Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Imageurs CMOS'
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Lizarraga, Livier. "Technique d'auto test pour les imageurs CMOS." Grenoble INPG, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPG0125.
Full textThe production test of the CMOS imagers is realized with testers that use light sources precise. This need make the imagers test complicated and expensive. Moreover, these kinds of tests can not be realised directly on the imager in order to incorporate auto test functions. These functions are interesting for the reduction of the production test costs and for the diagnosis of the imager. The diagnosis is important during the production and when the imagers have been submitted to important stress sources. In general, the users of the imagers seldom own the equipment necessary to verify its functionality. In this work, we study and evaluate a Built-In-Self-Test (BIST) technique for the CMOS vision sensors. This technique realises a structural test of the imager. The structural test is based on electrical stimuli applied to the photodiode anode and to the pixel transistors. The BIST quality is evaluated by the test metrics that takes into account process variations and the presence of catastrophic and single parametric faults. The BIST is evaluated for two kinds of imagers, the first one uses integrations pixels and the second one logarithmic pixels. An experimental validation is done for the logarithmic imager
Guezzi, Messaoud Fadoua. "Analyse de l'apport des technologies d'intégration tri-dimensionnelles pour les imageurs CMOS : application aux imageurs à grande dynamique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1022/document.
Full textWith the increase of systems complexity, integrating different technologies together has become a major challenge. Another challenge has traditionally been the limitation on the throughout between different part of the system coming from the interconnections. If traditional two dimensional integration solutions like System In a Package (SIP) bring heterogonous technologies together there is still limitations coming from the restricted number and lengths of interconnections between the different system components. Three Dimensional stacking (3D), by exploiting short vertical interconnections between different circuits of mixed technologies, has the potential to overcome these limitations. Still, despite strong interests for the 3D concepts, there is no advanced analysis of 3D integration benefits, especially in the field of imagers and smart image sensors. This thesis study the potential benefits of 3D integration, with local processing and short feedback loops, for the realisation of a High Dynamic Range (HDR) image sensor. The dense vertical interconnections are used to locally adapt the integration time by group of pixels, called macro-pixels, while keeping a classic pixel architecture and hence a high fill factor. Stacking the pixel section and circuit section enables a compact pixel and the integration of flexible and versatile functions. High Dynamic Range values producing an important quantity of data, the choice has been made to implement data compression to reduce the circuit throughout. A first level of compression is produced by coding the pixel value using a floating format with a common exponent shared among the macro-pixel. A second level of compression is proposed based on a simplified version of the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). Using this two level scheme, a compression of 93% can be obtained with a typical PSNR of 30 dB. A validation of the architecture was carried out by the development; fabrication and test of a prototype on a 2D, 180 nm, CMOS technology. A few pixels of each macro-pixel had to be sacrificed to implement the high dynamic range control signals and emulate the 3D integration. The test results are very promising proving the benefits that will bring the 3D integration in term of power consumption and image quality compared to a classic 2D integration. Future realisations of this architecture, done using a real 3D technology, separating sensing and processing on different circuits communicating by vertical interconnection will not need the sacrifice of any pixel to adjust the integration time, improving power consumption, image quality and latency
Demésy, Guillaume. "Modélisation électromagnétique tri-dimensionnelle de réseaux complexes. Application au filtrage spectral dans les imageurs CMOS." Phd thesis, Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00436046.
Full textBoucher, Luc. "Analyse, modélisation et réduction du couplage de bruit par le substrat dans les imageurs CMOS." Toulouse, ENSAE, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ESAE0002.
Full textMaëstre, Stéphan. "Étude de courants parasites dans les imageurs CMOS à pixels actifs et de leurs effets induits." Toulouse, ENSAE, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ESAE0019.
Full textDadouche, Foudil. "Modélisation et simulation, en VHDL-AMS, de capteurs d’images CMOS." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066322.
Full textVirmontois, Cédric. "Analyse des effets des déplacements atomiques induits par l’environnement radiatif spatial sur la conception des imageurs CMOS." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ESAE0009/document.
Full textToday, space imaging is an essential tool for sustainable development, research and scientific innovation as well as security and defense. Thanks to their good electro-optic performances and low power consumption, CMOS image sensors are serious candidates to equip future space instruments. However, it is important to know and understand the behavior of this imager technology when it faces the space radiation environment which could damage devices performances. Many previous studies have been focused on ionizing effects in CMOS imagers, showing their hardness and several hardening-by-design techniques against such radiations. The conclusions of these works emphasized the need to study non-ionizing effects which have become a major issue in the last generation of CMOS image sensors. Therefore, this research work focuses on non-ionizing effects in CMOS image sensors. These effects, also called displacement damage, are investigated on a large number of CMOS imagers and test structures. These devices are designed using several CMOS processes and using design rule changes in order to observe possible common behaviors in CMOS technology. Similarities have been shown between proton and neutron irradiations using current-voltage characteristics and deep level transient spectroscopy. These results emphasize the relevance of neutron irradiations for an accurate study of the non-ionizing effects. Then, displacement damage induced dark current increase as well as the associated random telegraph signal are measured and modeled. Common evaluation parameters to investigate displacement damage are found, allowing imager behavior prediction in space radiation environment. Finally, specific methods and hardening-by-design techniques to mitigate displacement damage are proposed
Chefi, Ahmed. "Conception d'un micro capteur d'image CMOS à faible consommation d'énergie pour les réseaux de capteurs sans fil." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT003/document.
Full textThis research aims to develop a vision system with low energy consumption for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The imager in question must meet the specific requirements of multimedia applications for Wireless Vision Sensor Networks. Indeed, a multimedia application requires intensive computation at the node and a considerable number of packets to be exchanged through the transceiver, and therefore consumes a lot of energy. An obvious solution to reduce the amount of transmitted data is to compress the images before sending them over WSN nodes. However, the severe constraints of nodes make ineffective in practice the implementation of standard compression algorithms (JPEG, JPEG2000, MJPEG, MPEG, H264, etc.). Desired vision system must integrate image compression techniques that are both effective and with low-complexity. Particular attention should be taken into consideration in order to best satisfy the compromise "Energy Consumption - Quality of Service (QoS)"
Durnez, Clémentine. "Analyse des fluctuations discrètes du courant d’obscurité dans les imageurs à semi-conducteurs à base de silicium et Antimoniure d’Indium." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESAE0030/document.
Full textImaging has always been an interesting field, all the more so as it is nowpossible to see further than human eyes in the infrared and ultraviolet spectra. For each fieldof application, materials are more or less adapted : in order to capture visible light, Siliconis a good candidate, because it has been widely studied, and is also used in our everydaylife. Concerning the infrared, more particularly the MWIR spectral band, InSb has provedto be stable and reliable, even if it need to operate at cryogenic temperatures because ofa narrow bandgap.. In this work, a parasitic signal called Random Telegraph Signal (RTS)which appears in both materials (and also others, such as HgCdTe or InGaAs) is analyzed.This signal comes from the pixel photodiiode and corresponds to a discrete dark currentfluctuation with time, like blinking signals. This can cause detector calibration troubles, orfalse star detection for example. This study aims at characterizing RTS and localize the exactorigin in the photodiode in order to be able to predict or mitigate the phenomenon
Raymundo, Luyo Fernando Rodolfo. "Apport de la technologie d’intégration 3D à forte densité d’interconnexions pour les capteurs d'images CMOS." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ESAE0018.
Full textThis work has shown that the contribution of 3D integration technology allows to overcome the limitations imposed by monolithic technology on the electrical performances (coupling and consumption) and on the physical implementation (area of the pixel) of imagers. An in-depth analysis of the 3D integration technology has shown that the most suitable 3D integration technologies for the integration of the circuits at the pixel level are: 3D wafer level and 3D sequential construction. The technology chosen for this study is the 3D wafer level integration technology. This allows us to connect 2 wafers by thermocompression bonding and to have an interconnection or “bonding point” par pixel between wafers. The study of the architecture CAN at the pixel level showed that there are two limits in the pixel: the construction area and the coupling between the analog and digital part «digital coupling». Its implementation in 3D technology allows the construction area to be increased by 100% and the digital coupling reduced by 70%. It has been implemented a tool for computing the parasitic elements of 3D structures. The study of high speed imagers has allowed the use of this technology to be extended. The "burst" imager was mainly studied. This kind of imager’s architecture can dissociate the image acquisition from the output part. The main limit, in monolithic technology, is the size of the columns (pixels to memories). For a high rate of image acquisition, a high current consumption is required. Its implementation in 3D technology allowed to put the memories below the pixels. The studies carried out for this change (reduction of the column to an interconnection between wafers) reduced the total consumption by 90% and increased the acquisition time of the images by 184%, compared to its monolithic peer
Le, Roch Alexandre. "Analyse de l’augmentation et de la fluctuation discrète du courant d’obscurité des imageurs CMOS dans les environnements radiatifs spatiaux et nucléaires." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ESAE0018.
Full textInspired by the microelectronic Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technologies, CMOS image sensors are widely used in many consumer-grade applications and are predominant in the commercial market for embedded cameras. Over the past decade,numerous technological advances allowed state-of-the-art CMOS image sensors to achieve excellent performances as well as low-power consumption. Therefore, CMOS image sensors are becoming essential candidates for a growing number of high-end applications such as space and nuclear applications. However, the behavior of these microelectronic devices inspace and nuclear radiative environments is still under understanding. Hence, studies still investigate the different mechanisms that lead to the degradation of CMOS image sensor performances including the radiation-induced dark current increase, a parasitic signal that increases with radiation doses. Among these radiation doses, the so-called displacement dose,relative to the alteration of the crystalline structure of the silicon, remains poorly studied compared to the so-called ionizing dose. In the latest CMOS image sensor technologies using pinned photodiodes, the ionizing dose is no longer the main degradation mechanism when the displacement dose is at stake. From then on, the displacement dose becomes the principal degradation mechanism that leads to the dark current increase. This work mainly focuses onthe role of the crystalline defects, created by radiation-induced displacement damage, in the CMOS image sensor dark current increase. Particular interest is given to metastable defects,which are probably the cause of discrete and random fluctuations of the dark current called : Dark Current Random Telegraph Signal (DC-RTS). This study presents a double objective :The first aims to contribute to improving knowledge of the physical principles involved in crystalline silicon when facing radiations. Particle-matter interactions, combined with the specific architecture of image sensors, aim to provide reliable tools to analyze the radiation induced defects in silicon. Observations and findings can be extended to all silicon-based devices and more generally to other semiconductor-based devices.The second seeks to identify the different mechanisms leading to CMOS image sensor dark current increase when operating in radiative environments. The study aims to identify and improve knowledge on the behavior of dark current sources aiming to optimize CMOS image sensors for future space and nuclear applications
Kazma, Rabih. "Imageur CMOS ultra haute sensibilité." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAT105/document.
Full textA number of vision applications (medical imaging, astrophysics, …) require the detection of very low ligh levels (up to a few photons, or the single photon). Until recently, only one component can detect levels as low as the single photon: the photomultiplier. In recent years, it has been demonstrated the feasibility of designing avalanche diode using CMOS standard process. These advances allow to achieve high-resolution imaging and high sen-sitivity. The work in this thesis starts by the study of the behavior of the photon sensing element (SPAD) and finish by the design of the radout circuit of single photon avalanche photodiode. The second point of the work proposed in this thesis is a high-level model of SPAD followed by its readout circuit based on an anolg counter. The third line offers a novel readout method to enhance the readout dynamic range of pixel based on single photon avalanche photodiode. Finaly, A new readout circuit is proposed for SPAD based pixel. This readout circuit which is inspired from the simulated architectures will allow us to achieve our analog counter with the best performance
Dacy, Susan (Susan Mary) 1975. "Analog to digital converters for CMOS imagers." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46276.
Full textIncludes bibliographical references (leaves 80-82).
A/D converters for single chip CMOS imagers have often been designed using the column-parallel approach, employing a slow A/D converter for each column of the sensor array. This thesis investigates a serial approach utilizing a single fast A/D converter to process all of the imager pixels. If power scales linearly with frequency in a given A/D architecture, power dissipation for the two approaches should be comparable. However, the serial approach should occupy less area since only the cost of one A/D converter is incurred. A figure of merit 1/power*area is introduced to verify this theory by comparing previously reported A/D approaches after appropriate technology, speed, and supply scaling. Camera system specifications require a single serial A/D converter to have 10b resolution at a 3MHz sampling rate for a CIF (352x288) imager array running at 30 frames/second Area minimization, power minimization, and the ability to build the A/D in a standard CMOS process are extremely important for consumer product applications. A single slope A/D architecture with a subnanosecond time digitizer shows promise for optimizing figure of merit over pipelined and folding interpolating approaches. This work focuses on the design issues of the 3MHz single-slope based A/D converter. Architectures appropriate for extending this A/D converter to 12MHz for four times CIF image arrays (704x576) are discussed. The 3MHz converter was designed, simulated, and laid out in a 0.35um CMOS technology. At 3.3V supply, 25°C and nominal process conditions, the converter dissipates 29 mW while occupying 0.3 mm2 . A 12MHz trislope extension of this converter is estimated to dissipate 37 mW in 0.4 mm2.
by Susan Dacy.
M.Eng.
Salazar, Soto Arnoldo. "Conception d'un imageur CMOS à colonne active pour un biocapteur optique SPR." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENT063/document.
Full textThis dissertation presents the design and implementation of a CMOS imager for use in integrated biosensors based on Surface Plasmon Resonance. First, the optimal conditions for plasmon resonance in a CMOS/Post-CMOS compatible interface are obtained by COMSOL modelling. Second, a 32x32-pixel CMOS-Active Column Sensor (CMOS-ACS) is implemented on 0.35 um CMOS technology. In a gold-water interface with prism excitation, it is found that for prisms showing refractive indexes of 1.55 and 1.46, optimal plasmon coupling is obtained for gold films with thicknesses of 50 and 45 nm respectively. Under these conditions, approximately 99.19% and 99.99% of the incident light's energy is transferred to the surface plasmon for both prism respectively, provided that the incident light, with a wavelength of 633 nm, arrives with incidence angles of 68.45° and 79.05° respectively. It is also obtained that a change of 10-4 RIU in the refractive index of the dielectric medium, produces a change of 0.01° in the plasmon resonance angle, which under a light intensity modulation scheme produces a change of 0.08% in the reflected light's energy reaching the photodetector. Concerning the CMOS imager, a n-well/p-substrate photodiode is selected as the photosensing element, due to its low junction capacitance, which results in high efficiency and high conversion gain compared to the n-diff/p-substrate photodiode. Computer simulations with Cadence and Silvaco produced a junction capacitance of 31 fF and 135 fF respectively. The imager's pixel is based on a three-transistor (3T) configuration and shows a fill factor of 61%. The readout circuitry employs an Active Column Sensor (ACS) technique to reduce the Fixed Pattern Noise (FPN) associated with traditional Active Pixel Sensors (APS). Additionally, Non-Correlated Double Sampling (NCDS) and Delta Double Sampling (DDS) are used as noise reduction techniques. An experimental optical setup is used to characterize the performance of the imager, obtaining a conversion gain of 7.3 uV/e-, a photodiode junction capacitance of 21.9 fF, a read noise of 324.5 uV, equivalent to ~45 e- and a dynamic range of 50.5 dB. The benefits of ACS and NCDS-DDS are observed in the low pixel and column FPN of 0.09% and 0.06% respectively. The work presented in this thesis is a first step towards the goal of developing a fully integrated SPR-biosensing platform incorporating light source, SPR interface, microfluidic channel, optical elements and CMOS imager
Dupoiron, Camille. "Nouveaux paradigmes de capture d’images et traitements associés pour futurs SoC en nœuds CMOS nanométriques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAT100/document.
Full textThe goal of this thesis is to study new image acquisition paradigm in integrated vision circuits to enhance their robustness and scalability using nanometric technologies (such as the 28nm FDSOI) in order to satisfy the imaging constraints imposed by applications such as Internet of Things. In this case, a heterogeneous system-on-chip (SoC) designed in advanced technology would meet the energy consumption constraints. Using standard imagers is not compatible with this requirement because of their excessive power consumption and their architectures non-compatible with 28nm FDSOI technologies. In addition, in these SoC, significant available digital computational resources coupled with new image acquisition modes would allow ultra-low power consumption while providing the ability to implement complex image processing.After a bibliographic study on the state of the art on image acquisition methods and a study on imagers designed with advanced technologies and on low-power applications, it has been shown that it is necessary to quickly digitize light information received by the sensor (i.e. in the pixel). This is why the subject has been oriented towards an event-based vision sensor architecture.The architecture of an event-based image sensor with its associated smart processing has been developed, taking into account technology constraints. In order to define these constraints, a 28nm FDSOI pixel test circuit has been carried out to evaluate the electro-optical response. Each pixel has a different type and size of photodiodes in order to validate the most effective type and size.Two event-based architectures were studied during this thesis in order to fit with the constraints of an implementation in 28nm FDSOI technologies: a "Time-to-first-Spike" (TTFS) architecture with an inhibition system and an architecture called "multi-bus "using the dense interconnections possibilities offered by the technology. These two architectures aim to reduce the data throughput as well as energy consumption.The processing associated to the acquisition have been validated by MATLAB simulations emulating the event acquisition and pre-processing. This vision system therefore extracts a binary map corresponding to the local contrasts using block inhibition mechanism. This processing architecture is based on TTFS pixel (and its inhibition mechanism) with a dedicated pixel schematic. The binary map is extracted in a synchronous manner, thus avoiding hardware addition inherent to an AER (Adress Event Representation) implementation. This binary map can be used for applications such as motion detection, or classification such as histogram of gradient method (HoG). This extracted binary map approaches local binary patterns (LBP), which are frequently used tools in face detection and recognition.A part of this thesis has been dedicated also to the exploration of FDSOI 28nm capabilities in terms of pixel implementation. Notably, by studying pixels using a photodiode under the FDSOI transistor. It has also been developed ten 3 by 3 pixels matrices using 3D integration with LETI technology CoolCube™
Fei, Richun. "Solutions alternatives pour améliorer le test de production des capteurs optiques en technologie CMOS." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAT117.
Full textCurrent production testing of CMOS imager sensors is mainly based on capturing images and detecting failures by image processing with special algorithms. The fault coverage of this costly optical test is not sufficient given the quality requirements. Studies on devices produced at large volume have shown that Horizontal Fixed Pattern Noise (HFPN) is one of the common image failures encountered on products that present fault coverage problems, and this is the main cause of customer returns for many products. A detailed analysis of failed devices has demonstrated that HFPN failures arise from changes of electronic circuit topology in pixel addressing decoders or the metal lines required for pixel powering and control. These changes are usually due to the presence of spot defects, causing some pixels in a row to operate incorrectly, leading to an HFPN failure. Moreover, defects resulting in partially degraded metal lines may not induce image failure in limited industrial test conditions, passing the optical tests. Later, these defects may produce an image failure in the field, either because the capture conditions would be more stringent, or because the defects would evolve into catastrophic faults due to electromigration. In this paper, we have first enhanced the HFPN detection algorithm in order to improve the fault coverage of the optical test. Next, a built-in self-test structure is presented for the on-chip detection of catastrophic and non-catastrophic defects in the pixel power and control lines
Chan, Ho Yeung. "Low distortion wide dynamic range CMOS imager /." View abstract or full-text, 2008. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ECED%202008%20CHANH.
Full textO'Halloran, Micah G. (Micah Galletta) 1978. "A wide-dynamic-range time-based CMOS imager." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43058.
Full textThis electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 171-180).
This thesis describes a novel dual-threshold time-based current sensing algorithm suitable for use in wide-dynamic-range CMOS imagers. A prototype 150 x 256 pixel imager employing this algorithm experimentally achieves 95.5 dB dynamic range, 37 dB peak signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and a highly-linear transfer characteristic while consuming 1.79 nJ/pixel/frame, making it one of the most energy-efficient wide-dynamic-range imagers reported. The individual pixels experimentally achieve 98.8 dB dynamic range and 44 dB peak SNR. The array performance lags slightly behind that of the individual pixels due to the additional noise power contributed to the array data by pixel-to-pixel mismatch effects, attributed primarily to gain and dark-current fixed pattern noise (FPN). The dualthreshold algorithm is also shown to improve low-illumination SNR by 6.1 dB and overall array dynamic range by more than 6.0 dB compared with auto-zeroing alone. The prototype imager implements pixels and their associated 18-bit timing memories in separate on-chip arrays linked by a 200 MHz time-domain-multiplexed communication bus, enabling a pixel pitch of 12.5 pm with 42.7% fill factor in a 0.18-lm 1.8-V CMOS process. Four innovations are contributed by this thesis over previous work, leading to the performance outlined above. First, a novel dual-threshold time-based current sensing algorithm is proposed that forces each single-slope integrating pixel to cross two threshold levels per frame - once just after reset and a second time after a near-optimal amount of photogenerated charge has been collected. This differential measurement technique eliminates offset FPN and pixel reset noise, and reduces comparator 1/f noise. Second, synchronous threshold detection is employed, yielding significant power savings compared with asynchronous approaches in this application, and the resulting time-domain quantization noise introduced by the synchronous detection is analyzed.
(cont) Third, a method of optimizing the global dual-threshold waveform and associated pixel threshold-detection times is presented. The method ensures that the quantization noise introduced by the algorithm remains negligible compared to the intrinsic pixel noise floor, while simultaneously minimizing the number of threshold detections employed, and thus energy consumed. Fourth, a novel capacitively-coupled pixel topology is introduced that enables highly-linear responses to be achieved with this algorithm while minimizing the common-mode input range of the pixel comparator, simplifying its design. Together, these innovations result in energy-efficient wide-dynamic-range pixel operation. The imager is thus suitable for use in portable applications in environments that are challenging for conventional imagers, e.g., when indoor or shadowed lighting and outdoor lighting are simultaneously present in an image.
by Micah G. O'Halloran.
Ph.D.
Das, Dipayan. "Wide dynamic range CMOS image sensor." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.572608.
Full textViswanathan, Vijayaragavan. "Modeling and design of 3D Imager IC." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00795558.
Full textSalazar, A. "Conception d'un Imageur CMOS à Colonne Active pour un Biocapteur Optique SPR." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00932309.
Full textLee, Jungwon. "Efficient image compression system using a CMOS transform imager." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31825.
Full textCommittee Chair: Anderson, David; Committee Member: Dorsey, John; Committee Member: Hasler, Paul; Committee Member: Kang, Sung Ha; Committee Member: Romberg, Justin. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
Barboza, Stelvio Henrique Ignácio. "Tomógrafo em nível de simulação utilizando micro-ondas em banda ultra larga (UWB) com transmissor em tecnologia CMOS para detecção precoce de câncer de mama." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3142/tde-30122014-110751/.
Full textAs a result for detecting the numeric representation, the system could identify tumors from 5mm of extent with adequate localization, as well size determination. The primary goal of this work, therefore, is to bring out the project, manufacturing process and achieved results of tests regarding an integrated circuit for generating pulses which are shaped as the derivative of fifth order of the Gaussian pulse (UWMB transmitter) using the UWB 0.18 CMOS. The pulse generator circuit is composed by: circuit for generating square waves, delay generator, phase detector and output stage. The generator of square wave was implemented from one buffer of rf, with an inverter in the output and impedance matching. The delay generator was implemented from one cascade of inverters. The circuit for detecting the stages is assembled with n block dynamic, n-latch and static inverter for quickly generating pulses (high speed pulse generation). The dimensions of the transistors were defined in order to obtain the adequate characteristics of one Gaussian pulse of 5th order, considering the required specification of the Detection System for Cancer of Breast. It was implemented using the full Custom layout, taking into account the minimum dimensions for such technology. Five different chips were tested. The values of the source energy varied among 1,62V, 1,80V and 1,98V, being later measured the output values, peak to peak, as well the pulse width for each chip. The measured energy consumption was 244 uW, the amplitude of the output pulse was 115.2 mV peak to peak, and the pulse width was 407,8ps with sinusoidal input signal of 806mVp amplitude at 100MHz. As a result, it was obtained a PSD (Power Spectral Density) with band width of 0,6GHz to 7,8GHz from the pulse generator, which is quite adequate for UWB applications for detecting the breast cancer.
Salazar, Soto Arnoldo. "Conception et implémentation d'un imageur CMOS de colonne actif pour capteurs basés sur SPR." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01062484.
Full textMargarit, Taulé Josep Maria. "Low-power CMOS digital-pixel Imagers for high-speed uncooled PbSe IR applications." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/336094.
Full textLa present tesi doctoral descriu la recerca i el desenvolupament d'una nova tecnologia monolítica d'imatgeria infraroja de longitud d'ona mitja (MWIR), no refrigerada i de baix cost, per a usos industrials d'alta velocitat. El treball pren el relleu dels últims avenços assolits pel soci industrial NIT S.L. en el camp dels detectors MWIR de PbSe depositats en fase vapor (VPD), afegint-hi coneixement fonamental en la investigació de noves tècniques de disseny de circuits VLSI analògics i mixtes pel desenvolupament del dispositiu integrat de lectura unit al detector pixelat. Es parteix de la hipòtesi que, mitjançant l'ús de les esmentades tècniques de disseny, les tecnologies CMOS estàndard satisfan tots els requeriments operacionals del detector VPD PbSe respecte a connectivitat, fiabilitat, funcionalitat i escalabilitat per integrar de forma econòmica el dispositiu. La càmera PbSe-CMOS resultant ha de consumir molt baixa potència, operar a freqüències de kHz, exhibir bona uniformitat, i encabir els píxels actius CMOS de lectura en el pitch compacte del pla focal de la imatge, tot atenent a les particulars característiques del detector: altes relacions de corrent d'obscuritat a senyal, elevats valors de capacitat paràsita a l'entrada i dispersions importants en el procés de fabricació. Amb la finalitat de complir amb els requisits previs, es proposen arquitectures de sensors de visió de molt baix acoblament interpíxel basades en l'ús d'una matriu de pla focal (FPA) de píxels actius exclusivament digitals. Cada píxel sensor digital (DPS) està equipat amb mòduls de comunicació d'alta velocitat, autopolarització, cancel·lació de l'offset, conversió analògica-digital (ADC) i correcció del soroll de patró fixe (FPN). El consum en cada cel·la es minimitza fent un ús exhaustiu del MOSFET operant en subllindar. L'objectiu últim és potenciar la integració de les tecnologies de sensat d'imatge infraroja (IR) basades en PbSe per expandir-ne el seu ús, no només a diferents escenaris, sinó també en diferents estadis de maduresa de la integració PbSe-CMOS. En aquest sentit, es proposa investigar un conjunt complet de blocs funcionals distribuïts en dos enfocs paral·lels: - Dispositius d'imatgeria MWIR "Smart" basats en frames utilitzant noves topologies de circuit DPS amb correcció de l'FPN en guany i offset. Aquesta línia de recerca exprimeix el pitch del detector per oferir una programabilitat completament digital a nivell de píxel i plena funcionalitat amb compensació de la capacitat paràsita d'entrada i memòria interna de fotograma. - Dispositius de visió MWIR "Compact"-pitch "frame-free" en base a un novedós esquema d'integració analògica en el DPS i diferenciació temporal configurable, combinats amb protocols de comunicació asíncrons dins del pla focal. Aquesta estratègia es concep per permetre una alta compactació del pitch i un increment de la velocitat de lectura, mitjançant la supressió del filtrat digital intern i l'assignació dinàmica de l'ample de banda a cada píxel de l'FPA. Per tal d'independitzar la validació elèctrica dels primers prototips respecte a costosos processos de deposició del PbSe sensor a nivell d'oblia, la recerca s'amplia també al desenvolupament de noves estratègies d'emulació del detector d'IR i plataformes de test integrades especialment orientades a circuits integrats de lectura d'imatge. Cel·les DPS, dispositius d'imatge i xips de test s'han fabricat i caracteritzat, respectivament, en tecnologies CMOS estàndard 0.15 micres 1P6M, 0.35 micres 2P4M i 2.5 micres 2P1M, tots dins el marc de projectes de recerca amb socis industrials. Aquest treball ha conduït a la fabricació del primer dispositiu quàntic d'imatgeria IR d'alta velocitat, no refrigerat, basat en frames, i monolíticament fabricat en tecnologia VLSI CMOS estàndard, i ha donat lloc a Tachyon, una nova línia de càmeres IR comercials emprades en sistemes de control industrial, mediambiental i de transport en temps real.
Lincelles, Jean-Baptiste. "Étude d’imageurs CMOS fortement dépeuplés pour l’amélioration des performances des futurs instruments d’observation spatiaux." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ESAE0015/document.
Full textThis work investigates solutions to extend the space charge region in CMOS image sensors in order to enhance the photo-generatedcharge collection from near-infraredradiations. Photodiode bias increase and low doped silicon substrate are proposed for this study. A theoretical analysis based on analytical model and TCAD simulations shows technological difficulties for photodiode bias in crease and the consequences of using high-resistivity silicon substrates on the imager performances. Space charge region dependency on the pixel design is assessed through simulations. A 3T pixel CMOS image sensor was developed and fabricated on a high resistivity float-zone silicon. Sensor characterization confirms space charge region dependency on the pixel design and the correlation between its extension and electro-optical performances. Design rules are defined to optimize electro-optical performances while limiting punchthrough current in the pixels array
Verdant, Arnaud. "Architectures adaptatives de traitement des images dans le plan focal." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112361.
Full textImage sensors are an integral part of our daily lives. These deviees are most commonly implemented in mobile products for which remain strong constraints of energy consumption. Indeed, the images captured by such sensors contain many spatial and time redundancies when considering a video stream. Many data are unnecessarily processed, transmitted and stored, thereby inducing a lack of autonomy in such systems. The thesis work carried out aimed to address this power constraint by defining new architectural approaches to image processing within the matrix of pixels, to adapt sensor resources based on the activity of the observed scene. Thus, new concepts of acquisition and processing related to motion detection have been studied. The processing architecture, derived from subsequently developed algorithms, while offering solutions to ensure the integrity of the analog data. Original modelling methodology was finally implemented in order to validate the proposed concepts, to ensure the processing consistency, robustness and induced consumption. Finally, a demonstrator was designed to validate the silicon implementation of the architecture. The power consumption gains are estimated from 30 to 700 compared to the image sensor sensors state of the art
Gensolen, Fabrice. "ARCHITECTURE ET CONCEPTION DE RETINES CMOS :INTEGRATION DE LA MESURE DU MOUVEMENT GLOBALDANS UN IMAGEUR." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00119758.
Full textmobiles, qui embarquent pour la majorité les fonctions photo ou vidéo. En effet, les contraintes d'intégration et de coût favorisent la technologie CMOS. Cependant la prise de vue à l'aide de ces dispositifs portables, très sujets aux tremblements, nécessite une stabilisation de la vidéo qui implique d'estimer le mouvement global inter images. Aussi, l'objectif de ce travail est d'intégrer cette fonction aux imageurs fabriqués par la société STMicroelectronics.
Pour ce faire, une technique novatrice pour estimer ce mouvement global est présentée dans ce mémoire. Cette méthode consiste à extraire un modèle du mouvement global à partir de mesures de déplacements locaux en périphérie des images. Elle a tout d'abord été validée de
façon algorithmique, avant d'être intégrée sur silicium. L'architecture finale du capteur se caractérise par une zone photosensible partitionnée en une zone centrale et une zone périphérique. La chaîne de traitement du signal comporte quant à elle un traitement au niveau pixel afin de mesurer les mouvements locaux périphériques. Elle comprend aussi un posttraitement dédié aux tâches d'estimation du modèle du mouvement global ainsi qu'à la compensation du mouvement indésiré.
Figueras, i. Bagué Roger. "Low-Power and Compact CMOS Circuit Design of Digital Pixel Sensors for X-Ray Imagers." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/289639.
Full textX-ray imaging has become a key enabling technology for a wide range of industrial, medical and scientific applications since it allows studying the inside of objects without the need to destroy or dismantle them. In this sense there is a growing research interest in literature to develop advanced X-ray systems capable of obtaining high quality images while reducing the total radiation dose. Currently, X-ray imagers are dominated by hybrid systems, built from a pixel array of direct conversion X-ray detectors and its corresponding readout integrated circuit (ROIC). Despite their higher cost and limited area compared to classical indirect counterparts, the advantages of these systems are clear in terms of radiation dose reduction, signal integrity improvement and spatial resolution scaling. Concerning the readout method used by the ROICs, the most common design strategy is based on photon-counting, due to its advantages regarding circuit noise immunity and photon classification. However, these X-ray imaging systems tend to experience from information losses caused by charge-sharing and pile-up effects. In this context, the goal of the presented thesis work is to propose specific analog and mixed circuit techniques for the full-custom CMOS design of low-power and compact pitch digital pixel sensors (DPS) for ROICs targeting hybrid and direct conversion X-ray imagers. The proposed pixel architecture, based on the charge-integration readout method, avoids information losses experienced by photon-counting and contributes to X-ray image quality by a compact pixel area and low-power consumption to improve image resolution and reduce heating of X-ray detectors, respectively. In this sense, the proposed CMOS DPS circuits feature in-pixel A/D lossless charge conversion for extended dynamic range, individual gain tuning for pixel array FPN compensation, self-biasing capability and digital-only interface for inter-pixel crosstalk reduction, built-in test capability for costs reduction, selectable electron/hole collection to wide the applications range and in-pixel dark current cancellation. Furthermore, the proposed design techniques are oriented to the future development of truly 2D modular X-ray imager systems with large scale and seamless sensing areas. All the above circuit design research has been materialized in several generations of DPS demonstrators, with pitch values ranging from 100μm down to 52μm, all of them integrated using standard 0.18μm 1P6M CMOS technology. Extensive analysis of both electrical and X-ray measurements on the pixel circuit prototypes have been done to proof their validity. Experimental results align this work not only within but also beyond the state-of-the-art active pixels in terms of spatial resolution, power consumption, linearity, SNR and pixel flexibility. This last point makes the proposed pixel design techniques specially suitable for a wide range of X-ray image applications.
Otim, Stephen O. "Simplified fixed pattern noise correction and image display for high dynamic range CMOS logarithmic imagers." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6a8cbdbf-ef5c-473f-a22e-76e1f8a2603b.
Full textBonnard, Rémi. "Burst CMOS image sensor with on-chip analog to digital conversion." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAD006/document.
Full textThis work aims to study the inflows of the 3D integration technology to ultra-high speed CMOS imaging. The acquisition speed range considered here is between one million to one billion images per second. However above ten thousand images per second, classical image sensor architectures are limited by the data bandwidth of the output buffers. To reach higher acquisition frequencies, a burst architecture is used where a set of about one hundred images are acquired and stored on-chip. 3D integration technologies become popular more than ten years ago and are considered as a complementary solution to the technological improvements of the devices. We have chosen a technology where integrated circuits are stacked on the top of each other (3D-SIC). The interconnection density between the circuits is high enough to enable interconnections at the pixel level. The 3D integration offers some significant advantages because it allows deporting the readout electronic below the pixel. It thus increases the fill factor of the pixel while offering a wide area to the signal processing circuit. For burst imaging, this technology provides more room to the memory dedicated to the image storage while staying close to the pixel. It also allows implementing analog to digital converter on-chip
HICKEY, DOUGLAS R. "SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE FOR A DATA-INTEGRATED IMAGER." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1172262208.
Full textHidalgo, Larsson Anna. "Forward Modelling of Ground Based SST Telescope Images." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-302729.
Full textRymdskrot är ett allt mer påtagligt hot mot den framtida användningen av om-loppsbanor i rymden. För att motverka detta hot har det blivit viktigt att kartlägga rymdlägesbilden och de objekt som ligger i omloppsbana runt jorden. Detta görs genom att observera, identifiera och banbestämma satelliter. En satellits omlopps-bana kan bestämmas genom att ta bilder av satelliten med hjälp av ett teleskop och en sensor. Under detta examensarbete har ett verktyg för att kunna simulera sådana bilder utvecklats. Simuleringsverktyget har programmerats i Python och kan simulera bilder av satellitpass vid en given tidpunkt och från en given plats. Verktyget tar hänsyn till systemparametrarna för teleskopet och kamerasensorn, samt effekterna av ett flertal olika typer av störningar som påverkar dessa bilder. Projektet har genomförts hos företaget Swedish Space Corporation (SSC), som nyligen lanserade ett initiativ för att bättre förstå rymdlägesbilden. De planerar att använda dessa bilder för att lära sig mer om deras kommande observationer, samt att eventuellt testa en programvara för att bestämma banparametrar.
Robucci, Ryan. "On Chip Error Compensation, Light Adaptation, and Image Enhancement with a CMOS Transform Image Sensor." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/6986.
Full textChalimbaud, Pierre. "Conception d'une plate-forme d'implémentation matérielle dédiée aux systèmes de vision active basés sur un imageur CMOS." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CLF21554.
Full textGensolen, Fabrice. "Architecture et conception de rétines silicium CMOS : intégration de la mesure du mouvement global dans un imageur." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20182.
Full textGlassey, Kalia R. "Development of an Imager System Optimized for Low-Power, Limited-Bandwidth Space Applications." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2009. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/64.
Full textRousseau, Adrien. "Développement d'un imageur à rayons X durci pour l'environnement radiatif du Laser Mégajoule." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2014. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00980810.
Full textDecker, Steven John 1966. "A wide dynamic range CMOS imager with parallel on-chip analog-to-digital conversion." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10176.
Full textIncludes bibliographical references (leaves 200-205).
by Steven John Decker.
Ph.D.
Josse, Stève. "Transportabilité de fonctions analogiques en technologies CMOS submicroniques : application : contrôle du retard des fronts d'horloges d'un imageur CCD." Toulouse, INPT, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPT029H.
Full textFeruglio, Sylvain. "Etude du bruit dans les capteurs d' images intégrés, type APS." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066406.
Full textLelong, Lionel. "Architecture SoC-FPGA pour la mesure temps réel par traitement d'image. Conception d'un système embarqué : imageur CMOS et Circuit Logique Programmable." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00374865.
Full textLelong, Lionel. "Architecture SoC-FPGA pour la mesure temps réel par traitement d'images. Conception d'un système embarqué : imageur CMOS et circuit logique programmable." Saint-Etienne, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STET4008.
Full textThe measurements method by PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) is a technique to measure a motion vector field in a non-intrusive way and multi points. This technique uses the cross-correlation algorithm between two images to estimate the motion. The computation quantity required by this method limits its use to off-line processing with computer. The computers performances remain insufficient for this type of applications under constraint real time on high data rates. Within sight of these specific needs, the definition and the design of dedicated architectures seem to be an adequate solution to reach significant performances. The evolution of the integration levels allows the development of structures dedicated to image processing in real time at low prices. We propose a hardware implementation of cross-correlation algorithm adapted to internal architecture of FPGA with an aim of obtaining the real time PIV. In this thesis, we were interested in the architecture design of System on-a-Chip dedicated to physical measurements of parameters by real time image processing. This is a hierarchical and modular architecture dedicated to applications of “Dominant input data flow”. This hierarchical description allows a modification of number and/or nature of elements without architecture modifications. For one measurement computation, it needs 267 µs with a FPGA at the frequency of 50 MHz. To estimate the system performances, a CMOS image sensor was connected directly to the FPGA. That makes it possible to carry out a compact, dedicated and easily reuse system. An architecture made up of 5 computation modules allows satisfying the constraint of real time processing with this prototype
Morel, Frédéric. "Conception, réalisation et caractérisation d'un imageur en technologie CMOS strandard pour l'observation en mode répétitif de phénomènes lumineux brefs de faible puissance." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STR13253.
Full textBandyopadhyay, Abhishek. "Matrix transform imager architecture for on-chip low-power image processing." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2004. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-08192004-133909/unrestricted/bandyopadhyay%5Fabhishek%5F200412%5Fphd.pdf.
Full textSmith, Mark, Committee Member ; DeWeerth, Steve, Committee Member ; Jackson, Joel, Committee Member ; David Anderson, Committee Member ; Hasler, Paul, Committee Chair. Includes bibliographical references.
Miller, Brian William. "High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Imaging with Columnar Scintillators and CCD/CMOS Sensors, and FastSPECT III: A Third-Generation Stationary SPECT Imager." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/145424.
Full textBaierl, Daniela Verfasser], Paolo [Akademischer Betreuer] [Lugli, and Jonathan J. [Akademischer Betreuer] Finley. "A hybrid CMOS-imager with integrated solution-processable organic photodiodes / Daniela Baierl. Gutachter: Jonathan J. Finley ; Paolo Lugli. Betreuer: Paolo Lugli." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1032313374/34.
Full textMusa, Purnawarman. "Etude, conception et réalisation d'un capteur d'image en technologie CMOS : implantation d'opérateurs analogiques dans le plan focal pour le traitement non-linéaire des images." Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOS039.
Full textCMOS images sensors have grown significantly since the late 1990s in connection with the huge developments of multimedia applications. Their optical characteristics, as well as their cost, have, in fact targeted for the consumer market. These sensors include analog and / or digital functions that allow the implementation of treatments within the pixel around the pixel, for a group of pixels in the end of column. Until now, processing inside the sensor.Until now, image processing inside the CMOS sensor are linear and based on convolutions. If these treatments are essential in a chain of vision, they are however limited and do not allow themselves to make a complex application like objects recognition in a natural scene. For this, non-linear associated with high-level classifiers can complete linear processing to meet the demands of a complex application. In this context, we show that “mathematically inspired” and “neuron-inspired” approaches both require the use of non-linear operators based on the “min” and “max” treatments. Therefore, we propose an architectural model for integrating non-linear processes in the focal plane. This model is based on a topology of “4-connected” PE and has two advantages over conventional solutions. Firstly with regard to increasing the speed of execution of nonlinear treatments but also aspects of reduced consumption are related to access to external memory in the case of digital based systems. The NLIP circuit (Non Linear Image Processing), which was designed during this thesis has 64 x 64 pixels associated with 64 x 64 elementary analog processors. Each pixel has a size of 40 m from the side and has a fill factor of 18%, which ensures a good sensitivity. The fabrication of the circuit was carried out in CMOS technology 0.35 m and functional tests were used to validate the proposed model retina
Kadura, Lina. "Études de nouvelles architectures de composants intégrés sensibles à la lumière en filière FDSOI pour les applications de type imageur." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAT031.
Full textA new type of light sensor called FDPix, composed of one transistor (1T) per pixel is investigated. It consists in co-integrating an FDSOI (Fully-Depleted Silicon-On-Insulator) transistor with a photodiode to enable light sensing through optical back biasing. The absorption of photons and resulting photogenerated charges in the diode will result in a Light Induced VT Shift (LIVS). The LIVS is due to a capacitive coupling between the front and back gate of the FDSOI transistor and represents the key performance metric to be extracted and optimized. In this work, the device behavior in dc and transient domains was thoroughly investigated and modeled. Although not limited to this node, all the devices tested were fabricated using 28nm node FDSOI technology. By means of TCAD simulations and opto-electrical characterization, the device parameters such as Body Factor (BF) and junction profile were optimized to improve its performance. It was found that the FDPix is in fact a dual response sensor. It exhibits a linear response at low light intensity which results in high sensitivity, and a logarithmic response at higher intensities that ensures a high dynamic range (DR) of more than 120dB. The dedicated developed model is implemented in SPICE environment for circuit design. New pixel circuit in analog and digital domain, based on the FDPix were designed, fabricated, and tested. The results obtained and presented in this work, shows the potential of using the FDPix sensor for smart, highly embedded, low power image sensors for More-than-Moore applications
Le, hir Juliette. "Conception mixte d’un capteur d’images intelligent intégré à traitements locaux massivement parallèles." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLC107/document.
Full textSmart sensors allow embeddedsystems for analysing their environment withoutany transmission of raw data, which consumes alot of power. This thesis presents an imagesensor integrating image processing tasks. Twofigures of merit are introduced in order toclassify the state of the art of smart imagersregarding their versatility and their preservationof photosensitive area. This shows a trade-offthat this work aims at improving by using amacropixel approach. By merging processingelements (PEs) between several pixels,processing tasks are both massively parallel andpotentially more versatile at givenphotosensitive area. An adaptation of spatial andtemporal filtering, matching such anarchitecture is proposed (downsampling by3x3 and 2x2 pixels respectively for eachprocessing task) and functionnally validated. Anarchitecture of asymmetric macropixels is thuspresented. The designed PE is an analogswitched capacitor circuit that is controlled byout-of-matrix digital electronics. The sizing ofthe PE is discussed over the trade-off betweenaccuracy and area, and implemented in anapproximate computing approach in our study.The proposed matrix of pixels and PEs issimulated in post-layout extracted views andshows good results on computed images of edgedetection or temporal difference, with a 28% fillfactor