Academic literature on the topic 'Immaterial value'
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Journal articles on the topic "Immaterial value"
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van Dijk, Simone. "At home in the workplace: The value of materiality for immaterial labor in Amsterdam." European Journal of Cultural Studies 22, no. 4 (July 21, 2019): 468–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367549419861628.
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In the post-Fordist economy, labor processes are increasingly organized around the valuation of immaterial labor. Even though it has been argued that immaterial labor is becoming less dependent on material space, this article addresses the question how the material organization of immaterial labor creates value in work and shows that immaterial labor is not without a materiality. In fact, new, networked labor socialities are strongly materialized in space. Ethnographic material collected in a coworking space in Amsterdam shows how membership of this space brings professional value to its members by providing them with a network and status. This professional value-creation finds its expression in the creation of a very domestic materiality and familial sociality. In order to benefit from the value of this space, members are required to contribute to this intimate lifestyle and thereby perform ‘immaterial labor’, which in turn adds value to the space itself. The material space in which work is performed thus becomes valuable through its immaterial attributes. However, this value is not accessible to all: the extreme inward domesticity and inclusivity turns into an outward exclusivity.
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Lahmini, Hajar Mouatassim, Karima Mialed, and Chams Eddoha Mokhlis. "Management of Companies Performance: Impact of Immaterial Capital." Marketing and Management of Innovations, no. 3 (2020): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2020.3-04.
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The authors present their arguments and counterarguments on the issue of Immaterial capital and its impact on companies’ performance. The main purpose of the research is to assess companies’ Immaterial Capital and to measure its impact on stock performance. The article has three main objectives: 1) to define immaterial capital and propose a methodology for its assessment; 2) to determine the proportion of Immaterial Capital created in Moroccan companies listed on the Casablanca stock exchange while using the retained measurement methodology; 3) to verify the impact of Immaterial Capital on stock performance. Systematisation literary sources and approaches for solving the problem of Immaterial Capital assessment indicates that there is no broad consensus on that issue. Indeed, given its multidimensional character, immaterial capital is difficult to measure. It is worth to note that several approaches to assessing that capital, which weighs very heavily on the enterprise’s finances, have been developed. In this paper, the authors propose to measure immaterial capital in Moroccan companies listed on the Casablanca Stock exchange, while using two assessing methods, namely price-to-book and Enterprise Value-based approaches. The paper presents the results of an empirical analysis which showed that a lot of sectors create immaterial wealth, in particular telecommunication sector, cement manufacturer, electricity, hydrocarbon distribution, mining, port services, food and beverages, autos distribution and pharmaceutical sector. The research empirically confirmed that all sectors which have a price to book ratio above 3 generate a positive immaterial capital calculated by the second methodology used. The results of the research can be useful for all companies that want to measure their real wealth and consequently to manage their performance competently. It should be noted that the analyses performed in this article are preliminary only. An extension to unlisted companies is intended so that the generalisation of the results would be possible. Keywords assessment, Casablanca stock exchange (CSE), enterprise value (EV), immaterial capital (IC), listed companies, Price-to-Book Ratio (PBR).
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Maria Bose. "Immaterial Thoughts: Brand Value, Environmental Sustainability, and Wall-E." Criticism 59, no. 2 (2017): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.13110/criticism.59.2.0247.
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Lim Min Taek and 유진형. "A Study of the Extensibility of Immaterial Value in the Brand Space." Journal of Korea Intitute of Spatial Design 7, no. 4 (December 2012): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35216/kisd.2012.7.4.155.
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Pitts, Frederick Harry. "A crisis of measurability? Critiquing post-operaismo on labour, value and the basic income." Capital & Class 42, no. 1 (September 21, 2016): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309816816665579.
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This article critiques post-operaist conceptualisations of immaterial labour from the perspective of Marxian value-form theory. Critiquing the idea of the ‘crisis of measurability’ created by immaterial labour and the contention that this makes redundant the law of value, it contests the novelty, immediate abstractness and immeasurable productivity post-operaists attribute to contemporary labour using the New Reading of Marx. The first part explores this theoretical conflict, asserting that post-operaismo refutes Marx’s value theory only insofar as it holds a productivist understanding of value to begin with. The second reflects upon the political implications through a consideration of the post-operaist advocacy of a universal basic income. Appeals to reward, recompense and redistribution rest upon the veracity of the claims made in the post-operaist treatment of labour, value and their immateriality and immeasurability. A value-form analysis exposes flaws in the assumptions about value and labour that support their case for a universal basic income.
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Fresco, Estee. "In LeBron James’ promotional skin: Self-branded athletes and fans’ immaterial labour." Journal of Consumer Culture 20, no. 4 (December 3, 2017): 440–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469540517745705.
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Using the LeBron James brand as a case study, this article adds insight into the phenomenon of self-branding by demonstrating that sports fans play an essential role in building the value of athletes’ personal brands. Drawing on Hearn’s theory of self-branding and Arvidsson’s concept of ‘ethical surplus’, it argues that audience members participated in the immaterial labour required to build (and re-build) the value of the LeBron James and Nike brands. By considering this immaterial labour within the neo-liberal context in which it occurs, this article highlights a central tension between the individual and the group that lies at the heart of athletes’ self-branding practices.
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Lestari, Dini Maulana. "Immaterial Cost and Production: Maximum Production Cost Level Through Marginal Approach." El-Jizya : Jurnal Ekonomi Islam 8, no. 2 (November 27, 2020): 128–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/ej.v8i2.4241.
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This paper will discuss about the immaterial costs and production yields at one of the refined sugar factory companies in Makassar, South Sulawesi. The theory is based on the fact that Immaterial is a cost that is almsgiving, meaning costs that are outside of the basic costs of the company in producing production, so this research aims to find out: (1) what is the production cost needed to produce this production, (2) the maximum level of production at company from 2013 to 2017.
This type of research is a quantitative study because it uses a questionnaire in the form of values that are processed using the marginal cost approach formula. The results of the analysis show that (1) the maximum level of production costs occurred in 2016 amounting to 6,912 with an Immaterial cost of Rp. 2,481,796,800 and the total production produced is 359,077.3 tons (2) The required workforce with the total production produced is 359,077.3 tones of 180 people including the maximum production point which means that the lowest value is achieved (optimal).
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Cardenas-Garcia, Jaime F., Bruno Soria de Mesa, and Diego Romero Castro. "The Information Process and the Labour Process in the Information Age." tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 15, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 663–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v15i2.831.
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This paper examines how information fundamentally influences the labour process in the information age. The process of becoming human in the labour process brings to the fore the notion of information and our dialectical interactions with our natural environment as organisms-in-the-environment. These insights lead the authors to posit that information/ideas are material. Information/ideas are not ethereal/immaterial, as is commonly believed, which does not negate that information/ideas may be abstract. Taking a fundamental approach serves to discard the concept of immaterial labour and products, to posit an undeniable materialist basis for the labour theory of value. More importantly, it serves to point to the immanence of information and labour in the labour theory of value.
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Stevenson, Siobhan A. "Immaterial labour, public librarians, and third-generation public libraries." New Library World 117, no. 3/4 (March 14, 2016): 186–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nlw-11-2015-0083.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to draw attention to one specific upper-level government policy document in which a discourse of perpetual innovation and customer service is promoted, and the kinds of questions such discursive interventions raise for the future of work in public libraries; and second, to demonstrate the explanatory potential of the concept of immaterial labour for questions relating to emerging labour processes in libraries. The concepts of “prosumer” and Web 2.0 are included as discursive resources of relevance to any discussion of immaterial labour. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents a critical discourse analysis of a public policy visioning document for public libraries in Ontario, Canada, with reflections on related literatures. Findings – The concept of immaterial labour provides an additional analytic tool suitable for questions of relevance to public librarians and library scholars. Within the government text under review which deals specifically with the future of the public library to 2020, the identity of the public librarian is alarmingly absent. Conversely, the library patron as a producer and consumer is privileged. Research limitations/implications – Failure to attend to the broader policy arena within which the public library resides creates dangerous blind spots for public library professionals, educators and researchers. Practical implications – This paper demonstrates the value of a discourse analysis for uncovering the ideological dimensions of policy documents, while simultaneously modelling the method using the kind of policy text commonly produced in governments around the world. Social implications – This paper shows how failure to attend to the broader policy arena within which the public library resides creates dangerous blind spots for the public library community. Originality/value – This paper contextualizes the immaterial and volunteer labour of the public library user as producer/consumer in the context of the future of the frontline professional and waged librarian.
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Qehaja, Dr Sc Rrustem. "Legal-Civil aspect of types of Immaterial Damage." ILIRIA International Review 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v3i2.124.
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Causing of damage is accompanied with causing of responsibility for its compensation. Human being in the daily life is often threatened by various risks which along with the causing of bodily injuries in some cases may bring also causes of death.From the legal doctrine, in Kosovo and in the region, related to nomination of material and immaterial damage, in addition there may also be found other nominations including the property damage and non-property damage or as differently called moral damage[1], but the basic distinction in this division stands at its compensation.Subject of analysis of this work shall be focused with particular emphasis in Kosovo with some superficial comparisons to the neighbour countries.The only formula of indemnification for the immaterial damage according to insurance coverage remains the satisfaction[2] expressed in monetary value which according to LMTPI[3] and the Directive of the Council of European Parliament underwent positive amendments in viewpoint of increase of amounts of insurance.[4]In context of this work, only some types of immaterial damage shall be reviewed, including:- Damage in form of physical distress,- Damage in form of fear and- Damage in form of spiritual distress because of reduction of life activities.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Immaterial value"
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Dyrendahl, Johan, and Sophia Karlsson. "Immateriella värden & design -eller ”Det skall tåla ögats slitage”." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2375.
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Bakgrund: I konkurrens om morgondagens konsument kommer sannolikt materiella värden inte räcka till. Företag måste också kunna erbjuda immateriella värden genom upplevelser. Ett sätt att göra detta är via produktens design. Den företagsekonomiska relevansen understyrks ytterligare av det faktum att lite forskning finns kring immateriellt värdeskapande och design.
Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att bidra med förståelse för hur design kan tillföra immateriella värden till en produkt.
Genomförande: Initialt konstruerades en begreppsapparat, ur teori från vitt skilda discipliner, som sedan genom tolkning av en rad intervjuer med relevanta aktörer utvecklades.
Resultat: De immateriella värden som tillförs en möbel genom design kan förstås med hjälp av två huvudkategorier: estetiskt och socialt värde. Dessa värdens tillblivelse kan i huvudsak förstås som en social konstruktion uppburen av en rad aktörer i en värdekonfiguration. En historia konstrueras och ger möbeln ett värde. Kunskap har central betydelse för konsumentens/nyttjarens värdeupplevelse. Resultatet torde ha stor generalitet i form av dess språkbildande karaktär.
Background: In the competition for the consumer of tomorrow it is not likely going to be enough to deliver material value. Companies will have to offer immaterial values through experiences. One way of doing this is by the design of the product. The relevance is emphasised further as there is little research available regarding immaterial value creation and design.
Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to contribute with understanding for how design can add immaterial value to a product.
Research method: Initially a number of concepts were constructed out of theories originating in widely different theoretical fields. These concept were then evolved by interpretation of a number of interviews with relevant actors.
Result: The immaterial values that are added to a piece of furniture by design can be understood with the help of main categories: aesthetic and social value. The creationof these values can to a large extent be understood in the terms of a social construction carried by a number of actors in a value configuration. A story is constructed which give the piece of furniture value. Knowledge is of great importance for the value appreciation of the consumer/user. The result should have great generality as it is of a concept creation quality.
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Mello, Gustavo Moura de Cavalcanti. "Algumas respostas teóricas para as vicissitudes do capitalismo contemporâneo: crítica ou fetichismo?" Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8132/tde-26022008-135014/.
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Nessa dissertação analiso, à luz de conceitos marxianos, as noções de trabalho imaterial - tal qual exposto por Antonio Negri e André Gorz, sobretudo - e de pós-grande indústria - desenvolvido por Ruy Fausto, Eleutério Prado e Leda Paulani -, as quais estão no cerne da interpretação desses autores acerca da atual fase do desenvolvimento do modo de produção capitalista. Com isso, pretendo, por um lado, apreender alguns problemas teóricos dessas tentativas de se entender a contemporaneidade com base nos conceitos de trabalho imaterial e de pós-grande indústria; e por outro, chamar a atenção para a força e a atualidade da obra de Marx e de conceitos como o de trabalho abstrato, de mais-valia relativa, de subsunção real do trabalho ao capital, de grande indústria, dentre outros.In this dissertation I analyse, through marxian concepts, the notions of immaterial labour - as exposed by Antonio Negri and André Gorz, - and of post-great industry - developed by Ruy Fausto, Eletério Prado and Leda Paulani -, which are in the center of these authors\' interpretations concerning the current phase of development of the capitalist mode of production. With this, I intend to, on the one hand, apprehend the theoretical problems of these attempts of understand the contemporary capitalism based in the concepts of immaterial labour and pos-great industry; and on the other hand, call attention to the force and atuality of the work of Marx and the concepts of abstract labour, of relative plus-value, of real subsuntion of the labour to the capital, of great industry, amongst others.
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Moura, Pollyanna Paganoto. "Trabalho imaterial e a teoria do valor: uma análise da produção do conhecimento na sociedade capitalista." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2015. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/2670.
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Previous issue date: 2015-07-10Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo discutir a problemática central existente entre a teoria do valor de Karl Marx e a chamada teoria do trabalho imaterial. Refere-se essa divergência à tese da superação da teoria do valor trabalho de Marx para compreensão da atual dinâmica do modo de produção capitalista, que para alguns, encontra-se hoje sob a égide da produção imaterial. Segundo os autores alinhados a essa corrente, como André Gorz, Antônio Negri e Mauricio Lazzarato, por ser essa produção repleta de caráteres subjetivos e, portanto irreprodutíveis, torna-se impossível estabelecer uma relação entre seu preço e o tempo de trabalho dispendido para sua reprodução. Logo, a teoria marxista do valor torna-se insuficiente para subsidiar as análises desse novo momento econômico. Nosso trabalho apresenta uma crítica a essa perspectiva, chegando à conclusão que a teoria do valor de Marx tem ainda enorme pertinência para análise das novas formas assumidas pelo capitalismo contemporâneo e que, principalmente, fornece as bases teóricas para a compreensão das temáticas referentes ao que se denomina imaterial. Para isso, avançamos em um aspecto central, que reside na constatação de que há uma incompreensão acerca da [verdadeira] natureza do imaterial, que podemos entender como toda ideia e elaboração intelectual humana. A não apreensão desse sentido faz com que aqueles autores vinculados à teoria do trabalho imaterial, incorram em dois equívocos essenciais: em primeiro lugar, essa confusão leva-os a classificar os setores produtores de serviços muitos deles produtivos e materiais para Marx como parte da produção imaterial. Revelamos dessa forma, como a determinação dos preços desses serviços ainda se assenta sobre a magnitude de seus valores. Em segundo, há um desconhecimento da verdadeira forma de produção desse imaterial a produção do conhecimento e de como se determina seu preço. Assim, à luz da teoria de Marx, é possível perceber que o conhecimento em si não é criador de riqueza e que sua remuneração ocorre por meio da apropriação de parcela do valor gerado na produção material, de forma semelhante ao que ocorre à renda da terra, de modo que a compreensão de sua dinâmica só é possível a partir da categoria marxista do valor.
This research aims to discuss the existing problems between the central theory of value of Karl Marx and the so-called "theory of immaterial labor". It refers to the thesis of this divergence overcoming Marx's labor theory of value to understand the current dynamics of the capitalist mode of production, which for some, is today under the aegis of immaterial production. According to the authors aligned to this current, as André Gorz, Antonio Negri and Maurizio Lazzarato, being this production full of subjective characters and thus irreproducible, it is impossible to establish a relationship between its price and the time spent in it‘s production. Hence, the Marxist theory of value becomes insufficient to support the analysis of the ―new‖ economic times. Our work presents a critique of this perspective and concludes that Marx's labor theory of value is still relevant to the analysis of the new forms taken by contemporary capitalism, and that it mainly provides the theoretical basis for understanding the issues related to it is called ―immaterial‖. In order to carry it out, we move forward in an central aspect, which lies at the realization that there is a misunderstanding about the true nature of the immaterial, understood as every idea and human intellectual development. The failure to grasp this meaning makes those authors linked to the theory of immaterial labor, incur in two basic misconceptions: first, this confusion leads them to classify the sectors producing services - many of them productive and materials for Marx - as part of immaterial production. We show that the pricing of these services is still based on the magnitude of their values. Second, there is a lack of understanding the form of production of immaterial - the production of knowledge - and how to determine its price. Thus, in the light of Marx's theory, one can see that knowledge itself is not wealth creator, and that its revenue is obtained through the appropriation of the share of the value generated in the material production, similarly to what happens to the ground rent so that understanding of its dynamics is only possible from the marxist value category
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Guimarães, Rosana Córdova. "Relações entre trabalho, consumo e criação de valor para as organizações: o caso Trendwatching." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/16744.
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The goal of this thesis is to understand, from the work and consumption categories, how the relation of collaboration networks from a consumer trends firm named Trendwatching are established. Academically, recent literature reveals the emergence of new concepts such as prosumer, co-creation and productive publics in order to explain the changes in the working world that increasingly involve consumer participation so that the value is accomplished. Thus, the theoretical foundations that support this thesis provide details on the concepts of value, immaterial labor, consumption and their interrelations. Data collection occurred mostly at the company's headquarters in London during the year 2015, consisting of: (1) 31 semi-structured interviews with spotters, employees and customers of the company; (2) Field observation for three months, the period recorded in field notes; (3) Data obtained by virtual means, through the website of Trendwatching. Data were analyzed using content analysis where, from a derivation process, 49 initial, 10 intermediate and 3 final categories were found. Through a derivation process 10 intermediate categories were reached: (1) who the spotter is; (2) search for information by the spotter; (3) motivation and reward of spotters; (4) spotters and TW:IN community; (5) formation of spotters; (6) Trendwatching image; (7) Working environment; (8) What Trendwatching sells; (9) database; (10) trends. With these intermediate categories in hand, a derivation process was held once again to reach the final categories, which are: (1) spotters; (2) work; (3) information. The survey results show that the spotter - the individual that makes up the network collaboration of Trendwatching - is the main product / service sold by the company. From the final categories, we turn back to the question of the research, in order to provide contributions from this thesis to the field, which are: (a) to broaden the discussion about value creation in organizational studies, identifying different concepts and new forms of ownership of the capital value involved in the interactions and interfaces between work and consumption; (b) demonstrate how the operationalization of content analysis can assist in organizing virtual empirical data (site analysis); (c) encourage the performance of case studies more frequently in organizations where the work is immaterial by excellence.
O objetivo desta tese é compreender, a partir das categorias trabalho e consumo, como se constituem as relações das redes de colaboração da empresa de tendências de consumo Trendwatching. No âmbito acadêmico, literatura recente revela o aparecimento de novos conceitos, como prosumer, co-criação e públicos produtivos para explicar as transformações no mundo do trabalho que envolvem cada vez mais a participação do consumidor para que o valor se realize. Dessa forma, os fundamentos teóricos que embasam esta tese providenciam elementos sobre os conceitos de valor, trabalho imaterial, consumo e suas interrelações. A coleta de dados ocorreu, em sua maior parte, na matriz da empresa em Londres durante o ano de 2015, sendo composta por: (1) realização de 31 entrevistas semi-estruturadas com spotters, funcionários e clientes da empresa; (2) observação em campo durante 3 meses, período este registrado em um diário de campo; (3) dados obtidos por meios virtuais, através do site da Trendwatching. Os dados foram analisados por meio da Análise de Conteúdo, onde, a partir de um processo de derivação, foram encontradas 49 categorias iniciais, 10 intermediárias e 3 finais. Por meio de um processo de derivação, chegou-se em 10 categorias intermediárias: (1) quem é o spotter; (2) busca de informações pelo spotter; (3) motivação e recompensa dos spotters; (4) spotters e a comunidade TW:IN; (5) formação dos spotters; (6) imagem da Trendwatching; (7) Ambiente de trabalho; (8) O que a Trendwatching vende; (9) base de dados; (10) tendências. Com estas categorias intermediárias em mãos, realizou-se novamente um processo de derivação para chegar nas categorias finais, que são: (1) spotters; (2) trabalho; (3) informação. Os resultados da pesquisa permitem mostrar que o spotter – assim chamado o indivíduo que compõe a rede a colaboração da Trendwatching – é o principal produto/serviço vendido pela empresa. A partir das categorias finais, retorna-se à pergunta de pesquisa, de modo a providenciar contribuições da tese para o campo, que são: (a) ampliar a discussão sobre criação de valor em Estudos Organizacionais, identificando diferentes conceitos e novas formas de apropriação do valor pelo capital implicados nas interações e interfaces entre trabalho e consumo; (b) demonstrar como a operacionalização da Análise de Conteúdo pode auxiliar na organização de dados empíricos virtuais (análise do site); (c) estimular que Estudos de Caso sejam, com mais frequência, realizados em organizações cujo trabalho seja imaterial por excelência.
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Melo, Sérgio Ricardo Gomes dos Santos. "Lei do valor enquanto lei geral de valorização do capital: para uma crítica à teoria do trabalho imaterial." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2011. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/986.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorA partir da década de 80 do século passado no capitalismo se inicia um amplo processo de reorganização estrutural comumente denominado reestruturação produtiva. Desta forma imprimiu-se um conjunto de medidas no sentido de recuperar o padrão produtivo alcançado em anos anteriores assim como recrudescer o domínio político-ideológico sobre a classe trabalhadora. Podem-se realçar dois processos nesse contexto: o crescimento do setor de serviços e a maciça inserção de micro tecnologias e tecnologias de informação; a ascensão dos serviços tanto em ocupação como em importância econômica e social conduziu Antônio Negri a descartar o arcabouço teórico-metodológico marxiano, fortemente associado ao industrialismo por esse pensador, além de creditar ao desenvolvimento das forças produtivas um papel protagonista nas transformações sociais, negligenciando, por vezes, abandonado a noção de classes sociais. Analiso nessa dissertação, baseado na teoria do valor de Marx, a interpretação do capitalismo contemporâneo de Antônio Negri, que tem em seu cerne a noção de trabalho imaterial, pretendo avaliar a consistência teórica desse conceito e nesse percurso demonstrar à vitalidade da crítica marxiana a economia política.
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Miarons, Blanco Meritxell. "Historical cost versus fair value of biological assets: Relevance of accounting information." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667858.
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This study develops a bibliometric and empirical analysis of the relevance of accounting information when biological assets are measured at fair value versus at historical cost, using an international sample of firms with biological assets.
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Rytinki, M. (Markus). "Musiikkialan tekijänoikeuksien kesto, ansaintalogiikat ja digitaalisen aineiston saatavuus internetissä." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2018. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526221182.
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Abstract This study addresses the justifications of the duration of copyright, the revenue-generating models in the music business, and the availability of digital music in Finland. The first goal was to understand how different stakeholders in the music industry relate to copyright and how they justify what they consider the optimal duration. The second goal was to map out the revenue-generating models in the music industry at a time when the consumption of music has changed from analogue to digital formats, from physical products to streaming services. The third goal was to find out the different ways in which digital music is available on the internet in Finland. The research material consists of survey research, half-structured theme interviews and documentary material. The applied research methods are theory- and material-based content analysis. The theoretical approaches utilized are the theory of justice by John Rawls, the theory of hegemony by Antonio Gramsci, the classical communication model by Roman Jakobson, and power theory by Lawrence Lessig. It uses as its interpretational theory the model of justification of copyright by Laura Leppämäki. The results state the following: The most common justification provided for the optimal duration of copyright is utilitarianism – advantage to society as a whole. The same justification is given by stakeholders who want to keep the duration as it stands, and also by those who wish to shorten it. Another common justification is to see copyright as a natural item of ownership, claimed by work, and especially as a subject of inheritance, preferably for two subsequent generations. The problems concerning the revenue-generating models in the digital world tend to focus on distribution of income on three different levels: record contracts; the distribution models of the streaming companies; and contracts between content sharing companies, record companies and rights organizations. The authors and artists have the weakest bargaining position in the negotiations. The results on availability of digital music show that digital music can be discovered via public services (music libraries), commercial services (streaming companies), and ad hoc societal services (peer-to-peer networks). The role of music libraries as a content provider has decreased since the majority of music consumption has altered to digital servicesTiivistelmä Tutkimus käsittelee musiikin tekijänoikeuden keston perusteluja, musiikkialan ansaintalogiikoita ja digitaalisten musiikkiaineistojen saatavuutta Suomessa. Tarkoituksena oli hahmottaa, miten musiikkiteollisuuden eri osapuolet suhtautuvat tekijänoikeuteen ja miten ne perustelevat tekijänoikeuksien optimaalista kestoa. Tavoitteena oli myös kartoittaa musiikkialan ansaintalogiikat, jotka ovat muuttuneet siirryttäessä analogisesta musiikin kulutuksesta digitaaliseen musiikin kulutukseen, ennen kaikkea suoratoistopalveluihin. Kolmantena tehtävänä oli selvittää, millä tavoilla digitaalista musiikkia on saatavilla internetin välityksellä Suomessa. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu kyselytutkimuksesta, puolistrukturoiduista teemahaastatteluista sekä dokumenttiaineistosta. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin sekä teoria- että aineistolähtöistä sisällönanalyysia. Tutkimuksessa sovellettuja teorioita ovat John Rawlsin oikeudenmukaisuusteoria, Antonio Gramscin hegemoniateoria, Roman Jakobsonin klassinen kommunikaatiomalli ja Lawrence Lessigin valtateoria. Tutkimus käyttää tekijänoikeuksia koskevan tutkimuskysymyksen kohdalla tulkintateoriana Laura Leppämäen esittämää mallia oikeuksien perusteluista. Tutkimuksen tuloksena on, että sekä tekijänoikeuden nykyistä kestoa että sen lyhentämistä perustellaan ennen kaikkea utilitarismilla. Toinen keskeinen perustelukeino oli työn kautta teoksiin saatava omistusoikeus ja tämän omistusoikeuden kautta tarjoutuva mahdollisuus oikeuksien jättämiseen perintönä tekijän jälkipolville. Ansaintalogiikoiden kohdalla esiin nousi digitaalisesta myynnistä generoituvien tulojen jakamiseen liittyvät ongelmat, joita esiintyy niin musiikintekijöiden ja levy-yhtiöiden välisissä sopimuksissa, suoratoistopalvelujen sisäisissä maksumalleissa kuin internetin alustapalveluiden ja oikeudenhaltijoiden sekä heitä edustavien järjestöjen välisissä sopimuksissa. Heikoimmassa asemassa sopimuksia koskevissa neuvotteluissa ovat musiikintekijät ja artistit. Digitaalisen musiikkiaineiston saatavuuden kohdalla keskeisenä tuloksena on, että aineistoa on saatavilla julkisen palvelun eli yleisten musiikkikirjastojen, kaupallisten palveluiden eli suoratoistopalveluiden ja yhteisöllisten palveluiden eli vertaisverkkojen välityksellä. Musiikkikirjastojen rooli aineistojen tarjoajana on pienentynyt siirryttäessä analogisen musiikin kulutuksesta digitaalisen musiikin kulutukseen
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De, guillebon Marie. "Vers une pratique du réemploi en architecture : expérimentations, outils, approches." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAH014.
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Le monde de la construction est aujourd’hui confronté aux exigences et enjeux de la transition socio-écologique. La discipline de l’architecture évolue afin de tendre vers une architecture plus éco-responsable tant du point de vue technique que culturel, économique que juridique. Le réemploi, moins développé que le recyclage, est une pratique qui s’émancipe à grande vitesse et peine à s’insérer dans le système de production normalisé et standardisé imputé par le système industriel et socio-technique actuel.La thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre théorique de la transition socio-écologique qui propose une vision plus large [1] des changements de paradigme à opérer en intégrant, au-delà du seul versant technique (énergie) l’ensemble des actions sociales et des comportements dits écologiques. Nous situons en ce sens notre recherche dans le cadre théorique que propose Sylvain Lavelle[2] qui opte pour « une transition plus juste ».[3] Il défend une transition polymorphe qui se fonde sur un changement d’oikos, de tekhnè, d’ethos et de muthos, dépassant ainsi la seule question énergétique et intégrant des principes de justice sociale, de relation à l’environnement, d’éthique et de nouvelles narrations socio-culturelles. Nous y lisons un programme d’action transposable à la pratique du réemploi et plus globalement à la discipline architecturale.Ce travail de thèse questionne les potentiels de cette pratique à induire d’autres approches et outils de projet pour tendre vers une architecture véritablement éco-responsable. Nous proposons la définition d’oïko-responsable pour appuyer sur la nécessité d’un changement de regard sur ce terme et donner à lire le programme d’actions qu’il suppose.Bien que philosophiques, ces définitions nous ont servi de grilles de lecture et d’analyse des pratiques expérimentales et des outils d’un double corpus de pratiques opérationnelles (huit acteurs) et pédagogique (un module) ; elles nous ont également permis de défricher le fond d’engagement et de sens de cette pratique.Ce travail de recherche est l’occasion de faire l’état des lieux de cette pratique émergente et poser un regard sur la manière dont elle oriente la triple pratique de l’architecture.Il conviendra alors de vérifier l’hypothèse selon laquelle le réemploi peut induire une architecture oikos-responsable en mobilisant la triple activité de pratique opérationnelle, pédagogique et de recherche. Pour cela, nous proposons un premier temps démontrant comment les praticiens travaillent à sa professionnalisation en réinsérant la dynamique expérimentale dans le processus de projet. Un second temps démontre leurs capacités à redéfinir ou créer des outils propres au réemploi à même de répondre à cette mutation écoresponsable. Ces deux temps tirent un portrait d’acteurs qui sollicitent, en définitive, cette pratique du réemploi comme un outil pour réinterroger la déontologie des pratiques d’architecteThe world of construction is nowadays confronted with the requirements and challenges of the socio-ecological transition. The discipline of architecture is evolving in order to move towards a more eco-responsible architecture from a technical, cultural, economic and legal point of view.Reuse, less developed than recycling, is a practice that is emancipating itself at high speed and struggling to fit into the standardized production system attributed by the current industrial and socio-technical system.The PHD is part of the theoretical framework of the socio-ecological transition, which proposes a broader vision of the paradigm changes to be made by integrating, beyond the technical side (energy), all social actions and so-called ecological behaviours. In this sense, we situate our research within the theoretical framework proposed by Sylvain Lavelle , who opts for "a fairer transition" . He defends a polymorphic transition based on a change of oïkos, tekhnè, ethos and muthos, thus going beyond the energy question alone and integrating principles of social justice, relationship to the environment, ethics and new socio-cultural narratives. We read, trought this thought, an action program that can be transposed to the practice of reuse and more generally to the architectural discipline.This thesis work questions the potential of this practice to induce other approaches and project tools to move towards a truly eco-responsible architecture. We propose the definition of oïko-responsible to support the need for a change of perspective on this term, and to give a reading of the programme of actions it implies. Although philosophical, these definitions have served as a framework for reading and analysing experimental practices and tools for a dual corpus of operational (eight actors) and pedagogical (one module) practices; they have also enabled us to explore the basis for commitment and meaning of this practice. The challenges of this research work consist in taking stock of this emerging practice and looking at how it guides the triple practice of architecture (pedagogy, research, operational).It will then be necessary to verify the hypothesis that reuse can induce an oïkos-responsible architecture by mobilizing the triple activity of operational practice, pedagogy and research. To this end, we propose a first step demonstrating how practitioners work towards its professionalization by reintegrating experimental dynamics into the project process. Secondly, they demonstrate their ability to redefine or create tools for reuse that can respond to this eco-responsible change. These two phases draw a portrait of actors who ultimately request this practice of reuse as a tool to reinterview the ethics of architectural practices
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McNamee, Lacy Urbantke. "Organizing the immaterial : examining the communicative constitution of a congregationalist church." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-08-2008.
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This study investigates the relationship between faith, communication, and organization in a large Baptist church. A chief purpose of this study is to describe and interpret potential communicative dimensions and consequences of immateriality (e.g., faith-oriented influences) for organizations and their members. This investigation also interrogates organizational communication scholars’ theoretical understandings of how communication constitutes complex organizations (McPhee & Zaug, 2000; Taylor & Van Every, 2000; see also Putnam & Nicotera, 2009). Toward this end, I conducted an extended case study of a large Baptist church. This research process was guided by descriptive, interpretive, and evaluative questions regarding (a) the nature and interplay of various discourses in the organization, (b) member interpretations and communicative consequences of these discourses, and (c) the implications for a communicative ontology of organizational constitution.
Data collection consisted of formal meeting observations, semi-structured interviews, and examination of multiple organizational documents that presumably inform the church’s organizational processes. In total, I observed 26 formal meetings (52 hours of observation), conducted 40 interviews with pastors, support staff, and lay leaders, and examined seven documents generated by the church and related institutional bodies. Two forms of analysis were employed to strengthen the case studying findings, an ethnographic discursive analysis of the meeting interactions and a narrative analysis derived largely from the interview data.
The ethnographic discourse analysis examines three communication codes that governed the organization’s meeting interactions. I refer to these codes as keep the faith, secular thinking, and business as usual and explore potential patterns and consequences of their collective use. This analysis was supplemented by an additional narrative analysis of interview data that highlighted four narratives representing the varied ways that participants shape and are shaped by the organization. The congregationalist and spiritual authority narratives are more widely espoused and endorsed in organizational literature while the rubber stamp and separation narratives reveal a more hesitant or regretful confession of church organizing processes. I synthesize these findings by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of immaterial influences on organizational constitution, particularly in non-profit or third sector contexts.text
Books on the topic "Immaterial value"
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Hubbard, Douglas W. How to measure anything: Finding the value of "intangibles" in business. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
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Shorter, David Delgado. Spirituality. Edited by Frederick E. Hoxie. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199858897.013.20.
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This chapter traces theological and philosophical uses of the notion of “spirit” in studies of Native religious belief, and argues that these uses that have separated matter from the immaterial, and thus the knowable from the illogical. Such binaries fuel inaccurate ethnographic representations, the consumption of Native American spirituality, and indigenous claims for sacred sites. Rather than framing indigenous religious action in terms of “spirit” and “spirituality,” this chapter argues for the value of an ontological attention to indigenous intersubjectivity and the multiple ways indigenous people maintain practical, logical, and physical relations among humans and other-than-human persons. The chapter proposes replacing the term “spiritual” with the word “related” in describing indigenous world views.
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Costley White, Khadijah. Rebranding Political Conservatism through Race, Gender, and Class. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879310.003.0003.
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The news media focused on race, gender, and class in contentious narratives that pushed people to tune their “headphones” into stories about the Tea Party brand. Branding shapes consumers’ tastes, desires, and loyalties and creates profit through the invocation of these types of immaterial qualities. This chapter examines the ways in which the Tea Party news stories emphasized class, race, and gender as key “intangible values” that helped to produce and reify the Tea Party brand identity. It also theorizes the Tea Party’s brand logic* through an analysis of what the news stories tell us about modern conceptions of race, gender, and class identities in the media and politics.
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Balboni, Michael J., and Tracy A. Balboni. Defining Religion and Spirituality. Edited by Michael J. Balboni and Tracy A. Balboni. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199325764.003.0008.
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This chapter notes two general approaches, the substantive and functional, in how spirituality and religion may be conceptualized. A functional understanding is less focused on the specific content that comprises religion, such as the superhuman or the gods, and instead concentrates on the ultimate concern or greatest love of said religion. Within this functional approach, spirituality and religion are closely related but not identical. Spirituality refers to the immaterial connection between the lover and the object chiefly loved. Religion concerns the external structures that support and enable an ultimate concern or greatest love. Both conceptual approaches hold scholarly legitimacy, but functional understandings, unlike substantive definitions, open innovative ways within an increasingly pluralistic society to interpret the relationship of spirituality and religion within medicine, so that traditional “religious,” “spiritual but not religious,” and deeply “secular” persons may uncover shared values and common ground in the care of the sick.
Book chapters on the topic "Immaterial value"
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Flores, Maura Della Flora, and Liane Roldo. "Emotional Design: Understanding Immaterial Values for the Development of Products." In Smart Design, 127–39. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2975-2_15.
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"4. Other Worldly Matter: The Immaterial Value of Quick Cattle." In Quick Cattle and Dying Wishes, 124–61. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781501715105-007.
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"4. Other Worldly Matter: The Immaterial Value of Quick Cattle." In Quick Cattle and Dying Wishes, 124–61. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501715105-007.
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Narkunas, J. Paul. "The Hedge Fund of Reality." In Reified Life, 100–120. Fordham University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823280308.003.0004.
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The chapter elaborates how the Object Oriented Ontology’s universe of things works too closely with financial capitalism, as both generate a posthuman reality. The OOO seems too preoccupied with the industrial capital of modernity and its production of stuff (objects and services) to mark its postanthropocentric ontology to consider how financial capitalism, now accounting for over 33% of the profits in the economy despite 7% of the real economy and 4% of the jobs, operates ontologically not through physical objects but through leveraging debt and hoarding value. Indeed, the immaterial objects that the OOO celebrate may include derivatives and hedge funds (themselves often pools of immaterial value). The shift from industrial capitalism’s organization around the production of objects and capture of labor to financial capital’s debt and leveraging marks what I call a movement from the logic of the object and capture of labor to the logic of the derivative and hedging of debt/value. I discuss how the reification of life works in both these contexts, and show how reification is a necessary term for thinking humans rendered into a field of assets and shares of value.
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Pravilova, Ekaterina. "Writers and the Audience." In A Public Empire. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691159058.003.0007.
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This chapter examines the development of copyright in Russia, focusing on one aspect of the debates—the balance of the private interests of the author (as a producer of material and immaterial values) and the interests of society. These debates involved people of different professions—lawyers, journalists, economists, publishers, and literary critics—and encompassed a wide range of problems—cultural reform and Russia's backwardness, the role of intellectual capital in social development, the value of individual freedom, the state's role in the provision of cultural goods, and the importance and protection of private property. It shows that Russian discussions of copyright often masked attempts to provoke significant political and cultural shifts.
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"Chapter Seven The World of Labour and Value-Theory: Forms of Material and Immaterial Labour." In The Meanings of Work, 96–111. BRILL, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004235984_009.
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Marques, Maria Beatriz. "Innovation Management Based on Customer Satisfaction." In Advances in IT Personnel and Project Management, 226–56. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-7536-0.ch013.
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The immaterial nature of the knowledge society shifts the focus of management processes for the management of people, from the material to the intellectual capital, from the management of resources to the management of information and knowledge about the mediators and mediated by who produce and consume information produced, in order to create value and wealth for sustainable social development. Thus, it is crucial to clarify the concept of innovation and its determination, as more than the quality of the performance systems (intrinsic value) is important to determine the human reaction of the performance of these systems (perceived value). In this chapter, the author proposes that the success of organizations depends on their ability to satisfy the people that constitute their market, physical or virtual. The author suggests that the successful project management of organizations is sustained in decisions based on the management of information and knowledge of their market demand.
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Fernandes, Gonçalo Poeta, Emanuel Castro, and Rosa Branca Tracana. "Tourism as a Strategy for Geo-Education and Cultural Valorization of Territories." In Handbook of Research on the Role of Tourism in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals, 117–37. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5691-7.ch007.
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The mountains represent territories of exceptional environmental and heritage value, holding vital resources and functions for humanity. The conservation of its geo and biodiversity is decisive, given the growth in its demand, in particular for tourism and leisure activities. In addition to their immediate physical perception, they are spaces of science and knowledge and a resource for geoeducation to promote the natural and cultural values held. The creation of geoparks constituted a new paradigm in which geosciences, territories, their heritage (material and immaterial) and the ways of life of their communities are disseminated. In this context, geoparks are based on integrated territorial approaches to the enhancement, preservation and promotion of education, biodiversity, geological heritage, tourism and scientific research, among others. Tourism, as a strategy for geoeducation and territorial valorisation, is in the mission of Estrela Geopark, promoting educational programs with initiatives for the conservation of heritage and promotion of eco-cultural resources.
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Stewart, Dustin D. "Commerce after Money." In Futures of Enlightenment Poetry, 119–51. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198857792.003.0005.
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This chapter addresses the extractive logic of the poet Edward Young. It shows how his late masterpiece Night Thoughts at once extends and complicates the imperialism of his earlier work. At the heart of the analysis is Young’s notion that movement somehow generates depth, so that the mobility of a gold coin produces inner value, immaterial worth ready to be drawn out by its user. The treasure, on Young’s strange view, lies within the gold. Night Thoughts applies this thinking to the spiritual realm. Instead of assuming that it is God who extracts souls from bodies—as workers remove ore from mines—the poem suggests that souls can extract themselves from materiality through religious and poetic inspiration. Then they can delve into the interiorities of other angelic beings and exchange thoughts and feelings with them. Closing the chapter are a comparison to Charles Johnstone’s popular it-narrative Chrysal (1760–5) and a reading of Ignatius Sancho’s gushing praise for Night Thoughts.
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Wiberg, Mikael. "Material-Centered Interaction Design." In The Materiality of Interaction. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262037518.003.0005.
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The growing interest in the materiality of interaction in the field of HCI (Human-Computer Interaction) indicates that there is a value in acknowledging the material aspects and dimensions of interaction design. However, and if only relying on a representation-driven approach to interaction design the notion of materiality only works, at best, as a “metaphorical maneuver, while still pushing for an interaction design paradigm oriented towards the immaterial aspects of interaction design (for instance the use of symbols and metaphors in interaction design). So what would an alternative perspective and approach be? In short, can we not only shift perspectives here, but also imagine different approaches and methods to interaction design that truly accepts the digital as a design material, that focuses on interaction as the form being designed, and an approach that do not introduces any categorical distinctions between different matters. In this book I have suggested that we should make no metaphysical or ontological distinction between physical and digital materials, between atoms, bits, and cells, between “visible” or “invisible” materials, and even avoid distinctions between what might be considered as “material” or “immaterial” in the first place (like radio waves). In the same way as wood or iron are typical examples of physical materials I consider code, algorithms, sensors and processors as digital materials. Still, from the viewpoint of interaction design it is the composition and activation of these different materials as to give the interaction a particular form that is essential – not each materials ontological or metaphysical status. So, instead of focusing on what a particular interactive system represents, the material-centered approach to interaction design as proposed in this book focuses on how interaction is presented and accordingly materially manifested in the world (in all imaginable forms – from completely embedded and “invisible” interactive systems to the gadgets, pads, and tabs we surround ourselves with in our everyday lives). In this chapter I take this as a point of departure for the development of an approach to interaction design that I label material-centered interaction design.
Conference papers on the topic "Immaterial value"
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Ceravolo, Paolo, Ernesto Damiani, Daisy Fasoli, and Gabriele Gianini. "Representing Immaterial Value in Business Model." In 2010 14th IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference Workshops (EDOCW). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/edocw.2010.51.
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Santamaria, Giovanni. "Transforming Territories: A Landscape of “In-Tension-Alities”." In 2018 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2018.46.
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The flow of people, resources, material and immaterial goods, and at the same time regimes and strategies of control, have always shaped/reshaped our geographies and processes of urbanization. Therefore built and unbuilt landscapes have been characterized by gradual or dramatic changes, leading to new architectural typologies and urban morphologies corresponding to the transformation of means of production, distribution, circulation, consumption and to the shift of political, economic and ideological realms. The effects of these processes on structure and quality of space and life could be described as part of a complex Urban Metabolism¹ which looks at the city and its territory as a complex organism. This dynamic landscape has reached a high level of complexity where natural environments (geology, hydrology, topography) and cultural environments (productive lands, urban settlements, infrastructural networks) need to be synergistically understood as part of an articulated ecological system, with both micro and macro implications. It is the synthesis of geographic-historical contents (collective values), aesthetic-perceptual contents (individual values), and ecological-natural contents (biological values)², influenced more and more by natural and man-made disasters caused by climate change and human conflicts. Since the city as a definable entity and product of predetermined models has become obsolete, we are now called to work with a collage of fragments, heterogeneous and dynamic, often in opposition and unpredictable, subjected to the balance of variable forces, with their own order and rules, and their own ways of evolving, which we have to understand and manage³. This determines the need for new tools and methods to observe, record and assess urban phenomena, and the data regarding them, towards more sensitive interventions.
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Ratzlaff, Jon, Paul D. Orkwis, Christopher Noll, Gary Steuber, Rob Saeidi, and Rob Athans. "Uncertainty in Computed Time Average Gas-Side Temperatures for an HPT Rotor With Purge Cavities." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95852.
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The accurate prediction of wall temperatures in modern turbomachines is extremely important as firing temperatures increase to achieve ever higher efficiency. Many factors affect these predictions, including variations in the inlet profile, purge and cooling flows, tip clearances and geometry-specific unsteady flow physics. This paper explores the statistical behavior of gas-side near-wall temperature predictions to demonstrate the prediction uncertainty associated with solution time averaging. Gas-side temperatures have been obtained by time-averaging unsteady CFD solutions of a single-stage commercial HPT rotor. Forced unsteady calculations are performed for a cooled vane and an uncooled rotor with purge cavities. The presence of the vane coolant induces a significant circumferential temperature variation for the flow entering the rotor. For select regions within the rotor passage, this circumferential gradient, combined with the influence of the purge cavities, produces near-wall variations dominated by frequency content lower than blade passing. This content directly affects the uncertainty of the time average. Traditional CFD averaging approaches consider data over a single blade passing or some multiple associated with the blade counts, but often assume start time/position to be immaterial. In this work the variation in predicted average near-wall gas-side temperature at select points in the flow field is explored as both the averaging window (number of blade passings) and the averaging start time are varied. Time histories of gas-side temperature are taken at select near-wall locations around the passage in and away from regions heavily influenced by purge flows. Simulation results are examined for 120 blade passings after an initial transient period. These values are used to identify and discuss regions in this geometry with large predicted average temperature uncertainty. It was found that as the window size is increased the variation in predicted temperatures is reduced everywhere in the flow. Possible unsteadiness sources driving problem areas are discussed and convergence trends for the average temperature of each surface of interest are presented.
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Novelli, Francesco. "Castle Garth in Newcastle (UK): processes of transformation, integration and discharge of a fortified complex in an urban context." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11548.
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Castle Garth is the name of the fortified area once enclosed within the castle walls. In the fifteenth century Newcastle became a county in its own right, however, the Garth, being within the castle walls, remained part of the County of Northumberland. The Great Hall, a building separate from the Castle Fortress (the “Keep”), which in later years became known as the “Old Moot Hall”, was used by courts that sat at regular intervals in every county of England and Wales. The Fortress then became a prison for the County and was used as such until the early nineteenth century. Beginning in the fifteenth century, unlicensed traders, taking advantage of the fact that the city authorities had no jurisdiction over the Garth area, settled there with their commercial activities. From the time of Charles II (1630-1685), the area then became famous for its tailors and shoemakers, who grew particularly abundantly on the path known as “Castle Stairs”. In 1619 the fortified complex was rented by James I to the courtier Alexander Stephenson, who allowed the civilian houses to be built inside the castle walls. After the civil war, new houses were added until, towards the end of the eighteenth century, Castle Garth had become a distinct and densely populated community, with a theater, public houses and lodgings. The main urban transformations were started in the early nineteenth century with the construction of the new Moot Hall called County Court. From 1847 to 1849 the fortified enclosure was partially compromised by further intersections with the infrastructure for the construction of the railway viaduct, thus interrupting direct access from the Castle guarding the Black Gate. Despite the development of the contemporary city has affected the preservation of the ancient fortified palimpsest, a strong consolidated link is still maintained by the sedimentation of values of material and immaterial culture. The proposed contribution intends to present this process of integration between fortified structure and city highlighting today the state of the art, the conservation, restoration and enhancement initiatives undertaken in the last forty years.
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Bergamini, Isabella, and Daniele Fanzini. "Design education learning: developing skills of observing and managing intangible system in young generations." In Systems & Design: Beyond Processes and Thinking. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ifdp.2016.3328.
Full textAbstract:
There is consensus among researchers are recognizing that managing and projecting in complexity multidimensionality (Manzini, Baule, & Bertola, 2004) represents one of the mains challenges and constants of contemporaries’ processes of innovation. This systemic distinguishing peculiarity makes impossible to standardize the design processes because every single situation needs to be solve by adopting different strategies (Celaschi & Deserti, 2007). Nevertheless, those innovative processes can be developed and managed by refer us to tools and practices of design into the paradigms of multidisciplinary and multidimensional. However, what happens when professors have to transmit those concepts to young students of design faculties? We have to consider that normally those students are coming from second-degree schools, which programs usually still insist on content rigidly divided in disciplines and don´t consider how the contemporary relation between space and time has overturned for them (Morin, 2001). Young students generally disclaim their past in the meaning of heritage, values and techniques knowledge; they live in the present, a time that does not exist; a time that today results enormously expanded by globalization processes. They still living in a reality of which territorial capital subsystems are characterized by an entropic strong dichotomy of entities in opposition but, on the other hand, in balance within themselves, as for example topics as material/immaterial, collective/identity, culture/industry, etc. So, which are the design didactic challenges to provide horizontal skills for allowing young students to understand complexity and manage knowledge of the reality? This article will discuss the case study of the perception among design of a newly generation admitted at the Innovation and Design Engineering Degree of the Universidad Panamericana – Guadalajara Campus. As expected, in this new generation we can especially observe a resistance to consider the sociocultural, business, technological and territorial dimensions as systems that strategically characterized and affected plural aspects of the design innovation processes. The contribute then proceed in analyzing case studies of didactic activities for creating skills and sensibility able to develop this capability to observe, select and manage the intangible in order to optimize the design of the tangible in the young generations.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3328