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Journal articles on the topic 'Imitate'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Zamuner, Tania S., and Andrea Thiessen. "A phonological, lexical, and phonetic analysis of the new words that young children imitate." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 63, no. 4 (April 5, 2018): 609–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2018.10.

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AbstractAs children learn language, they spontaneously imitate the speech of those around them. This article investigates the new words that five children imitated between 1 and 2 years of age. Children were more likely to imitate new words as they aged and as their productive language developed. After controlling for age, children also were more likely to imitate new words that were shorter and with high neighborhood densities, and that contained sounds the children had previously produced accurately. Together, the findings demonstrate that both the patterns of the target words and children's productive abilities are predictors of children's imitative speech. This supports models of language development where there are influences stemming not only from phonological and lexical representations, but also from phonetic representations.

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2

Over, Harriet. "The Social Function of Imitation in Development." Annual Review of Developmental Psychology 2, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-033020-024051.

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Imitation is a deeply social process. Here, I review evidence that children use imitation as a means by which to affiliate with others. For example, children imitate the actions of others more closely when they seek a positive social relationship with them and respond positively to being imitated. Furthermore, children infer something of the relationships between third parties by observing their imitative exchanges. Understanding the social nature of imitation requires exploring the nature of the social relationships between children and the individuals they imitate. Thus, in addition to discussing children's own goals in imitative situations, I review the social pressures children experience to imitate in particular ways, learning to conform to the conventions and rituals of their group. In the latter part of this article, I discuss the extent to which this perspective on imitation can help us to understand broader topics within social development, including the origins of human cultural differences.

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3

Eyster, Erik, and Matthew Rabin. "Extensive Imitation is Irrational and Harmful*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 129, no. 4 (November 1, 2014): 1861–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju021.

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Abstract Rationality leads people to imitate those with similar tastes but different information. But people who imitate common sources develop correlated beliefs, and rationality demands that later social learners take this correlation into account. This implies severe limits to rational imitation. We show that (i) in most natural observation structures besides the canonical single-file case, full rationality dictates that people must “anti-imitate” some of those they observe; and (ii) in every observation structure full rationality dictates that people imitate, on net, at most one person and are imitated by, on net, at most one person, over any set of interconnected players. We also show that in a very broad class of settings, any learning rule in which people regularly do imitate more than one person without anti-imitating others will lead to a positive probability of people converging to confident and wrong long-run beliefs.

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4

Motia, Michael. "Three Ways to Imitate Paul in Late Antiquity: Ekstasis, Ekphrasis, Epektasis." Harvard Theological Review 114, no. 1 (January 2021): 96–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816021000079.

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AbstractRobert Orsi’s argument that religion, more than a system of “meaning making,” is a “network of relationships between heaven and earth” helps us understand what is at stake in imitation for early Christians. The question for Orsi is not, “What does it mean to imitate Paul?” as much as it is, “In what kind of relationship is one engaged when one imitates Paul?” Christians argue over both what to imitate (Who is Paul?) and how to imitate (How should Christians relate to Paul in order to be like him or to render him present?). The what has received lots of scholarly attention; this paper focuses on the how. I compare the range of possibilities of how to imitate Paul by focusing on three influential accounts of mimesis: Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (ekstasis), John Chrysostom (ekphrasis), and Gregory of Nyssa (epektasis).

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5

William, H. Willimon. "Imitate Me." About Campus: Enriching the Student Learning Experience 7, no. 3 (July 2002): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108648220200700307.

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6

Amon, Gilles. "Don't imitate." Nature 439, no. 7079 (February 2006): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/4391030a.

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7

Shaffer, Thomas H., and Marla R. Wolfson. "If art imitates life, can laboratory models imitate clinical disease processes? *." Critical Care Medicine 30, no. 10 (October 2002): 2399–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200210000-00046.

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8

Frank Zimpel, André, and Alfred Christoph Röhm. "A Study of Imitation Ability inPeople with Trisomy 21." Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 29, no. 4 (November 1, 2018): 223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1016-264x/a000232.

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Abstract. Since the first description of Down syndrome, imitation has been a reputed strength of persons with trisomy 21. The question is: How many elementary movements can persons with trisomy 21 imitate simultaneously and successively? As a baseline, we developed elementary movements that are easy to imitate separately. They are combined such that there are no recognizable repetitions or other regular patterns. In all of the 713 test subjects there was a limit to the number of correctly imitated elementary movements. Whereas neurotypical subjects reached their limit by imitating four elementary movements, persons with trisomy 21 could imitate only two elementary movements. Diagnostic and learning methods currently need to be reassessed, because they do not consider these special imitation limits.

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9

Hartog, Paul. "The Christology of the Martyrdom of Polycarp: Martyrdom as Both Imitation of Christ and Election by Christ." Perichoresis 12, no. 2 (October 1, 2014): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/perc-2014-0008.

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AbstractThe Martyrdom of Polycarp narrates a martyrdom ‘according to the Gospel’. Numerous facets of the text echo the passion materials of the Gospels, and Polycarp is directly said to imitate Christ. Various scholars have discussed the imitatio Christi theme within the work. Such an approach focuses upon Christ as an exemplar of suffering to be imitated, through specific events of similar suffering. But the Christology of the Martyrdom of Polycarp is far richer than this focus alone. Jesus Christ is also the Son, Savior, eternal high priest, teacher, elector, king, and alternative to Caesar. As the sovereign , he actively coordinates events and chooses martyrs from among his servants.

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10

Powell, Lindsey J., and Elizabeth S. Spelke. "Third-Party Preferences for Imitators in Preverbal Infants." Open Mind 2, no. 2 (December 2018): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00018.

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Participants in social interactions often imitate one another, thereby enhancing their affiliation. Here we probe the nature and early development of imitation-based affiliation through studies of infants’ preferences for animated characters who imitate, or are imitated by, other characters. Four experiments provide evidence that preverbal infants preferentially attend to and approach individuals who imitate others. This preferential engagement is elicited by the elements of mimicry in simple acts of helping. It does not, however, extend to the targets of imitation in these interactions. This set of findings suggests infants’ imitation-based preferences are not well explained by homophily, prestige, or familiarity. We propose instead that infants perceive imitation as an indicator of valuable attributes in a potential social partner, including the capacity and motivation for social attention and coordinated action.

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11

Loeb, Diane Frome, and George D. Allen. "Preschoolers’ Imitation of Intonation Contours." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 36, no. 1 (February 1993): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3601.04.

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This study evaluated normally developing preschoolers’ imitation of intonation contours modeled in a sentence elicitation task. Three intonation contours (declarative, interrogative, and monotone) were presented to 3- and 5-year-old children. Acoustic analyses using the Visi-Pitch and Apple ile computer system, along with perceptual ratings, measured the extent to which preschoolers imitated a modeled intonation contour. The results indicated that, as a group, the children were perceived to imitate or partially imitate the preceding intonation contour modeled by the adult. The 5-year-old children imitated modeled contours more frequently than did the 3-year-old children. In contrast, the 3-year-old children primarily partially imitated the intonation contours. Further analysis revealed that between-group differences were due largely to accuracy in imitating the interrogative contour. These findings establish reference data on normal children and implicate the use of both acoustic and perceptual analyses in order to develop and interpret intervention strategies aimed at children with prosodic problems.

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12

Custance, Deborah M., Kim A. Bard, and Andrew Whiten. "Can Young Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes) Imitate Arbitrary Actions? Hayes & Hayes (1952) Revisited." Behaviour 132, no. 11-12 (1995): 837–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853995x00036.

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AbstractContrary to recent scepticism, systematic use of an experimental approach suggested by HAYES & HAYES (1952) shows that chimpanzees can imitate novel actions. Two chimpanzees imitated 13 and 17 novel arbitrary gestures, respectively. They were first taught to reproduce 15 gestures on the command, "Do this!", and then presented with 48 novel items. Using a rigourous coding system, two independent observers correctly identified a significant number of the chimpanzees' imitations (p < 0.0001). We conclude that after a period of tuition chimpanzees can go on to imitate arbitrary actions, providing evidence of a basic cognitive capacity for perspective-taking and cross-modal matching.

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13

Schleihauf, Hanna, and Stefanie Hoehl. "Evidence for a dual-process account of over-imitation: Children imitate anti- and prosocial models equally, but prefer prosocial models once they become aware of multiple solutions to a task." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): e0256614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256614.

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Children imitate actions that are perceivably unnecessary to achieve the instrumental goal of an action sequence, a behavior termed over-imitation. It is debated whether this behavior is based on the motivation to follow behavioral norms and affiliate with the model or whether it can be interpreted in terms of a behavioral heuristic to copy observed intentional actions without questioning the purpose of each action step. To resolve this question, we tested whether preschool-aged children (N = 89) over-imitate a prosocial model, a helper in a prior third-party moral transgression, but refuse to over-imitate an antisocial model, the perpetrator of the moral transgression. After first observing an inefficient way to extract a reward from a puzzle box from either a perpetrator or a helper, children over-imitated the perpetrator to the same degree as they over-imitated the helper. In a second phase, children were then presented the efficient solution by the respective other model, i.e. the helper or the perpetrator. Over-imitation rates then dropped in both conditions, but remained significantly higher than in a baseline condition only when children had observed the prosocial model demonstrate the inefficient action sequence and the perpetrator performed the efficient solution. In contrast, over-imitation dropped to baseline level when the perpetrator had modelled the inefficient actions and the prosocial model subsequently showed children the efficient solution. In line with a dual-process account of over-imitation, results speak to a strong initial tendency to imitate perceivably irrelevant actions regardless of the model. Imitation behavior is then adjusted according to social motivations after deliberate consideration of different options to attain the goal.

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14

Van Burg, Elco, and Jacob Vermeire. "Why Imitate? Towards an Understanding of Imitative Entrepreneurship in Constrained Environments." Academy of Management Proceedings 2020, no. 1 (August 2020): 20026. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2020.20026abstract.

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15

Hu, Chang Ming, Fang Fang Song, and Xiao Zhou Fan. "Study on Safety of the Fastener Tubular Steel Scaffolding." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.771.

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Based on analysis of five different conditions’ full scale model tests of the fastener tubular steel scaffolding, the paper introduces that notional lateral loads can imitate the effect which generalized imperfections of the falsework(initial imperfections, node semi-rigid and so on) give the bracket’s stability capacity. According to the finite element software ANSYS, the falseworks’ stability capacities of different conditions have been imitated and analysed, Analysis results compare with test results. The final result indicates that it is reasonable that notional lateral loads in certain scope can imitate generalized initial imperfection. Research results can be used for on-site t technical personnels’ design and safety control.

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16

Wohlschläger, Andreas, Merideth Gattis, and Harold Bekkering. "Action generation and action perception in imitation: an instance of the ideomotor principle." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1431 (February 24, 2003): 501–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1257.

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We review a series of behavioural experiments on imitation in children and adults that test the predictions of a new theory of imitation. Most of the recent theories of imitation assume a direct visual–to–motor mapping between perceived and imitated movements. Based on our findings of systematic errors in imitation, the new theory of goal–directed imitation (GOADI) instead assumes that imitation is guided by cognitively specified goals. According to GOADI, the imitator does not imitate the observed movement as a whole, but rather decomposes it into its separate aspects. These aspects are hierarchically ordered, and the highest aspect becomes the imitator's main goal. Other aspects become sub–goals. In accordance with the ideomotor principle, the main goal activates the motor programme that is most strongly associated with the achievement of that goal. When executed, this motor programme sometimes matches, and sometimes does not, the model's movement. However, the main goal extracted from the model movement is almost always imitated correctly.

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17

Makhov, A. E. "THE PROBLEM OF IMITATING MODELS IN THE POETOLOGY OF FRENCH CLASSICISM." Human Being: Image and Essence. Humanitarian Aspects, no. 3 (2020): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/chel/2020.03.01.

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The article shows how the idea of imitatio auctorum, known since antiquity, was interpreted in the poetology of French classicism. The opposition of «servile» and free imitation, as well as the correlation between the concept of imitation and the notions of invention, translation, copying, theft and conquest come under scrutiny. A distinction is drawn between different objects of imitation. Poetologists recommend imitating not so much the specific thoughts and expressions of the original as its general idea, «spirit», manner, and also the very creative strategy of the author. In the latter case the object of imitation is not the completed work, but the process of its creation. The imitation strategy was justified by the argument of reciprocity: we imitate the ancients in the same way as the ancients themselves imitated their predecessors.

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18

Bailey, George. "Amateurs Imitate, Professionals Steal." Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 47, no. 3 (1989): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/431002.

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19

Neeld, Janette. "Does life imitate art?" Nursing Standard 14, no. 37 (May 31, 2000): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.14.37.30.s38.

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20

Breazeal, Cynthia, and Brian Scassellati. "Robots that imitate humans." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6, no. 11 (November 2002): 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6613(02)02016-8.

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21

Leibowitz, Ronnie. "DOES ART IMITATE LIFE?" American Journal of Nursing 98, no. 11 (November 1998): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-199811000-00021.

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22

Andreou, Andreas G. "Electronic arts imitate life." Nature 354, no. 6354 (December 1991): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/354501a0.

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23

BAILEY, GEORGE. "Amateurs Imitate, Professionals Steal." Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 47, no. 3 (June 1, 1989): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540_6245.jaac47.3.0221.

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24

Leibowitz, Ronnie. "Does Art Imitate Life?" American Journal of Nursing 98, no. 11 (November 1998): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3471674.

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25

Buttelmann, David, Malinda Carpenter, Josep Call, and Michael Tomasello. "Enculturated chimpanzees imitate rationally." Developmental Science 10, no. 4 (July 2007): F31—F38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00630.x.

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26

Jones, Susan. "Can newborn infants imitate?" Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 8, no. 1-2 (December 2016): e1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1410.

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27

Knight, Meredith. "Can Newborns Imitate Adults?" Scientific American Mind 27, no. 5 (August 11, 2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamericanmind0916-10a.

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28

Forquer, Nancy. "A model to imitate." Music Educators Journal 72, no. 3 (November 1985): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002743218507200301.

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29

Heyes, Cecilia. "Homo imitans? Seven reasons why imitation couldn't possibly be associative." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1686 (January 19, 2016): 20150069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0069.

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Many comparative and developmental psychologists believe that we are Homo imitans ; humans are more skilled and prolific imitators than other animals, because we have a special, inborn ‘intermodal matching’ mechanism that integrates representations of others with representations of the self. In contrast, the associative sequence learning (ASL) model suggests that human infants learn to imitate using mechanisms that they share with other animals, and the rich resources provided by their sociocultural environments. This article answers seven objections to the ASL model: (i) it presents evidence that newborns do not imitate; (ii) argues that infants receive a plentiful supply of the kind of experience necessary for learning to imitate; (iii) suggests that neither infants nor adults can imitate elementally novel actions; (iv) explains why non-human animals have a limited capacity for imitation; (v) discusses the goal-directedness of imitation; (vi) presents evidence that improvement in imitation depends on visual feedback; and (vii) reflects on the view that associative theories steal ‘the soul of imitation’. The empirical success of the ASL model indicates that the mechanisms which make imitation possible, by aligning representations of self with representations of others, have been tweaked by cultural evolution, not built from scratch by genetic evolution.

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30

Possajennikov, Alex. "Imitation Dynamic and Nash Equilibrium in Cournot Oligopoly with Capacities." International Game Theory Review 05, no. 03 (September 2003): 291–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198903001069.

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The paper considers an imitation dynamic in the context of Cournot oligopoly. The pure "imitate-the-best" behavior can lead to an outcome inconsistent with Cournot-Nash equilibrium. The paper extends purely imitative behavior to imperfect imitation in the two-stage model with capacities and prices. This variation in the imitative behavior improves efficiency and makes the Cournot-Nash equilibrium a possible outcome of the dynamic imitation process.

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31

Davids, Yael. "Learning to Imitate in Absentia." MaHKUscript. Journal of Fine Art Research 2, no. 1 (March 14, 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/mjfar.31.

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32

Hansing, Lois. "Program sparks desire to imitate." Geriatric Nursing 8, no. 5 (September 1987): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-4572(87)80128-3.

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33

Pfister, Roland, David Dignath, Bernhard Hommel, and Wilfried Kunde. "It Takes Two to Imitate." Psychological Science 24, no. 10 (August 29, 2013): 2117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797613489139.

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34

Schlag, Karl H. "Which one should I imitate?" Journal of Mathematical Economics 31, no. 4 (May 1999): 493–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4068(97)00068-2.

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35

Levy, Stanley B. "Cosmetics that imitate a tan." Dermatologic Therapy 14, no. 3 (September 2001): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8019.2001.01033.x.

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36

Ravignani, Andrea. "Singing seals imitate human speech." Journal of Experimental Biology 222, no. 17 (September 1, 2019): jeb208447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.208447.

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37

Rumiati, Raffaella I., Joana C. Carmo, and Corrado Corradi-Dell'Acqua. "Neuropsychological perspectives on the mechanisms of imitation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1528 (August 27, 2009): 2337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0063.

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Cognitive neuroscientists have contributed to the understanding of imitation according to their expertise. Neuropsychologists first established over a century ago that lesions to the left hemisphere of right-handed individuals lead to a dramatic reduction of their ability to imitate gestures. In contrast, after frontal lobe damage, patients may experience severe difficulties in inhibiting their imitative tendency. These findings suggested that our tendency to imitate is mostly sustained by the left hemisphere and that we normally manage successfully to keep it under control. Neuropsychologists went on investigating other aspects of gesture imitation. These include the existence of putative mechanisms involved in imitating different types of gestures (e.g. meaningful and meaningless or transitive and intransitive), the strategic control over these mechanisms and whether there are differences in imitation depending on the action goal or the body part used. Based on neuropsychological findings, some cognitive models of gesture imitation have been forwarded, the most influential of which will be reviewed here. In particular, reference will be made to the dual route model and to accounts that associate the imitative deficit to putative degraded body representations.

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38

Razi, Astri Delia, Mawardi Siregar, and Zulkarnain Zulkarnain. "CHILDREN IMITATION ON DAILY LANGUAGES FAMILY COUNSELING PERSPECTIVE." ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) 1, no. 2 (December 10, 2018): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32505/enlighten.v1i2.774.

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Humans learn differently. One way humans learn is to imitate (imitation). A child will imitate both parents and learn their habits and behavior patterns. Humans will learn many behaviors and habits in the early phases of his life by imitating his parents, older brothers, brothers and relatives around him. The position of the family in the development of the child's personality is very dominant. The family is a "Training Center" for the cultivation of values. Therefore, the family as a model to be imitated by the child has a very important role, both in language and behavior. This study discusses the imitation of children against everyday language in the family in Gampong Teungoh Langsa City, Aceh. The purpose of this research is to examine; The process of imitation of children against everyday language in the family in Gampong Teungoh and Parents efforts in overcoming the negative daily language imitation in the family.

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De Souter, Laura, Senne Braem, Oliver Genschow, Marcel Brass, and Emiel Cracco. "Social group membership does not modulate automatic imitation in a contrastive multi-agent paradigm." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 74, no. 4 (February 7, 2021): 746–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820986528.

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A key prediction of motivational theories of automatic imitation is that people imitate in-group over out-group members. However, research on this topic has provided mixed results. Here, we investigate the possibility that social group modulations emerge only when people can directly compare in- and out-group. To this end, we conducted three experiments in which we measured automatic imitation of two simultaneously shown hands: one in-group and one out-group hand. Our general hypothesis was that the in-group hand would be imitated more than the out-group hand. However, even though both explicit and implicit manipulation checks showed that we succeeded in manipulating participants’ feelings of group membership, we did not find support for the predicted influence of group membership on automatic imitation. In contrast to motivational theories, this suggests that group membership does not influence who we do or do not imitate, not even in a contrastive multi-agent paradigm.

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40

Mohammad, Yasser, and Toyoaki Nishida. "Why Should We Imitate Robots? Effect of Back Imitation on Judgment of Imitative Skill." International Journal of Social Robotics 7, no. 4 (January 24, 2015): 497–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12369-015-0282-2.

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41

Vusumuzi Nani, Gwendoline. "Pioneer or imitate? An analysis of business imitations." Problems and Perspectives in Management 14, no. 3 (November 10, 2016): 691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.14(3-3).2016.12.

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Pioneering is meant to create a competitive advantage for businesses and yet imitations are accelerating globally, leaving businesses not knowing whether to pioneer or imitate. The purpose of this study was to make an analysis of the benefits and costs of pioneering and imitation, with the aim of possibly helping businesses to decide on which route to take, after considering their strengths and weaknesses. This was a desk research study which analyzed literature on business imitation and pioneering. It focused on imitation driven by technology; be it in products or services with a bias towards legal innovative imitation. The analysis was primarily dominated by literature obtained from developed countries because of the rich pool of research output on both concepts. Based on the findings, the paper concludes that most businesses are innovative imitations and technology has facilitated most of these imitations. Recommendations are that businesses should adopt innovative imitation, but do so legally and ethically. There is also need for more research studies on business imitation in order to come up with strategies that will accommodate global players. Keywords: pioneers, competitive advantage, innovative imitation, global players, first mover. JEL Classification: L26, M19

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42

Jiang, Heng, and Jing Liu. "The Design and Realization of Display and Control Terminal for Radar Echo Simulator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 347-350 (August 2013): 1116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.347-350.1116.

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In order to raise the train effect of radar operation efficiently, offer detailed, accurate, visual task situation information, high limit decreases or eliminates to train distorted and operating fault. The paper have put forward a kind of based on GDI + graph display function and USB data communication display the realization method of controlling terminal, Have realized for radar display relatively lifelike imitate, The interface that imitated has included actual radar, is major to display essential factor.

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43

Chu, Miyoko. "Vocal Mimicry in Distress Calls of Phainopeplas." Condor 103, no. 2 (May 1, 2001): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/103.2.389.

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Abstract Phainopeplas (Phainopepla nitens) utter contact calls, loud distress screams, and 37 other distinguishable vocalizations when captured, including imitations of at least 12 species. In southern California, Phainopeplas captured in the desert and coastal woodlands imitated species from both regions, suggesting that individuals occupy both habitats during the year and have an extended period of learning that spans the period of time when they move between regions. There was no significant difference in the number of calls imitated based on sex, male age, or habitat. A high percentage of Phainopeplas in both desert and coastal woodlands imitated Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and Northern Flickers (Colaptes auratus), whereas the use of other species' calls varied with habitat. Phainopeplas did not simply imitate the calls of the most abundant species or those that were most vocal.

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44

Lang, Helen S. "Why the Elements Imitate the Heavens." Ancient Philosophy 14, no. 2 (1994): 335–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ancientphil19941426.

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Lieberman, Marvin B., and Shigeru Asaba. "Why Do Firms Imitate Each Other?" Academy of Management Review 31, no. 2 (April 2006): 366–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amr.2006.20208686.

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Jelicic, Marko, and Harald Merckelbach. "Peer-Review: Let's Imitate the Lawyers!" Cortex 38, no. 3 (January 2002): 406–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70669-5.

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Gygax, André F., and Anna Griffiths. "Do venture capitalists imitate portfolio size?" Financial Markets and Portfolio Management 21, no. 1 (January 30, 2007): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11408-006-0040-4.

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Hommes, Cars, and Paolo Zeppini. "Innovate or Imitate? Behavioural technological change." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 48 (November 2014): 308–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2014.08.005.

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Bard, Kim A. "Should developmental psychologists imitate comparative psychologists?" Developmental Science 5, no. 1 (March 2002): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-7687.00195.

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Agam, Yigal, Henry Galperin, Brian J. Gold, and Robert Sekuler. "Learning to imitate novel motion sequences." Journal of Vision 7, no. 5 (March 19, 2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/7.5.1.

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