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1
Wang, Lin. "High-resolution structured illumination solid immersion fluorescence microscopy." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11535/.
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The use of aplanatic solid immersion lenses (ASILs) made of high refractive index optical glasses provides a route to wide-field high-resolution optical microscopy. Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) can double the spatial bandwidth of a microscope to achieve high-resolution imaging. This research aims to investigate the combination of the ASILs and SIM in fluorescence microscopy, which we call structured illumination solid immersion fluorescence microscopy (SISIM), to pursue a microscopic system with very large numerical aperture and high lateral resolution. The first stage of the research shows the development of solid immersion fluorescence microscopy (SIF) employing an ASIL allows us to obtain a fluorescence microscope with effective numerical aperture of 1.85. The aberration issues, especially chromatic aberration, that need to be circumvented are analysed by both optical simulation and experimental verification. The near-field imaging property is also discussed and demonstrated. Then the SIM using a diffraction grating to generate structured illumination pattern via two-beam interference is developed. Finally, the SISIM system is constructed by combining the structured illumination with the SIF, and an effective numerical aperture of 3 has been obtained. Future developments of the SISIM system to make it achieve higher resolution and suit routine use are proposed. SISIM is a promising high-resolution microscopic technique with extensive potential applications in cell biology.
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Masturzo, Scott A. "Grating and Planar Solid Immersion Mirror Coupled Photonic Crystal Waveguides." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1267131088.
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Lu, Yang. "Adaptive optics wavefront compensation for solid immersion microscopy in backside imaging." Thesis, Boston University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/11122.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston UniversityThis dissertation concerns advances in high-resolution optical microscopy needed to detect faults in next generation semiconductor chips. In this application, images are made through the chips' back side to avoid opaque interconnect metal layers on the frontside. Near infrared wavelengths are required, since the silicon is relatively transparent at these wavelengths. A significant challenge in this technique is to resolve features as small as 200nm using wavelengths exceeding 1OOOnm. The highest imaging resolution achievable with refractive optics at infrared wavelengths is demonstrated in this dissertation using an aplanatic solid immersion lens (SIL). This is the only method that has been found to be of sufficient resolution to image the next generation of integrated circuits. While the use of an aplanatic solid immersion lens theoretically allows numerical aperture far in excess of conventional microscopy (NASIL ~ 3.5), it also makes the system performance particularly sensitive to aberrations, especially when the samples have thicknesses that are more than a few micrometers thicker or thinner than designed thickness, or when the refractive index of the SIL is slightly different than that of the sample. In the work described here, practical design considerations of the SILs are examined. A SIL-based confocal scanning microscope system is designed and constructed. The aberrations of the system due to thickness uncertainty and material mismatch are simulated using both analytical model and ray-tracing software, and are measured in the SIL experimental apparatus. The dominant aberration for samples with thickness mismatch is found to be spherical aberration. Wavefront errors are compensated by a microelectromechanical systems deformable mirror (MEMS DM) in the optical system's pupil. The controller is implemented either with closed-loop real time sensor feedback or with predictive open-loop estimation of optical aberrations. Different DM control algorithms and aberration compensation techniques are studied and compared. The experimental results agree well with simulation and it has been demonstrated through models and experiments in this work that the stringent sample thickness tolerances previously needed for high numerical aperture SIL microcopy can be relaxed considerably through aberration compensation. Near-diffraction-limited imaging performance has been achieved in most cases that correspond to practical implementation of the technique.
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Chen, Tao. "Induced Polarization Imaging and Other Topics Associated with the Solid Immersion Lens." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195461.
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An induced evanescent polarization imaging system and associated topics using a solid immersion lens (SIL) are demonstrated in this dissertation. The physics and properties of induced polarization signal of the SIL are studied by both simulations and experiments. In the SIL optical system, with a linearly-polarized incident illumination light at the entrance pupil, an orthogonal component of polarization is induced upon reflection from the SIL. This orthogonal polarization signal contains information of both air gap height h between the bottom of the SIL and the top surface of the sample. It is used as the air gap control signal in the SIL system. An experimental SIL near-field microscope setup is developed and demonstrated. A compact mechanical package is developed for a standard microscope that implements a SIL on a retractable bimorph swing arm. With the compact package mounted on an inverted microscope, far-field and near-field images are obtained at the same location by moving the SIL with the swing arm. A 25 μm diameter and 0.8 μm high circular pedestal in the center of the flat portion of the SIL is fabricated, along with a conically shaped surrounding region. The image contrast enhancement, high lateral resolution and height information are obtained with induced polarization evanescent imaging using SIL. Experiments are conducted by imaging features on a patterned Si substrate. Imaging theory is used to predict optimum orientation of high-spatial-frequency samples, and a topographical image is derived from the induced polarization image through a calibration procedure. A numerical aperture of NA=1.5 is used in the experiment. Height accuracy of ± 2nm is demonstrated with a known sample. A new lithography system employing a solid immersion lens (SIL) is proposed and primitive experiment results are presented. SIL technology is a direct-writing technique, where high resolution is easily achieved without a mask.
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Yang, Seung-Hune. "A STUDY ON HIGH NA AND EVANESCENT IMAGING WITH POLARIZED ILLUMINATION." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195239.
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Simulation techniques are developed for high NA polarized microscopy with Babinet's principle, partial coherence and vector diffraction for non-periodic geometries. A mathematical model for the Babinet approach is developed and interpreted. Simulation results of the Babinet's principle approach are compared with those of Rigorous Coupled Wave Theory (RCWT) for periodic structures to investigate the accuracy of this approach and its limitations.A microscope system using a special solid immersion lens (SIL) is introduced to image Blu-Ray (BD) optical disc samples without removing the protective cover layer.Aberration caused by the cover layer is minimized with a truncated SIL. Sub-surface imaging simulation is achieved by RCWT, partial coherence, vector diffraction and Babinet's Principle. Simulated results are compared with experimental images and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurement.A technique for obtaining native and induced using a significant amount of evanescent energy is described for a solid immersion lens (SIL) microscope.Characteristics of native and induced polarization images for different object structures and materials are studied in detail. Experiments are conducted with a NA = 1.48 at wavelength550nm microscope. Near-field images are simulated and analyzed with an RCWT approach. Contrast curve versus object spatial frequency calculations are compared with experimental measurements. Dependencies of contrast versus source polarization angles and air gap for native and induced polarization image profiles are evaluated. By using the relationship between induced polarization and topographical structure, an induced polarization image of an alternating phase shift mask (PSM) is converted into a topographical image, which shows very good agreement with AFM measurement. Images of other material structures include a dielectric grating, chrome-on-glass grating, silicon CPU structure, BD-R and BD-ROM.
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Randrianarivelo, Tseheno Nirina. "Etude numérique des interactions hydrodynamiques fluides/solides : application aux lits fluidisés." Bordeaux 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR13087.
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Nous avons développé au cours de ce travail un modèle de simulation numérique directe afin de calculer les interactions hydrodynamiques entre le fluide et les particules. Ce modèle fait appel à une formulation originale du tenseur des contraintes des équations de Navier-Stokes. Nous l'avons décomposé en quatre expressions distinguant les contributions de compression, d'élongation, de cisaillement et de rotation. Quatre viscosités, associées à chaque contrainte, sont également introduites. Grâce à cette décomposition, nous sommes en mesure de simuler, à partir des seules équations de Navier-Stokes, le comportement d'un fluide visqueux incompressible ou celui d'un solide indéformable. Parallèlement à cela, nous avons développé une méthode de pénalisation pour imposer la contrainte d'incompressibilité du fluide et celle de non déformation du solide. Cette technique est fondée sur la méthode de lagrangien augmenté que nous avons généralisée à l'imposition de la contrainte de non déformation du solide. Les tests de validation ont montré l'efficacité de la méthode pour la simulation de particules en sédimentation à différents nombres de Reynolds. Le modèle numérique a ensuite été appliqué pour la simulation de l'écoulement à travers un ensemble de sphères fixes disposées dans un arrangement cubique face centré. Cette configuration idéale de lits fluidisés a permis d'identifier les modifications du coefficient de traînée Cd d'une particule de cet ensemble comparée à celui d'une particule isolée dans les mêmes conditions d'écoulement. La deuxième application fut l'étude d'un réseau de particules mobiles réparties de façon aléatoire initialement.
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Zhang, Jing. "High resolution solid immersion lens microscopy and its application to surface plasmon resonance imaging." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.431865.
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Michel, Thomas. "Développement de procédés d'implantation ionique par immersion plasma pour le photovoltaïque." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4307.
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Le dopage du silicium par implantation ionique pour le photovoltaïque est une application relativement récente dont l'essor se heurte encore aujourd'hui aux coûts élevés d'intégration au sein des lignes de fabrication des cellules solaires. L'implantation ionique par immersion plasma promet de répondre aux futures exigences du secteur en termes de coûts et de productivité.Ces travaux de thèse ont permis le développement de procédés d'implantation ionique par immersion plasma de l'équipement PULSION®, conçu par IBS, dédiés à la fabrication de cellules solaires en silicium monocristallin. Dans un premier temps, nous montrons qu'il permet la réalisation de profils de dopage d'émetteur de type n variés, répondant aux exigences des cellules solaires à haut rendement. Les émetteurs fabriqués sont caractérisés de manière chimique, physique et électrique afin de démontrer leur excellente qualité. L'intégration de l'implantation ionique des émetteurs au sein d'un processus de fabrication industriel et peu coûteux, développé par l'INES sur silicium monocristallin de type p, permet d'atteindre des rendements de conversion supérieurs à 19,3%, soit un gain de plus de 0,5% par rapport aux rendements obtenus avec des cellules usuelles à émetteurs dopés par diffusion POCl3.La réalisation d'émetteurs de type p est également étudiée dans ce mémoire afin de préparer la transition technologique vers les cellules solaires sur silicium monocristallin de type n. Confirmant les atouts et le potentiel de la technologie d'implantation ionique par immersion plasma, les travaux menés au cours de cette thèse débouchent sur la conception d'un prototype industriel PULSION® dédié au photovoltaïqueIon implantation is a major process technology for manufacturing integrated circuits. However, silicon doping by ion implantation for photovoltaics is a relatively recent application, and its growth still faces high costs of integration into solar cell production lines. Plasma-immersion ion implantation (PIII) promises to meet the future industry requirements in terms of costs and productivity.This thesis work has led to the development of processes dedicated to silicon-based solar cell manufacturing using the plasma-immersion ion implanter – PULSION® – designed by IBS. First, we show that PIII enables the realization of various doping profiles for phosphorus-doped emitters which fit the requirements of high-efficiency solar cells. Emitters thus fabricated are chemically, physically and electrically characterized to demonstrate their excellent quality. Those emitters, implanted through plasma immersion and integrated into a low cost solar cell manufacturing line from INES on monocrystalline silicon, enable to raise the conversion efficiency, obtained with conventional POCl3-diffused solar cells, by more than 0.5% absolute to reach efficiencies above 19.3%.Fabrication of p-type boron implanted emitters is also studied in order to improve conversion efficiencies of p-type silicon based solar cells, but also in order to anticipate the technological shift from p-type to n-type silicon material. Thanks to this thesis work, the strength and potential of PIII for photovoltaic applications have been proven and this has convinced IBS to design a PULSION® equipment dedicated to solar cell manufacturing
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Lang, Matthew. "Investigations of Optics in the 10-500 Wavelength Size Regime." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193761.
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This dissertation investigates challenges associated with optics in the 10-500 wavelength size regime. For the visible spectrum, this size range (5-250um) is classified as micro-optics, but is set apart from other size ranges by a noticeable lack of suitable simulation and metrology tools. Optics of this size are gaining popularity in applications such as solid immersion lenses (SIL) and laser beam shaping, but require more research into simulation, testing, fabrication, and assembly in order to be easily integrated into commercial applications.A survey of previous work on SILs and micro-optics simulation/testing is given, including past work with gallium phosphide (GaP) microlenses. A new SIL aberration treatment is described using spherical-parent 3rd order aberrations. Agreement is shown with previous work, and the lack of hemisphere approximations gives a broader understanding of aberrations for varying SIL thicknesses. Results show that aberration reduces with lens radius, but thickness tolerances become tighter as dimensions shrink. A study of GaP intrinsic birefringence and the theoretical impact on the induced polarization signal is also given.A survey of beam propagation simulators is given and a sequential piece-wise diffraction (SPWD) simulator is developed for arbitrary optical systems that overcomes the difficulties of simulation in the 10-500 wavelength size regime. A discussion of a future extension to the work to determine reflected and transmitted field amplitudes with a non-sequential method is presented with specific discussion on the challenges of electric field surface transfer.The design and operation of a micro-interferometer is discussed and testing results from the first sub-100um diameter GaP SILs are shown. A novel method for determining the shape profile of aspheric surfaces using information from annular fringes is presented. Theoretical beam shaping applications for micro GaP lenses is also discussed with results using the SPWD method. Experimental results are also shown for a 1x1x0.3mm beam shaper package that images a laser diode beam to an approximate size of 60um at a working distance of 4mm.Finally, designs and experimental results are shown for the integration of GaP micro-optics into conventional systems as SILs or beam-shaping elements including methods and equipment for lapping and polishing GaP.
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Eguchi, Akira, Phat Lu, Youngsik Kim, and Tom D. Milster. "Characterization of multiphoton emission from aggregated gold nano particles." SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622538.
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Although gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are promising probes for biological imaging because of their attracting optical properties and bio-friendly nature, properties of the multi-photon (MP) emission from GNP aggregates produced by a short-wave infrared (SWIR) laser have not been examined. In this paper, characterization of MP emission from aggregated 50 nm GNPs excited by a femtosecond (fs) laser at 1560 nm is discussed with respect to aggregate structures. The key technique in this work is single particle spectroscopy. A pattern matching technique is applied to correlate MP emission and SEM images, which includes an optimization processes to maximize cross correlation coefficients between a binary microscope image and a binary SEM image with respect to xy displacement, image rotation angle, and image magnification. Once optimization is completed, emission spots are matched to the SEM image, which clarifies GNP ordering and emission properties of each aggregate. Correlation results showed that GNP aggregates have stronger MP emission than single GNPs. By combining the pattern matching technique with spectroscopy, MP emission spectrum is characterized for each GNP aggregate. A broad spectrum in the visible region and near infrared (NIR) region is obtained from GNP dimers, unlike previously reported surface plasmon enhanced emission spectrum.
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Thibault-Morin, Maude. "Construire des mondes : une démarche picturale immersive." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28346.
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Dans ce texte destiné à accompagner mon travail d’atelier, j’aborde mon besoin de solitude et son rôle dans ma pratique artistique. Je tenais aussi à expliquer l’importance que je porte à la dimension charnelle de l’art. D’abord, je décris la relation que j’entretiens avec mes médiums de création et mes matériaux, tout en observant les caractéristiques formelles de mon travail de dessin et de peinture. Puis, j’expose comment j’ai canalisé mes gestes instinctifs dans des contextes de création prédéterminés. Ainsi, j’explique que mes démarches picturale et graphique ont pris la forme de corpus qui ont généré des univers stylistiques et narratifs distincts. Durant mes deux années de maîtrise, j’ai réalisé des corpus qui composent trois mondes fictifs différents. En analysant ma façon de procéder, j’ai constaté que même si j’avais une approche figurative, je cherchais constamment à esquiver toute référence qui reproduisait directement le monde réel. J’ai par la suite réfléchi au rôle que l’émotion prenait dans mon travail. J’ai compris que, jusqu’à maintenant, ma démarche artistique cherchait à combler des besoins de contemplation et de rêverie. Finalement, ce texte est une occasion, pour moi, d’exposer la méthode de création qui a dirigé mon travail en atelier, durant mes deux années de maîtrise. Mots clés : solitude, dessin, peinture, corpus, monde, narration
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Walia, Rashi. "Solid-Hydrogel Hybrid Structural Materials for Biomedical Devices and Applications." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/29549.
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Hybrid combinations of hydrogels and solid materials allow a high level of functionality for devices such as tissue engineering scaffolds and soft machines. This thesis reports a versatile strategy to develop mechanically robust solid-hydrogel hybrid materials using surface embedded radicals generated through plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) of polymeric surfaces. Acrylamide and silk hydrogels were formed on PIII activated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS) surfaces without any external crosslinking agents or initiators. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and attenuated total reflection (ATR)-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry confirmed the formation of the acrylamide hydrogels. The amount of hydrogel formed on the substrate increased with incubation time, monomer concentration and temperature. Stability tests indicated that 95% of the hydrogel coating was retained even after 4-months of incubation in PBS solution. Adhesive T-peel tests results demonstrating adhesion strength of the hydrogel on the PIII-treated PTFE (PIII PTFE) interface of over 300-340 N/m. Hydrogels synthesised with fibronectin enabled cell adhesion and spreading. Thesis results show that polymers functionalized with surface-embedded radicals provide excellent solid platforms for the generation of robust and functional solid-hydrogel hybrid structures for biomedical applications.
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Mimouni, Salim. "Enregistrement de disques optiques haute densité en champ proche." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00493016.
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Nos besoins en stockage de données sont explosifs ; générés par des contenus multimédia dont la taille croît coontinuellement, ce qui conduit à une course effrénée à la performance des disques optiques. Cependant, des limites physiques sont rapidement atteintes. Parmi celles-ci, le phénomène de diffraction des ondes lumineuses a limité la capacité du Compact Disc (CD), du DVD et dictera encore celle du « Blu-ray ». Cette thèse se propose de franchir cette barrière à travers une étude approfondie d'une tête optique en champ proche. En effet le système actuel de lecture des disques utilisant l'immersion solide est passif vis-à-vis de la nature du champ proche. Il sera optimisé pour donner une capacité de stockage 40% plus élevée. Mais la demande du marché des disques optiques exige d'aller plus loin encore. La théorie de l'indice négatif, très controversée, se révèlera cependant pertinente, et inspirera toute la suite du travail. Le matériau à indice négatif est la solution utopique au passage sous la limite de résolution, et ses propriétés vont inspirer une lentille photonique à super-résolution. Dans cette lentille conçue pour le champ proche, les plasmons de surface qui sont excités aux interfaces entre l'argent et le verre seront convertis en ondes propagatives grâce à une structuration de motif plus petit que la longueur d'onde. Ces ondes transportent l'information au détecteur à travers la tête optique. Le fonctionnement du composant sera démontré dans un montage expérimental où il permettra de recouvrer un signal à la longueur d'onde de 488nm, mais porteur d'information d'objets de 60nm de taille.
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Mimouni, Salim. "Enregistrement de disques optiques haute densité en champ proche." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10235.
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Nos besoins en stockage de données sont explosifs ; générés par des contenus multimédia dont la taille croît coontinuellement, ce qui conduit à une course effrénée à la performance des disques optiques. Cependant, des limites physiques sont rapidement atteintes. Parmi celles-ci, le phénomène de diffraction des ondes lumineuses a limité la capacité du Compact Disc (CD), du DVD et dictera encore celle du « Blu-ray ». Cette thèse se propose de franchir cette barrière à travers une étude approfondie d'une tête optique en champ proche. En effet le système actuel de lecture des disques utilisant l'immersion solide est passif vis-à-vis de la nature du champ proche. Il sera optimisé pour donner une capacité de stockage 40% plus élevée. Mais la demande du marché des disques optiques exige d'aller plus loin encore. La théorie de l'indice négatif, très controversée, se révèlera cependant pertinente, et inspirera toute la suite du travail. Le matériau à indice négatif est la solution utopique au passage sous la limite de résolution, et ses propriétés vont inspirer une lentille photonique à super-résolution. Dans cette lentille conçue pour le champ proche, les plasmons de surface qui sont excités aux interfaces entre l'argent et le verre seront convertis en ondes propagatives grâce à une structuration de motif plus petit que la longueur d'onde. Ces ondes transportent l'information au détecteur à travers la tête optique. Le fonctionnement du composant sera démontré dans un montage expérimental où il permettra de recouvrer un signal à la longueur d'onde de 488nm, mais porteur d'information d'objets de 60nm de tailleOur needs for data storage are explosives. Generated by multimedia content of increasing size, they lead to a frantic enhancement of optical discs performances. However, the physical limits are quickly reached. Among them, the diffraction of light waves has restricted the recording capacity of the CD, the DVD and still limits the "Blu-ray” (BD) disc capacity. This thesis proposes to overcome this barrier by a thorough study of near-field optical pickup. The current near-field optical head using solid immersion lens, completely passive towards evanescent waves, will be optimized to provide a storage capacity 40% higher. But market demand for optical disk requires going further. The theory of the negative index materials, highly controversial, is sufficiently relevant to guide the rest of the work. A negative index material is a utopian solution to break the resolution limit, and its properties will inspire a photonic super-lens. In this lens designed for the near-field, surface plasmons which are excited at the interfaces between silver and glass, are converted into propagative waves through a sub-wavelength diffractive structure. These waves carry information to the detector through the whole optical head. The transmission of this component is demonstrated in an experimental setup in which we recover a signal carried by a 488nm-wavelength laser beam, but relative to 60nm sized object
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Seyed, Khademi Seyed Mohammad [Verfasser], and Ursula [Akademischer Betreuer] Telgheder. "Direct immersion-solid phase microextraction arrow-Corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry for determination of pesticides in environmental samples / Seyed Mohammad Seyed Khademi ; Betreuer: Ursula Telgheder." Duisburg, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1241044791/34.
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Ochs, Oliver Michael [Verfasser], Markus [Akademischer Betreuer] Lackinger, Katharina [Gutachter] Krischer, and Markus [Gutachter] Lackinger. "The Immersion Scanning Tunneling Microscope: Development and First Long-Term Variable-Temperature Studies at Liquid-Solid Interfaces / Oliver Michael Ochs ; Gutachter: Katharina Krischer, Markus Lackinger ; Betreuer: Markus Lackinger." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1234656132/34.
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Sharma, Shekar. "Evaluating Leachability of Residual Solids Generated from Unconventional Shale Gas Production Operations in Marcellus Shale." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50514.
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Hydraulic fracturing operations utilized for shale gas production result in the generation of a large volume of flowback and produced water that contain suspended material, salts, hydrocarbons, metals, chemical additives, and naturally-occurring radioactive material. The water is impounded at drilling sites or treated off-site, resulting in significant generation of residual solids. These are either buried on site or are disposed in lined landfills. The objective of this study was to determine the levels of heavy metals and other elements of concern that will leach from these residual solids when placed in typical disposal environments.
For this purpose, laboratory leaching experiments were employed wherein representative samples were brought into contact with a liquid to determine the constituents that would be leached by the liquid and potentially released into the environment. The samples used included sludge resulting from the physicochemical treatment of process water (TS), sludge solidified with cement kiln dust (SS), raw solids obtained by gravity separation of process water (RS), and drilling mud (DM). The samples were subjected to both single extraction (i.e. Shake Extraction Test, SET) and multiple extraction (i.e. Immersion Test, IT) leaching tests. For the shake extraction test, samples were mixed with a specific amount of leaching solution without renewal over a short time period. In the immersion test, samples were immersed in a specific amount of leaching solution that was periodically renewed over a longer period of time. For both these tests, analyses were performed on the filtered eluate. The tests were performed as per standards with modifications. Distilled de-ionized water, synthetic acid rain (pH ~ 4.2), weak acetic acid (pH ~ 2.88), and synthetic landfill leachate were used as leaching solutions to mimic specific disposal environments.
Alkali metals (Li, K, Na), alkaline earth metals (Ba, Ca, Mg, Sr) and a halide (Br), which are typically associated with Marcellus shale and produced waters, leached at high concentrations from most of the residual solids sample. The SS sample, due to its stabilization with CKD, had a lower extraction efficiency as compared to the unconsolidated TS and RS samples. In EF 2.9 and EF SLL, the leaching took place under acidic conditions, while for EF DDI and EF 4.2, the leaching occurred in alkaline conditions. EF 2.9 and EF SLL were determined to be the most aggressive leaching solutions, causing the maximum solubility of most inorganic elements. Thus, high amounts of most EOCs may leach from these residual solids in MSW landfills disposed under co-disposal conditions. Agitation, pH and composition of the leaching solution were determined to be important variables in evaluating the leaching potential of a sample.
The results of this study should help with the design of further research experiments being undertaken to develop environmentally responsible management/disposal strategies for these residual solids and also prove useful for regulatory authorities in their efforts to develop specific guidelines for the disposal of residuals from shale gas production operations.Master of Science
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Mehrotra, Prateek. "High Aspect Ratio Lithographic Imaging at Ultra-high Numerical Apertures: Evanescent Interference Lithography with Resonant Reflector Underlayers." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6935.
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A near-field technique known as evanescent interferometric lithography allows for high resolution imaging. However its primary limitation is that the image exponentially decays within the photoresist due to physical limits. This thesis aims to overcome this limitation and presents a method to considerably enhance the depth of focus of images created using evanescent interferometric lithography by using a material underlay beneath the photoresist.
A key enabler of this is the understanding that evanescent fields couple to surface states and operating within proximity of a resonance, the strength of the coupling allows for considerable energy extraction from the incident beam and redistribution of this energy in a photoresist cavity. This led to the analysis of the Fresnel equations, which suggested that such coupling was in fact the result of an enhanced reflectance that takes place at boundaries of carefully chosen materials. While it is known that metals and lossy dielectrics result in surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) and surface exciton polaritons (SEP) as conventional solutions to the Fresnel reflection equations for the TM polarization of light, there is no such naturally occurring surface state that allows evanescent wave enhancement with the TE polarization of light. Further investigation of the Fresnel reflection equations revealed both for TM and TE that in fact another solution exists that is but unconventional to enhance the reflectivity. This solution requires that one of the media have a negative loss. This is a new type of surface resonance that requires that one of the media be a gain medium; not one in the optical pumped sense but one that would naturally supply energy to a wave to make it grow. This new surface resonance is also a key result of this thesis. Clearly, however this is only a hypothetical solution as a real gain medium would violate the conservation of energy.
However, as it is only the reflectance of this gain medium that is useful for evanescent wave enhancement, in fact a multilayered stack consisting of naturally occurring materials is one way to achieve the desired reflectivity. This would of course be only an emulation of the reflectivity aspect of the gain medium. This multilayered stack is then an effective gain medium for the reflectivity purposes when imaging is carried out at a particular NA at a particular wavelength. This proposal is also a key idea of this thesis. At λ = 193 nm, this method was used to propose a feasible design to image high resolution structures, NA = 1.85 at an aspect ratio of ~3.2. To experimentally demonstrate the enhancements, a new type of solid immersion test bed, the solid immersion Lloyd's mirror interference lithography test-bed was constructed. High quality line and space patterns with a half-pitch of 55.5 nm were created using λ = 405 nm, corresponding to a NA of 1.824, that is well in the evanescent regime of light. Image depths of 33-40 nm were seen. Next, the evanescent image was coupled to an effective gain medium made up of a thin layer of hafnium oxide (HfO) upon silicon dioxide (SiO2). This resulted in a considerable depth enhancement, and 105 nm tall structures were imaged.
The work in this thesis details the construction of the solid immersion lithography test-bed, describes the implementation of the modeling tools, details the theory and analysis required to achieve the relevant solutions and understanding of the physical mechanism and finally experimentally demonstrates an enhancement that allows evanescent interferometric lithography beyond conventional limits.
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Huang, Po-Chao, and 黃柏昭. "Optical Pickup Head Design Using Cylindrical Solid Immersion Lens and Nanometer Aperture Probe Array." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09600669901014054521.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立彰化師範大學
電機工程學系
96
Smaller recording spot size is a key factor to overcome the diffraction limit posed on high-density optical storage technology. Near-field theory is proposed to overcome the limit by using nanometer aperture probe and solid immersion lens (SIL). However, the optical transmission ratio is low by applying the nanometer aperture probe. The use of SIL may be a solution to this problem, and the alignment will be difficult because of the size mismatch. The cylindrical solid immersion lens and the nanometer aperture probe are proposed in this research in order to improve misalignment. For the optimization of the size of the nanometer aperture probe, the total internal reflections in the SIL and evanescent wave propagation have to be calculated. The use of micro lens and cylindrical lens will also increase the optical transmission. In this research, the optical transmission of nanometer aperture probe is improved by 25 times on the basis of luminous flux. Moreover, the intensity of polarized evanescent wave in this application is studied.
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Huang, Yuan-De, and 黃元德. "Integrated Nano-Aperture , Solid Immersion Lens , and Support Structure for Near-field Optical Systems." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38524591232768459918.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立交通大學
機械工程系所
94
For near-field optical systems, Aperture and Solid Immersion Lens（SIL） that are popular techniques can overcome light diffraction limit and reduce spot size. According to previous researches, nano-aperture combined with SIL can improve the throughput owing to greater power densities at the aperture and reduce spot size to nano grade. However, the misalignment between the SIL and nano-aperture always occurred in assembling or bonding step. Earlier academic advanced a self–alignment technique to overcome the misalignment. But the method lack practical application in optical systems. In this thesis, the supporting structure can solve the problem. In fabrication results, the supporting structure can be made accurately. About nano-aperture ,100nm、200nm and 300 nm aperture are fabricated and the maximum error is less than 5% in comparison with the designed values. The SIL also can be made successfully. From the measurement results of far-field system, manifest that SIL can reduce spot and the 15μm-diameter SIL/300nm-diameter circular aperture component has 1.216 times enhancement of transmission compared with 329nm-diameter aperture alone. Basing on the measurement results, the supporting structure make the SIL and nano-Aperture more feasible.
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周學良. "Development of optical head combined with micro aperture, solid immersion lens, and optical fiber socket." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45372131253343535161.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立交通大學
機械工程系
90
The research describes the fabrication processes of an integrated optical pick-up head for near field recording that combines a tiny aperture, a smooth microlens, and a insertion socket for optical fiber. Conventionally, micro apertures and microlenses in optical pick-up head are fabricated separately, and then are assembled together. Here a fabrication process without bonding to combine all the desired components on a single substrate is proposed. The cone-shape aperture is fabricated by reflow and an improved electroplating method. Then a thermal reflow process is used to form the smooth microlens made of AZP 4620 with the refractive index from 1.63 to 1.82. The diameter ranges from 50 μm to 110μm. After that, SU-8 support is fabricated to act as the insertion socket of the optical fiber and to enforce the device strength.
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CHEN, CHIH-YUNG, and 陳志宏. "Mechanical Properties of a Multicomponent Lead-free Solder on the Immersion Ag-plated Substrate." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06929936954955820799.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中華大學
機械工程學系碩士班
99
In this study, we investigated the interfacial reaction and mechanical properties of a Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu-8In-1Zn Pb-free solder joints in the BGA packages with different surface finishes (Ni/Au metallized and immersion silver). The shear tests were carried out on a mechanical testing machine at a crosshead speed of 10-3 mm/s at various homologeous temperatures. The results show that the Ag-plating layer was dissolved into the Pb-free solder during reflow. The Cu-Sn intermetallic compounds layers were formed at the solder/Cu interface. The average shear strength of the solder joints was 25.9 MPa at a crosshead speed of 10-3 mm/s at room temperature. The fracture of joints happened in the solder bulk. However, the average shear strength of the joints decreased to 10.6 MPa after aging at 100℃ for 500h. The joints failed at the solder/IMC interface.
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Tseng, Meng-chu, and 曾孟莒. "The Imaging of an Optical System with a Negative Refraction Photonic Crystals and a Solid Immersion Lens." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02630800207337847652.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
機械工程學系碩博士班
95
Negative refraction has attracted a lot of attentions recently. Negative refraction studies originated from left-hand materials (LHM), which are materials with simultaneously negative dielectric permittivity and negative magnetic permeability. In recent years, it has been proved that the diffraction effects of photonic crystals (PCs) can account for the effective negative refraction. One of the most fascinating applications of LHM is the so-called perfect lens capable of overcoming the diffraction limit imposed by the wave nature of light on the smallest spot to which light can be focused. Solid immersion lens (SIL) was introduced in 1990 for optical microscopic and applied in 1994 for optical recording. The reduction in focused spotsize makes SIL techniques potentially very attractive not only for data storage device but also in the area of high light throughput super-resolution optical microscopy and spectroscopy with high sensitivity. In this thesis, we consider the SIL technology in imaging system and analyze the influence of SIL refractive index and geometric parameters on imaging resolution by using the plane wave expansion method, the finite-difference time-domain method, and the finite element method. The resolution of our optical system has been improved 25 %. The optical component, combine PCs with SIL, provides novel application in the optical lithography.
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I-ChengSu and 蘇一誠. "Experimental Study on the Performance of the Immersion Microfiltration System in Removing Suspended Solids from Wafer- Packaging Wastewater." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93306046263111740195.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
水利及海洋工程學系專班
100
In this research we focus on water conservation and recycling wastewater re-use as the main object to the semiconductor packaging electronics factory and how to wastewater treatment for back-side grinding and saw (BGS) process of someone semiconductor wafer packaging plant in Tainan Science Park by using immersion type of microfiltration (MF) hollow fiber membrane pilot system. Further we discuss the removal performance of suspended particles and water quality status of the BGS wastewater with immersion MF system. Thus we can use microfiltration permeate filtered production flux rate of different system operation parameter to estimate of the MF system long-term operation conditions and membrane filtered water reclaim and recycling feasibility for comparative evaluation. As this study result, the wastewater of BGS wafer back-side grinding in IC assembly plant is classified as high turbidity (1050~1750NTU) and the high suspended solid (SS) matter concentrated level (100~650mg/L), and more than 85% of the turbidity level pieces of particle size is less than 1 μm. The most of soluble substances in BGS wastewater come from nano-scale particle of wafer back-side grinding and ultra-pure water for process clean without CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polish) slurry. After the MF membrane filtration process operation conditions by using SUMITOMO 0.08μm MF membrane filtration, the BGS wastewater gets results as 99.8% removal efficiency of turbidity, 98.3% SS removal rate of suspended solids, 97.1% removal rate of silicon dioxide SiO2, 99.8% removal rate of suspended particles that are larger than 80nm particle size. From these data we can obviously know that MF membrane filtration has quite well performance of removal suspended particle (〉80nm). On the other hand,the BGS system on the condition of the same wastewater quality and non-adding biological and non-adding chemical coagulation material,used 0.03kg/cm2 (2.94kpa) MF membrane pressure (TMP) and per 30 minutes washing with reverse-washing 30 seconds and air blow rate 60L/min as operation condition, thus the test gets stable permeate flux amount 2.5L/min and 80%water production reclaim rate and long-term operation under the MF membrane clogging issue.The water quality of MF membrane filtration treatment is very good, and arrives at the standards of secondary recovery water criteria and tap water supply. However, reverse osmosis membrane (RO) filter is recommended to add before ultra-pure water inlet supply to avoid the 0.2% rarely of nano-scale particles that penetrate membrane or pollution risk issue.
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Hsu, Hung-Lung, and 許鴻隆. "Study of the integration process between the nano-aperture and solid immersion lens for near-field recording pick-up head." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04411476743558670544.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立交通大學
機械工程系所
93
For near-field recording systems, Aperture and Solid Immersion Lens（SIL） are two popular techniques to overcome light diffraction limit and reduce spot size. In aperture systems, seeing that light spot size is directly determined by aperture size, aperture systems can provide an ultra-high resolution by reducing the aperture size to nano-scale. However, nano-aperture suffers from low power throughput which results in the recording speed unable to be promoted. SIL systems, while can providing a smaller spot size than obtained in conventional optical recording systems with still maintaining high optical throughput, do not have the resolution observed from aperture probe systems. According to previous researches, nano-aperture combined with SIL/SSIL can improve the throughput owing to greater power densities at the aperture. However, the misalignment between the SIL/SSIL and nano-aperture always occurred in assembling or bonding step. How to align the nano-aperture and SIL/SSIL together precisely has not proposed yet. In this research, the purpose is concentrated on combination of SIL/SSIL and nano-aperture by Nano/Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems（N/MEMS） technology, where nano-aperture is fabricated with Focused Ion Beam（FIB）system and SIL /SSIL are formed by thermal reflowing process. In order to overcome the misalignment between SIL/SSIL and nano-aperture, a self-alignment technique based on self-modulation by surface tension during thermal reflowing process is proposed. About aperture designs, the influence of varied shapes of apertures at optical throughput is also studied. Here, circular apertures and C-shaped apertures are introduced. In fabrication results, SIL and SSIL are fabricated and the maximum error is less than 3% in comparison with the designed values. About nano-aperture, the diameter 103nm, 148nm, and 329nm of circular aperture and the dimensions 303nm×205nm and 223nm×105nm of C-shaped apertures are fabricated. The feasibility of self-alignment technique between SIL/SSIL and nano-aperture proposed in this research is also verified by Scanning Electron microscope（SEM）. From the measurement results of far-field system, the 15μm-diameter SIL/329nm-diameter circular aperture component has 1.68 times enhancement of throughput compared with 329nm-diameter aperture alone. This result shows that SIL can really enhance the light throughput of nano-aperture and the feasibility of self-alignment technique between SIL and nano-aperture is further verified. About measurement results of C-shaped apertures, the throughput of 303nm×205nm C-shaped aperture alone is 14.325 times larger than that of 148nm-diameter circular aperture alone, while maintaining a comparable near-field spot size. Even the throughput of 303nm×205nm C-shaped aperture/15μm-diameter SIL component can be enhanced by 24.438 times as compared with 148nm-diameter circular aperture alone. This result indicates that combination of SIL and C-shaped aperture can really greatly enhance the performance of near-field pick-up head.
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CHEN, ZONG-YI, and 陳宗易. "Taking Gesture-based Controller in Immersive VR for Training of New Recruit Soldier." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/g2m83k.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國防大學理工學院
電子工程碩士班
106
In recent years, with the development of hardware technology has created a Virtual Reality (Virtual Reality, VR) rise, and widely used in various fields, Vir-tual Reality don't traditional media, can break through the user space limitation, the immersive Virtual Reality was that the first person perspective presents panorama, let trainees to think himself in, in the case of practical training, and then gives the trainee on the ground of the Virtual body feeling experience. This paper to study and put forward a virtual reality environment in hu-man-machine Interface multi-sensory experience and nature (Natural User Inter-face, NUI) let trainees can through body movements to interact with virtual en-vironment for recent Leap Motion sensor is a convenient for Natural man-machine Interface device, this study through this device a Natural man-machine Interface design platform, provide developers on the platform of gestures, body feeling module.
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Yang, Chin Hao, and 楊志浩. "Comparison of Two Internal Standards, using either Tributyltin chloride-d27 or Triphenyltin chloride-d15, and Tripropyltin chloride for Determination of the Organotin Compounds in Seawater by Headspace and Immersion Solid Phase Microextraction — Gas Chrom." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10722473785641620467.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系
90
The Solid Phase Microextration (SPME) offers high selectivity and high extraction. SPME for extraction as an effective analytical method also consists of clean-up in the preconcentration procedure. SPME technique have been widely used in environmental analysis. In this study, SPME combines gas chromatograph - ion trap mass spectrometry (GC-ITMS) was used to determine organotin compounds in seawater. Organotin compounds generally used RnSnX4-n to present. Especially butyltins (BTs) and phenyltins (PhTs) are the most toxic. BTs includes butyltin Trichloride (MBT)、dibutyltin dichloride (DBT) and tributyltin chloride (TBT), and PhTs includes phenyltin trichloride (MPhT)、diphenyltin chloride (DPhT) and triphenyltin chloride (TPhT). In this study, the difference of headspace-SPME and immersion-SPME was compared. The organotin compounds were as the target compounds. Immersion extraction method has shown better results. The method detection limit (MDL) of headspace-SPME for MBT、DBT、TBT are 15.6、16.4、13.5 ng Sn/L, respectively. The MDL of Immersion-SPME for MBT、DBT、TBT、MPhT、DPhT、TPhT are 8.9、4.3、13.5、12.9、9.3、11.4 ng Sn/L. The real seawater samples from eight suspected polluted areas were collected. The results showed that concentration of these samples were in the range 16.8 ~ 46.4 ng Sn/L for MBT, 7.85 ~ 19.6 ng Sn/L for DBT, 36.6 ~ 146.5 ng Sn/L for TBT, and recovery rates of MBT、DBT、TBT were between 74﹪and 94﹪in the real seawater. Comparison of the two relatively standard deviation (RSD), using two internal standard Tri-n-Propyltin chloride (TPrT) and Tributyltin chloride-d27 (TBT-d27) are comparable. However the RSD for analyzing the PTs using Triphenyltin cloride-d15 (TPhT-d15) as the internal standard were better than TPrT.