, for high contrast direct imaging in polarimetry. My goal in this thesis is to optimally reconstruct, from the polarimetric data of the instrument ESO/VLT-SPHERE IRDIS, maps of the circumstellar environments polarized light, the ascociated polarization angles and the unpolarized star light residuals and circumstellar environments light. First, I develop a nonlinear physical model of the data, pixelwise independent, parametric in these quantities of interest, or linear with respect to the Stokes parameters, from which they can be estimated. Throughout this thesis, I complete the model by adding centering, rotations and convolutions, making it pixelwise dependent. The parameters are then estimated by the minimization of an objective function, derived from the co-log-likelyhood of the data, under some constraint, such as positivity constraint or epigraphical constraint, and regularizations as smooth and non-smooth Total Variation and the Shatten norm on the Hessian. This methods are all applied on simulated datasets, created to reproduce typical astrophysical datasets obtained in circumstellar environment polarimetrical direct imaging. Depending of the properties of the functions considered in the objective function, the research of its minimum is done with different algorithms as the Variable Metric Limited Memory and Bound algorithm, Forward-Backward with backtracking and the preconditioned primal-dual Condat-Vu algorithm with backtracking. I also use the Stein Unbiased Risk Estimator to auto-tune the weights of the regularization. In the results, I show that the use of a complete direct model of the data, taking in account the recentering, the rotations and the convolution and the estimation of its parameters from a constraint problem, taking in account the measure precision and the missing data reduces the error on the estimation maps in such astrophysics context
Wolf, Sébastien. "The neural substrate of goal-directed locomotion in zebrafish and whole-brain functional imaging with two-photon light-sheet microscopy." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066468/document.
Full textThe first part of this thesis presents an historical overview of neural recording techniques, followed by a study on the development of a new imaging method for zebrafish neural recording: two-photon light sheet microscopy. Combining the advantages of two-photon point scanning microscopy and light sheet techniques, the two-photon light sheet microscope warrants a high acquisition speed with low photodamage and allows to circumvent the main limitation of one-photon light sheet microscopy: the disturbance of the visual system. The second part of the thesis is focused on goal-directed navigation in zebrafish larvae. After an exhaustive review on chemotaxis, phototaxis and thermotaxis in various animal models, we report a study that reveals the neural computation underlying phototaxis in zebrafish. Combining virtual-reality behavioral assays, volumetric calcium recordings, optogenetic stimulation, and circuit modeling, this work shows that a self-oscillating hindbrain population called the hindbrain oscillator (HBO) acts as a pacemaker for ocular saccades, controls the orientation of successive swim-bouts during zebrafish larva navigation, and is responsive to light in a state-dependent manner such that its response to visual inputs varies with the motor context. This peculiar response to visual inputs biases the fish trajectory towards brighter regions (phototaxis). The third part provides a discussion on the neural basis of ocular saccades in vertebrates. We conclude with some recent preliminary results on heat perception in zebrafish suggesting that the same hindbrain circuit may be at play in thermotaxis as well