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1
Boughton, James M. "Modeling the World Economic Outlook At the IMF: A Historical Review." IMF Working Papers 97, no. 48 (1997): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451846706.001.
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Kontsas, Stamatis, and Stavros Kalogiannidis. "AN EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE OF ECONOMIC RECOVERY DURING THE PANDEMIC PERIOD INTO WORLD ECONOMY." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 12 (2021): 706–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13963.
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We are in the midst of an asymmetrical recovery. In some countries, COVID-19 infection rates have fallen significantly, while in others, the virus remains difficult to control. But whether governments are actively managing outbreaks or returning to normality, economic recovery is central to their forward-looking agenda without a broad-based economic expansion, it is difficult to address other challenges, such as education and healthcare.The International Monetary Fund(IMF) recently raised its projection for economic growth in 2021 to 6%, up from 5.5%, and projects 4.4% growth in 2022. The upgraded outlook is based on how well the pandemic continues to be controlled, the efficacy of fiscal policy in mitigating economic damage and global financial conditions. Although businesses are the engines of the economy, governments create the environment and structure that enable enterprise to flourish . How governments create and shape the environment for economic recovery—and the opportunities and challenges they face in doing so—will depend on two decisions they make about their approach.
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Bordo, Michael, and Harold James. "The Great Depression analogy." Financial History Review 17, no. 2 (2010): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565010000193.
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In the discussion of our contemporary economic disease, the Great Depression analogy refuses to go away. Almost every policy-maker referred to conditions that had ‘not been seen since the Great Depression’, even before the failure of Lehman. Some even went further – the Deputy Governor of the Bank of England notably called the crisis the worst ‘financial crisis in human history’. In its April 2009 World Economic Outlook, the IMF looked explicitly at the analogy not only in the collapse of financial confidence, but also in the rapid decline of trade and industrial activity across the world. In general, history rather than economic theory seems to offer a guide in interpreting wildly surprising and inherently unpredictable events. Some observers, notably Paul Krugman, have concluded that a Dark Age of macroeconomics has set in.
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Ighodalo Ehikioya, Benjamin, Alexander Ehimare Omankhanlen, Godswill Osagie Osuma, and Ofe Iwiyisi Inua. "Dynamic Relations Between Public External Debt and Economic Growth in African Countries: A Curse or Blessing?" Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 6, no. 3 (2020): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6030088.
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This paper used the Johansen Cointegration test and system Generalised Method of Moments (sysGMM) to examine the dynamic relations between external debt and economic growth in 43 African countries over the period 2001–2018. The study used data from World Development Indicators (WDI) as published by the World Bank and the World Economic Outlook database as provided by the International Monetary Finance (IMF). The study provides an understanding of how the importance of external debt could be short-lived due to its misapplication. The result reveals evidence to support a long-run equilibrium relationship between external debt and economic growth in Africa. The result demonstrates that beyond a specific capacity, the short-run converges to equilibrium in the long-run and external debt would start to have a deteriorating impact on economic growth in Africa. The findings of this study reinforce the need for policymakers to ensure proper application of external debt on economic activities that would lead to sustained long-term economic performance. Moreover, the government and development partners must put in place a monitoring mechanism to ensure the efficient use of borrowed funds.
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Park, Yung Chul, and Yunjong Wang. "What Kind of International Financial Architecture for an Integrated World Economy?" Asian Economic Papers 1, no. 1 (2002): 91–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/153535102320264495.
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As was the case in the Mexican crisis of 1994–95, the G-7 and international financial institutions appear to have lost their zeal to garner the support they need for reform. The ongoing debate on the future direction of international financial reform suggests that most of the problems are likely to remain unchanged. This pessimistic outlook arouses a deep concern in developing countries that they will remain vulnerable to future financial crises, even if they faithfully carry out the kinds of reform recommended by the IMF and the World Bank. Given this reality, developing countries may have to develop a national or regional defense mechanism of their own by instituting a system of capital controls, adopting an exchange rate system that lies somewhere between the two-corner solutions, or strengthening regional financial cooperation.
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Kuznetsova, Natalia Victorovna, and Ekaterina Vasilievna Kuznetsova. "Economic Security Outlook for India in a World of Growing Political Uncertainty." Indian Journal of Finance 9, no. 7 (2015): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17010/ijf/2015/v9i7/72353.
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Lechman, Ewa. "Catching-up and Club Convergence From Cross-National Perspective a Statistical Study for the Period 1980–201." Equilibrium 7, no. 3 (2012): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2012.021.
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The paper presents the analysis outcomes on the catching-up process. Additionally, it seeks to identify the “convergence clubs” in cross-national section. It implements a traditional analysis of convergence, tracking the catching-up process as well as the per capita income dynamics across time. The author finds no statistically significant relationship between an average annual GDP PPP per capita growth rates (as exponential growth rate) and initial GDP PPP per capita (as natural logarithm) in a selected group of countries. The author also identifies the existence of “rich country cluster” and “poor country cluster” in the analyzed sample. For the statistical analysis the author applies the country sample composed of 101 economies. All data concerning GDP PPP per capita are drawn from the IMF World Economic Outlook Database 2011. The time coverage is 1980-2010.
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Louangrath, P.I., and Chanoknath Sutanapong. "ASEAN Economic Community: A Case Study of Failed Economic Integration." Inter. J. Res. Methodol. Soc. Sci. 4, no. 3 (2018): 77–117. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1461709.
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In 2015, the ASEAN 10 countries launched their economic integration effort called the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). The purpose of this paper is to assess the effect of that integration four years after its implementation. We used the percentage change of the GDP and percentage change of export volume from 2005 to 2018 as the data. The study divided the data into two periods; ten years before integration and 4 years after integration. In the post-integration period, we are limited to four years because only four years had passed since the AEC integration in 2005. The secondary data was extracted from the IMF’s World Economic Outlook Report 2018. The paper employed series of tests to verify the significance of changes in GDP and export growth. The T test for pre- and post-integration shows that there was no significant difference in the GDP growth (<em>p</em> = 0.7090), but there was significant reduction in export growth (<em>p</em> = 0.0047). For the ASEAN countries, there was a net loss of -0.88 ± 1.36 percentage points in the GDP growth and -1.70 ± 4.33 percentage point in export growth. We concluded that the AEC integration created a net loss for the ASEAN countries. We identified two countries who sustained significant loss in the annual GDP growth: Malaysia (T = 1.98; <em>p</em> = 0.0198), and Singapore (T = -2.98; <em>p</em> = 0.0004). No country experienced significant gain in the GDP growth. Statistical test for export growth showed that Malaysia had significant gain in export growth while four countries had significant loss: Brunei (<em>p</em> = 0.0335 ), Laos (<em>p</em> = 0.0000 ), Myanmar (<em>p</em> = 0.0000 ), and Singapore (<em>p</em> = 0.0065).
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Enwa, Sarah. "Effects of Covid-19 pandemic on commodity price volatility and the welfare of farming household in Nigeria." Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) 22, no. 3 (2023): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10224395.
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The evolving uncertainty of the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted some commodity prices, the welfare of farming households, and the economic growth and development of the country. The study is aimed at assessing the effects of Covid -19 pandemic on commodity price volatility and the welfare of farming households in Nigeria. The study was based on secondary data from (2010- 2022, and forecasts from 2023 -2026), collected from the Central Bank of Nigeria publication, IMF World economic outlook, and the World Bank report. Time- response graph and Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) was used to analyze the trend of the inflation rate, and T-test statistics, were used to test the relationship between the real income of farming household before and during the pandemic. The result showed that prices of some commodities doubled after the pandemic. There is a significant difference between the real income of farming households before and during the pandemic. The study recommends that a price control mechanism should be put in place to manage the affordability of goods and services in the market because this has a direct effect on the growth and development of the country.published by the <strong>Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)</strong>
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Louangrath, P. "Economic Diversity of the ASEAN Countries." Inter. J. Res. Methodol. Soc. Sci 1, no. 2 (2015): 48–60. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1320812.
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This research examines economic identity of the ASEAN countries. It is proved that the ASEAN is a heterogeneous group lacking common economic identity. The method used in this research involves series of statistical tests. The data is comprised of economic data from the IMF’s World Economic Outlook 2013. Four main economic issues are used: per capita GDP from 2004 to 2013, GDP growth rates from 2004 to 2013, HDI-2013 for ASEAN member countries, and Gini coefficient. Following the Dixon and Damgaard’s approach, the Gini coefficient for the ASEAN region was calculated. The Anderson-Darling tests proved that the per capita GDP among the member countries are not normally distributed. This finding points to the lack of homogeneity within the group. Secondly, the paired means difference analysis of the per capita GDP and the GDP growth rates confirmed that there is a significant difference among the ASEAN countries. Thirdly, the HDI for 2013 shows significant difference among the ten countries (Td = 2.68). While the Gini coefficient for the individual countries ranges from 35 to 47, the Gini coefficient for the ASEAN group is about 65. The Laplace trend test for 2004 to 2013 shows that there is a significant trend narrowing the gap of the regional Gini coefficient (Zlaplace = 3.38). The Weibull regression also shows a negatively slope for ASEAN’s Gini coefficient year-by-year trend. This research confirms that the ASEAN countries do not have a common economic identity. The empirical fact would make market integration under AEC-2015 a great challenge for stakeholders.
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Sutanapong, Chanoknath. "Current Account Balance Analysis of ASEAN Countries." Inter. J. Res. Methodol. Soc. Sci 1, no. 2 (2015): 18–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1320761.
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The purpose of this paper is to provide a practical tool for binomial proportion in two sample studies. This binomial proportion of two sample analysis is a special case because it deals with discrete data. A discrete data is a categorical data where the category of interest is designated as 1 else 0. The data used in this paper comes from the IMF’s annual report for World Economic Outlook. We extracted the current account balance as a percentage of the GDP as the unit of analysis. The countries of focus are the 10 countries in the ASEAN. The research question is “which country in the ASEAN effectively manage its economy on the basis of current account balance as a percentage of the GDP?” We defined positive current account balance as 1 and negative value as 0. The study period runs from 2005 to 2014. We found that no country in the ASEAN had significant positive current account balance.
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Naoaj, Md Shah. "From Catastrophe to Recovery: The Impact of Natural Disasters on Economic Growth in Developed and Developing Countries." European Journal of Development Studies 3, no. 2 (2023): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejdevelop.2023.3.2.237.
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The study investigates the impact of severe natural disasters on agriculture growth and GDP growth in both developed and developing countries using panel data from 1970 to 2019 with data from the EM-DAT database and the IMF World Economic Outlook database. The results of this study indicate that natural disasters have a detrimental impact on GDP growth and agricultural growth in both developed and developing countries. However, the impact is found to be greater in developing countries, despite having lower total damage costs as a percentage of GDP. The findings suggest that developing countries are more vulnerable to the economic impact of severe natural disasters compared to developed countries and can benefit from disaster risk financing tools. The current research highlights the urgency for governments to prioritize disaster preparedness and risk reduction measures, particularly in developing countries. Findings suggest that a higher proportion of educated individuals in a country can mitigate the impact of natural disasters. Additionally, the impact of population density on the cost of post-disaster reconstruction must also be considered by policymakers when allocating resources for disaster preparedness and recovery.
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Strugar-Jelača, Maja, Slobodan Marić, Vuk Vuković, Lazar Raković, Radmila Bjekić, and Marko Aleksić. "Digital entrepreneurship and sustainable development." Ekonomika preduzeca 72, no. 5-6 (2024): 322–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekopre2406322s.
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The primary goal of the research is to identify the role of entrepreneurship based on high technology and digitalization in sustainable development. Sustainable development is a multidimensional phenomenon that includes economic, social, and environmental components, and it is viewed in the paper as a result of basic entrepreneurial activities and entrepreneurship in the high-tech sector, which significantly implies business/ entrepreneurial processes supported by digitalization. The establishment and growth of entrepreneurial organizations represent the principal drivers of structural changes towards sustainable development. Accordingly, sustainable development needs the support of innovative activities as carriers of changes in the new development paradigm to adjust to current and future challenges. The area of research in the paper consists of the previously mentioned three research units represented by 16 fundamental variables. In the paper three new variables were generated as a result of a regression factor by grouping the previously mentioned individual variables while using multiple regression as the primary method. A check of the research hypothesis was carried out, whose primary specificity is that all independent variables are simultaneously entered into the equation, which evaluates the predictive power of each independent variable. The paper used a sample of 49 countries classified into three groups according to the methodology of the World Economic Forum (WEF). The database for the needs of quantitative procedures concerning the variables of entrepreneurship and high-tech entrepreneurship is from the GEM project. For the variables of sustainable development, the following databases were used: the International Monetary Fund (IMF), IMF World Economic Outlook Data Base, Human Development Report, UNDP, Environmental Performance Index, and Yale University in collaboration with the WEF. Respecting the previously defined model in which sustainable development represents the function of entrepreneurship and high-tech (digital) entrepreneurship, the fundamental research assumption was confirmed, that is, it was determined that there is a positive correlation at the level of statistical significance between sustainable development as a dependent variable, and entrepreneurship and high-tech (digital) entrepreneurship as a group of independent variables.
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Dr., Sakharam Mujalde, and Shivani Bairagi Ms. "Analysis of Infrastructure Building Policies in India Meeting SDG 9." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 3, no. 3 (2019): 12–15. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd20327.
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This paper focuses on Indian economy in the light of sustainable development goal number 9. Indian economy is a developing mixed economy. It is world's sixth largest economy in terms of nominal GDP and third largest economy by GDP PPP 181 countries as per International Monetary Fund. The Indian economy is projected to grow at an annual rate of 7.4 in 2018 and 7.8 in 2019, according to a recently released IMF Economic Outlook. Forbes cites that, India's economy is lifted by strong private consumption, waning transitory effects of demonetisation and implementation of the national goods and services tax. Over time, growth is expected to gradually rise with continued implementation of structural reforms that increase productivity and incentivize private investment. Dr. Sakharam Mujalde | Ms. Shivani Bairagi "Analysis of Infrastructure Building Policies in India: Meeting SDG 9" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20327.pdf
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HEYETS, Valeriy. "FORMATION OF THE PROFILE OF STRATEGICALLY IMPORTANT INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY TYPES IN UKRAINE (AN OUTLOOK)." Economy of Ukraine 2023, no. 9 (2023): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2023.09.003.
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This article is a logical continuation of the previous publication, which discussed the formation of strategically important industrial activity types in Ukraine in retrospect over the past 30 years. Based on the analysis of the development of domestic industry, problematic issues were identified, whose degree of accumulation in retrospect is important for predictive assessments and tasks for the future, taking into account the losses and threats that occurred and are occurring in 2022-2023, under war conditions. The so-called "homework tasks" of Ukraine's economic policy are analyzed. It is noted that they are primarily related to the already signed Ukraine–IMF memorandum and are supplemented with tasks aimed at the formation of internal financial resources for post-war recovery, which is an important component of achieving economic self-sufficiency and strategic significance of Ukraine’s economy. The direction of the transformation of Ukraine's economic management system in the post-war period is outlined in view of its EU accession prospects; guidelines have been developed to strengthen the energy sector of Ukraine in accordance with the directions of development of nuclear energy as one of the types of industrial activities which in the future can operate on a high-tech basis defined in the world as that which is consistent with low-carbon economic development strategy in the global dimension. The substantiation is conducted and its results are presented for certain types of industrial activity which have a high degree of scientific support and can develop on the novel technological basis of national property. Their development will be facilitated by the integration of Ukrainian industry into global technological chains. The latter requires the development of nuclear energy, the titanium-lithium and aluminum industry, heavy power engineering, ferrous metallurgy based on new technologies, the breeding of new high-yielding, drought- and pest-resistant varieties of agricultural plants, and the deep processing of agricultural products for food production.
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Austin, N. Nosike, and A. Ihugba Okezie. "Inflation and Nigerian Investment Growth: Engle-Granger Two Step Modeling (EGM) Approach." American Based Research Journal 8, no. 2 (2019): 18–27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3456732.
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<em>This study makes a modest contribution to the debates by empirically analyzing the relationship between Nigeria inflation trend and investment growth (gross fixed capital formation), using time series data from 1980 to 2015, obtained from the World Economic Outlook (WEO) database of the IMF and World Development Indicators (World Data Bank Online Version). It employs the Engle-Granger two step modeling (EGM) procedure to co-integration based on unrestricted Error Correction Model and Pair wise Granger Causality tests. From the analysis, my findings indicate that inflation and gross fixed capital formation are cointegrated in this study. The error correction term of -0.76 is negatively signed and also significant at all conventional level indicating that when the variables wonder away from equilibrium following an exogenous shock, 76 percent of the disequilibrium is corrected after one year. Based on the result of granger causality, the paper concludes that causality exist between the two variables used in this study. Therefore, the policy implication of these findings is that government should adopt various policy measures (both monetary and fiscal) to reduce inflation to an acceptable level because the current inflationary trend in Nigeria is negatively affecting the realization of creativity and manufacturing of commodities with international competitive advantage.</em>
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Louangrath, P. "AEC-2015: Anticipated Economic Shock." Inter. J. Res. Methodol. Soc. Sci 1, no. 3 (2015): 59–64. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1321362.
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The objective of this research is to provide a method to determine the magnitude and impact of risk from the AEC-2015. The interdisciplinary tools used included econometrics, population ecology and statistics. The research issue is the magnitude and impact of risk from the AEC-2015, and its potential effect on family business and SME. Macroeconomic data from 2003 to 2014 was drawn from the World Economic Outlook 2013 published by the IMF. Comparative data came from the Office of the National Social and Economic Development Board (NSEDB) of Thailand for 2013. The dependent variable (Y) was defined as risk. The independent variable (X) included the GDP growth rates, savings rate, total investment, current account balance, and government revenue and expense. Series of Anderson-Darling test show that past intra-regional growth rates were randomly distributed and no country exhibited growth beyond the bound of x* + 2S. The upper bound expected growth are also within normal range mu +2sigma < 13.00%. The carrying capacity for the ASEAN region is 1.60 with the growth multiplier of -0.14 from a Weibull regression Y = 1.60 – 0.14X. The risk of shock assessment was determined by discrete probability. The range of probability of members countries to benefit from AEC-2015 is Ui = 0.34; group risk is rho = 1 – U = 1 – 0.34 = 0.66. Exogenous shock factor against family business and SME in member countries is dD = -0.23. The intended contributions of this research is to lay a ground work for future research on the issue of shock at micro level from macro policy changes, such as regional economic integration. Secondly, the proposed methods of measurement in this research may have practical value to stakeholders in preparation for the New Economy: AEC-2015.
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Renewable, Energy and Make in India Opportunities: A. Brief Study. "Renewable Energy and Make in India Opportunities: A Brief Study." Journal of Research & Development' 14, no. 11 (2022): 60–65. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7052513.
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<strong>Abstract</strong> ‘Energy’ means life and the 21<sup>st</sup> century is completely based on it due to drastic and sustainable need of the developments in every sphere of human beings. Energy means development and development leads to prosperous and prosperous leads to the least conflicts or violents due to huge economic disparity among the countries in the world. So the need of the hour demand for energy and associated services to meet social and economic development and improve human welfare and health is increasing. According to IMF World conomic Outlook-2021, India has become the third largest economy of the world after China and America on the basis of purchasing power parity with 10.207 trillion dollar and 6<sup>th</sup> in the world on the basis of nominal GDP. It is expected that, India to be the most populated country as well as the largest economy in the world by 2050.That’s why the demand for energy is going to increase substantially even if we manage to maintain the present trend in per capita energy need for without compromising its growth. Energy can play the most important role in the odern world. In this connection, ‘The Make in India’ Program is going to further enhance the energy need of the country though it aims to attain ‘Zero Defect and Zero Effect’. To attain Zero Effect we need to control CO<sub>2 </sub>emission by increasing dependence on C<em>lean</em> and <em>Green Technology.</em>This article mainly highlights how the renewable energy to fulfill the growing needs of the world’s second largest population through ‘Make in India Programmes’ and create many opportunities in the country.
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BUTU, Ionela, Adriana PORUMBOIU, Sorina Emanuela ȘTEFONI, and Petre BREZEANU. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VAT GAP AND ECONOMIC OR INSTITUTIONAL VARIABLES." ANNALS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA. ECONOMIC SCIENCES 30, no. 2 (2021): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991auoes30(2)026.
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VAT evasion reduces significantly the budget revenues and is often approximated by way of VAT Gap, which refers to the difference between the total VAT that should have been collected according to the applicable VAT Law (VTTL) and VAT actually collected by public budgets. The phenomenon of VAT Gap, to a greater or lesser extent, is an acute problem in all countries of the European Union (Member States), regardless of their level of economic development. Over the past two decades, the volume of VAT evasion has had an alarmingly upward trend. Therefore, the VAT Gap should be placed in a broader context than the economic one, also taking into account economic structure, institutional variables, legal, ethical and other dimensions that affect the business environment, respectively the society. Moreover, according to the World Economic Outlook „Growth and Institutions” (2003) IMF report, the institutional factor, as a general and defining arrangement for any economic system, it is the primary “responsibility” of gap development. The objective of this study is to analyse the strength and direction of the relationship between the VAT Gap and the following economic structure and institutional variables: Fiscal Freedom (FF), Government Effectiveness (GE), Human Development Index (HDI), Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) and People at risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE). Our study is consolidated on a 2009 – 2018 database, for the EU-26 Member States, including United Kingdom, divided into four groups. Within the study, we developed a Spearman Correlation between VAT Gap and each variable, aiming to point up whether these variables have a strong positive or negative influence on the VAT Gap.
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Kumar, Mukesh, Muna Ahmed Al-Romaihi, and Bora Aktan. "Do the macro and global economic factors drive the nonperforming loans in GCC economies?" Journal of Financial Economic Policy 15, no. 3 (2023): 190–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfep-12-2022-0290.
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Purpose The current study aims to investigate the determinants of nonperforming loans (NPLs) in the GCC economies during the period spanning 2000 to 2018. It also examines whether the worldwide financial crisis of 2007–2008, which brought the issue of non–performing loans to the greater attention of academics and policymakers, had a substantial impact on NPLs in this region. Design/methodology/approach The sample consists of 53 conventional banks from GCC countries, and the basic data for the study is obtained from various sources such as Bankscope, IMF World Economic Outlook, World Bank and Chicago Board of Options Exchange Market Volatility Index. The estimations were done by dynamic panel data regression modeling using system generalized methods of moments. Findings The findings reveal that both, the non-oil real GDP growth rate and inflation have favorable effects on NPLs. On the other hand, domestic credit to the private sector and the volatility index have an adverse effect on NPLs. Furthermore, the period-wise analysis shows that the relevance and significance of the determinants of NPLs vary between the precrisis and postcrisis periods. It is also reflected through the intercept dummy, which is found to be significant, indicating that the financial crisis, as a global economic factor, had a significant impact on NPLs. A number of robustness tests are applied, which indicate that the results are mostly robust and consistent in terms of the significance of the explanatory variables and the direction of their relationship with the dependent variable. Practical implications Policymakers and bank authorities must strive to maintain a healthy economy and implement macroprudential policies to improve the financial stability of banks and reduce credit risk. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is likely the first study that empirically investigates the influence of the financial crisis on NPLs in the context of GCC economies. In addition, the research spans 19 years to produce more conclusive results.
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Kaur, Satinder, and Anterpreet Kaur. "Role Of Social Media In Sustaining Business During Corona Virus Pandemic." International Review of Business and Economics 4, no. 2 (2020): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2020.4.2.5.
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Due to Corona Virus Pandemic (Covid-19), several countries across the world resorted to lockdowns in order to protect their people from getting infected from the virus. But these lockdowns confined millions of citizens to their homes restricting their mobility. Restricted mobilization resulted in shutting down businesses and ceasing almost all economic activities. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the global economy is expected to shrink by over 3 per cent in 2020, the steepest slowdown since the Great Depression of the 1930s. Another analysis by International Monetary Fund reveals that demand in the manufacturing sector has gone down in many countries of the world that further resulted in unemployment. During the lockdown, an estimated 14 crore (140 million) people lost employment while salaries were cut for many others. More than 45 per cent of households across the nation have reported an income drop as compared to the previous year. Thus, Covid-19/ Crona virus outbreak has presented new and significant downside risks to the global economic outlook. In the case of India too, some economists revealed that during lockdown there is ajoblossof40millionpeople(MRD report) in the country, that’s too in the unorganized sectors. Moreover, with the advent of the lockdown most of the sector shifted their functioning online or work from home in order to sustain their working. During shutdown it is also observed that the digital world got a push, sale of mobile phones and related gadgets increased. The small as well as big traders, businessmen started using apps like watsepp, Face book, Twitter, YouTube, and Instagram, PayTM etc more frequently. Undoubtedly, social media has helped in sustaining economy and business during the Corona Virus Pandemic. The present research work is an effort to look upon the role of social media in sustaining business during lockdown. Data were collected empirically again with the help of social media. Results revealed that impacts of lockdown were different on different types of businesses.
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Misztal, Piotr. "COMMUNICATION OF THE CENTRAL BANK AS A DETERMINANT OF THE CREDIBILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF THE MONETARY POLICY ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing, no. 29(78) (October 27, 2023): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/pefim.2023.29.78.6.
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The aim of the undertaken research is an attempt to explain, on theoretical and empirical grounds, the interdependence between central bank communication, its transparency credibility and,consequently, the effectiveness of monetary policy pursued by central banks. The study used research methods based on the literature analysis on the subject in the field of banking and finance, as well as statistical and econometric methods (Granger causality analysis and the generalised linear model – GLM). Literature studies are aimed at answering the question of what is the relationship between the transparency, credibility of the central bank and the effectiveness of monetary policy in theoretical terms. However, the empirical research studies aim to confirm the hypothesis (H0) or reject the hypothesis (H1) about the causal relationships between the variables mentioned. Empirical analyses were conducted on the example of the European Central Bank, which, from the point of view of its monetary policy, is characterised by relatively high efficiency, relatively effectively stabilising inflation in the monetary union. All statistics used in the study were taken from databases of the International Monetary Fund (IMF World Economic Outlook), the European Union statistical office (Eurostat) and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (OECD Data). The analysis covers the period from 2010 to 2022 based on monthly data. The results of the research confirmed the existence of the null hypothesis (i.e., the significant impact of communication, transparency and credibility of the European Central Bank on the effectiveness of monetary policy in the Euro area). The results of the conducted research may be a starting point for further, more in-depth research on the relationship between communication, transparency, credibility and effectiveness of central banks in countries with different levels of economic development.
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Gray, David. "An international housing market in the British Isles: Evidence from business and medium-term cycles using a Friedman test." Urban Studies 57, no. 2 (2019): 307–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098019839886.
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It has been averred that there is an international market in housing (inter alia, Adams Z and Füss R (2010) Macroeconomic determinants of international housing markets. Journal of Housing Economics 19(1): 38–50; Helbling T and Terrones M (2003) When Bubbles Burst – Chapter II, World Economic Outlook. April. Washington, DC: IMF; Pomogajko K and Voigtländer M (2012) Co-movement of house price cycles – A factor analysis. International Journal of Housing Markets & Analysis 5(4): 414–427). Although some authors examine the business cycle range, the mechanism by which this comes about is more likely to reflect financial market integration and evidence for this should be found in the medium-term cycle range. As a case study, there is an analysis of three associated ‘regional’ housing markets and their price movements. Northern Ireland’s economy is distinct but should be linked to the rest of the UK by common policy shocks, and to Eire through a mutual border. Using a Friedman test, it is found that even this small cluster is not integrated. It is asserted that a housing cycle has both a financial and a business component. As Drehmann et al. (Drehmann M, Borio C and Tstasaronis K (2012) Characterising the financial cycle: Don’t lose sight of the medium term! BIS Working Papers, No. 380, Bank for International Settlements, June) argue, cycles in the medium-term range are significant in housing. A dual component approach highlights the relevance of cyclical interaction for both revealing integration and the need to intervene to moderate cyclical reinforcement for crisis-avoidance. After 1995, Dublin and London are found to be more integrated than before, which is consistent with the international city integration thesis of Holly et al. (Holly S, Pesaran H and Yamagata T (2011) The spatio-temporal diffusion of house prices in the UK. Journal of Urban Economics 69(1): 2–23). Lastly, a simple test for cyclical asymmetry indicates that there is highness (the obverse of deepness, where the troughs are deeper than peaks) in the UK financial cycle.
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Dr., Brij Behari Dave. "Evergrande: A Disaster In Making for Chinese Economy!—An Essay." IASR Multidisciplinary Journal 2, no. 2 (2022): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6588933.
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China’s second largest Agglomerate in the field of real estate Evergrande, over the years increased its debt to 300 bn. Dollar in the garb of extending its operations, venturing into the field of electric vehicle manufacturing thereby transgressing all the three redlines imposed by Xi Ping government on debt to be held by companies. Although majority of the borrowing is from one to one within the country, but international bonds are also held by some foreign entities. With this giant not in a position to meet the payment liabilities due since September, 2021, having been caught in a severe cash crunch, has barely managed to repay some dues within the country by disposing the assets at discounted rates and deferring payments to suppliers and by issuing paper bonds. The company has also failed to meet the international obligations in case of international bonds and may seek more time from them, the contagion will spread to some Central banks of countries across the globe but it is not expected to be so serious as in the Lehman Brothers case of 2008. However, due to non-payment of the dues within the country to the creditors and suppliers as well as to the customers who had deposited amount of advance with the company for booking the flats and bungalows in various provinces will cause considerable financial distress within the country, adversely affecting the demand as a whole in the economy. As the Central Government is not willing to bail out the company some of the provincial governments will try to protect the rights of some suppliers and customers to a small extent by disposing off the assets at highly discounted rates; but the proposed modalities of the process are still not clear. The aim is to reduce the impending damage to the targeted rate of growth of the economy, which is very considerably has hither to been achieved by resorting to such actions by big companies which constitute ‘moral hazard’, as now all creditors and suppliers are expected to act rationally. In this direction, therefore, all the court cases relating to the crisis are transferred to the provinces. However, another problem is the half-finished apartments which constitute a major part of the company’s inventory; even for the completed apartments, the demand has dwindled. In China, real estate investment is a major part of average Chinese family expenditure from life-time earnings. With so much of money clogged, the average purchasing power of the citizens will come down drastically, affecting the rate of GDP growth. As the moral hazard growth rate of China has also dried up considerably, the Chinese economy will suffer a steep downward trend, unless they develop other forms of subsidiary growth rate involving moral hazard of some other kind. Looking to these conditions, the latest World Economic Outlook has revised the growth rate projection for China to 8.1% for 2021 and 4.8% for 2022, whereas for India it is 9.0% and 9.0% respectively<sup><sup>[1]</sup></sup>. [1]Source: IMF, The latest World Economic Outlook, January, 2022.
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Batizani, Duncane, and Nayeja Ronald Neva. "Access to Entrepreneurial Finance in Malawi: Challenges and Opportunities for Start-Ups." Inverge Journal of Social Sciences 3, no. 4 (2024): 45–62. https://doi.org/10.63544/ijss.v3i4.100.
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This study explored the challenges and opportunities surrounding entrepreneurial finance in Malawi, with a focus on enhancing start-up access to funding. The study was conducted at area 25 in Lilongwe, Malawi due to the proximity of place of residence for the researcher. The research utilized a mixed-methods approach, combining a survey of over 100 start-up founders and semi-structured interviews with 15-20 key stakeholders, including entrepreneurs, financial institutions, and policymakers. Quantitative findings indicated that high-interest rates (reported by 82% of respondents), collateral demands (76%), and limited funding avenues are primary barriers to financing. Additionally, the data reveal that family loans (44%) and microfinance institutions (31%) are the predominant funding sources, with limited utilization of traditional banking and venture capital options. Financial literacy among entrepreneurs was also low, with only 37% demonstrating adequate financial knowledge. Qualitative narratives offer a complementary view, with stakeholders emphasizing the reluctance of banks to fund start-ups due to high perceived risks, alongside a cultural tendency toward risk-aversion in investment. However, digital finance emerged as an area of opportunity, with interviewees highlighting mobile banking as a promising solution for rural entrepreneurs. Participants acknowledged government support initiatives but recommended expanded access and improved program design. The findings underscore the need for policies that reduce regulatory burdens on start-ups, encourage private sector engagement, and foster financial literacy training. This study contributes to the literature by providing an integrated perspective on financial inclusion barriers for entrepreneurs in Malawi and suggests that future research should investigate the long-term impacts of digital finance and policy reform on start-up viability and growth. References Annual Economic Report 2022. (2021). In National Statistical Office (NSO) of Malawi. Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs. https://www.psip.malawi.gov.mw/reports/docs/Economic_Report_2022.pdf Asif, M. (2022). Integration of Information Technology in Financial Services and its Adoption by the Financial Sector in Pakistan. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 1(2), 23-35. Asif, M., & Sandhu, M. S. (2023). Social Media Marketing Revolution in Pakistan: A Study of its Adoption and Impact on Business Performance. Journal of Business Insight and Innovation, 2(2), 67-77. Banda, M. (2023). Determinants of mobile money subscriptions induced by conventional banks in Sub-Saharan Africa. Barney, J. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management. Batizani, D. (2024). Navigating retirement: Emerging and challenging smart financial strategies for the aging adults. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, 12(1), 70-85. Blommerde-Winters, T. (2022). The roles of NSD performance and standardized service development processes in the performance of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of Business Research, 139, 56-68. Chirwa, G., & Kaluwa, B. (2017). Competition, Regulation and Banking Industry Pricing Conduct in Malawi. African Review of Economics and Finance. 9(2), 3-29. Citaristi, I. (2022). African Development Bank—AfDB. In The Europa Directory of International Organizations 2022 (pp. 417-423). Routledge. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Gao, N., Ma, Y., & Xu, L. C. (2020). Credit constraints and fraud victimization: Evidence from a representative Chinese household survey. The World Bank. Kaluwa, B. (2021). Extended Book Review Article. Kayembe, H., Lin, Y., Munthali, G. N. C., Xuelian, W., Banda, L. O. L., Dzimbiri, M. N. W., & Mbughi, C. (2021). Factors affecting the sustainability of microfinance institutions: a case of Malawi microfinance institutions. Tamale, N. (2021). Adding Fuel to Fire: How IMF demands for austerity will drive up inequality worldwide. Mawowa, M. (2022). Microfinance as a tool for economic empowerment: Evidence from Malawi. International Journal of Social Economics, 49(6), 1047-1060. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-10-2021-0648 Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs. (n.d.). https://www.finance.gov.mw/phocadownload/2022%20ANNUAL%20ECONOMIC%20REPOR.pdf Munthali, J. (2021). Financing challenges for start-ups in Malawi: An overview. Malawi Business Review, 16(2), 89-102. Munyiri, J., Kihoro, J., & Mwanza, D. (2024). Venture capital in Africa: The landscape and opportunities for start-ups. African Journal of Finance and Management, 30(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150918825431 Ngware, S. G. (2024). GENDER NORMS AND DEMOGRAPHICS IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND DIGITAL FINANCIAL SERVICES UTILIZATION. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, 12(1), 58-69. OECD. (2023, June 27). OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2023. OECD. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/2023/06/oecd-sme-and-entrepreneurship-outlook-2023_c5ac21d0.html Uctu, R., & Al-Silefanee, R. (2024). UNDERSTANDING ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEM IN THE MIDDLE EAST: INSIGHTS FROM ISENBERG'S MODEL. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, 12(1), 86-109. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2023). Entrepreneurial ecosystem in Malawi: A pathway for sustainable development. Lilongwe, Malawi: UNDP. Available from https://www.undp.org/malawi Wachira, E. W. (2022). Analysis of Austria's Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Based on the Gei Approach. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, 10(1), 123-136. World Bank. (2021). Malawi economic monitor: Resilience amid adversity. World Bank. (2022). Doing business 2022: Comparing business regulation in 190 economies. World Bank. (2023). Malawi: Enhancing Access to Finance for Small and Medium Enterprises. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications. Zhu, Q., & Yang, H. (2022). Exploring the relationship between financial inclusion and economic growth in Africa. Journal of International Business Studies, 53(4), 783-801. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-021-00409-y
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IMAM, PATRICK A. "IMPACT OF IMF-SUPPORTED PROGRAMS ON ECONOMIC SENTIMENTS: A MULTINOMIAL ORDERED PROBIT ANALYSIS ON TRANSITION ECONOMIES." Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 04, no. 01 (2013): 1350003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793993313500038.
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This paper analyses the effect of IMF-supported programs on economic agents' sentiment in transition countries. Using multinomial ordered probit models, we find that IMF-supported programs during periods of economic collapse reinforce underlying sentiments; they strengthen confidence in the future for those with an optimistic outlook and weaken sentiments for those with a weak outlook. This reflects the "confirmation bias", a tendency for individuals to prefer information that confirms their preconceptions. Once recovery is underway, IMF arrangements cease to be consequential for the outlook, implying that the biggest impact on sentiments occur during periods of great uncertainty and not during minor shocks.
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KONDRATEV, Vladimir. "World Economic Outlook 2019." Perspectives and prospects. E-journal, no. 2 (18) (2019): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32726/2411-3417-2019-2-119-136.
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For many global industries path to success is fraught with uncertainty. Customers increasingly seek better efficiency, innovative technologies and digitization. Against protectionist trends, finding cooperative solutions that promote goods and services trade remains essential to preserve global growth. Possible obstacles include rising trade conflicts, geopolitical tensions and increasing political uncertainty. The rate of growth seems to have peaked in some economies, and economic development has become less synchronized.
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Khadijah, Siti. "IMF DALAM PERSPEKTIF TEORI DEPEDENSI DAN PERUBAHAN." Makna: Jurnal Kajian Komunikasi, Bahasa, dan Budaya 4, no. 2 (2014): 54–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33558/makna.v4i2.1133.
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Economic crisis that hit Indonesia in mid-1997 resulted in Indonesian debt , both government debt and private sector due to the weakening rupiah soaring . As a result of the crisis , since 1998 , the government has shaped domestic debt bonds . The debt was used to finance the dam restruktrisasi banking recapitula-tion almost bangkrut.Dalam this case , the IMF emerged a hero who will be the savior of the Indonesian economy in the form of loans . Through its lending , the IMF actually just adds to the burden of debt to support the balance of payments position . Therefore , the recovery was apparent because the IMF is not the result of an increase in private capital flows and increase net exports . The emergence of dependency theory as the impact of economic policies from the IMF have led to changes in the economy in Indonesian society , both positive and negative . This is consistent with the existence of two views of the dependency theory expressed by Sztompka (2008 ) , the outlook is pessimistic ( Andre Gunder Frank , 1969) and the outlook is rather optimistic ( F Cardoso and E. Falet , 1964) . Symptoms of social change arising from both dependency theory .
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Ivanova, R. Yu. "International Monetary Fund (IMF) and its role in currency and credit relations: a focus on Ukraine." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 3, no. 87 (2025): 17–21. https://doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2025.87.3.2.
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The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is one of the most powerful IFIs on an international scale. This article analyze the most important functions of the IMF in relations of finance and credit with an accent on its influence on banking systems and financial policies of the member states. Particular focus is given to Ukraine’s cooperation with the IMF, including reasons behind, the historical background, loan conditions, and the consequences of cooperation for the Ukraine’s banking system. The paper also analyzes the controls and the evaluations of the reforms in Ukraine that were undertaken with the assistance of the IMF. In order to ensure compliance with the reform, the IMF uses a mix of performance criteria, structural benchmarks, and independent evaluations, which determine the effectiveness of the reforms. This research explains the influence of IMF actions on stabilizing the Ukrainian economy, increasing transparency, and facilitating necessary structural changes through the lens of economic analysis and policy evaluation. Ukrainian financial stability was achieved with the help of liquidity support, improvement of the regulatory framework, and restructuring of the banking system that the IMF undertook in Ukraine. The study analyzes the obstacles posed by IMF programs, such as the imposed economic strain, civil unrest as a result of stringent socioeconomic policies, and the resulting impact of structural adjustments. Furthermore, how the IMF conditionalities affect the policy regime, monetary practices, fiscal responsibility, and the prospects of economic development is analyzed. Hence the article tries to analyze the breadth of the IMF’s impact on Ukraine’s economic development and the strategic outlook of the policies in question.The economic relations with the IMF, however, provide some positive outcomes in the way of economic stability but its presence poses more difficult circumstances which have to be resolved if economic safety is maintained alongside the social welfare.
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Mehar, Ayub. "Populism versus IMF Conditionalities: Demand Management Policies in Present Regime of Globalization." Management and Economics Research Journal 04, S1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/merj.2018.04.522228.
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The end of a bipolar regime after the collapse of the Soviet Union diverted the world economies to globalization regime, where economic freedom and liberalization were adopted as most powerful and popular philosophies of the economic welfare and development. The origination of a free trade regime, decentralization in public finance, and revival of the classical school of thought in economic policies are the natural outcomes of the global failure of centrally controlled economic planning experiences. Autonomy of the central banks, market-oriented exchange rates, convertibility of the currencies, privatization, deregulation, and free trade are the banners of classical economic thoughts in the present regime. Meanwhile, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) came into force when the world was divided into left and right arms. The IMF conditionality and recommended measures are still based on demand management mechanism where most of the advices belong to exchange rate mechanism (devaluation), increase in interest rate, increase in tax revenue, reduction in subsidies, transfer payments, so on. The core objective of this study is to review the IMF policies and practices in the contemporary world where supply-side policies and classical theories are regaining their importance in post-Soviet regime. Before any recommendation and contemplating the role of the IMF in the contemporary world, it will be appropriate to review and analyze the current practices of the IMF by three dimensions: History and cause of the creation of the IMF, its governance and financial structure, and its role in global economy and lending activities. The study suggests the change in the IMF governance structure and the coordination between World Trade Organization (WTO), World Economic Forum (WEF), and IMF policies.
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Il'in, E. J. "The «Group of Twenty», IMF and EU and Reforming of Global Governance." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 1(34) (February 28, 2014): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-1-34-80-87.
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This article is devoted to the process of reforming the global financial system and world economic organizations since the foundation of the International Monetary Fund at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 to present time. Special attention is given to results of cooperation of the IMF and the "Group of Twenty"in the context of the world financial crisis 2008-2009. This article mentions the key benchmarks of the historical development of world economy: foundation of the Bretton Woods financial system, rejection of the gold standard at the Jamaica Conference, transition to the floating exchange rates, the wave of crises in the 1990-s, the world financial crisis of 2008-2009. The process of evolution of the IMF within the framework of these global events is considered here. The cooperation of EU, IMF and "Group of Twenty" is considered. The reforms of the IMF and their results are analyzed. The policy of the IMF at different historical stages of its evolution is estimated. As well as it results, the article also deals with the formation and development of the "Group of Twenty". The increasing role of the "Group of Twenty" in the global economic governance and reforming the IMF is considered. Especially is marked the necessity of the further reforms of the IMF and increasing of participation of the "G-20" in the world economic and politic system.
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REDZIUK, Evhenii. "COOPERATION WITH THE IMF: THE IMPACT ON THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD AND UKRAINE." Economy of Ukraine 2019, no. 5 (2019): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2019.05.057.
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The global economic system requires greater coordination and coherence in order not to provoke international financial and economic crises. Therefore, to minimize financial and economic crises, such a powerful center as the IMF functions. In general, the IMF is based on the neoliberal North Atlantic market values; it creates the conditions for cooperation between stakeholders and protects its legitimacy in the long term, increasing its effectiveness. Not all countries can cooperate productively with the IMF; there is sometimes a decline in the rate of economic growth and the intensification of crisis phenomena in their economies (Somalia – 1981; Kenya – 1990s; Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand – 1997 Argentina – 2001, and others). However, there are positive examples of world-wide cooperation with the IMF: Peru – 1956, Mexico – 1956, 1982 and 1994, Portugal – 2011–2014, Cambodia – 1992, Brazil – 2015–2016, Poland – 2009–2011, Greece and Cyprus – 2009–2010, etc. Cooperation with the IMF is always a definite indicator of the reforms and confidence of Western investors in countries with which the IMF cooperates. Cooperation with the IMF is always a definite indicator of reforms and confidence of Western investors in countries with which the IMF cooperates: if such values prevail in the country, and government institutions are formed fully and impartially (market environment, rule of law, antitrust constraints, infrastructure availability, etc.), then there is the possibility of mutually beneficial cooperation. Without this, cooperation will be ineffective and will not always lead to economic growth. Cooperation with the IMF for Ukraine as of 2015–2020 is important, given the need to ensure financial and economic stability. Such cooperation makes it possible to reduce the interest on servicing and the frequency of entering the international commercial loan markets. However, if cooperation with the IMF is not continued, then the risks of increasing debt burden on the budget, the destabilization of exchange rate policy and, as a consequence, crisis phenomena in Ukraine’s economy will increase. This leads to the intensification of systemic changes and reforms that will allow Ukraine to achieve successful results in cooperation with the IMF.
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Agarwal, Manmohan. "Economic Multilateralism in Peril." International Studies 58, no. 4 (2021): 425–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00208817211056741.
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The Doha Round of multilateral negotiations is at a stalemate. The aid situation is changing as many countries are graduating from the soft loan arm of the World Bank Group. Developing countries built up their foreign exchange reserves to avoid borrowing from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), leading the IMF to retrench. This article explores the evolution of multilateralism from, essentially, its political roots to the economic area after the First World War (FWW), though in a limited way, and more fully after the Second World War (SWW). We then discuss how the workings of these economic multilateral institutions resulted in the current situation, where they risk becoming irrelevant. Finally, the article discusses the possible role of theG20 in the revival of multilateralism and, in particular, the role that developing countries might play in the revival.
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Stepan, Panchyshyn, and Hrabynska Iryna. "ABOUT SPELLS AND RECIDIVISM OF THE TRANSITION ECONOMIES' PARTICIPATION IN IMF PROGRAMS." EUREKA: Social and Humanities, no. 5 (September 28, 2018): 36–46. https://doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2018.00722.
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Based on the review of the modern world economic literature, there were revealed polar approaches of researchers to estimation of the role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in world economic processes in whole and its influence on the economic development of separate countries. There were analyzed institutional changes in IMF architecture and management system that favored its transparency, efficiency and increase of trust to the activity of the Fund from the world society. Based on the dynamic approach to the analysis of credit cooperation of countries-recipients with IMF, there were revealed factors that caused differences in duration of series of IMF lending programs (spell) for transition economies and ones that determine recidivism of their credit relations with the Fund. Among other ones, the determining role is played by the technical assistance of the Fund that favored institutional establishment of unstable economic systems, search for consensus between IMF staff members and governments of countries about formation of the policy of conditionality and effectiveness of its realization. The article presents chronologization and analytic estimation of main stages of cooperation between Ukraine and IMF, estimates the net transfers of financial resources of the Fund, elucidates conditions of the incomplete drawn of granted credit resources by Ukraine, causes of finishing credit cooperation and transition to technical one at different stages. At the end there was made a conclusion that main efforts must be directed on constructing native economic system a self-sufficient macroeconomic pattern of the development of the native economic system.
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Fajri Asshidiqy, Widia Argita, Rihadatul Aisy, Rafli Rizki, and Fitri Raya. "Peran Penting IMF Dalam Stabilisasi dan Pemulihan Ekonomi Global Di Tengah Krisis Keuangan Internasional." Moneter : Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan 2, no. 1 (2023): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.61132/moneter.v2i1.158.
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This study aims to determine the important role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in global economic stabilisation and recovery efforts, especially in the midst of the international financial crisis. The IMF serves as a critical provider of financial assistance to crisis-affected countries through an emergency lending mechanism, the IMF provides the financial support needed to address urgent economic pressures. In addition, the IMF acts as an economic policy advisor by providing guidance to its member countries. By designing appropriate structural reform programmes and economic policies, the IMF helps countries to recover from the crisis and build a stronger economic base. The importance of international co-operation is also a focus of the IMF in promoting global economic stability. This article has a formulation of the problem of how the IMF's role in providing emergency financial assistance for the economic stabilisation of countries affected by the international financial crisis. The analytical method used by the author is a qualitative approach. The results of the research in this journal are The IMF was established to maintain financial stability and world trade by providing loans to countries facing balance of payments crises that could threaten a country's economy.
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Farsia, Lena. "THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF) IN ECONOMIC RECOVERY DURING ECONOMIC CRISIS OF INDONESIA." Student Journal of International Law 1, no. 1 (2021): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/sjil.v1i1.18074.
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The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has a primary role in providing financial support to countries facing financial crises, such as the 1998 world financial crisis. The situation has brought an enormous impact on developing countries, particularly Indonesia. This paper explores the role of The IMF and maps out the problems related to the financial crisis and its impact on Indonesian political reforms. It will be done by compiling the milestones in chronological order from 1997 until 2017. It also aims to examine the lending policies of the International Monetary Fund, which brings a country like Indonesia becomes addicted and difficult to survive or improve in its economic development. There will be an understanding of how the actual process happens. It can be used as an instrument to assess whether the existence and role of the IMF in Indonesia have a better or harmful impact on the long-term economic development of Indonesia. Keywords: The International Monetary Fund (IMF), Economic Development, Financial Crisis
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Aktuğ, Emrehan. "An Evaluation of World Economic Outlook Forecasts." IMF Working Papers 2025, no. 031 (2025): 1. https://doi.org/10.5089/9798229000215.001.
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Chinedu Okafor, Obiora. "The Precarious Place of Labour Rights and Movements in Nigeria's Dual Economic and Political Transition, 1999–2005." Journal of African Law 51, no. 1 (2007): 68–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855306000246.
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AbstractCaught between pressure from dominant global economic actors (such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank (WB), and certain states) to implement painful socio-economic reform measures, and pressure from significant numbers of their own peoples to reject these IMF/WB-style prescriptions, formally democratic “third world” governments often yield to the demands of the former to push through such reforms, sometimes at great social cost. This article utilizes a contemporary Nigerian case study to illustrate this point and to show how the curtailment of labour rights and the weakening of labour movements have formed an important part of the economic strategy of many such governments. This anti-labour rights/movements strategy is an attempt by governments to deal with the human rights contradictions that are often generated when third world countries attempt dual political and economic transitions. The article argues that the deployment of an anti-labour strategy is grounded in a new kind of “full belly thesis” that prioritizes a particular IMF/WB-friendly vision of economic development over certain kinds of political (especially labour) rights. The powerful global economic actors, who would otherwise advocate the observance of all human rights, have nevertheless found this thesis more acceptable than its earlier iteration, which was grounded in a far less IMF/WB-friendly economic vision.
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Kemal, A. R. "Social Policy and Development Centre. Social Development in Pakistan: Annual Review 1999. Karachi. Social Policy and Development Centre and Oxford University Press. 1999. Pakistan Rs 395/(Pb). 166 pages." Pakistan Development Review 38, no. 1 (1999): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v38i1pp.123-127.
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This Report on Social Development in Pakistan is a welcome addition to the economic literature on Pakistan; it reviews the development and policies during the past year (1999) in the perspective of long-run trends. The 1999 issue has been enriched by an analysis of the impact of economic sanctions on Pakistan's economy. The five chapters of the Report discuss crises in the economy focussing on short- and long-run problems, the impact of the economic sanctions, the IMF package, and, alternative strategies of economic and social development, the future outlook for social development in Pakistan, the Social Action Programme and Social Safety "Nets. Data and important social events during the year are presented in the annexures.
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Oluwafemi Elias, Maimuna Abdullahi, and Ikenna Joe-Akunne. "The role of international financial institutions in shaping African development: a case study of Nigeria's engagement with the IMF and world bank." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 23, no. 3 (2024): 2802–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.3.2981.
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This article explores the critical role that International Financial Institutions (IFIs), specifically the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, have played in shaping Nigeria's development. Using Nigeria as a case study, the research investigates the impact of IMF and World Bank interventions on the country's economic policies, particularly through structural adjustment programs (SAPs) and development projects. The analysis includes a review of Nigeria’s economic challenges, beginning with its post-independence era, the introduction of SAPs in the 1980s, and the ongoing consequences of these reforms on economic stability, poverty reduction, and public services. The study also addresses the political and social responses to IFI-driven policies and evaluates both the successes and shortcomings of these interventions. Furthermore, the article highlights the lessons that other African nations can draw from Nigeria’s experience with IFIs, particularly in negotiating terms and managing long-term development goals. The future of Nigeria’s relationship with the IMF and World Bank is examined, with a focus on exploring alternative development partnerships and achieving greater economic independence.
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Oluwafemi, Elias, Abdullahi Maimuna, and Joe-Akunne Ikenna. "The role of international financial institutions in shaping African development: a case study of Nigeria's engagement with the IMF and world bank." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 23, no. 3 (2024): 2802–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14974749.
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This article explores the critical role that International Financial Institutions (IFIs), specifically the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, have played in shaping Nigeria's development. Using Nigeria as a case study, the research investigates the impact of IMF and World Bank interventions on the country's economic policies, particularly through structural adjustment programs (SAPs) and development projects. The analysis includes a review of Nigeria’s economic challenges, beginning with its post-independence era, the introduction of SAPs in the 1980s, and the ongoing consequences of these reforms on economic stability, poverty reduction, and public services. The study also addresses the political and social responses to IFI-driven policies and evaluates both the successes and shortcomings of these interventions. Furthermore, the article highlights the lessons that other African nations can draw from Nigeria’s experience with IFIs, particularly in negotiating terms and managing long-term development goals. The future of Nigeria’s relationship with the IMF and World Bank is examined, with a focus on exploring alternative development partnerships and achieving greater economic independence.
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Stewart, Marion B. "North American Oil Demand Outlook." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 13, no. 5 (1995): 525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879501300509.
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An understanding of the relationship of economic growth and potential petroleum product demand is needed to forecast the potential for North American oil demand growth as well as knowledge of world supply and price. The bullish expectations for economic growth in the US and Canada auger well for North American refiners and marketeers. The growth in world economic output forecast, however, means a larger oil demand and an increase in OPEC's pricing power. Such price increases could depress North American oil demand growth.
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Mas'ud, Riduan, Baiq El-badriati, and Muhammad Azizurrohman. "AN ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVES, THE CURRENT STATE OF INDONESIA IN THE GLOBALIZATION ERA." An-Nisbah: Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah 9, no. 2 (2022): 350–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21274/an.v9i2.5701.
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Abstract: Countries must be able to compete due to the high global intensity of trade and agreements. As a first step in dealing with this, many countries employ economic concepts that are tailored to their specific circumstances. The goal of this research is to look at the role of Islamic economics in dealing with the onslaught of economic globalization, such as China's Belt Road Initiative (BRI), and multi-sectoral institutions like the IMF and the World Bank. The literature research approach used in this paper is qualitative using literature review method. The results of this study found that the Indonesian government was in the midst of a powerful wave that required strong captains and ships. In other words, the existence of BRI, IMF and World Bank will be a threat if they are not controlled properly. As a result, the government has to divert this funding to productive areas such as agriculture. Furthermore, given China's concentration on Islamic banking, Indonesia may be able to persuade China to involve the Indonesian people in developing its products. Furthermore, the Indonesian government must be able to read every step taken by BRI, IMF, and World Bank so as not to be trapped in debt investment.
 Keywords: Islamic economic, belt road initiative, IMF, worldbank
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Khan, Talal, Zafir Ullah Khan, and Muhammad Zubair Khan. "Dynamics of Use of IMF Debt: Evidence from IMF Members Countries." Global Economics Review VIII, no. II (2023): 381–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(viii-ii).28.
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This research scrutinize dynamics of use of IMF credit on the growth performance of the ten most heavily indebted countries of the world. The study employs a panel of ten countries during the period 1990-2022. Multiple tests, including LLC, IPS, Maddala-WU, and Fisher Augmented DF, reveals mixed order of integrations. Additionally, the panel co-integration tests by Pedroni, Kao, and Westerlund indicate existence of steady state equilibrium between growth performance and use of IMF loans taken by the sampled countries. The empirical results indicate that the use of IMF credit significantly and adversely affects the economic growth of these ten highly indebted countries. Moreover, the study identifies detrimental effects stemming from government expenditure, debt servicing, and inflation on economic growth. The study proposes that governments should implement austerity measures, search for alternative debt sources and control on imports and ensure proper utilization of IMF credit to save foreign reserves.
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Popa, Catalin. "Revision of Functional Role of the International Financial Institutions on Global Economy Governance." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XXI, no. 1 (2018): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-18-i1-029.
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The International Monetary Fund as global organization, beside World Bank, World Trade Organization and other relevant international entities with global soundness, has a major role and responsibility not only in promoting the monetary and financial equilibrium on international level, but also has significant impact and responsibility residing from it, regarding the poorness relief and balanced economic development. This article is proposing a brief radiography, reminding and explaining the major policies available as strategic options nowadays not only for IMF but for the entire system of global institutional governance system. Looking behind and recalling for the IMF operational and political failures when interfering with the national economic systems and regional or international markets, there were determined several options for improving the coherence of IMF strategic goals against the global governance stability variables.
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Timmermann, Allan. "An Evaluation of the World Economic Outlook Forecasts." IMF Working Papers 06, no. 59 (2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451863192.001.
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Timmermann, Allan. "An Evaluation of the World Economic Outlook Forecasts." IMF Staff Papers 54, no. 1 (2007): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.imfsp.9450007.
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Ansong, Alex. "Decision-Making in the International Monetary Fund: Implications for Sovereign Equality of States." Journal of Legal Studies 23, no. 37 (2019): 44–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jles-2019-0004.
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Abstract The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is one of the post-Second World War international organizations set up to promote good international economic cooperation among states. Unlike international organizations like the United Nations (UN) and the World Trade Organization (which succeeded the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade 1947), decision-making in the IMF is quite peculiar in that it is based on the joint stock company model where the value of shares determine the value of a member’s vote. Thus the principle of sovereign equality of states that underpins the one-member-one-vote system in the UN and WTO is absent in the IMF. This paper discusses the various decisionmaking organs in the IMF and concludes with a discussion on the sovereignty implications of the use of IMF conditionalities in the giving of loans, especially to developing countries.
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Zhiltsov, S. S. "West’s role in the development of Ukraine." Post-Soviet Issues 7, no. 3 (2020): 266–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2020-7-3-266-275.
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The collapse of the USSR pushed Ukraine for pursuing a policy aimed at expanding cooperation with Western countries. Ukraine placed great emphasis on economic cooperation with the EU and United States, as well as financial assistance from Western countries and international financial organizations, primarily the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Such interest in collaborating with the IMF was driven by the needs of the Ukrainian economy to solve current social and economic problems, maintain the political stability for the elites in power. The increased focus of the Ukrainian side on external financial assistance related to the Ukraine failure to address economic challenges, appeared after the collapse of the USSR, and initiate a new foreign economic policy. The inefficiency of the economy was aggravated by clear-cut governmental policy deficiency. At the same time, Ukraine continued to open up the country to Western capital. This weakened Ukraine’s position on world markets, negatively affected its economic potential. Hence, Ukraine went in for cooperation with the IMF to gain financial assistance and tackle its economic problems. On the other hand, the IMF showed great attention to Ukraine, granting funds to Ukraine as a part of cooperation programs but setting economic conditions and political demands. The ongoing borrowing policy has led to Ukraine foreign debt increase, triggering the dependence of the Ukrainian authorities on the IMF. In recent years, under the new President of Ukraine V. Zelensky, Ukraine has proceeded with the policy of cooperation with the IMF.
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BERUASHVILI, Natalia, and Nika CHITADZE. "IMF in Regulating of Crisis Phenomena in the World Economy and Promoting the Establishment of Introduction Friendly Business Environment at the Global Level." Journal of Business 6, no. 1 (2018): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31578/.v6i1.118.
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The paper explores main aspects of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) involvement in different economic crises and creation of the friendly business environment in various countries and regions for the promotion of international business based on the free market economy.
 Keywords: business, crisis, entrepreneurship, finances, IMF, World BankJEL: F53, F59