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Academic literature on the topic 'Imagerie tridimensionnelle en biologie – Système nerveux'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Imagerie tridimensionnelle en biologie – Système nerveux"
Saikali, Stéphan. "Construction d'un atlas stéréotaxique de cerveau de porc." Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1B136.
Full textThe presence of several lacks in the sole stereotaxic pig brain atlas available in the litterature led us to build a three dimensional (3D) digital and stereotaxic atlas from pig brain so that it fulfills the needs of functional neuroimaging and functional neurosurgery. In a first step we had to adapt to our theme the best acquisition parameters possible on a 4. 7 MRI to obtain high resolution images. We also adjusted the standard histological techniques to the constraints of size and tissue to respect pig brain stereotaxic coordinates integrity. In a second step we built an anatomical atlas of pig brain from MR and histological images of one hemisphere by applying a symmetrical transformation through the midsagittal plane. A probabilistic atlas has also been built from three pig brains using the former atlas as the spatial stereotaxic frame. Our results have led to an anatomical 3D and digital atlas containing data for 178 cortical, subcortical and cerebellar structures, including 28 clearly identified cortical areas per hemisphere. The probabilistic atlas contains spatial probabilistic coordinates of 62 deep brain structures. Our digital and 3D atlas has been successfully compared to pig brain multimodal images. The few neuroanatomical data available in the litterature emphasize the need to validate our results by future cortical and subcortical studies. The anatomical analysis of pig brain shows similarities with human brain and underlines the importance of this animal model in fundamental neuroimaging and neurosurgery studies
Mallah, Khalil. "In depth systemic biology analysis of central nervous system injuries." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1S108/document.
Full textIn the context of studying biological alterations occurring post impact to the central nervous system, my thesis was focused on studying the proteomic and lipid changes occurring post injury to the brain and spinal cord. A fundamental spatio-temporal study was conducted on an open-head rat TBI model to identify potential injury-specific markers. Using MALDI MSI, we performed 3D reconstruction of the injured brain at 3 days after injury and depicted lesion-specific m/z lipid molecules. After, MALDI MSI was applied on the acute/sub-acute time frame post impact: 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, and 10 days. In parallel, a microproteomic analysis was carried out on tissue segments directly consecutive to the imaged ones in an approach to correlate both lipid and protein changes. Our results yielded the identification of a family of lipids, acylcarnitines, which are expressed within the injured cortex with maximum intensity 3 days post impact. These lipid molecules also were found to be expressed in the substantia nigra and microproteomics data showed an upregulation in expression of Parkinson’s related proteins. Taken altogether, our results depict a role of link between mild-TBI and Parkinson’s disease as early as 3 days post impact, with a possible role of acylcarnitine. This same family of molecules was also present in SCI. In a therapeutic approach previous results showed RhoA protein as a major candidate post impact in SCI. After using RhoA inhibitor treatment, a proteomic study was carried out to investigate its impact on SCI. The results showed that both in-vivo and in-vitro treatment with RhoA inhibitor stimulated neurite outgrowth and helped in axonal regeneration
Mériaux, Céline. "Imagerie du système nerveux central par spectrométrie de masse MALDI." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10059/document.
Full textIn recent years, MALDI mass spectrometric imaging has proved to be a powerful tool for biomarker research. This technology allows the analysis of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous compounds in tissue sections. Many developments need to be undertaken to improve the detection of molecules. The sample preparation, including chemical treatment and deposition of the matrix, is dependent on the tissue and molecules of interest and influences the quality of spectra and images. In addition, the bioinformatics tools such as multivariate analysis provide informations on the markers according to phenotypes. These steps are crucial for imaging applications in the field of biology. First of all, we focused on the development of new matrices suitable for MALDI imaging such as ionic matrices. Secondly, these developments have been applied to the invertebrate model, the medicinal leech, at embryonic and adult stages, to compare the biological mechanisms involved in the establishment of the central nervous system and nerve regeneration after injury of this system. Finally, studies of neurological damage have been undertaken to understand the key factors involved in the balance regeneration/degeneration. Thus, studies of human hippocampi samples have revealed the existence of proteins associated with a particular distribution corresponding to layers of neurons abnormally present in the hippocampus of epileptic patients
Arafah, Karim. "Étude lipidomique et développements en imagerie MALDI des lipides : application à la régénération du système nerveux central d'Hirudo medicinalis." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10152/document.
Full textLipids are metabolites which can be declined in many classes. Most of them are known to figure as structural molecules in the cell membrane but a significant key role is also played as cellular messenger when interacting with specific membrane receptors. The leech Hirudo medicinalis which is a model for the neurosciences is able to regenerate its central nervous system (CNS) after a lesion in opposition with the CNS of vertebrate. In this way, we showed by Tof-SIMS imaging changes in the lipidome of harmed leech brain directly on tissue. In particular lipids such as fatty acids and triglycerides have been characterized during injuries of the leech CNS. These lipids were expressed in specific areas of damaged neurons. We also characterized endocannabinoids in crude lipid extracts of harmed leech brain by MALDI-Tof Tof mass spectrometry. The identified endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2AG) are lipids which act as cellular messenger. During the injury of the leech brain, an increase in the 2AG concentration in the brain were demonstrated while AEA was decreasing. As a consequence, a modulation in the chemotactic effect on microglial cells was observed in the harmed connective. 2AG and AEA have also been demonstrated to regulate the NO release in activated microglia under neurotoxic rate. A new approach in developpemental research in lipidomic using MALDI imaging mass spectrometry allowed us to validate for the first time the use of specific histochemical dies for lipids as a way to detect and characterize lipids directly on rat brain tissue. This new approach of studiying lipids using dies named DALDI Tof-Tof (Dye-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation Time-of-fligh)has been successfully applied to the ovarian cancer where different patterns in the lipid content were detected on tissue slices between benign and malignant areas. This work highlighted in one hand the roles played by cannabinoids on the microglia chemotaxis and the regulation of NO secretion at the lesion site and in the second hand, the expression of specific lipids on neurons close to the lesion site during the regeneration process of the damaged leech CNS. Moreover, by using histological dies specific the the lipid staining as matrices, we showed that MALDI imaging of lipids allowed to detect lipids which could be potentially biomarkers for ovarian cancer. A cross-talk with scientist and medical fields can emerged since using both the same way to detect lipids on tissue for diagnosis purposes
Hassainia, Farid. "Apport à l'imagerie anatomo-fonctionnelle du cerveau : méthodes d'interpolation sur la forme réelle de la tête & fusion d'images." Compiègne, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992COMPD471.
Full textWisztorski, Maxence. "Développements en imagerie par spectrométrie de masse et applications aux modèles invertébrés." Lille 1, 2006. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/b2cd98ef-2445-48bc-9462-f547716f3776.
Full textGorges, Sébastien. "Vers un système de navigation 3D en neuroradiologie interventionnelle." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00165960.
Full textgeste thérapeutique. Cette machine permet l'acquisition d'une image 3D montrant les artères du patient (ou 3DXA). Cependant, le contrôle visuel du déploiement des
outils (guide, cathéter...) est effectué en 2D avec une image temps réel (ou fluoroscopie). Cette thèse a pour ambition de contribuer à l'amélioration des techniqu
es de guidage en proposant des outils permettant une utilisation de l?image 3D durant le traitement.
Les images étant acquises avec la même machine d'angiographie, nous avons consacré une partie de notre travail au développement de méthodes fiables de calibrage de
la chaîne image portée par l'arceau rotatif de la machine. Le but était de comprendre si l'arceau se déformait ou non sous l'influence de son poids.
Tirant parti du fait que les images sont acquises avec la même machine, nous avons ensuite proposé une méthode de recalage 3D2D entre l'image 3DXA et la fluorosc
opie. Cette méthode exploite les capteurs de position du système et incorpore les déformations subies par le système.
Suite à ces travaux, un système permettant la fusion de l'image 3DXA avec la fluoroscopie a été développé en collaboration avec GE Healthcare et évalué au CHU de Nanc
y pour le traitement des anévrismes cérébraux.
Enfin, un nouveau système doté de deux chaînes images (ou système bi-plan) a été installé à Nancy durant notre thèse. Après avoir développé une méthode de détection 2D du g
uide dans les images fluoroscopiques, nous avons initié une première étude de la reconstruction 3D du guide à partir des images bi-plan.
Pedrazzani, Mélanie. "Microscopie de fluorescence rapide et optique adaptative pour l'étude fonctionnelle tridimensionnelle in vivo des réseaux neuronaux impliqués dans la mémoire chez Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS226/document.
Full textCellular and neural network dynamics involved in memory formation remain poorly known despite the progress brought by advanced optical microscopies to neurobiology. The use of Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism constitute one of the most promising approaches due to its unique features: a small brain size, outstanding learning capabilities, very powerful genetic tools and the possibility to analyze a whole neural network with a cellular resolution. To this aim, we implemented two types of optical fluorescence microscopes coupled to cutting-edge fluorescent biosensors, calcic G-CaMP6f and voltage ArcLight probes. We used HiLo structured illumination, a technique able to provide axial optical sectioning, deep in the brain, to study the role of dopaminergic and gabaergic molecular receptors in the transmission of aversive stimulus to mushroom bodies neurons. We also evidenced a non-uniform response of type α/β mushroom bodies neurons under electrical stimulation at 10 to 20 µm depth of analysis. To penetrate deeper in the brain, we added an adaptive optics feedback loop into our microscope in order to overcome aberrations issues. We were then able to rebuild optical sections down to 50 µm depth. The second type of microscopy we developed is a multiconfocal microscope using spinning disk. The aim was to image all the mushroom bodies neurons, at the level of their cell bodies, with a cellular resolution. Since this project is at its beginning, it did not allow us to answer to advanced biological questions yet
Lucchesi, Adrien. "Analyse 3D des remodelages des réseaux neuronaux dans le cancer du pancréas." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0221.
Full textCancers are diseases in which cancer cells interact with a complex tumor environment (TE). In recent years, a new component of TE has been highlighted: neuronal projections of the nervous system. Indeed, the axons of neurons innervate the tumors, which could regulate cancer progression.Pancreatic cancer is among the most deadly cancers. Indeed, the current therapeutic treatments that target this cancer are not effective. It is therefore important to better understand the different components of the TE of this cancer in order to identify new potential therapeutic targets.In this thesis, we propose to describe the innervation of pancreatic tumors which is the starting point to better understand the importance of this component of the TE. The objectives were to visualize and analyze in 3D the networks of axons that innervate the healthy and cancerous pancreas, as well as their relations with other cell types of the TE (blood vessels (BV)).For this, we used a method of 3D imaging of whole pancreas, made transparent, which come from genetic models of mice that develop pancreatic cancer similar to that of humans.We observed that axon networks are denser and more complex in cancerous regions of the pancreas compared to healthy regions. Moreover, while in healthy tissue, axons are associated with BV, they are no longer in cancerous areas.We also identified morphological groups of axon networks that discriminate a healthy region from a cancerous region.The analysis of the 3D structure of these axon networks could thus represent a predictive and prognostic value for the progression of the disease
Sebali, Jennifer. "Role of MCAM+ Regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24533.
Full textIn multiple sclerosis (MS), autoreactive T cells upregulate cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), enter the central nervous system (CNS) and mediate damage to myelin. Regulatory T cells (Treg) are one of the key components of immune tolerance, protecting against autoimmune reactions. However, Treg's entry and function in the CNS remains largely unknown. Our lab has demonstrated the contribution of several CAMs, including melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM), in the migration of pathogenic lymphocytes across the BBB. The goal of this study is to determine whether Treg migrate into the inflamed CNS using MCAM and exert anti-inflammatory functions, possibly dampening CNS inflammation. The expression of MCAM and Treg functional markers and chemokine receptors (CTLA-4, CCR6, CCR5,), as well as cytokine secretion (IL-10, GrzmB, TGF-ß, IFN-γ, TNF α, GM-CSF, IL-17a), were studied on MS patients and healthy individuals (HC) Treg from the peripheral blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and in vitro culture, by flow cytometry, in corroboration with qPCR and ELISA. Moreover, the presence of MCAM+ Treg in the CNS was assessed by immunohistofluorescence (CD4, CD25, Foxp3, MCAM, nuclei) on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) affected mice. Our data showed an increase in the expression of MCAM on Treg during relapse-remitting MS patients (RRMS) compared to HC. We observed a trend for a higher frequency of MCAM+ Treg cells in the CSF versus the peripheral blood of MS patients, suggesting that MCAM might play an important role in the migration of Treg. These MCAM+ Treg seem to have a more functional and anti-inflammatory phenotype than their MCAM- counterparts. Moreover, we found higher levels of MCAM+ Treg in periods of EAE remission, underlining their involvement during this disease phase. Overall, our data depicts MCAM as an essential CAM for Treg homing to the CNS.