Journal articles: 'Immature insects'

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Zack, Richard S. "Immature Insects." American Entomologist 38, no. 4 (1992): 249–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ae/38.4.249.

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Zacharuk, R. Y., and V. D. Shields. "Sensilla of Immature Insects." Annual Review of Entomology 36, no. 1 (1991): 331–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.36.010191.001555.

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MacDonald, John F. "Immature Insects, Volume 1." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 83, no. 3 (1990): 655–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/83.3.655.

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Opler, Paul A. "Immature Insects Come of Age Immature Insects. Vol. 2 Frederick W. Stehr." BioScience 42, no. 2 (1992): 132–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1311656.

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Abilhoa, Vinícius, Jean Ricardo Simões Vitule, and Hugo Bornatowski. "Feeding ecology of Rivulus luelingi (Aplocheiloidei: Rivulidae) in a Coastal Atlantic Rainforest stream, southern Brazil." Neotropical Ichthyology 8, no. 4 (2010): 813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252010005000012.

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Feeding habits of the killifish Rivulus luelingi collected in a black water stream of the Coastal Atlantic Rainforest in southern Brazil were investigated. Eight samplings were made between April 2003 and January 2004. The diet, assessed through a similarity matrix with the estimated contribution values of food items, included microcrustaceans, aquatic immature insects (larvae and pupae), aquatic adult insects, terrestrial insects, insect fragments, spiders, and plant fragments. Differences in the diet according to temporal variations (months) were registered, but changes related with size classes evaluated and high/low precipitation period were not observed. The species presented an insectivorous feeding habit, and its diet in the studied stream was composed of autochthonous (mainly aquatic immature insects) and allochthonous (mainly insect fragments) material.

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Slansky, Frank, Jan A. Pechenik, Dean E. Wendt, and Jeremiah N. Jarrett. "Immature-Stage Experience of Insects." BioScience 49, no. 3 (1999): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1313505.

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Hagstrum, David W., and Bhadriraju Subramanyam. "Immature Insects: Ecological Roles of Mobility." American Entomologist 56, no. 4 (2010): 230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ae/56.4.230.

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Zettler, Jennifer A., Scott C. Mateer, Melanie Link-Pérez, Jennifer Brofft Bailey, Geneva DeMars, and Traci Ness. "To Key or Not to Key: A New Key to Simplify & Improve the Accuracy of Insect Identification." American Biology Teacher 78, no. 8 (2016): 626–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2016.78.8.626.

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Insects have extraordinary species richness: over a million species have been identified, and even more await discovery and classification. Given their abundance and diversity, insects are excellent teaching tools for science classrooms. However, accurate insect identification can be especially challenging for beginning students. Accordingly, we have developed a dichotomous key that both precollege and university instructors and students can use efficiently to correctly identify 18 taxonomic orders of insects. Our key was developed to target insects most commonly encountered throughout the coastal southeastern United States, but it can easily be adapted to other regions. This key is novel in that it incorporates not only adult insects but also their immature stages. In addition, we included insects that are likely to be collected in all seasons, facilitating implementation in the classroom throughout the academic year.

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ŠÍPEK, PETR, and DAVID KRÁL. "Immature stages of the rose chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae): a historical overview." Zootaxa 3323, no. 1 (2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3323.1.1.

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Immature stages of holometabolous insects represent a useful source of information for phylogenetic studies. However,knowledge about immature stages of insects is generally poor. This paper presents a historical overview on the study ofimmature Cetoniinae and provides an up-to-date list of 194 so far described taxa at the species level. Most immature stagesare described for the Cetoniini. Larvae of Microvalgini, Taenioderini, and Phaediminini are unknown, while the larvae of Platygeniini need to be redescribed.

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Jansen-González, Sergio, Simone Pádua Teixeira, and Rodrigo Augusto Santinelo Pereira. "LARVAL STRATEGY OF TWO SPECIES OF SEED-FEEDING CHALCIDOIDEA PARALLELS THAT OF PARASITOID KOINOBIONTS." Oecologia Australis 24, no. 04 (2020): 903–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2020.2404.13.

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The association between ontogenetic processes in plants and phytophagous insects is not traditionally considered in studies of insect-plant interactions. Angiosperm seeds impose important constraints on seed predators; the structural complexity of seeds and the progressive accumulation of resources throughout their development limit the time windows when resources can be retrieved by the predator. Some holometabolous insects deposit their eggs inside immature seeds, with the immature stages of both insect and plant cohabiting in a space with limited but potential resources. We studied the larval development of Megastigmus transvaalensis (Hussey, 1956) (Chalcidoidea: Megastigmidae) and Bephratelloides pomorum (F., 1804) (Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae) and the seed development of their respective hosts, Schinus terebinthifolia (Raddi, 1820) (Anacardiaceae) and Annona crassiflora (Mart., 1841) (Annonaceae). Our results show that both M. transvaalensis and B. pomorum oviposit in immature fruits, whose protective tissues surrounding the seeds are softer. The first larval instar interferes little with the development of the seed, allowing both seed and plant embryo to continue growing. When the infested seed reaches the size of a mature, non-infested seed, the larva grows rapidly and consumes most of it. M. transvaalensis induces minor modifications in the endosperm cells, while B. pomorum does not induce any visual modifications. The strategy of allowing seed/plant embryo to continue growing shows similarities to the endoparasitic koinobiont strategy followed by some chalcid parasitoids, which keep their host alive while feeding upon it. Future studies should be expanded to other chalcid seed predators in order to understand the evolution of convergent patterns among seed-feeding insects and its evolution in relation to parasitoid strategies inside the group

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Desmarchelier, JM, and JC Dines. "Dryacide treatment of stored wheat: its efficacy against insects, and after processing." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 2 (1987): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870309.

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The efficacy of Dryacide (diatomaceous earth coated with silica aerogels) on wheat was tested in the laboratory against adult and immature stages of 4 species of Coleoptera and against immature stages of 1 species of Lepidoptera. The minimum effective level of Dryacide increased in the following order: immature Ephestia cautella (Walker) ~ immature Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) < immature Rhyzopertha dominica (F) < adult R. dominica ~ adult T. castaneum < adult Sitophilus oryzae (L) < adult Sitophilus granarius (L) < immature Sitophilus species. When wheat treated with Dryacide was milled in the laboratory without prior cleaning, less than 3% of the Dryacide carried over into the flour. Commercial cleaning of wheat removed (�s.e.) about 98 � 1% of Dryacide, and no Dryacide could be detected in the flour. Dryacide treatment did not affect flour quality as determined by the volume of sponge cakes and the production of carbon dioxide by fermenting dough.

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Fukumoto, Hiroshi, and Hisashi Kajimura. "Cumulative effects of mortality factors on reproductive output in two co-occurring Quercus species: which mortality factors most strongly reduce reproductive potential?" Canadian Journal of Botany 83, no. 9 (2005): 1151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b05-090.

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We examined the factors that limit the potential reproductive output by two co-occurring deciduous oaks, Quercus variabilis Blume and Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray, studied over two growing seasons. We assessed the relative importance of each factor that could affect reproductive potential during the pre-dispersal phase on the basis of both the magnitude of the reproductive loss and the variation in such losses. Five factors (abortion of pistillate flowers, abortion of acorns, predation by an immature acorn-feeding guild of insects, predation by a mature acorn-feeding guild of insects, and degeneration of acorns) reduced the reproductive potential of Q. variabilis during the pre-dispersal phase. Of these factors, insect predation by the immature acorn-feeding guild and by the mature acorn-feeding guild made the greatest contribution to the variation among plants in total reproductive losses, even though they did not always cause the largest overall reproductive losses. For Q. serrata, the same five factors plus predation by a guild of insects that feeds on pistillate flowers affected reproductive potential during the pre-dispersal phase. Of these factors, abortion of pistillate flowers was responsible for the majority of the reproductive losses and made the largest contribution to the variation among plants in overall reproductive losses.

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Divagar, Darsana, Fuji Jian, and Stefan Cenkowski. "Control of Three Species of Stored-Product Insects in Wheat Treated With Steam and Hot Air." Journal of Economic Entomology 112, no. 4 (2019): 1964–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz080.

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Abstract The effect of 105°C steam or hot air on adult mortality of three species of stored-product insect pests outside wheat kernels of 12.5, 14.5 and 16.5% moisture content was investigated. The species were Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae), and Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). In the case of S. oryzae, young adults and immature stages inside wheat kernels were also tested. The mortality of insects inside kernels was higher at lower moisture contents of wheat treated with hot air, whereas moisture content did not significantly affect mortality of insects treated with steam. In the hot air treatment, all adults of the three species outside kernels had 100% mortality when the treatment time was 75 s for wheat with 16.5% moisture content, and 60 s for 12.5 and 14.5% wheat. In the steam treatment, the time to reach 100% mortality of adults outside kernels was 1 s at any moisture content and without significantly affecting germination. The young adults and immature stages of S. oryzae inside kernels required 90 s to reach 100% mortality in hot air, whereas 3 s was needed in steam. The treatment to reach 100% mortality of insects inside kernels caused a 20% drop in germination in steam and 81% drop in hot air.

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Cain, D. J., S. N. Luoma, and E. V. Axtmann. "Influence of gut content in immature aquatic insects on assessments of environmental metal contamination." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 12 (1995): 2736–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-862.

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We evaluated the effect of metal associated with the gut content in immature aquatic insects (larvae and nymphs) on spatial and interspecific comparisons of whole-body metal concentrations. Four species, common to cobble-bottom rivers and streams, were collected along an established contamination gradient in the Clark Fork River, and from tributaries of the Clark Fork. Metal concentrations were determined in the gut and its content and in the insect body. Whole-body metal concentrations were higher and more variable as a result of gut content. The positive bias produced by the gut content did not alter interpretations of site contamination in most cases. Interspecific comparisons of metal bioaccumulation also were not greatly affected by the presence of gut content. The influence of gut content was specific for metal, species, and site. Feeding habit, gut size, and metal bioaccumulation in the body affected the relative contribution of the gut and its content to metal concentrations in the whole insect.

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Wiesenborn, William D. "UV-Excited Fluorescence on Riparian Insects except Hymenoptera Is Associated with Nitrogen Content." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/875250.

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I photographed ultraviolet-excited fluorescence of external resilin on insects in 7 orders, 17 families, and 18 genera collected from shrubs and trees alongside the Colorado River in western Arizona, USA. The localized blue-fluorescence characteristic of resilin was emitted by a variety of structures including sutures and wing articulations on Odonata and Diptera and membranous wings, compound eyes, or ocelli on Hemiptera, Neuroptera, and Hymenoptera. Different widespread, but blotchy, light-blue fluorescence was observed on cuticles of immature Orthoptera and adult Hemiptera. Insects in Hymenoptera and Coleoptera fluoresced least. Ranked amounts of fluorescence, relative to body area, were positively correlated with ranked nitrogen contents (%N of body dry-mass) of insects in genera excluding Hymenoptera. Nitrogen concentrations in insect exoskeletons appear to increase as abundances of resilin and other fluorescent, elastic proteins increase. These structural compounds may be an important nitrogen source for insectivorous vertebrates.

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Supriyono, Supriyono, Susi Soviana, and Upik Kesumawati Hadi. "Pola Kedatangan Serangga pada Jasad Hewan Sebagai Indikator dalam Kegiatan Forensik (INSECT ARRIVAL PATTERN ON CARRION AS AN INDICATOR OF FORENSIC ACTIVITIES)." Jurnal Veteriner 20, no. 3 (2019): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2019.20.3.418.

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Decomposition stage of carrion will attract various species of insects to come. Some species of insect will attract on carrion in the early stage of decomposition, but some of them in the late stage of death. The purpose of this research were to observe and analyze the distinctive features of insect succession on carrion that could predict the time of death. Two carrions were placed in indoor and outdoor. Insect collection and observation was done three times a day i.e, morning, afternoon and evening. Adult flying insects were collected by sweeping net, whereareas immature insect with manual. The result showed that decomposition of the carrion indoor were faster than the corrion outdoor. In outdoor there were found orders of Diptera (i.e Muscidae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae,Tachinidae), Coleoptera (Chrysomelidae, Staphylinidae, Scarabeidae, Silphidae), Hymenoptera (Formicidae), Hemiptera, Blataria and Orthoptera (Grillidae). However, in indoors there were found the order of Diptera (Muscidae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Tachinidae), Coleoptera (Chrysomelidae, Staphylinidae, Scarabeidae, Silphidae), Hymenoptera (Formicidae), Hemiptera, Aranea, and Lepidoptera. Decomposition stage of carrion indoor faster than outdoor. In the early stage to the decay stage, insects that came on carrion outdoor and indoor were Diptera (Calliphoridae, Tachinidae, Muscidae, and Sarcophagidae. On the post decay and skeletonization stage the insect that come were Coleoptera (Staphylinidae, Chrysomelidae, Scarabeidae, and Silphidae ). Hymenoptera (Formicidae) came from early stage to skeletal stage.

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Wangko, Sunny, Erwin G. Kristanto, Sonny J. R. Kalangi, Johannes Huijbregts, and Dantje T. Sembel. "Insects on pig carcasses as a model for predictor of death interval in forensic medicine." Medical Journal of Indonesia 24, no. 2 (2015): 70–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.13181/mji.v24i2.1224.

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Background: Forensic entomology has not been acknowledged in Indonesia so far. Indonesian carrion insects are very rarely reported. The aim of this study was to obtain the types of insects on pig carcasses that could be used for the estimation of post-mortem interval.Methods: Four domestic pigs sacrificed with different methods were used as a model. The carcasses were observed twice daily (around 9 a.m and 4 p.m) during 15 days to assess the stages of decomposition and to collect insects, both in mature and immature stages. The immature insects were reared and the mature insects were indentified in the Laboratory of Pests and Plant Diseases, University of Sam Ratulangi, Manado. Chrysomya megacephala and C. rufifacies were identified both morphologically and with deoxyribose-nucleic acid (DNA) techniques.Results: Five stages of decomposition (fresh, bloated, active decay, post-decay, and skeletonization) were observed. A total of 11 Diptera and 8 Coleoptera species were found during a 15-days succession study. Chrysomya megacephala, C. rufifacies and Hermetia illucens colonized in all carcasses.Conclusion: Insects found on four different pig carcasses consisted mainly of widespread Diptera and Coleoptera. Chrysomya megacephala, C. rufifacies and Hermetia illucens seemed to be primary candidates for the estimation of the post-mortem interval.

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Mankin, Richard, David Hagstrum, Min Guo, Panagiotis Eliopoulos, and Anastasia Njoroge. "Automated Applications of Acoustics for Stored Product Insect Detection, Monitoring, and Management." Insects 12, no. 3 (2021): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12030259.

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Acoustic technology provides information difficult to obtain about stored insect behavior, physiology, abundance, and distribution. For example, acoustic detection of immature insects feeding hidden within grain is helpful for accurate monitoring because they can be more abundant than adults and be present in samples without adults. Modern engineering and acoustics have been incorporated into decision support systems for stored product insect management, but with somewhat limited use due to device costs and the skills needed to interpret the data collected. However, inexpensive modern tools may facilitate further incorporation of acoustic technology into the mainstream of pest management and precision agriculture. One such system was tested herein to describe Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) adult and larval movement and feeding in stored grain. Development of improved methods to identify sounds of targeted pest insects, distinguishing them from each other and from background noise, is an active area of current research. The most powerful of the new methods may be machine learning. The methods have different strengths and weaknesses depending on the types of background noise and the signal characteristic of target insect sounds. It is likely that they will facilitate automation of detection and decrease costs of managing stored product insects in the future.

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TAMMARU, TOOMAS, and TOOMAS ESPERK. "Growth allometry of immature insects: larvae do not grow exponentially." Functional Ecology 21, no. 6 (2007): 1099–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01319.x.

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Arneodo, Joel, Graciela Quintana, and Alicia Sciocco-Cap. "Biology and morphometrics of the immature stages of Epinotia aporema on artificial diet." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 45, no. 2 (2010): 221–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2010000200014.

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The objective of this work was to establish a life table for the immature stages of Epinotia aporema, as part of a wider investigation on its biological control. Insects were reared on an artificial diet at 25±1ºC and a 16:8 (light:dark) hour photoperiod. For the identification of larval instars for the study of pathogen-insect interactions under laboratory conditions, head capsule widths (HCWs) were also determined. The egg incubation period was 4.13±0.30 days, larval stage took 11.64±0.49 days, and the development time of the pupal phase was sex-dependent with 8.51±0.69 days for the females and 9.41±0.65 days for the males. Five larval instars were identified.

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Afton, Alan D., Ross H. Hier, and Stuart L. Paulus. "Lesser Scaup diets during migration and winter in the Mississippi flyway." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 2 (1991): 328–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-053.

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We examined diets of Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) during midwinter (N = 41) in southwestern Louisiana (1986), and during spring (N = 57) and fall (N = 48) in northwestern Minnesota (1984–1988). Diets of males and females generally were similar during migration and winter. Diets of adults and immatures differed during fall migration but were similar during winter. In fall, immature scaup fed heavily on amphipods and did not consume certain foods, such as fish and fingernail clams, that were important in adult diets. Aggregate percent dry weight of animal foods was higher during fall (adults 91%, immatures 93%) and spring (92%) than during midwinter (61%). Important foods during all periods were crustaceans, insects, and mollusks.

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Mourão, Ana P. M., and Antônio R. Panizzi. "Diapause and different seasonal morphs of Euschistus heros (Fabr.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Northern Paraná State." Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil 29, no. 2 (2000): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0301-80592000000200002.

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The Neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros (Fabr.), was collected on sunflower [Helianthus annuus (L.)], soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], star bristle [Acanthospermum hispidum (DC.)], and under fallen leaves of mango tree [Mangifera indica (L.)] and privet (Ligustrum lucidum Ait.), during one year, to evaluate the diapause incidence and the occurrence of different seasonal morphs. The majority of the insects (ca. 90%) with mature reproductive organs was observed during the summer (December-March), when E. heros was found on soybean or on sunflower; in the beginning of autumn, most insects (87%) showed immature reproductive organs, and they were found on star bristle and under fallen leaves. Bugs with mature reproductive organs had more developed shoulders (3.23 and 3.27 mm, for males and females, respectively) than bugs with immature organs (2.91 and 2.89 mm, for males and females, respectively). Two distinct body colors, dark brown and reddish brown, were observed. Nevertheless, the reddish brown was the predominant color of both mature and immature adults during all year. Adults were parasitized by Hexacladia smithii (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Tachinidae mainly Trichopoda giacomellii (Blanchard) (Diptera: Tachinidae) (80% and 40% of parasitism in male and female, respectively) during summer (December), when the bugs colonized sunflower. In soybean, 12% of males and 10% of females were parasitized, whereas in fallen leaves, the parasitism rate was 5% in both sexes.These results showed that in autumn/winter (shorter photoperiod) the majority of the insects were inactive under fallen leaves, showing immature reproductive organs and less developed shoulders, indicating that, at this time, these bugs were in diapause.

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Cain, Daniel J., Samuel N. Luoma, James L. Carter, and Steven V. Fend. "Aquatic Insects as Bioindicators of Trace Element Contamination in Cobble-Bottom Rivers and Streams." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, no. 10 (1992): 2141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-237.

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Trace element bioaccumulation was studied in immature benthic insects from two contaminated river systems to develop these animals as bioindicators. In one river, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn were analysed in insects and in fine bed sediments over a 381-km reach downstream of a large copper mining complex. In the other river, As contamination from a gold mine was assessed in insects and bed sediments over a 40-km reach. All insect taxa collected in contaminated river reaches had elevated whole-body trace element concentrations. However, direct comparisons of contamination using a single, common species among stations were limited because few species were distributed throughout the study reaches. Comparisons of contamination at taxomic levels higher than species were complicated by element-specific differences in bioaccumulation among taxa. These differences appeared to be governed by biological and hydrogeochemical factors. The variation in element concentrations among species of the caddisfly Hydropsyche was slightly greater than within individual species. If this genus is representative of others, comparisons of contamination within genera may be a practical alternative for biomonitoring studies when single species are not available.

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Fischer, Sylvia, and Nicolas Schweigmann. "Association of immature mosquitoes and predatory insects in urban rain pools." Journal of Vector Ecology 33, no. 1 (2008): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3376/1081-1710(2008)33[46:aoimap]2.0.co;2.

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Amoah, Barbara A., and Rizana M. Mahroof. "Ozone as a Potential Fumigant Alternative for the Management of Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Wheat." Journal of Economic Entomology 112, no. 4 (2019): 1953–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz071.

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Abstract Gaseous ozone, an oxidizing agent used as a disinfectant in food processing and preservation, has potential for the control of stored product insects. In this study, we investigated ozone for the management of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a serious stored product insect pest. We exposed eggs, immature stages within wheat kernels, and adults of the rice weevil to 200-ppm ozone for 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 h. Insects were placed at 5, 15, or 25 cm depth within a wheat mass in PVC pipes (10 cm in diameter, 30 cm in height) and exposed to ozone. Egg eclosion was recorded 10 d after treatment (DAT), and immature stages were observed for adult emergence 28 DAT. Adults were observed for survival immediately after ozone exposure and again at 1 and 2 DAT. Egg eclosion was significantly lower at 5 cm compared with 25 cm at all exposure times, but not the 12-h exposure time. For each exposure time tested, significantly lesser adults developed from kernels and none of the adults survived at the 5 cm depth compared with the 15 and 25 cm depths. Survival rate of adults was significantly higher at 25 cm depth than at 15 cm depth at the 24–60 h. The deeper the insect in the grain mass, the higher the survival rate. The work reported suggests that ozone is effective in killing all life stages of S. oryzae; however, the efficacy of the gas is dependent on the concentration, exposure time, depth, and gas loss.

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Müller, Gerson A., Fernando T. Name, Frederico C. L. Pacheco, and Carlos B. Marcondes. "Analysis of an alternative method for the study of bromeliad-associated fauna in plants with different foliar organization." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 82, no. 4 (2010): 903–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652010000400012.

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The efficiency of an alternative method of collection (by suction of water) for the study of Culicidae and Chironomidae (Diptera), Scirtidae (Coleoptera) and Coenagrionidae (Odonata) in bromeliads with different foliar architecture in a restinga at Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, was studied. The alternative method was less efficient to collect Culicidae and Chironomidae (Wilcoxon test p < 0.05) and was more efficient to Scirtidae and Coenagrionidae (Wilcoxon test p > 0.05) from Aechmea lindenii. This method was less efficient to collect insects of all groups from Vriesea friburgensis (Wilcoxon test p < 0.05). The alternative method was efficient to estimate the diversity of these insects in both species of bromeliads. The higher mobility of immature forms of beetles and dragonflies, and the availability of only one tank in Aechea lindenii, contrasting to several tanks in Vriesea friburgensis that help the suction of these immature, probably influenced the results, which indicated that the suction method should not replace the dismantling in the study of Culicidae and Chironomidae. This method can be useful to get immature forms of Scirtidae and Coenagrionidae in one-tank bromeliads.

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Silva, Cylene C. da, Efrem J. G. Ferreira, and Cláudia P. de Deus. "Diet of Bryconops alburnoides and B. caudomaculatus (Osteichthyes: Characiformes) in the region affected by Balbina Hydroelectric Dam (Amazon drainage, Brazil)." Neotropical Ichthyology 6, no. 2 (2008): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252008000200011.

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The study of fish diet and its interaction with the environment provides important data on ecology and behavior, as fish face varying environmental and food availability conditions. The aim of the present study was to determine the diet of Bryconops caudomaculatus and Bryconops alburnoides, as well as to assess its seasonal variation, within the area influenced by Balbina Hydroelectric Dam (BHD), in the Uatumã River (Amazon Basin, Brazil). Collections were carried out every two months from April 2005 to February 2007, using gill nets with mesh sizes ranging from 12 to 60 mm between opposite knots. Two methods were used for determining diet: frequency of occurrence and relative volume, which were used to calculate the alimentary index (IAi). Diet similarity between species was analyzed by applying the Morisita index. Bryconops alburnoides ingested 12 items and B. caudomaculatus 10, with a 59% similarity between ingested items. Terrestrial insects for B. alburnoides and immature insects for B. caudomaculatus were the main items in their diets, and therefore, they were considered insectivorous. The seasonal composition of the diet of B. alburnoides was influenced by environmental factors, and in spite of the dominance of immature insects, it had a significant number of terrestrial insects during the heavy rainfall periods.

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Hammer, Tobin J., and Nancy A. Moran. "Links between metamorphosis and symbiosis in holometabolous insects." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1783 (2019): 20190068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0068.

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Many animals depend on microbial symbionts to provide nutrition, defence or other services. Holometabolous insects, as well as other animals that undergo metamorphosis, face unique constraints on symbiont maintenance. Microbes present in larvae encounter a radical transformation of their habitat and may also need to withstand chemical and immunological challenges. Metamorphosis also provides an opportunity, in that symbiotic associations can be decoupled over development. For example, some holometabolous insects maintain the same symbiont as larvae and adults, but house it in different tissues; in other species, larvae and adults may harbour entirely different types or numbers of microbes, in accordance with shifts in host diet or habitat. Such flexibility may provide an advantage over hemimetabolous insects, in which selection on adult-stage microbial associations may be constrained by its negative effects on immature stages, and vice versa. Additionally, metamorphosis itself can be directly influenced by symbionts. Across disparate insect taxa, microbes protect hosts from pathogen infection, supply nutrients essential for rebuilding the adult body and provide cues regulating pupation. However, microbial associations remain completely unstudied for many families and even orders of Holometabola, and future research will undoubtedly reveal more links between metamorphosis and microbiota, two widespread features of animal life. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of complete metamorphosis’.

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Fugi, Cristina Gomes Quevedo, André Luiz Lourenção, and José Roberto Postali Parra. "Biology of Anticarsia gemmatalis on soybean genotypes with different degrees of resistance to insects." Scientia Agricola 62, no. 1 (2005): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162005000100006.

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A knowledge of the mechanisms of resistance present in genetic materials should help breeding programs in developing cultivars resistant to insects. The biology of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was studied on leaves of four soybean genotypes with different degrees of resistance to insects. The genotypes evaluated were cultivars IAC 17 and IAC 24, resistant to defoliators and stink bugs, line PI 229358, a source of multiple resistance to insects and used as parent in various lines selected for resistance to A. gemmatalis, and 'IAC PL-1', the susceptible control. The experiments were carried out in the laboratory, under controlled conditions of temperature (25 ± 2ºC), relative humidity (60 ± 10%) and photoperiod (14h). First instar larvae were placed in Petri dishes and fed leaves of each genotype, detached from plants at the R1 and R2 stages (beginning and full bloom). Later on, insect couples were maintained in 25 PVC cages to evaluate parameters of the adult stage. 'IAC 17' and 'IAC 24' promoted low viability of the larval, pupal, and egg stages, causing adult deformation and a reduction of the number of eggs per female. PI 229358 prolonged the immature stage and reduced pupal weight, egg viability, and adult longevity. Considering all tests, 'IAC 17' and 'IAC 24' were characterized as having antibiosis-type resistance, and 'IAC PL-1' demonstrated to be a genotype suitable for insect development.

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Hosaka, Tetsuro, Takakazu Yumoto, Hiroaki Kojima, Furumi Komai, and Nur Supardi Md Noor. "Community structure of pre-dispersal seed predatory insects on eleven Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae) species." Journal of Tropical Ecology 25, no. 6 (2009): 625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467409990265.

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Abstract:The Dipterocarpaceae in South-East Asia are known for their strict mast fruiting. During fruiting, pre-dispersal seed predation by insects contributes to mortality of dipterocarp seeds. We documented the community structure of insect seed predators on 11 Shorea species in Peninsular Malaysia. Fruits were sampled sequentially throughout seed development, and 2144 and 1655 individuals of seed predator weevils and moths were collected in two mast-fruiting events. Four weevils: Nanophyes shoreae, nanophyid sp. 1, Alcidodes dipterocarpi and Alcidodes humeralis, and one moth Andrioplecta shoreae were abundant in seeds of the Shorea species. The proportion of N. shoreae to the total predators became larger in the latter fruiting event than the former while that of Alcidodes spp. became smaller. The predator species composition changed during seed development; nanophyid spp. emerged from immature fruits while Alcidodes spp. emerged from mature fruits. Andrioplecta shoreae emerged from both immature and mature fruits. The level of host specificity measured by Kullback–Leibler distance was low for most predator species in both events. Predator species composition of many Shorea was similar to each other due to the dominance of N. shoreae though it might gradually differ with the phylogenetic distance between hosts. In conclusion, predator species composition of Shorea varied during seed development within a host rather than among hosts. Intermittent synchronized fruiting by congeneric Shorea trees would be advantageous to avoid pre-dispersal insect seed predators, and contribute to their reproduction.

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Dury, Guillaume J., Jacqueline C. Bede, and Donald M. Windsor. "Preemptive Circular Defence of Immature Insects: Definition and Occurrences of Cycloalexy Revisited." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/642908.

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Cycloalexy was coined by Vasconcellos-Neto and Jolivet in 1988 and further defined by Jolivet and collaborators in 1990 in reference to a specific type of circular defence. The term has been applied to numerous organisms, including adult insects, nymphs, and even vertebrates, but has lost precision with the accumulation of anecdotal reports not addressing key elements of the behaviour as first defined. We review the literature and propose three criteria that are sufficient and necessary to define the behaviour: (1) individuals form a circle; (2) defensive attributes of the individuals are positioned on the periphery of the circle, and as a result, the periphery of the circle uniformly contains either heads or abdomens; (3) animals preemptively adopt the circle as a resting formation, meaning it is not necessary to observe predation. When these considerations are taken into account, cycloalexy appears less common in nature than the literature suggests. We argue that unequivocal cases of cycloalexy have been found only in sawflies (Tenthredinoidea: Pergidae, Argidae), leaf beetles (Chrysolemidae: Galerucinae, Cassidinae, Chrysomelinae, Criocerinae), weevils (Curculionidae:Phelypera distigma), and midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae,Forcipomyia). Reports of cycloalexy in caterpillars (Saturniidae: Hemileucinae:Lonomia, Papilionidae) require further documentation. We report one new case of cycloalexy in thrips (Thysanoptera) and question reports of cycloalexic behaviour in other taxa.

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Boldrini, J. L., R. C. Bassanezi, A. C. Moretti, et al. "RETRACTED: Non-local Interactions and the Dynamics of Dispersal in Immature Insects." Journal of Theoretical Biology 185, no. 4 (1997): 523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.1996.0320.

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Shrestha, Yam Kumar, Eun-Kyung Jang, Yeon-Su Yu, Mijo Kwon, Jae-Ho Shin, and Kyeong-Yeoll Lee. "Oral toxicity of symbiotic bacteria Photorhabdus spp. against immature stages of insects." Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 14, no. 1 (2011): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2010.10.007.

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Wilkins, Rachel V., Kun Yan Zhu, James F. Campbell, and William R. Morrison. "Mobility and Dispersal of Two Cosmopolitan Stored-Product Insects Are Adversely Affected by Long-Lasting Insecticide Netting in a Life Stage-Dependent Manner." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 4 (2020): 1768–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa094.

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Abstract Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Trogoderma variabile Ballion (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) are two stored-product insects that cause extensive damage to a variety of postharvest commodities. Long-lasting insecticide-incorporated netting (LLIN), commonly used to control vector-borne diseases in tropical regions, has only been recently studied in an agricultural setting. While prior research showed that LLIN was successful against stored-product beetles, little is known about differential susceptibility among stored-product insect life stages. The aim of this study was to evaluate LLIN efficacy against immature T. castaneum and T. variabile compared with adults. Movement and dispersal ability were evaluated after exposure to LLIN or an untreated, control netting. For the movement assay, video-tracking software recorded the postexposure effects of LLIN on distance traveled and velocity of the insects in 2-h trials. For the dispersal assay, insects were exposed to the netting then released into one end of a PVC pipe and allowed 48 h to disperse to a novel food patch located at the opposite end of the pipe. Our study found that movement and dispersal ability of T. variabile and T. castaneum are significantly reduced, often by multiple-fold, after LLIN exposure, with the larval stage of each species more tolerant to the insecticide netting than adults. These results indicate that LLIN is a promising tool for use in intercepting immigrating insects of different life stages in food facilities to protect stored products.

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Wolff, Luciano Lazzarini, Vinícius Abilhoa, Flavia Sant'Anna Rios, and Lucélia Donatti. "Spatial, seasonal and ontogenetic variation in the diet of Astyanax aff. fasciatus (Ostariophysi: Characidae) in an Atlantic Forest river, Southern Brazil." Neotropical Ichthyology 7, no. 2 (2009): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252009000200018.

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This study described the feeding habits of the characin Astyanax aff. fasciatus. The diet compositions of specimens from two sites (A and B) on a river in Southern Brazil were compared according to the size of individuals and seasonal period. The collections were performed monthly from March 2005 to February 2006, where the stomach contents of 290 specimens were assessed. Food items for A. aff. fasciatus were basically composed of plants and insects, especially leaf fragments, seeds, fruits, filamentous algae, aquatic and terrestrial insects and insect fragments. At site A, the most common items were insect and plant fragments. Conversely at site B, plant fragments were more representative. In general, all items of animal origin showed the highest feeding index values at site A, whereas at site B detritus and grass items were more abundant. The composition of items varied seasonally, with higher diversity of items being recorded during the spring at both sites. Smaller individuals preferred items of animal origin, while the larger ones consumed mainly items of plant origin. According to its size, A. aff. fasciatus in this study may be considered a species with insectivorous tendencies when immature or herbivorous tendencies when adult. Nevertheless, its feeding habits may be flexible according to resource availability, showing wide ontogenetic, besides spatial and temporal variation.

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Gols, Rieta, Gaylord A. Desurmont, and Jeffrey A. Harvey. "Variation in Performance and Resistance to Parasitism of Plutella xylostella Populations." Insects 10, no. 9 (2019): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10090293.

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Two major ecological factors determine the fitness of an insect herbivore: the ability to overcome plant resistance strategies (bottom-up effects) and the ability to avoid or resist attack by natural enemies such as predators and parasitoids (top-down effects). In response to differences in selection pressure, variation may exist in host-plant adaptation and immunity against parasitism among populations of an insect herbivore. We investigated the variation in larval performance of six different Plutella xylostella populations originating from four continents when feeding on a native Dutch plant species, Brassica rapa. One of the used populations has successfully switched its host plant, and is now adapted to pea. In addition, we determined the resistance to attack by the endoparasitoid Diadegma semiclausum originating from the Netherlands (where it is also native) and measured parasitoid performance as a proxy for host resistance against parasitism. Pupal mortality, immature development times, and adult biomass of P. xylostella differed significantly across populations when feeding on the same host plant species. In addition, parasitism success differed in terms of parasitoid adult emergence and their biomass, but not their development times. Variation among natural populations of insects should be considered more when studying interactions between plants and insects up the food chain.

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Bench, Molly E., and Merlin M. White. "New species and first records of trichomycetes from immature aquatic insects in Idaho." Mycologia 104, no. 1 (2012): 295–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3852/11-203.

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CHIOU, S. J., P. VERHAERT, A. LOOF, et al. "Compounds from Immature Insects Toxic to Adults: Identification and Possible Relation to Metamorphosis." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 839, no. 1 TRENDS IN COM (1998): 571–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10877.x.

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Kang, Baolin, Mingfeng He, and Bing Liu. "Optimal Control of Agricultural Insects with a Stage-Structured Model." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/168979.

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A stage-structured pest control model with impulse effects by state feedback control is formulated, and a semicontinuous dynamic system and its successor functions are defined. The sufficient conditions of existence and attractiveness of order one periodic solution are obtained by the method of successor functions. The superiority of the state feedback control strategy in this paper is that we only need to monitor the sum of immature and mature pest populations. Moreover, our results show that our method used in this paper is more efficient and easier than the existing methods.

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Costa-Neto, E. M. "Anthropo-entomophagy in Latin America: an overview of the importance of edible insects to local communities." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 1, no. 1 (2015): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2014.0015.

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Anthropo-entomophagy has evolved in many ways, from the point of view of collection, marketing and consumption, and for the insects’ organoleptic qualities. Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and Mexico due to their sociocultural origin, stand out as the Latin American countries that have the habit of consuming insects by presenting both a biological and an ethnic diversity. Edible species are eaten both as immature (eggs, larvae, pupae, and nymphs) and in some cases as adults. They are ingested whole or in parts, as well as in the products they produce, such as honey, propolis, pollen, and wax. Many insect species are consumed not only as food but also as medicine, and this provides a relevant contribution to the phenomenon of zootherapy, as well as opening new prospects for the economic and cultural valorisation of animals usually regarded as useless. The ingestion of a variety of edible species contributes to the nutritional health of indigenous, traditional peoples, as well as those individuals who live in urban areas who use this kind of food resource, in accordance with their seasonal abundance. Some field studies corroborate that although the tradition of eating insects has faced several changes, it has been maintained for a long time thanks to intergenerational knowledge. However, the aversion to edible insects is the reason why a considerable amount of animal protein becomes unavailable since the phenomenon is regarded as ‘primitive peoples’ practice’. If the rich biosociodiversity found in Latin American countries is taken into account, then it can be said that the phenomenon of anthropo-entomophagy has been underestimated. Considering the nutritional qualities that insects have, they should be considered as renewable resources available for sustainable exploitation aiming at reducing the problem of malnutrition and hunger in many parts of the world.

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Ghahari, H., and J. Huang. "A study of the Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from western and northwestern Iran." Archives of Biological Sciences 64, no. 1 (2012): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1201353g.

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Pteromalids are small parasitic koinobiont wasps that grow on immature stages of other insects. Thus, they play an important role in most ecosystems, mainly as secondary or tertiary consumers. In the conducted surveys of pteromalid fauna in western and northwestern Iran, 37 parasitoids and hyperparasitoid species from 32 genera were collected and are presented here with the host records.

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Wang, Man, Yu Wang, Guoliang Hu, et al. "Development of Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Under Constant Temperatures and its Significance for the Estimation of Time of Death." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 5 (2020): 1373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa046.

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Abstract Forensic entomologists usually estimate the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin) using the time required for the oldest immature insects found on the corpse to grow to its development stage and age at the time of discovery. The sheep blow fly Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) is a carrion fly found nearly worldwide, and important in forensics. We studied the development time of L. sericata from egg to adult at constant temperatures of 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, and 34°C, and found that the times required are 913.2 ± 19.4, 588.8 ± 35.8, 459.8 ± 15.2, 373.2 ± 15.3, 308.0 ± 9.7, 272.5 ± 9.2, and 267.5 ± 10.5 h, respectively. We established three development models to infer the age of the immature insect: isomegalen diagram, isomorphen diagram, and thermal summation model. In addition, a regression analysis was performed on the relationship between body length and total development time from hatching to dispersing. The thermal summation constant during the development of L. sericata is 6023.2 degree hours and development threshold temperature is 9.19°C. The results of this experiment provide a basis for the use of L. sericata in the estimation of PMImin.

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VIVERO, RAFAEL JOSÉ, EDUAR ELÍAS BEJARANO, LUIS GREGORIO ESTRADA, et al. "DNA barcode for identification of immature stages of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) collected from natural breeding sites." Zootaxa 4277, no. 2 (2017): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4277.2.3.

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Although phlebotomine sand flies breeding sites have been identified and recorded by several studies, the microhabitats exploited by these insects remain little-known and hard to find. In this context, the difficulty of finding immature stages, and the limited number of taxonomic studies to identify immature stages of phlebotomine sand flies, are considered the major obstacles when attempting a complete inventory of Lutzomyia species. The objective of this study is to validate Cytochrome Oxidase I (Barcode region) as a marker for the identification of immature stages of Lutzomyia species recovered from natural breeding sites in Colombia. Among 142 collected sand flies, 18 immature individuals that did not complete their life cycle were identified to species level through sequencing of the COI gene. Values of K2P genetic distance between 0.002–0.031 allowed the identification of larvae at species level. The bootstrap support values (96%) in the Neighbor-Joining dendrogram were consistent for the majority of the established MOTUS of Lutzomyia atroclavata, Lutzomyia micropyga, Lutzomyia serrana, Lutzomyia cayennensis, Lutzomyia rangeliana, Lutzomyia shannoni and some species of the genus Brumptomyia. The COI gene is validated as a marker for the identification of immature stages of the genus Lutzomyia.

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Demianyk, C. J., N. D. G. White, and D. S. Jayas. "Rapid detection of rusty grain beetles (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) from wheat samples passing through a mechanical dockage tester." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, no. 4 (1997): 717–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-177.

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A dockage tester (Carter dockage tester, Hart-Carter Co., Minneapolis, MN) was set up to clean wheat in accordance to Canadian grain industry guidelines and several running conditions. Under all conditions, 84–91% of adults and 57–81% of larvae of the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) were recovered from infested 1-kg samples in the aspirator discharge pan. All immature insects implanted in the germ of wheat kernels remained within the kernels, and were found within the bulk of the cleaned whole wheat. It is therefore possible to monitor the aspirator discharge pan of cleaned wheat samples for rapid detection of most free-living C. ferrugineus to limit infested grain from entering primary elevators. Key words: Cryptolestes, detection, dockage tester, Insecta, rusty grain beetle, wheat

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Chakraborty, Abesh, Atanu Naskar, Panchanan Parui, and Dhriti Banerjee. "Developmental Variation of Indian Thermophilic Variety of Scuttle FlyMegaselia (Megaselia) scalaris(Loew, 1866) (Diptera: Phoridae) on Different Substrates." Scientifica 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4257081.

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The scuttle flies (Diptera: Phoridae) are important in forensic dipterology, because of their necrophagous habit. They are amongst the first wave of insects visiting human corpses in mechanically barricaded environments; hence their immature stages are generally used for estimation of PMI. The effect of different substrates commonly used for developmental studies was studied to analyze the variation of growth of the thermophilic variety ofMegaselia (M.) scalarisprevalent in India on GDM, EDM, and SMS (n=3). One approach of PMI estimation depends on larvae collected from the crime scene and comparing them with reference data derived from larval rearing to establish PMI. Results showed that there was a significant variation in avg. length (F(2,111)=15.79873,p=0.000000917), width (F(2,111)=14.60528,p=0.00000234), and biomass (F(2,111)=37.01727,p=0.000000000000482) of the immature stages in the three media and the larvae grow maximally in the SMS medium. The results of the present study thus provide baseline data on the growth and developmental pattern of theMegaselia (M.) scalaris, which can be utilized in conjunction with specific geoclimatic reference data, for forensic entomological studies and also for using the phorid as a biocontrol agent of pestiferous insects.

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Gijbels, Marijke, Sam Schellens, Tine Schellekens, Evert Bruyninckx, Elisabeth Marchal, and Jozef Vanden Broeck. "Precocious Downregulation of Krüppel-Homolog 1 in the Migratory Locust, Locusta migratoria, Gives Rise to An Adultoid Phenotype with Accelerated Ovarian Development but Disturbed Mating and Oviposition." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 17 (2020): 6058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176058.

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Krüppel-homolog 1 (Kr-h1) is a zinc finger transcription factor maintaining the status quo in immature insect stages and promoting reproduction in adult insects through the transduction of the Juvenile Hormone (JH) signal. Knockdown studies have shown that precocious silencing of Kr-h1 in the immature stages results in the premature development of adult features. However, the molecular characteristics and reproductive potential of these premature adult insect stages are still poorly understood. Here we report on an adult-like or ‘adultoid’ phenotype of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, obtained after a premature metamorphosis induced by the silencing of LmKr-h1 in the penultimate instar. The freshly molted adultoid shows precocious development of adult features, corresponding with increased transcript levels of the adult specifier gene LmE93. Furthermore, accelerated ovarian maturation and vitellogenesis were observed in female adultoids, coinciding with elevated expression of LmCYP15A1 in corpora allata (CA) and LmKr-h1 and vitellogenin genes (LmVg) in fat body, whereas LmE93 and Methoprene-tolerant (LmMet) transcript levels decreased in fat body. In adultoid ovaries, expression of the Halloween genes, Spook (LmSpo) and Phantom (LmPhm), was elevated as well. In addition, the processes of mating and oviposition were severely disturbed in these females. L. migratoria is a well-known, swarm-forming pest insect that can destroy crops and harvests in some of the world’s poorest countries. As such, a better understanding of factors that are capable of significantly reducing the reproductive potential of this pest may be of crucial importance for the development of novel locust control strategies.

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Allou, K., J. P. Morin, P. Kouassi, F. Hala N'klo, and D. Rochat. "Sex ratio and female sexual status of the coconut pest, Oryctes monoceros (Coleoptera: Dynastidae), differ in feeding galleries and pheromone-baited traps." Bulletin of Entomological Research 98, no. 6 (2008): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485308005890.

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AbstractOryctes monoceros is a serious coconut pest, causing up to 40% damage in tropical Africa. Synthetic aggregation pheromone, ethyl 4-methyloctanoate, has been used to lure adults to traps. Traps with pheromone plus decaying palm material captured a high proportion of males. This raises the question whether individuals, which damage palms are receptive to the pheromone. We studied the sex ratio of the insects feeding on coconuts and those attracted to pheromone traps. Sixty two percent of adults from feeding galleries on living coconut palms were females. Pheromone with rotting palm material lured 43% females. To investigate the reasons for this difference, we compared the reproductive system of females lured to the odour traps or feeding in coconut galleries, or present in old rotting stems. Ninety six percent of the females trapped by pheromone had mated, and were sexually mature. In the galleries on living palms, 46% of females were immature, and 24% had not mated. In old rotting stems where eggs are laid and larvae develop, a mixture of 52% mated and 48% virgin females was found. Therefore, the pheromone together with the odour of rotting coconut stems signals a reproduction site to beetles, particularly mature females. In practice, the pheromone-baited traps will help in reducing the dissemination of gravid females, but will not affect directly the numbers of immature ones attacking palms. Our results show that when using pheromones for monitoring or controlling insects, the physiological status of the insects may have unexpected effects on the outcome.

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Giejdasz, Karol, and Monika Fliszkiewicz. "Effect of Temperature Treatment during Development of Osmia rufa L., on Mortality, Emergence and Longevity of Adults." Journal of Apicultural Science 60, no. 2 (2016): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jas-2016-0029.

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Abstract The red mason bee (Osmia rufa L.) is a univoltine solitary species of the Osmia genus. This bee is reared on a commercial scale and used as a managed alternative pollinator. We intended that the results of our study would improve the management of this bee so as to synchronise their flying period with the blooming of crops. In the spring, we moved newly occupied nests of the red mason bee to a laboratory and placed them in incubators. Immature development was examined at three constant temperatures, 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C. Selected nests were opened to monitor the subsequent developmental stages. The remaining bees were wintered in nests stored at cool temperature (4°C). In April, we removed the insects from the nests and began incubation at 25°C to establish the emergence time of adult individuals. To determine the survival rate of adult bees, we moved the emerged specimens to cages, where they were fed and kept until death. Temperature increase generally reduced immature development time. But this tendency was not observed in the prepupal stage. During ontogeny the highest mortality rate was observed in wintering adult insects at developmental temperatures of 25°C and 30°C. Bees developing at constant temperatures emerged faster during spring incubation in comparison to those developing in natural conditions. Constant developmental temperatures decreased the survival rate of females as post-emergence adult insects. The survival rate of males was lower at the developmental temperature of 30°C.

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Horton, David R., Eugene R. Miliczky, Vincent P. Jones, Callie C. Baker, and Thomas R. Unruh. "Diversity and phenology of the generalist predator community in apple orchards of Central Washington State (Insecta, Araneae)." Canadian Entomologist 144, no. 5 (2012): 691–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2012.72.

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AbstractPredatory insects and spiders were collected from apple orchards in two geographic regions of Central Washington State, United States of America to assess seasonal phenology and diversity of the generalist predator community. Arthropods were collected from orchard canopy every 3–7 days over two growing seasons (March–October) at seven organically managed and two insecticide-free orchards. Over 35 000 specimens and 80 species of spiders (Araneae), ladybeetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), lacewings (Neuroptera), and predatory true bugs (Hemiptera) were collected. Composition of insect and spider communities differed between the two geographic regions. Indicator species analysis identified several species that had a significant association with one of the two regions. Counts of the most common taxa were examined in detail on a calendar date basis to determine seasonal phenology of adult and immature stages. We observed substantial differences among taxa in number of generations, seasonal timing of first appearance in orchards, overwintering stages, and seasonal occurrence of the adult and immature life stages in orchards. Understanding seasonal phenology of natural enemies in orchards is a core requirement in integrated pest management programs for apple pests, and results of this study provide this information for the generalist predator community of orchards in the Pacific Northwest.

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Wertman, Debra L., Katherine P. Bleiker, and Steve J. Perlman. "The light at the end of the tunnel: photosensitivity in larvae of the mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)." Canadian Entomologist 150, no. 5 (2018): 622–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2018.38.

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AbstractInvestigations of light sensitivity and its physiological effects on insects developing within subcortical tree tissues are limited, presumably due to the assumption that cryptic microhabitats are completely devoid of light. In this study, we documented light-mediated behaviour and opsin gene expression in larvae of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), an extremely important forest insect that is well adapted for development beneath the bark of pine (Pinus Linnaeus; Pinaceae) trees and is eyeless in the larval stage. Larvae were negatively phototactic, as they selected dark over light microhabitats in phototaxis assays. We recovered long-wavelength opsin transcripts from all life stages, including eggs and larvae, suggesting that D. ponderosae is photosensitive throughout its entire life cycle. Our results imply that photosensitivity contributes to immature D. ponderosae survival and that extraocular photoreception could be common among bark beetle larvae.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Immature insects'

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