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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Imagery (Psychology) Memory'
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馬婉婷 and Yuen-ting Olivia Ma. "Mental imagery & false memory." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41715391.
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Ma, Yuen-ting Olivia. "Mental imagery & false memory." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41715391.
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Cili, Soljana. "Understanding cognitive changes in imagery rescripting : the role of the memory-imagery-self relationship." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/360205/.
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Imagery rescripting (IR) is a cognitive-behavioural technique that helps patients to modify the meaning they have attached to negative or traumatic experiences. Although it is effective in addressing memory-related intrusive images and in alleviating disorder-specific symptoms, there is little evidence as to how it works. The aim of this PhD project was to investigate the cognitive changes it promotes. Studies 1 and 2 found that memory recall influences individuals’ sense of self. They report higher state self-esteem, fewer achievement goals, and more recreation/exploration goals after recalling positive memories than after recalling negative ones. They also report more emotional self-cognitions after recalling memories from which they have learnt lessons compared to recalling memories from which they have not abstracted any meaning. Studies 3 and 4 found that exposure and IR may influence individuals’ perception of negative memories and the impact these memories have on them when recalled. After being exposed to such memories and after rescripting them, they perceive these memories as less negative and important for their sense of self. They also report higher state self-esteem and either a weaker or a more positive emotional response after recalling them. The findings suggest that memory recall triggers the activation of different self-representations and that IR may influence this process. By helping individuals modify the meaning they have attached to negative memories, IR may facilitate the integration of these memories within the sense of self. This may make the memories and associated self-representations less salient and less likely to be activated in the presence of distressing stimuli. The implications of these findings for imagery research and clinical practice are discussed.
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LaMay, Mary Louise. "Memory for common and bizarre imagery: A storage-retrieval analysis." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1996. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1465.
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Arshamian, Artin. "Olfactory dreams, olfactory interest, and imagery: Relationships to olfactory memory." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Psychology, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6633.
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Existing evidence for olfactory imagery is mixed and mainly based on reports from hallucinations and volitional imagery. Using a questionnaire, Stevenson and Case (2005) showed that olfactory dreams provided a good source for olfactory imagery studies. This study applied an extended version of the same questionnaire and examined olfactory dreams and their relation to real-life experienced odors, volitional imagery, and olfactory interest. Results showed that olfactory dreams were similar to real-life odors, positively related to olfactory interest and in some extent to volitional imagery. In a follow-up study, two subgroups, one with olfactory dreamers who scored high in olfactory interest and volitional imagery, and one non-olfactory dream group with low scores in interest and imagery, completed an olfactory test battery including odor threshold, episodic odor memory, and odor identification. The group of olfactory dreamers was significantly better in both odor identification and memory, but there were no differences between groups in threshold. These findings support the notion of olfactory imagery, and that individuals experiencing olfactory dreams, score high in olfactory interest and volitional imagery and also remember more olfactory information than persons who score low in these measures.
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Welch, Melissa Kae. "The Experience of Imagery in Relation to Memory and Problem Solving." W&M ScholarWorks, 1992. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625777.
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Lindenberger, Ulman, Reinhold Kliegl, and Paul B. Bates. "Professional expertise does not eliminate age differences in imagery-based memory performance during adulthood." Universität Potsdam, 1992. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4038/.
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Using a testing-the-limits paradigm, the authors investigated the modulation (attenuation) o f negative adult age differences in imagery-based memory performance as a function of professional expertise. Six older graphic designers, 6 normal older adults, 6 younger graphic design students, and 6 normal younger students participated in a 19-session program with a cued-recall variant of the Method of Loci. Older graphic designers attained higher levels o f mnemonic performance than normal older adults but were not able to reach younger adults' level of performance; a perfect separation of age groups was achieved. Spatial visualization was a good predictor of mnemonic performance. Results suggest that negative adult age differences in imagery-based memory are
attenuated but not eliminated by the advantages associated with criterion-relevant ability (talent) and experience.
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Steitz, David W. Verhaeghen Paul. "Age differences in memory performance and strategy use for grocery items and imagery/familiarity-matched non-grocery words a study in everyday memory /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Herndon, Phillip L. "The effects of guided imagery and group influence on false memory reports /." Electronic version (PDF), 2006. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2006/herndonp/phillipherndon.pdf.
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Midden, Allison J. "Vantage Point and Visual Imagery: Effects on Recall in Younger and Older Adults." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/44.
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The current study explored the influence of priming vantage point at retrieval on the recall of younger and older adults, in addition to the effects of visualization ability on recall. Based on McIsaac and Eich’s (2002) findings of the effects on younger adults’ recall, it was hypothesized that recollections would be more likely to include certain features when retrieved through the field vantage point (FVP) than through the observer vantage point (OVP) and vice-versa. Additionally, it was expected that older adults would recall more detailed memories from the OVP than from the FVP. Finally, it was hypothesized that visualization ability would influence memory vividness and that it would be more influential in older adults than in younger adults. The experiment was conducted across two sessions. In Session 1, participants completed a visual imagery assessment, and memories were created in the laboratory with younger (n = 20; 18-21 years old) and older (n = 18; 63-88 years old) adults through the completion of two activities. In Session 2, participants recalled the activities from either the FVP or the OVP. Participants’ recollections were coded for various memory characteristics, which acted as dependent variables in analyses. A significant interaction effect (p = .003) between age and vantage point was found on the characteristic of psychological state, such that older adults referred to their psychological state in FVP memories more than in OVP memories (p = .002), while younger adults demonstrated no significant difference. Imagery ability significantly predicted several aspects of participants’ subjective recall experience. Overall, the results indicate that retrieval vantage point does not change the content of one’s recollections on most measures for either younger or older adults and that visual mental imagery ability predicts several aspects of one’s recall experience.
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Melnyk, Laura Ellen. "The influence of imagery, timing, and individual differences on the accuracy of children's recall /." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38504.
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Six studies were conducted to examine the influence of various cognitive and social factors underlying children's suggestibility. In Study 1, a misinformation paradigm was used to assess if the addition of visual information to verbal reminders increases preschool children's accurate and inaccurate recall of an experienced event. The results showed that the presentation of pictorial information with verbal reminders increased children's susceptibility to misinformation; however, generation of guided visual imagery produced the same misinformation effects as simple verbal reminders. Study 2 examined the influence of guided visual imagery on kindergarten and grade 3 children's reports of an entire event. Children were interviewed three times about a true and false event. Half of the children were given guided imagery instructions the other half were asked to think about the events. The kindergartners were more susceptible to false event creation than the third-graders. Guided imagery did not increase the rate of false reporting, but the kindergartners who formed visual images of the false event included more false details in their false reports. Studies 3a and 3b examined the effects of timing and repetition of suggestive interviewing on kindergarteners' recall. The results showed that repetition of misinformation only increased suggestibility when the misinformation was temporally close to both the event and memory test. The long-term consequences of suggestive interviewing were assessed in both Studies 1 and 3a. The relative misinformation and facilitation effects were unchanged when the children were re-interviewed approximately five months after the initial memory test. Studies 4a and 4b examined the association between psychosocial and cognitive variables and interrogative suggestibility (Study 4a), susceptibility to misinformation (Study 4a), and false event creation (Study 4b). The results of Study 4a showed small but significant correlations between interro
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Swanson, Jane E. "Investigating implicit and explicit cognitions associated with smoking /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9128.
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Willander, Johan. "Autobiographical odor memory." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7172.
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Palm, Claes. "Self-reported Olfactory Imagery Ability is neither related to Odor Identification nor Episodic Recognition Performance." Thesis, Stockholm University, Stockholm University, Stockholm University, Stockholm University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-28502.
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Participants claiming to be good at evoking vivid olfactory images are assumed to have better access to odor memory. It was hypothesized that this would be reflected in better odor naming and recognition task performance. Two extreme groups of participants high and low in self-reported olfactory imagery ability were exposed to familiar and unfamiliar odors in an incidental learning session. This was followed by an episodic odor recognition and odor naming task 20 minutes later. Imagery ability was unrelated to naming and recognition. This might indicate that if high imagers have a better access to odor memory, it is not due to a stronger link between language and odor memory or better incidental encoding.
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McFarland, Craig P. "An Investigation of Mnemonic Strategies Designed to Improve Prospective Memory Among Young and Older Adults." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201489.
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Implementation intentions have been shown to improve prospective memory performance among a variety of populations. In two studies, the effectiveness of implementation intentions was examined among young and older adults. In Experiment 1 64 young adults were placed into one of four instructional conditions (Read-Only, Imagery, Implementation Intention, Combined) before completing a laboratory-based prospective memory task. Results reveal that prospective memory performance improves under each of the three experimental conditions, but that there is no additional benefit of combining imagery with implementation intentions. In a novel finding, imagery alone produced improvements comparable to implementation intentions. Experiment 2 investigated the effect of implementation intentions among 32 older adults, who were characterized as possessing high- or low-frontal function based on neuropsychological test performance. Implementation intentions improved prospective memory among both groups, regardless of frontal function. The results of these studies suggest that implementation intentions can improve prospective memory among both young and older adults. Importantly, these findings reveal that imagery alone may be an effective means of improving prospective memory. Additionally, that implementation intentions improved prospective memory among older adults, regardless of frontal function, raises important questions about potential mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of implementation intentions.
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Burns, Frances D. "The Application of Guided Mental Imagery as an Instructional Strategy." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331127/.
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The primary purpose of this study was to compare regular classroom instruction which used Guided Mental Imagery (GMI) to a non-GMI teaching method. This comparison was expected to yield data which would provide insights relating to the potential of GMI as a useful and effective instructional strategy. Quasi-experimental research methods were followed. The experimental design was a modified "post-test only control group design." Two-hundred-four students in naturally occurring in tact classes formed the experimental and control groups. All groups received instruction in identical science/health content. Two parallel post-tests were administered to all students. Post-test "A" was given immediately after instruction to measure learning acquisition. Post-test "B" was given four weeks later to measure retention of learning. Means for test scores were grouped according to treatment and sub-grouped by the variables: IQ, handedness, identified learning disability, and intellectual giftedness. T_ tests for differences between independent means were conducted. Students' acquisition of basic academic content, when instructed with GMI methodology, was found to differ significantly from students' acquisition of the same content with non-GMI instruction. No statistically significant differences based on instructional methodology were found for content retention. The investigator concluded that GMI instruction may increase learning. Although measures of retention did not show significant differences between groups, a review of the mean scores revealed a minimal difference. This was interpreted to indicate equality of retention between the two methods. Recommendations for further investigation were offered. Post-testing of subjects at additional intervals, and increased training of students and teachers in GMI prior to collection of data were suggested.
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Fassbender, Eric. "VirSchool the effect of music on memory for facts learned in a virtual environment /." Phd thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/76852.
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Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Faculty of Science, Dept. of Computing, 2009.Bibliography: p. [265]-280.
Introduction -- Literature review -- Method -- Experiments -- Conclusion.
Video games are becoming increasingly popular and their level of sophistication comes close to that of professional movie productions. Educational institutions and corporations are beginning to use video games for teaching purposes, however, not much is known about the use and effectiveness of video games for such purposes. One even less explored factor in video games is the music that is played throughout the course of the games. Little is known about the role that this music plays in cognitive processes and what effect background music has on players' memory. It is this question that the present thesis explores by asking which effect background music has on participants' memory for facts that are learned from a virtual environment. -- To answer the research question, a computer-animated history lesson, called VirSchool, was created which used the history of the Macquarie Lighthouse in Sydney as a basis for two experiments. Different musical stimuli accompanied the audio-visual presentation of the history topic. These stimuli were tested for their effectiveness to support participants' memory. The VirSchool history lesson was first presented in a Reality Center (a highly immersive, semi-cylindrical 3 projector display system) and one soundtrack was identified which showed a statistically significant improvement in the number of facts that participants remembered correctly from the VirSchool history lesson. Furthermore, Experiment 1 investigated how variations of tempo and pitch of the musical stimuli affected memory performance. It was found that slow tempo and low pitch were beneficial for remembrance of facts from the VirSchool history lesson. -- The beneficial soundtrack that was identified in Experiment 1 was reduced in tempo and lowered in pitch and was subsequently used as the sole musical stimulus in Experiment 2. Furthermore, because of equipment failure, Experiment 2 offered the opportunity to compare memory performance of participants in the Reality Center and a 3-monitor display system, which was used as a replacement for the defect Reality Center. Results showed that, against expectation, the memory for facts from the VirSchool history lesson was significantly better in the less immersive 3-monitor display system. Moreover, manipulated background music played in the second five and a half minutes of the VirSchool history lesson in the Reality Center resulted in a statistically significant improvement of participants' remembrance of facts from the second five and a half minutes of the VirSchool history lesson. The opposite effect was observed in the 3-monitor display system where participants remembered less information from the second five and a half minutes of the VirSchool history lesson if music was played in the second five and a half minutes of the VirSchool history lesson. -- The results from the present study reveal that in some circumstances music has a significant influence on memory in a virtual environment and in others it does not. These findings contribute towards and encourage further investigation of our understanding of the role that music plays in virtual learning environments so that they may be utilised to advance learning of future generations of students.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
280 p. ill. (some col.)
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Greenauer, Nathan Michael. "The effects of verbal processing on spatial memories verbal overshadownig [sic] and spatial representations /." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1153938077.
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McIntyre, A. H. "Applying psychology to forensic facial identification : perception and identification of facial composite images and facial image comparison." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/9077.
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Eyewitness recognition is acknowledged to be prone to error but there is less understanding of difficulty in discriminating unfamiliar faces. This thesis examined the effects of face perception on identification of facial composites, and on unfamiliar face image comparison. Facial composites depict face memories by reconstructing features and configurations to form a likeness. They are generally reconstructed from an unfamiliar face memory, and will be unavoidably flawed. Identification will require perception of any accurate features, by someone who is familiar with the suspect and performance is typically poor. In typical face perception, face images are processed efficiently as complete units of information. Chapter 2 explored the possibility that holistic processing of inaccurate composite configurations will impair identification of individual features. Composites were split below the eyes and misaligned to impair holistic analysis (cf. Young, Hellawell, & Jay, 1987); identification was significantly enhanced, indicating that perceptual expertise with inaccurate configurations exerts powerful effects that can be reduced by enabling featural analysis. Facial composite recognition is difficult, which means that perception and judgement will be influence by an affective recognition bias: smiles enhance perceived familiarity, while negative expressions produce the opposite effect. In applied use, facial composites are generally produced from unpleasant memories and will convey negative expression; affective bias will, therefore, be important for facial composite recognition. Chapter 3 explored the effect of positive expression on composite identification: composite expressions were enhanced, and positive affect significantly increased identification. Affective quality rather than expression strength mediated the effect, with subtle manipulations being very effective. Facial image comparison (FIC) involves discrimination of two or more face images. Accuracy in unfamiliar face matching is typically in the region of 70%, and as discrimination is difficult, may be influenced by affective bias. Chapter 4 explored the smiling face effect in unfamiliar face matching. When multiple items were compared, positive affect did not enhance performance and false positive identification increased. With a delayed matching procedure, identification was not enhanced but in contrast to face recognition and simultaneous matching, positive affect improved rejection of foil images. Distinctive faces are easier to discriminate. Chapter 5 evaluated a systematic caricature transformation as a means to increase distinctiveness and enhance discrimination of unfamiliar faces. Identification of matching face images did not improve, but successful rejection of non-matching items was significantly enhanced. Chapter 6 used face matching to explore the basis of own race bias in face perception. Other race faces were manipulated to show own race facial variation, and own race faces to show African American facial variation. When multiple face images were matched simultaneously, the transformation impaired performance for all of the images; but when images were individually matched, the transformation improved perception of other race faces and discrimination of own race faces declined. Transformation of Japanese faces to show own race dimensions produced the same pattern of effects but failed to reach significance. The results provide support for both perceptual expertise and featural processing theories of own race bias. Results are interpreted with reference to face perception theories; implications for application and future study are discussed.
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Woodrow, Jonathan. "The social psychology of digital photography : a process philosophy approach." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2004. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7724.
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This thesis addresses the nature of the image and its relationship to human perception and memory. Traditionally psychology approaches the relationship between the image and the human in a representationalist register, in which the world represents itself through images to the subjective observer. The thesis questions these assumptions about the representational relationship between the world, the mind and the image through a study of people using digital photographic technologies. It argues that digital images exist as a complex network of technology and activity that manage their incessant movement, production, consumption, convertibility, connectedness and fragility. The digital image exposes the complex nature of the image as more than a simple representation. If this is the case, then human involvement with images as networks occurs in terms of our inclusion in the network rather than as a subjective observer positioned outside of the world. Henri Bergson proposes that we see the image in terms of a distinction between time and space rather than as an intermediary between a subject and the object. The implications of this for the way in which we think about the interaction between people and technology and the nature of perception and memory are explored through some data examples from three settings. These are; amateur photographers using digital technology; families looking through their stocks of digital images and remembering past events together and finally, displays of family member's histories and identities on the internet.
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Tiller, Susannah Jane. "Noticing plus search in event-based prospective memory /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18921.pdf.
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Purnama, Herwina D. "Effects of cue-action association and importance on prospective memory." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19263.pdf.
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Ulate, Stephen O. "The impact of emotional arousal on learning in virtual environments." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02sep%5FUlate.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Modeling, Virtual Environments, and Simulation)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2002.Thesis advisor(s): Russell D. Shilling, Rudolph P. Darken. Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-59). Also available online.
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Andersson, Pehr. "THE ROLE OF VISUAL-SPATIAL ABILITY AND WORKING MEMORY IN IMAGE GUIDED SIMULATOR PERFORMANCE." Licentiate thesis, Umeå University, Department of Psychology, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-22643.
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Numerous studies have analyzed the critical factors for training in surgical endoscopy to ensure high performance and increased patient safety. There are, however, surprisingly few studies that focus on the role of cognitive abilities, especially considering the fact that an estimated 50% of allmedical errors that lead to permanent disability and death are the result of cognitive failures (Gawande, Zinner, Studdert & Biennen, 2003). This thesis provides initial outlines of two cognitive abilities that may underlie endoscopic simulator performance. In study 1 we addressed how high-level visual-spatial ability of surgical novices is related to performance of two simulatortasks with and without anatomical graphics and haptic feedback, differing in visual-spatial complexity. In study 2 we investigated whether visual and verbal working memory are related to the outcome of task performance scores in simulated laparoscopic cholecystectomy and gastroscopy training. Taken together, the results suggest that visual-spatial ability and working memory are significantly related to endoscopic simulator performance scores and that anincreased cognitive workload enhances the individual differences found. These findings can be used to better implement endoscopic surgical curriculum since novice trainees can be identified early and they might benefit from supplementary education in specific surgical tasks.
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Parkes, Jarred. "Event-based prospective memory : interaction between ongoing task processing and type of intention /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19750.pdf.
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West, Damian. "Mirror effects in recognition memory: can participants shift their decision criterion on an item-by-item basis?" [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19268.pdf.
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Osmond, Frederick Gary. "Nimble savages : myth, race, social memory and Australian aquatic sport /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19559.pdf.
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Yang, Kristin M. "The Impact of Processing Fluency on Liking and Memory of Consumer Products." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2269.
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According to previous studies, a higher degree of processing fluency leads to higher liking; however, other studies indicate that a higher degree of processing fluency leads to lower recognition. This experiment examines the influence of processing fluency on both liking and recognition to determine if the same results occur when participants are asked to rate liking and remember images. Subjects rated a series of images by level of liking, then were given a recognition test. The stimuli were a combination of fluent and disfluent product images with varied fluency in each of four categories: Amount of Information, Figure-Ground Contrast, Clarity, and Symmetry. Results indicated that participants liked fluent images more than disfluent images. However, results also revealed a trend that recognition may have been higher for fluent images, and that the effects of fluency on recognition depended on which type was manipulated. Thus, the effects of varying processing fluency are different when participants are asked to both rate liking and remember items. This experiment aims to provide successful marketing tactics, suggesting that marketers make their products fluent in order to produce greater liking and memory.
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Wang, Kairong. "Investigating the Domain of Geometric Inductive Reasoning Problems: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2385.pdf.
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Santi, Luiz Otavio de. "Espaços da memória: uma intervenção videofotográfica como forma de pesquisa com moradores de São Luiz do Paraitinga." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47134/tde-19072017-094418/.
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Esta tese complementa-se com um documentário intitulado Espaços da memória. Ele é resultado de uma intervenção visual colaborativa realizada por pesquisadores, dentre os quais este autor, e por moradores de São Luiz do Paraitinga, SP. Espaços da memória foi viabilizado pelo 1º Edital de Cultura e Extensão da Pró-Reitoria da USP de 2012. Um dos motivos para termos escolhido esta cidade é o de que ela reúne famílias e amigos que têm uma longa história de habitação e convívio na comunidade. Hoje patrimônio histórico nacional, ela também é patrimônio cultural dos que ali vivem, e que se concretiza no espaço de suas construções, das casas e ruas por onde organizam-se e depositam-se as histórias de famílias. O outro, foi porque a cidade sofreu uma grande enchente em janeiro de 2010, em que boa parte da população sofreu muitas perdas materiais. Foi de ampla divulgação na mídia, naquele momento, a destruição material ocorrida na cidade, em função das chuvas que derrubaram construções e transformaram as ruas, por semanas, em espaços tomados pelas águas, que arrastaram consigo tudo o que encontravam pela frente. Depois disso, a cidade enfrentou um longo processo de recuperação do legado perdido. A intervenção desenvolveu uma documentação observacional dos habitantes em seu cotidiano de reconstrução, propondo exercícios de rememoração por meio da coparticipação em algumas atividades, como rodas de conversa conosco, oficinas de fotografia, nas quais pudemos orientar os moradores a criarem suas imagens mais significativas. Investigamos as relações entre famílias e amigos e seus espaços de forma multidisciplinar, ou seja, levando em consideração aspectos históricos, psicológicos dessas relações, e da forma como se dão num contexto específico de representação com imagens. As imagens produzidas por eles serviram de estrutura para o roteiro do documentário, que incorporou uma seleção de fotos em sua narrativa. A partir destas impressões visuais e memoriais criamos um filme como dispositivo fílmico. Um dos aspectos do dispositivo é ser um filme ensaio que mostrar em sua narrativa o processo de realização dele próprio, evitando a neutralidade da equipe de filmagem. O dispositivo salienta estas relações do fazer compartilhado, juntando as habilidades dos pesquisadores com os olhares e os sentidos formados pelos moradores com suas fotografias, suas relações com a imagem e a memória. Esta intervenção visual qualitativa foi a base de pesquisa para esta tese, que analisa a produção de imagens como forma de pesquisa. Neste estudo, descrevemos o método do dispositivo fílmico e a intervenção videofotográfica nos quais os objetos-personagens se tornaram colaboradores realizadores, trabalhando a imagem como um fim em si mesmo. Acreditamos que com o fácil acesso aos aparatos numérico-digitais, o processo realizado nesta experiência pode oferecer algum grau de ineditismo para as pesquisas na Psicologia SocialThis thesis is complemented with a documentary that holds the title Memory Spaces. It is the result of a collaborative visual intervention carried out by researchers, among which this author, and dwellers of São Luiz do Paraitinga, SP. Memory Spaces was made feasible by the 1st Call-for-Bid for Culture and Extension at the Pro-Rectorship at USP in 2012. One of the reasons for having chosen this city is that it brings together families and friends that have a long history of sharing housing and living together in the community. Currently a national heritage, it is also the cultural heritage for those who live there, and that becomes materialized in the space of their constructions, the houses and the streets through which they get organized and where they deposit the history of their families. The other, because the city suffered an enormous flood in January of 2010, in which a large part of the population suffered significant material losses. This was broadly disseminated in the press, at that time, the material destruction that had taken place in the city, caused by the rains that tore down buildings and that for weeks on end transformed the streets into spaces taken over by the waters, that dragged with them whatever they found in their path. Ensuing that, the city faced a lengthy recovery process of the legacy it had lost. The intervention developed an observational documentation of the inhabitants in the day-to-day of reconstruction, proposing memory or reminiscing exercises through co-participation in some activities, such as conversation rounds, photography workshops in which we managed to guide dwellers to register their significant images. We researched the relationships between families and their spaces in a multidisciplinary way, that is, considering historical and psychological aspects, of such relationships, in the way they appear in a specific representation context with images. The images produced by them served as the backbone for the documentary script, that incorporated a selection of photos in its narrative. Based on these visual impressions and memories, we created a film as a filmic device. The so-called device avoids the filming teams and the research´s neutrality regarding the work. The device emphasizes the relationship of shared work, bringing together the skills of researchers with the looks and feelings formed by the dwellers with their photographs, their relationships with the image and memory. This qualitative visual intervention was the groundwork for the research of this thesis, that is aimed at objectively reflecting on the production of images as a form of research. The collective production of images as a form of expression. In Social Psychology interventions seems to be a little used procedure or one that is not well known. In this study, we describe the filming method and the video-photographic intervention in which the objects-characters have become collaborators and producers, working with the image as an end. We are convinced that with easy access to numerical-digital devices, the process carried out in this experience could offer some degree of newness or uniqueness to research in Social Psychology
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Denis, Michel. "Formes imagées de la représentation cognitive." Paris 8, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA080085.
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L'etude de l'image mentale, comme forme de representation permettant a l'esprit humain de conserver et de manipuler l'information perceptive extraite de son environnement, est inscrite dans cette these a l'interieur d'une problematique cognitive de la representation. Une analyse des proprietes et des fonctions des systemes de representation est suivie d'un examen du role de l'image par rapport a d'autres formes de representation cognitive. Apres avoir retrace les debats theoriques sur le statut de l'image dans le fonctionnement cognitif, cette these fournit une analyse detaillee des proprietes de l'image visuelle et des relations que celle-ci entretient avec la perception visuelle. La partie principale de la these est consacree au role de l'image dans les activite psychologiques rassemblees sous la rubrique generale du traitement du langage. Une conception de l'image comme instrument de figuration de la signification est illustree par les resultats d'un programme de recherche. Tout d'abord, l'image est analysee dans les rapports qu'elle entretient avec la signification lexicale. Les recherches experimentales presentees attestent que la valeur d'imagerie d'un mot est tributaire de la richesse du concept correspondant en traits semantiques figuratifs. Une autre idee developee est celle de l'actualisation selective des traits figuratifs au cours du traitement d'enonces decrivant des scenes concretes. Enfin, des recherches menees sur la comprehension et la memorisation de textes permettent de mettre l'accent sur l'imagerie comme activite fournissant au lecteur, en complement a la base semantique du texte, un modele non linguistique des evenements et des situations decrites. Cette partie de la recherche aborde egalement la question de l'imagerie visuelle sous l'angle des differences individuelles. Un inventaire des approches experimentales de l'imagerie dans ses rapports avec le raisonnement et la resolution de problemes fait apparaitre l'efficacite singuliere de l'image dans le traitement de nombreuses sortes de problemes. Enfin, le role de l'imagerie est examine dans l'acquisition des habiletes motrices et dans la planification des conduites humaines. La conclusion replace l'image dans le contexte theorique et operationnel de la recherche cognitive contemporaineThe study of mental imagery, that form of representation by which the human mind stores and manipulates perceptual information drawn from the environment, is viewed here as a part of a broader approach to representation in cognitive research. In this thesis, an analysis of the properties and functions of representational systems is followed by an examination of the role of imagery as compared to other forms of cognitive representation. After a summary of the theoretical controversies regarding the status attributed to imagery in cognitive functioning, a section provides a detailed analysis of the properties of visual images and their relationships to visual perception. The main part of the thesis is devoted to the role of imagery in psychological activities involved in language processing. A conception of imagery as an instrument for the figuration of meaning is developed through the presentation of findings from a comprehensive series of experiments. First, imagery is analyzed in its relationships with lexical meaning, where findings show that word imagery value depends on the richness of the corresponding concept in figurative semantic features. Secondly, selective activation of figurative features during the processing of sentences describing concrete scenes is investigated. Lastly, there is an account of experiments on comprehension and memory for texts, which stresses for the role of imagery as an activity providing readers with a non-linguistic model for described events and situations, complementing the semantic textbase. This part of the author's research also deals with the issue of individual imagery differences. A review of experimental approaches of imagery related to reasoning and problem solving demonstrates the effectiveness of imagery in the processing of various types of problems. Finally, the role of imagery in the acquisition of motor skills and in the planification of human behavior is discussed. The conclusion places imagery in the theoretical and operational framework of current cognitive research
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Torcu, Asli. "Peinture réminiscente : surgissements, stratifications, dynamiques affectives." Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080047.
Full textAbstract:
La réminiscence et l’apparition des images par des facteurs affectifs déclencheurs font partie inhérente du processus de création picturale qui est issue d’une nécessité intérieure. Les affects inscrits dans les souvenirs alimentent la force créatrice en s’actualisant par l’acte de réminiscence. C’est dans cette dynamique de l’intériorité que le langage pictural se forme en engageant la mémoire où le surgissement des images est soumis à l’affect. La métaphore de la nuit nous a permis d’interroger davantage l’incertitude de la mémoire et de l’état après le rêve, où les images d’intimité sont enfouies. La revalorisation de la subjectivité, de l’intime et du désir témoigne de l’intention d’une archéologie émotionnelle qui ramène la peinture à ses origines premières. Travaillant à partir des images d’images, les artistes contemporains explorent l’articulation du souvenir au présent. Nourrie de cet usage qui repose sur une interaction de l’ordre du « toucher » avec l’image, la « durée » picturale correspond à la réminiscence.La peinture, comme une forme intériorisée du réel, se déploie dans une mise en scène des multiples temporalités par une stratification de la matière picturale. Dans cet espace, le souvenir s’actualise dans la sensation de la couleur. En tant que qualité affective, la couleur permet d’exprimer le climat émotionnel attaché à un souvenir et de rendre visible l’affect. La surface du tableau est un tissu chaotique, mais également génératrice d’ « accidents proustiens », de retrouvailles et d’énigmes. Ici, la mémoire est la source d’où émane l’imaginationThe reminiscence and the appearance of images triggered by the emotional factors are inherited in the process of pictorial creation that comes from the inner necessity. By becoming actualized by the act of reminiscence, the affects inscribed in the memories nourish the creative force. In these dynamics of interiority, pictorial language is formed by the engagement of the memory. The emergence of images is subject to affect in the memory. The metaphor of the night has allowed us to question further the uncertainty of the memory and the after-dream state, where the images of intimacy are buried.The increase of subjectivity, the intimacy and desire reflect the intention of an emotional archaeology that brings the painting back to its origins. The use of images of the images in the contemporary artist’s works explores the connection of remembrance with the present. The pictorial time length, nurtured by this use based on an interaction between the emotional “touch” and the image, corresponds to the reminiscence.Painting, as an internalized form of the real, spreads out in a staging of multiple temporalities by a stratification of pictorial matter. In this space, memory refreshes itself in the sensation of the colour. As an affective quality, the colour enables the expression of the emotional climate attached to a remembrance and makes the affect visible. The surface of the painting is a chaotic material, but also source of "Proustian accidents," reunions and enigmas. Here, memory is the origin from which emanates the imagination
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Sundberg, Kristina. "Med kroppen som spegel : tatueringen som dokument." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för ABM, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-253454.
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This master’s thesis has the intent of showing that the tattoo can be regarded as an individuals document according to prevailing notions in archival science. Suzanne Briets definition of the concept of document is used in this thesis as a widening definition, a document does not have to presented in a defined form, it is only required to represent an object or intellectual phenomenon and to be informative. Tattoos are presented in this thesis as informative with regard to the status and position of russian/soviet convicts and as such presenting an individuals identity within a specific context. As documents they also provide the individual with the essential evidence of his or her endeavours in a criminal environment. Also, they have the ability to function as an individuals memories of relationships, hardships and comradeships. Memory, evidence and identity are concepts upon which archival theorists are reworking the role of archives and documents in society and culture. The method presented in this thesis is image analysis applied to a selected number of photographs and drawings owned and published by a design and publishing company in London. The image analysis has as its focus the tattoos visible upon individuals bodies, these tattoos are interpreted and made relevant with regard to historical circumstances and the prison environment. The image analysis in this thesis is complemented by litterature studies. The thesis also provides a recapitulation regarding previous research concerning tattoos within the human and social studies. The conclusion this thesis presents is that it is possible to view the tattoo as a document, bound to an individual, which mirrors the society and culture in which the individual finds himself. It is also possible to view the tattoo as mirroring indivudals possibilities, wishes and memories. Finally, the tattoo presents itself, in this context, as a document that may represent a critique of a dominant society or simply the voice of the alienated.
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Gonthier, Corentin. "Cognitive control in working memory : an individual differences approach based on the Dual Mechanisms of Control framework." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENS035/document.
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La mémoire de travail et le contrôle cognitif sont des construits proches ; on suppose généralement qu'une forte capacité en mémoire de travail est associée à un contrôle cognitif efficace. Cette hypothèse a des implications importantes pour la cognition humaine et apporte une explication élégante à la corrélation fréquemment reportée entre mémoire de travail et intelligence fluide. En revanche, les difficultés d'opérationnalisation et de mesure du contrôle cognitif rendent l'hypothèse difficile à tester. Un modèle récent du contrôle cognitif, le modèle à Deux Mécanismes de Contrôle (DMC), offre une solution à ce problème : ce modèle propose l'existence de deux mécanismes de contrôle cognitif distincts et permet de les opérationnaliser de façon efficace. La littérature prédit que l'un de ces deux mécanismes, le contrôle proactif, devrait être lié à la mémoire de travail. L'objectif de cette thèse était de tester l'existence d'une relation entre les différences inter-individuelles en mémoire de travail et la tendance à mettre en place un mécanisme de contrôle proactif. Cette relation a été testée sous quatre axes de travail : 1) en utilisant de nouveaux paradigmes expérimentaux pour mesurer la tendance à utiliser le contrôle proactif, 2) grâce à des tâches classiques de contrôle cognitif choisies pour leur sensibilité au contrôle proactif, 3) à travers une approche par imagerie cérébrale incluant électro-encéphalographie et imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle, et 4) en tant que facteur explicatif de la relation entre mémoire de travail et intelligence fluide. Dans l'ensemble, nos résultats n'ont pas permis de soutenir l'idée que la capacité en mémoire de travail est directement liée à la tendance à utiliser un mécanisme de contrôle proactif ; les données suggèrent plutôt un avantage général en faveur des participants à forte capacité en mémoire de travail dans toutes les situationsThe constructs of working memory and cognitive control are conceptually close; a high working memory capacity is hypothesized to be associated with an efficient cognitive control. This hypothetical association has large implications for human cognition and provides an elegant explanation for the frequently reported relationship between working memory capacity and fluid intelligence. However, the difficulty in operationalizing and measuring cognitive control makes this hypothesis hard to test. One model of cognitive control, the Dual Mechanisms of Control (DMC) framework, constitutes a possible solution to this problem: the model proposes two distinct mechanisms of cognitive control which can be efficiently operationalized and studied. There is reason to believe that one of these two mechanisms, proactive control, is specifically related to working memory capacity. The objective of the present research work was to assess the relationship between individual differences in working memory capacity and the tendency to use proactive control. This relationship was tested in four steps: 1) by using innovative measures of the tendency to use proactive control, based on newly developed paradigms, 2) with classic cognitive control tasks sensitive to proactive control, 3) with a neuroimaging approach using electro-encephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging, and 4) by testing whether the use of proactive control explains the relationship between working memory and fluid intelligence. Overall, our results did not support the idea that working memory capacity is uniquely related to the tendency to use proactive control; the data were more consistent with a general advantage of participants with a high working memory capacity in all situations
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Gelin, Margaux. "Mémoire adaptative et effet animé : notre mémoire fonctionne-t'elle encore comme à l'âge de pierre ?" Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCH002/document.
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La conception de la mémoire adaptative défend l’idée selon laquelle la mémoire humaine a évolué, pendant toute l’histoire de l’Homme, de sorte à résoudre des problèmes adaptatifs spécifiques (e.g., trouver de la nourriture, se protéger des prédateurs). De nombreuses recherches soutiennent cette conception en montrant, par exemple, que nous mémorisons mieux les informations quand nous les traitons relativement à notre propre survie (Nairne, Thompson, & Pandeirada, 2007). Récemment, un nouvel effet mnésique est venu renforcer cette approche fonctionnelle de la mémoire : l’effet animé. Il correspond à une meilleure mémorisation des entités animées (entités vivantes, capables de se déplacer de façon autonome, e.g., bébé, sauterelle) comparativement aux entités inanimées (entités non vivantes, e.g., bouilloire, corde). Cet effet serait dû à la plus grande importance des entités animées que de celle inanimées pour la survie et/ou la reproduction. Traiter ces entités de façon privilégiée a été primordiale pour la survie de nos ancêtres, et en conséquence, pour l’évolution de l’espèce humaine. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes focalisés sur l'effet animé en mémoire épisodique afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes proximaux qui le sous-tendent et ses conditions d’apparition. Ainsi nos principaux résultats ont-ils permis d’établir que l’effet animé en mémoire est : (1) lié au processus de remémoration (rappel conscient de détails contextuels) ; (2) indépendant des ressources cognitives disponibles ; (3) en partie sous tendu par de l’imagerie mentale et (4) modérément modulé par le contexte d’encodageAccording to the adaptive memory view, human memory was shaped in the distant past to remember fitness relevant information (e.g., finding food, protecting ourselves from predators). An increasing number of studies favor this view, by showing that information related to to survival is memorized better than information not related to survival (Nairne, Thompson, & Pandeirada, 2007). Recently, a new type of findings further supports this functional approach of memory: animacy effects, that is to say the observation that animates (living things able of independent movements; e.g., baby, grasshopper) are remembered better than inanimates (non-living things e.g., teakettle, rope). One account of this memory effect has been that animates are of greater importance for survival and/or reproduction. In effect, knowing how to interact with animates was crucial for the survival of our ancestors, and thus, for the evolution of our species. In this work, our main purposes were to identify some proximate mechanisms underpinning animacy effects in episodic memory as well as the contexts in which these effects are observed. Taken overall, our findings accord with the claim that animacy effects in memory are: (1) linked to recollection (conscious recall of contextual details); (2) independent of cognitive resources; (3) partially underpinned by mental imagery and (4) to some extent modulated by encoding context
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Bahcivanoglu, Talin. "Erinnerungsbilder – Erinnertes Gedächtnis." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22457.
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Der armenisch-türkische Konflikt ist eines der zentralen Themen in der armenischen Wochenzeitung Agos. Die Karikaturisten Aret Gicir, Ohannes Saskal und Sarkis Pacaci bebildern diesen Konflikt in der Sprache der Karikaturen. Die Zeitung ist dabei auch ein Medium für das kollektive Gedächtnis der Armenier in der Türkei und in der Diaspora.
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Rolle der Karikaturen als Erinnerungsfiguren und die Rolle der Karikaturisten als Erinnerungsträger in den armenischen Medien, hier namentlich die Wochenzeitung Agos, für den kollektiven Konstruktionsprozess. Ohne Medien sind keine Erinnerungen möglich und Karikaturen sind ein Medium der Erinnerung.
Die Karikaturisten Aret Gicir, Ohannes Saskal und Sarkis Pacaci verwenden unterschiedliche Techniken und Bildersprachen. Ihre Karikaturen gleichen Graffitis, Piktogrammen oder erotischen Darstellungen, sie sind Botschaften und Symbole einer kulturellen Hinterlassenschaft, so wird beispielsweise der tabuisierte Diskurs der Sexualität mit dem tabuisierten Diskurs des armenischen Genozids in der Türkei verbunden, ein Tabu wird durch ein anderes Tabu ersetzt.
Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, dass die Karikaturisten die Funktion von modernen armenischen Aschugs, den Minnesängern der Gemeinschaft, übernehmen. Anstatt die Erinnerungen wie früher persönlich von Dorf zu Dorf tragen, oder wie im europäischen Mittelalter von Burg zu Burg, übernimmt diese Reise der Erinnerung die Zeitung Agos, um den Rezipienten mit Botschaften aus der Heimat zu versorgen. Durch die Zeitung wird der Rezipient an die (armenische) Vergangenheit erinnert. An diese Erinnerung wird versucht, die kollektive Gedächtnis der Armenier als Ersatz für das fehlende kommunikative Gedächtnis zu etablieren.The Armenian-Turkish conflict is among the key subjects treated in the Armenian weekly Agos. The caricaturists Aret Gicir, Ohannes Saskal, and Sarkis Pacaci illustrate this conflict in the language of caricatures. The newspaper is thus also a medium for the collective memory of Armenians in Turkey and in the diaspora. This dissertation examines the role of caricatures as memory figures and the role of the caricaturists as carriers of memory in the Armenian media, here specifically the Agos weekly, for the collective process of construction. Memories are not possible without media, and caricatures are a medium of memory. The caricaturists Aret Gicir, Ohannes Saskal, and Sarkis Pacaci use different techniques and imagery. Similar to graffiti, pictograms, or erotic depictions, their caricatures are messages and symbols of a cultural legacy. The tabooed discourse on sexuality, for example, is related to the tabooed discourse of the Armenian genocide in Turkey; one taboo replaces another. This thesis shows that the caricaturists assume the function of modern Armenian ashughs, the bards of the community. Instead of the earlier practice of transmitting the memories personally from village to village, or from castle to castle, as was done in medieval Europe, this journey of remembrance is carried out by the Agos newspaper in order to provide recipients with messages from home. The newspaper serves to remind recipients of the (Armenian) past. Through this memory, an attempt is made to establish the collective memory of the Armenians as a substitute for the lacking communicative memory.
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Berthiaume, Cynthia. "Effets de la stimulation transcrânienne à courant continu (STCC) combinée à la pratique de l'imagerie motrice (IM) sur l'apprentissage d'une séquence de mouvements avec le membre inférieur chez des sujets sains." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28063.
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Ce mémoire doctoral vise à approfondir les connaissances dans le domaine de la réadaptation, de la neurostimulation et de la pratique mentale basée sur l’imagerie motrice (IM). Très peu d’études ont mesuré les effets de ces deux techniques en combinaison et il existe à notre connaissance seulement une étude ayant mesuré les effets de ces deux techniques au niveau du membre inférieur. Concrètement, l’objectif principal du mémoire doctoral est de mesurer les effets de l’IM combinée à la stimulation transcrânienne à courant continu (STCC) sur les performances motrices d’une séquence complexe de mouvements de la jambe chez des sujets sains. Une étude expérimentale d’une seule séance, avec un protocole en double aveugle, placebo contrôle, a été réalisée auprès de 36 adultes sains. Les sujets ont été divisés aléatoirement en trois groupes égaux, soit un groupe recevant une stimulation anodale active du cortex moteur de la jambe combinée à l’IM, un groupe recevant une stimulation placebo combinée à l’IM et un groupe recevant une stimulation placebo combinée à une tâche de lecture. Les sujets devaient apprendre puis réaliser une séquence complexe de huit mouvements avec la jambe dominante, afin de mesurer la précision et la vitesse des séquences complétées. Les résultats ont démontré un effet d’acquisition de la séquence, soit immédiatement et 30 minutes après l’intervention, de même que des capacités d’IM équivalentes et ce pour tous les groupes. Cependant, contrairement à nos hypothèses, les résultats n’ont démontré aucun effet additionnel de l’IM ou de la combinaison de l’IM et de la neurostimulation sur le nombre de séquences correctement exécutées ou sur le temps d’exécution. Ce mémoire doctoral contribue toutefois à l’avancement des connaissances en démontrant la pertinence de réaliser des études auprès de populations saines afin de valider les paramètres d’intervention avant l’utilisation des interventions auprès de populations cliniques.This doctoral thesis aimed at further developing knowledge on novel techniques to improve rehabilitation notably neurostimulation and mental practice based on motor imagery (MI). Very few studies have combined these two techniques and only one study combined these two techniques to investigate its effects on the lower limb. More precisely, the objective of this doctoral thesis is to study the effects of mental practice based on motor imagery (MI) combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on leg motor performances in healthy subjects, using a complex foot-movements sequence. A single session experimental study was conducted, using a double blind, placebo controlled protocol with 36 healthy adults. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three equal groups: one receiving active anodal stimulation over the leg region of the motor cortex combined with motor imagery training, one receiving sham stimulation combined with motor imagery training and one receiving sham stimulation combined with a reading task. Subjects had to learn then execute a complex 8-movement sequence with their dominant leg; the goal being to measure accuracy and speed of completed sequences. Results showed new skill acquisition, immediately after and 30 minutes after the intervention in all groups. Results also showed that all three groups had similar MI abilities. However, contrary to our hypothesis, our results showed no additional effect of MI training or of the combination of MI training and stimulation, measured by an increase number of correctly performed sequences or by an decreased in execution time, suggesting that motor performances were similar for all three groups. This doctoral thesis contributes to scientific knowledge by showing the relevance of conducting research with healthy populations in order to validate the interventions before implementing the interventions with a clinical population.
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Batistuzzo, Marcelo Camargo. "Ativação cerebral associada à memória episódica verbal no transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo por meio de ressonância magnética funcional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5138/tde-02062014-093057/.
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O transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TOC) é um transtorno psiquiátrico que acomete cerca de 1 a 3,1% das pessoas ao longo da vida. Embora o seu modelo neurobiológico ainda não esteja completamente estabelecido, inúmeras evidências apontam para áreas relacionadas ao circuito córtico-estriado-pálido-talâmico-cortical (CEPTC). Em especial, o córtex órbito-frontal (COF) é uma região que desempenha um papel fundamental dentro da hipótese fisiopatológica do TOC. Paralelamente, esta região já foi associada, em sujeitos saudáveis, com a habilidade de utilização espontânea da estratégia de agrupamento semântico na memorização de palavras - o que facilita sua evocação posterior. Ao mesmo tempo, estudos neuropsicológicos evidenciaram que pacientes com TOC apresentam déficits na memória episódica verbal (MEV) e que tais déficits poderiam ser mediados por dificuldades em funções executivas ligadas ao planejamento, como utilização de estratégias. Portanto, para testar a hipótese de que há diferenças no correlato neural da codificação da MEV entre pacientes com TOC e controles saudáveis, foi utilizado um teste neuropsicológico adaptado para ressonância magnética funcional (RMf): o paradigma tinha apresentação em bloco. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a etapa de codificação da MEV e a capacidade de agrupamento semântico espontâneo em crianças e adolescentes com TOC. Assim, o paradigma foi constituído por duas listas de palavras: uma, semanticamente relacionada (SR), na qual as palavras eram divididas em categorias semânticas e outra, não relacionada (NR), na qual não havia relação aparente entre as palavras. O contraste de maior interesse do estudo foi a diferença entre essas duas condições (SR > NR). O nível de agrupamento semântico foi quantificado por um índice semântico. Os grupos foram formados por 25 crianças e adolescentes com TOC e 25 controles saudáveis, pareados por sexo, idade, escolaridade, preferência manual e QI. Embora os grupos estivessem pareados por essas características, eles se diferiram em sintomas clínicos, tais como sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e necessidade de rotina por parte da criança/adolescente. Os resultados comportamentais do teste de MEV mostraram que os grupos não se diferenciaram: ambos evocaram a mesma quantidade de palavras e não apresentaram diferenças no índice semântico. Apesar disso, a comparação entre os grupos - controlada para variáveis clínicas - revelou menor ativação (sinal BOLD) nos pacientes em diversas regiões cerebrais: frontais, parietais e occipito-temporais. Por outro lado, a análise de interação psicofisiológica (PPI) revelou que os pacientes apresentaram um aumento da conectividade do COF com regiões temporais em relação aos controles. Isso ocorreu para três das quatro regiões de interesse que foram posicionadas no COF: lateral e medial de ambos os hemisférios. Além disso, o grupo de pacientes apresentou uma correlação positiva entre o índice semântico e o efeito BOLD no COF, o que não ocorreu para o grupo controle. Esses resultados indicam diferenças no funcionamento cerebral de crianças e adolescentes com TOC tanto em regiões que estão dentro do modelo neurobiológico proposto para o TOC (circuito CEPTC), como fora dele também. De acordo com os resultados do presente estudo, as diferenças de ativação e de conectividade poderiam ser consideradas como um déficit latente, uma vez que ambos os grupos apresentaram o mesmo desempenho no paradigmaThe obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder that affects 1-3.1% of the general population (lifetime rate). Although its neurobiological model has not been completely establish, numerous evidences indicate that areas of the cortico-striatalpale- thalamic-cortical (CSPTC) circuit are engaged in the disease. In particular, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a region that plays a key role in the pathophysiological hypothesis of OCD. In parallel to this, in healthy controls this region has been associated with the ability of using spontaneous strategies of semantic clustering at the encoding of related words - in a way that facilitates the posterior retrieval of these words. At the same time, neuropsychological studies showed that OCD patients present verbal episodic memory (VEM) deficits, and that these deficits could be mediated by executive dysfunction - like planing and utilization of strategies. Thus, to investigate the hypothesis that there are differences at the neural correlates of VEM encoding between children and adolescents with OCD and healthy controls, we used a blocked design functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) paradigm to evaluate both groups. The main objective of the study was to investigate the VEM encoding and the ability to spontaneously organize words according to their semantic categories. In order to do this, the fMRI paradigm consisted of two kinds of word lists: a semantically related list (SR), in which words were divided into semantic categories and a unrelated list (UR), were there was no apparent relationship between the words. However, the contrast of most interest of this study, was the difference between the conditions (\'SR > UR\'). The semantic clustering level was quantified by a semantic clustering index. Groups were constituted by 25 children and adolescents with OCD and 25 healthy controls paired by gender, age, educational level, handedness and IQ. Although both groups were matched for these characteristics, they differed in clinical symptoms such as depression, anxiety and routines. Behavioral results showed that the groups were similar in terms of retrieved words and semantic index. Nevertheless, the comparison between groups - controlled for clinical variables - showed less activation (BOLD signal) in patients in several brain regions: frontal, parietal and occipito-temporal. On the other hand, the psychophysiological interaction analysis (PPI) revealed that patients have had an increase in the OFC connectivity with the temporal regions. This has occurred in three of the four regions of interest that were placed in the OFC: lateral and medial of both hemispheres. Also, the patients showed a positive correlation between the semantic index and the BOLD effect in the OFC, which was not observed in the control group. These results suggest that there are differences in brain functioning of children and adolescents with OCD in regions that are inside/outside of the neurobiological model for OCD (CSPTC circuit). In accordance with the present results, these differences in brain activation and connectivity could be regarded as a latent deficit, since both groups presented the same behavioral performance
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Coppalle, Renaud. "Mise en lumière des capacités préservées d'apprentissage des personnes malades d'Alzheimer à un stade modéré à sévère à l'aide de l'art : un autre regard pour un autre accompagnement New long-term encoding in severely amnesic Alzheimer’s disease patients revealed through repeated exposureto artistic items Does multiple format presentation of songs increase encoding in patients with Alzheimer’s disease at a moderate to late stage? Preserved familiarity-based recognition for music and paintings in patients with Alzheimer’s disease at a moderate to late stage with extensive damages to the medial temporal lobe L’accompagnement des aidants depersonnes atteintes de maladies d’Alzheimerou apparentées : renouveler les approchesthéoriques de l’accompagnement en France Suivi de la situation et des ressentis des proches aidants de personnes avec maladie d’Alzheimer et troubles apparentés: Le cas particulier du confinement lié au Covid 19 Apports respectifs de la clinique et de la rechercheà la neuropsychologie Preservation of musical memory throughout the progression of Alzheimer’s disease? Toward a reconciliation of theoretical, clinical, and neuroimaging evidence Do musicians have better mnemonicand executive performance than actors? Influence of regular musical or theater practice in adults and in the elderly." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMC018.
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La maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) est considérée depuis plus de 30 ans comme une pathologie de la mémoire empêchant l’apprentissage d’informations nouvelles en mémoire déclarative. Cependant, l’Histoire de la neuropsychologie rapporte des cas de patients présentant des capacités d’encodage résiduelles malgré une amnésie non-dégénérative avec des lésions pourtant proches de celles de la MA. Si les tâches de laboratoire échouent à montrer ces capacités dans la MA dès les stades légers en utilisant des stimuli verbaux et picturaux neutres, nous avons étudié dans quelle mesure la musique et d’autres types de stimuli artistiques peuvent permettre de les révéler dans des conditions plus écologiques, notamment par l’exposition passive répétée. En utilisant une échelle d’apprentissage construite pour étudier l’évolution du sentiment de familiarité dans la MA, nous avons pu révéler et décrire des apprentissages nouveaux chez ces patients à des stades modérés à sévères, ainsi qu’en inférer la nature au regard des modèles de mémoire classiques et contemporains. Pour finir, nous proposons de discuter en quoi la prise en compte de ces capacités pourrait changer les représentations associées à la MA, et améliorer l’accompagnement proposé aux patients et à leurs aidants familiaux et professionnelsFor the past 30 years, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been considered as a crippling memory disorder impairing any possibility of new learnings in declarative memory. However, in the history of neuropsychology, cases of residual encoding have been reported with amnestic patients presenting different etiologies despite showing lesions very similar to AD. Although using neutral verbal and pictural items in laboratory settings failed to report preserved learning capacities from the mild stages, we investigated how using music and other artistic items in ecological settings may reveal these capacities in AD patients at a moderate to late stage, notably by passive repeated exposition. By relying on a behavioral scale designed to study the evolution of the sense of familiarity in these patients, we were able to show and describe new learnings in this population, and inferring their nature in view of both classical and contemporary memory models. Finally, we offer suggestions to discuss how acknowledging these capacities could change the way AD is perceived, and how it could help caring for people affected by it and their familial and professional caregivers
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Safavizadeh, Nazanin. "L'imaginaire des quatre éléments dans la littérature contemporaine : analyse comparée à travers Goli Taraghi et Jean Marie Gustave Le Clézio." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20050.
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Cette thèse porte sur l'imaginaire des quatre éléments à travers la littérature comparée contemporaine, entre un auteur français, Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio et une auteure iranienne, Goli Taraghi. La méthodologie engagée révèle à partir des qualités sensibles propres à chaque élément, des caractères symboliques. La littérature comparée exige d'autre part, d'appréhender notre sujet avec une vision élargie aux faits culturels et sociétaux car chaque auteur porte dans son imaginaire de la nature, une mémoire à la fois personnelle et collective. Cette mémoire est en effet traversée par des événements historiques particuliers qui ont une influence certaine sur la psychologie individuelle et le rapport au monde. La part du souvenir et l'interprétation du souvenir sont par conséquent attentivement observées et nous suivons ainsi le cours que l'auteur a aménagé à chaque élément, dans l'écriture de son monde. L’étude se compose de trois parties : les première et deuxième parties concernent les domaines sensible et symbolique. La troisième partie confronte les résultats obtenus en mettant en évidence des réseaux thématiques d'images et de symboles. Enfin, la conclusion nous amène à souligner l'importance de la psychologie de chaque auteur qui délimite ainsi un territoire d'exercice pour chaque élément, ébauchant une cosmogonie dont les quatre éléments ne présentent qu'un aspect. Ce qui fait l'intérêt de l'analyse dans la littérature comparée se révèle ici riche de sens en permettant l'émergence des différences et des éléments d'universalité par-delà l'érosion que produit la mondialisation de la post-modernité. L'écrivain montre une certaine indépendance par la persistance d'attitudes singulières animées par la vigueur de l'enracinement culturelThis thesis focuses upon the imagination of the four elements through contemporary comperative literature, between French writer Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clezio and Iranian writer Goli Taraqi. The methodology used here reveals symbolic characters from the sensitive qualities of each element. On the other hand, compared literature requires that we understand our subject with a more expanded vision based on cultural and societal facts because each writer carries in his/her own imagination of the nature at times a personal and collective memory. This memory is in fact crossed by particular historic events which have a specific influence on individual psychology and relation with the world. The share of memories and the interpretation of memories are attentively observed and we follow the way the writer has designed for each element in writing his world. This study is comprised of three parts: The first and the second parts are about sensitive and symbolic areas and the third part compares the results obtained from exposing the thematic networks of images and symbols. Finally, the conclusion brings us to underscore the importance of psychology of each writer, which determines a territory of action for each element by outlining a cosmogony whose four elements represent only a single aspect. The advantage with analysis in the compared literature here is that the latter is rich in meaning, allowing the emergence of differences and elements of universality beyond erosion resulting from the globalization of post-modernity. The writer shows a sort of independence through persistence of specific lively attitudes through the vigor of cultural roots
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Aghajanzadeh-Darzi, Parastoo. "Perception et intégration de l'image dans le cadre d'un enseignement-apprentissage du FLE." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030072.
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Cette recherche, qui s’inscrit dans le domaine de la didactique des langues-cultures, porte sur l'intégration des images dans les méthodes du FLE et s’attache à expliciter les avantages mais aussi les limites de son exploitation dans les cours de langues. En se basant sur le concept d'image en tant qu'un support visuel, notre recherche tente de cerner dans quelles mesures l’application d’une image favorise l’apprentissage d’une langue chez les apprenants. Notre étude empirique a été effectuée au sein d’une université à Paris avec des apprenants de niveaux A1 à B2. De ce fait, nous avons recueilli des données en observant les interactions et les productions orales et écrites d’un public estudiantin pluriculturel face aux images. A travers l’étude de trois corpus successifs (questionnaires, observations, entretiens) nous avons dressé un état des lieux de la présence des images dans les cours du FLE, ses apports dans l’acquisition de L2 et nous avons explicité l’approche des enseignants vis-à-vis de ces supports didactiques. Ce qui nous permet de nous focaliser sur quelques éléments qui devraient être différemment mis en œuvre afin d’optimiser l’exploitation des images dans l’enseignement des langues-cultures. Les résultats de cette étude indiquent que les apprenants déploient des stratégies communicatives et d’appropriation afin d’exprimer leurs réactions face aux images et de participer aux échanges. L’analyse des interactions autour des documents visuels témoigne des conditions favorables à un apprentissage potentiel. L’examen approfondi de notre corpus relève d’une occultation de la dimension interculturelle, aussi bien dans les tâches proposées que dans les interactions engendrées par les images. Ces échanges sont fortement influencés par les actions des enseignants, d’où l’émergence de la nécessité d’une formationThe present research lies in the field of the didactics of languages and cultures. It focuses on the integration of pictures in the teaching of French as a foreign language and it also aims at explaining both the benefits and disadvantages of their use in language courses. Based on the concept of pictures as visual supports, this research attempts to define the potential of applying a picture in language learning among learners. Our empirical study was conducted in a university in Paris with A1 and B2 learners. In this respect, data were collected by observing the interactions and oral and written productions of pluricultural students faced with pictures. Through the study of three successive corpora (questionnaires, observations, interviews), we drew up a status report on the presence of pictures in lessons, its contributions to the acquisition of L2 and we explained the approach of teachers towards these teaching materials. This allows us to focus on a few different elements that should be implemented to optimize the use of pictures in the teaching of languages and cultures. Research findings in this study indicated that learners engage communicative and appropriation strategies to express their reactions to the pictures and to participate in interactions. Analyses of these interactions around the visual material reflect favorable conditions for potential learning. A thorough review of our corpus shows an occultation of the intercultural dimension both in the proposed tasks and in the interactions generated by the pictures. These interactions are strongly influenced by teacher actions, which points out to the the need for training
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Faget-Agius, Catherine. "Etude des bases neurales structurales et fonctionnelles des troubles cognitifs et de la qualité de vie dans la schizophrénie par imagerie cérébrale multimodale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5050/document.
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L’objectif principal de ce travail est de caractériser par une approche multimodale d’imagerie les bases neurales structurales et fonctionnelles qui sous-tendent les troubles cognitifs et la QV dans la schizophrénie. L’objectif secondaire est de tester la valeur prédictive des troubles cognitifs et de la QV pour l’évolution et le fonctionnement dans la schizophrénie.Nous avons d’abord exploré les profils d’activation cérébrale au cours d’une tâche de mémoire de travail entre des patients qui ont une courte durée d’évolution de la maladie et ceux qui ont une longue durée d’évolution de la maladie. Nous avons retrouvé une hyper activation de certaines régions cérébrales chez les patients avec un longue durée d’évolution de la maladie comparativement aux patients avec une courte durée d’évolution. Nous avons ensuite étudié les bases neurales structurales de la QV. Nous avons mis en évidence qu’une QV altérée était associée à des changements plus importants de la microstructure cérébrale dans des régions altérées par le processus pathologique de la schizophrénie. Nous avons enfin étudié les réseaux cérébraux fonctionnels qui sous-tendent la QV. Nous rapportons que des régions cérébrales impliquées dans la prise de décision, dans le traitement des émotions et dans les cognitions sociales sont liées aux dimensions de la QV.D’une part nos travaux suggèrent qu’une réorganisation fonctionnelle dans le réseau cérébral de la mémoire de travail joue un rôle compensateur lors de l’évolution de la schizophrénie. D’autre part, nos résultats laissent supposer que la QV serait l’expression précoce des anomalies cérébrales induites par les processus pathologiques de la schizophrénieWe conducted a multimodal neuroimaging approach combining the study of working memory activation with fMRI, the study of microstructural abnormalities associated with impaired QoL using MTI and the study of the functional brain substrate of QoL using SPECT. We aimed to characterize structural and functional neural basis of cognitive impairment and QoL in schizophrenia. We secondarily aimed to test the predictive value of cognitive impairment and QOL for the evolution and functioning in schizophrenia.First, we explored brain activation during a working memory task between patients with short disease duration and patients with long disease duration. We found a functional reorganization in patients with long schizophrenia duration having brain hyperactivations relative to short schizophrenia duration patients. Secondly, we investigated and compared microstructural abnormalities in patients with preserved Qol and impaired QoL. We showed that patients with impaired QoL had more microstructural changes in brain regions affected by the disease process of schizophrenia.Finally, we studied the neural substrate of QoL in schizophrenia. We reported that brain regions involved in cognitions, emotional information processing and social cognition underlie the different QoL dimensions in schizophrenia. On the one hand, our findings suggest that a functional reorganization in the working memory neural network plays a compensatory role in the schizophrenia course. On the other hand, our results suggest that QoL could be the early expression of brain abnormalities induced by the disease process of schizophrenia
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McDermott, Kathleen Blyth. "Effects of imagery on perceptual implicit tests of memory." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/13868.
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Experiments reported here demonstrate that imagery can promote priming on perceptual implicit memory tests. In Experiment 1, when subjects were given words during a study phase and asked to form mental images of corresponding pictures, more priming was obtained on a picture fragment identification test than from a condition in which subjects performed a semantic analysis of words. Experiments 2a and 2b replicated the finding of imaginal priming. In Experiment 3, imaginal priming of picture fragment identification occurred for recoverable fragments, but not nonrecoverable fragments. Experiment 4 showed that the imagery effect was restricted to the imaged type of material: imagining pictures (when presented with words) primed picture fragment identification but not word fragment completion. Similarly, when pictures were presented, imagining the corresponding words primed word fragment completion but not picture fragment identification. Overall, results support the hypothesis that imagining engages the same mechanisms used in perception, thereby producing priming.
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Rice, Heather Joy. "Measuring Visual Perspective in Autobiographical Memory Across Time Periods and Events." Diss., 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/179.
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McNally-Gagnon, Andréane. "Imagerie Musicale Involontaire : caractéristiques phénoménologiques et mnésiques." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16051.
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L’imagerie musicale involontaire (IMIN) est un phénomène mental extrêmement commun. Il peut être défini en tant que type d’imagerie mentale musicale qui devient consciente sans effort ou intentionnalité et qui n’est pas pathologique. La forme la plus connue d’IMIN est le « ver d’oreille », qui se présente généralement comme un court extrait musical tournant en boucle en tête et dont on se débarrasse difficilement. L’objectif principal de la présente thèse est d’investiguer les mécanismes cognitifs sous-tendant le phénomène puisque, malgré l’intérêt répandu dans les médias populaires, son étude expérimentale est récente et un modèle intégré n’a pas encore été proposé.
Dans la première étude, l’induction expérimentale a été tentée et les caractéristiques des images mentales d’épisodes d’IMIN ont été investiguées. Dans le laboratoire, des chansons accrocheuses (versus des proverbes) ont été présentées répétitivement aux participants qui devaient ensuite les chanter le plus fidèlement possible. Ils ont par après quitté le laboratoire, une enregistreuse numérique en mains, avec la consigne d’enregistrer une reproduction vocale la plus fidèle possible de ce qu’ils avaient en tête lors de tous leurs épisodes d’IMIN sur une période de quatre jours, ainsi que de décrire leur timbre. L’expérience a été répétée deux semaines plus tard. Douze des dix-huit participants du groupe expérimental ont rapporté des pièces induites comme épisodes d’IMIN, ce qui confirme l’efficacité de la procédure d’induction. La tonalité et le tempo des productions ont ensuite été analysés et comparés à ceux des pièces originales. Similairement pour les épisodes d’IMIN induits et les autres, les tempi produits et, dans une moindre mesure pour les non-musiciens, les tonalités étaient proches des originaux. Le timbre décrit était généralement une version simplifiée de l’original (un instrument et/ou une voix).
Trois études se sont ensuite intéressées au lien entre le potentiel d’IMIN et la mémorabilité. Dans une étude préliminaire, 150 chansons du palmarès francophone radiophonique ont été évaluées en ligne par 164 participants, sur leur niveau de familiarité, d’appréciation et de potentiel d’IMIN. Les pièces ont ensuite été divisées en groupes de stimuli à faible et à fort potentiel d’IMIN, qui ont été utilisés dans une tâche typique de rappel libre/reconnaissance, premièrement avec des francophones (pour qui les pièces étaient familières) et ensuite avec des non-francophones (pour qui les pièces étaient non-familières). Globalement, les pièces à fort potentiel d’IMIN étaient mieux rappelées et reconnues que les pièces à faible potentiel. Une dernière étude a investigué l’impact de la variabilité inter-stimulus du timbre sur les résultats précédents, en demandant à une chanteuse d’enregistrer les lignes vocales des pièces et en répétant l’expérience avec ces nouveaux stimuli. La différence précédemment observée entre les stimuli à fort et à faible potentiel d’IMIN dans la tâche de reconnaissance a ainsi disparu, ce qui suggère que le timbre est une caractéristique importante pour le potentiel d’IMIN.
En guise de conclusion, nous suggérons que les phénomènes mentaux et les mécanismes cognitifs jouant un rôle dans les autres types de souvenirs involontaires peuvent aussi s’appliquer à l’IMIN. Dépendamment du contexte, la récupération mnésique des pièces peut résulter de la répétition en mémoire à court terme, de l’amorçage à court et long terme ou de l’indiçage provenant de stimuli dans l’environnement ou les pensées. Une des plus importantes différences observables entre l’IMIN et les autres souvenirs involontaires est la répétition. Nous proposons que la nature même de la musique, qui est définie par la répétition à un niveau micro- et macro-structurel en est responsable.Involuntary Musical Imagery (INMI) is a widely prevalent musical phenomenon. It can be defined as a type of musical mental imagery that becomes accessible to consciousness without any effort or intent and that is not pathological. The best known form of INMI is the “earworm”, which usually presents as a short excerpt of music running repetitively through one’s mind and which is difficult to get rid of. The goal of the present thesis is to build a better understanding of the cognitive mechanisms at play, because, although the phenomenon is discussed abundantly in the popular literature and media, the scientific inquiries are recent and an integrated model has yet to be proposed. In the first study, experimental induction was attempted and the characteristics of INMI episodes’ mental images were assessed. In the laboratory, catchy songs (versus proverbs) were presented repeatedly to participants who had to sing them back (or reproduce the proverbs’ prosody) as accurately as possible. Participants then left for four days with a recording device, singing their INMI episodes as similarly as possible to their mental imagery and describing their timbre. The experiment was repeated two weeks later. Twelve out of the eighteen participants in the experimental group reported INMI episodes of the induced songs, which confirms the effectiveness of the induction procedure. The sung productions were then analyzed for key and tempo and were compared to the original versions. Produced tempi and, to a smaller extent in the case of non-musicians, keys were close to the originals, for both the induced and other INMI episodes. Described timbre was generally a simplified version of the original (one instrument and/or voice). Three studies then addressed the link between INMI potential and memorability. In a preliminary study, 150 francophone hit songs were evaluated online by 164 participants, as to their familiarity, liking and INMI potential. They were then divided into high and low INMI potential song groups and were used as stimuli in a typical free recall/recognition task, first with Francophones (for whom the songs were familiar) and then with non-Francophones (for whom the songs were unfamiliar). Globally, high INMI potential songs were better recalled and recognized than low INMI potential songs. A final study investigated the impact on the previous results of the timbre variability between songs, by asking a single female singer to make vocal recordings of the stimuli and repeating the experiment. The previously observed difference between high and low INMI potential songs on the recognition task disappeared, suggesting that timbre plays an important role in INMI potential. In conclusion, we suggest that mental phenomena and cognitive mechanisms applying to other involuntary thoughts and memories can also apply to INMI. Depending on the context, memory retrieval of the songs can happen as the result of short-term memory rehearsal, short and long-term priming or cuing from stimuli in the environment or thoughts. The biggest difference between INMI and other types of involuntary memories is repetition. We suggest that the nature of music, which is defined by repetition at a micro- and macro-structural level, explains this discrepancy.
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Royan, Jodie. "The visuospatial sketch pad (VSSP) : investigating the dissociation of visual and spatial imagery and storage and their roles in reading." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/988.
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Baddeley and Hitch (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974) have described a model of working memory which explains how information can be temporarily held `on-line' in order to carry out everyday cognitive tasks such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension. One component of this model, the visuospatial sketchpad (VSSP), has not been as well described as other components of the model and there is some debate over its structure. Furthermore, the everyday cognitive importance of the VSSP has not been well researched. A battery of visual and spatial measures was developed to investigate the structure of the VSSP and its potential role in reading. A principal component analysis on a group of normal, undergraduate participants did not reveal the expected dissociation of visual from spatial processing. However, a dissociation was found in a group of dyslexic individuals. A series of multiple regressions revealed that while neither visual nor spatial processing reliably contributed to reading ability in normals, spatial processing contributed to reading fluency in the dyslexic sample. These findings suggest that while shared variance techniques fail to reveal the visual vs. spatial dissociation in working memory in normals, the dissociation can be revealed by clinical samples. In general, it appears that the ability to maintain visual vs. spatial information in working memory requires distinct cognitive processes. Furthermore, there is a relationship between VSSP processing and reading. This study has opened many doors for future research on the structure of the model and its importance for reading.
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"The Reality of Directed Forgetting in the Item-Method Paradigm: Suppression, not Selective Search or Decay." Doctoral diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.8897.
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abstract: It has been suggested that directed forgetting (DF) in the item-method paradigm results from selective rehearsal of R items and passive decay of F items. However, recent evidence suggested that the passive decay explanation is insufficient. The current experiments examined two theories of DF that assume an active forgetting process: (1) attentional inhibition and (2) tagging and selective search (TSS). Across three experiments, the central tenets of these theories were evaluated. Experiment 1 included encoding manipulations in an attempt to distinguish between these competing theories, but the results were inconclusive. Experiments 2 and 3 examined the theories separately. The results from Experiment 2 supported a representation suppression account of attentional inhibition, while the evidence from Experiment 3 suggested that TSS was not a viable mechanism for DF. Overall, the results provide additional evidence that forgetting is due to an active process, and suggest this process may act to suppress the representations of F items.Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Psychology 2011
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Vien, Catherine. "Corrélats neuroanatomiques de l’apprentissage de séquences motrices chez les personnes jeunes et âgées." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21770.
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Corriveau-Lecavalier, Nick. "Hyperactivation cérébrale et réseaux fonctionnels associés chez les individus à risque de développer la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25256.
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La maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) est à l’origine de la majorité des cas de démence chez les personnes âgées. Son diagnostic précoce est essentiel pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes cérébraux sous-tendant la manifestation phénotypique de la maladie et développer des interventions conséquentes. Le fait d’étudier des individus à risque de développer la MA, par exemple ceux présentant un déclin cognitif subjectif (DCS) ou un trouble cognitif léger (TCL), offre l’opportunité d’examiner les processus neuropathophysiologiques qui précèdent le stade démentiel. Cela permettrait, entre autres, d’identifier des biomarqueurs avant-coureurs de la maladie.
Cette thèse avait pour but d’investiguer la présence d’hyperactivation cérébrale chez des individus à risque de développer la MA, et d’examiner les réseaux cérébraux fonctionnels associés à l’hyperactivation. L’hyperactivation se définit par la présence de niveaux supérieurs d’activation cérébrale chez des personnes faisant partie de groupes à risque pour la MA (p.ex. DCS ou TCL), comparativement à des participants contrôles cognitivement sains. L’hyperactivation est le plus souvent mesurée par l’imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf) en condition de réalisation de tâche. Dans cette thèse, le lecteur ou la lectrice sera d’abord exposée aux études ayant utilisé l’IRMf pour examiner les patrons d’activation cérébrale et de connectivité fonctionnelle chez les individus ayant reçu un diagnostic clinique de MA, de TCL ou présentant un DCS. Les modèles théoriques découlant de ces études seront ensuite présentés. Afin de mieux comprendre le phénomène d’hyperactivation et sa relation avec les patrons de connectivité fonctionnelle, les divers enjeux scientifiques qui demeurent à être abordés seront ensuite décrits (Chapitre 1). Trois articles exposant les études empiriques formant le corps de la thèse seront ensuite présentés. La première étude avait pour but de documenter la présence, la localisation et l’évolution longitudinale de l’hyperactivation
iv
associée à une tâche de mémoire épisodique chez des individus qui rencontrent les critères de TCL et qui ont ultérieurement progressé vers une démence (Chapitre 2). La deuxième étude visait à déterminer la trajectoire de l’activation cérébrale associée à une tâche de mémoire associative en fonction du degré de sévérité de la maladie chez un groupe d’individus à risque de développer la MA. Elle avait également pour but de déterminer la présence d’hyperactivation chez des personnes rencontrant les critères de DCS plus (ou DCS+), qui sont des individus présentant une plainte de mémoire ainsi que des marqueurs génétiques et/ou de neurodégénérescence pour la MA (Chapitre 3). La troisième étude avait pour but d’examiner les réseaux cérébraux fonctionnels associés aux régions montrant de l’hyperactivation chez des individus à risque de développer la MA. Elle avait également pour objectif d’évaluer comment l’hyperactivation et ces réseaux cérébraux fonctionnels sont reliés aux performances en mémoire (Chapitre 4).
Les résultats découlant de l’étude 1 ont permis de mettre en évidence la présence d’hyperactivation chez des individus présentant un TCL et ayant ultérieurement progressé vers le stade de démence. Les trouvailles de l’étude 2 indiquent qu’une fonction quadratique décrit la relation entre des indices de sévérité de la maladie et l’activation pariétale supérieure gauche chez un groupe d’individus à risque de développer la MA (DCS+ et TCL). Par ailleurs, des niveaux supérieurs d’activation, c’est-à-dire de l’hyperactivation, étaient retrouvés dans les hippocampes
+
et plusieurs régions temporo-pariétales dans le groupe d’individus DCS . Une hypoactivation
pariétale supérieure gauche était plutôt retrouvée chez les individus TCL. Enfin, les résultats de l’étude 3 indiquent que l’hyperactivation de régions prédéterminées est associée à la dysfonction de réseaux cérébraux fonctionnels impliqués dans les processus de mémoire associative dans le DCS+ et le TCL. De plus, ces interactions hyperactivation-réseaux étaient associées à une symptomatologie cognitive croissante. Les implications de cette thèse et ses limites sont abordées dans la discussion (Chapitre 5).Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in older adults. Its early diagnosis is essential to better understand the brain mechanisms underlying the phenotypical manifestation of the disease and develop consequent interventions. The study of individuals at risk of AD, for example those presenting with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI), offers the opportunity to examine the neuropathophysiological processes preceding the dementia stage. This would allow, among other things, to identify early biomarkers of the disease. The general aim of this thesis was to determine the presence of cerebral hyperactivation and to assess functional brain networks associated with hyperactivation. Hyperactivation is defined by the presence of higher levels of brain activation in individuals at risk of AD (i.e. SCD, MCI) in comparison to cognitively healthy controls. Hyperactivation is most often measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while participants perform a cognitive task. In this thesis, the reader will first be exposed to the studies which used fMRI to examine patterns of brain activation and connectivity in individuals with a clinical diagnosis of AD, MCI or presenting with SCD. Theoretical models resulting from these studies will then be presented. The scientific issues remaining to be addressed to better understand the phenomenon of hyperactivation and its relation to functional brain networks will then be described (Chapter 1). Three empirical studies forming the core of this thesis will be presented. The first study aimed to assess the presence, localization and longitudinal evolution of hyperactivation associated with an episodic memory task in individuals meeting criteria for MCI and having subsequently progressed towards dementia (Chapter 2). The second study aimed to determine the trajectory of brain activation associated with an associative memory task as a function of disease severity in a group of individuals at risk of AD. It also aimed to determine if hyperactivation is present in viii participants meeting criteria for SCD plus (or SCD+), who are individuals presenting with memory complaint in addition to genetic and/or neurodegeneresence markers of AD (Chapter 3). The third and last study aimed to examine patterns of functional connectivity related to regions of hyperactivation, and to assess how hyperactivation and its associated functional networks relate to memory performance in individuals at risk of AD (Chapter 4). Results from the first study highlighted the presence of hyperactivation in individuals with MCI who subsequently progressed to the dementia stage. Findings from the second study revealed a quadratic function describing the relationship between proxies of disease severity (neurodegeneration, memory performance) and left superior parietal activation in a group of individuals at risk of AD (SCD+ and MCI). Moreover, higher levels of activation, i.e. hyperactivation, were found in hippocampal and temporo-parietal regions in the SCD+ group. Hypoactivation was rather found in the left superior parietal area in the MCI group. Finally, results from the third study revealed that hyperactivation of predetermined regions was associated with dysfunction of functional brain networks underlying associative memory in SCD+ and MCI. Moreover, these hyperactivation-network interactions were associated with increasing symptomatology. The implications of this thesis and its limits are addressed in the discussion section (Chapter 5).