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Journal articles on the topic 'Immigrant entrepreneur'
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Rodrigo, Luis Miguel, Gianni Romaní, and Emilio Ricci. "Immigrant entrepreneurs in Antofagasta, Chile." Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración 31, no. 3 (2018): 450–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arla-11-2016-0301.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to characterize the immigrant entrepreneurs of the Region of Antofagasta and identify their contribution to local development. Design/methodology/approach This is a descriptive study with a quantitative approach. Face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire were carried out with a sample of 314 immigrant entrepreneurs in the city of Antofagasta. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and mean difference. Findings The results show a new type of entrepreneur that cannot be fully described by the theories developed for South–North immigrant entrepreneurs. The concept of the South–South entrepreneur is therefore proposed, in order to categorise these entrepreneurs and explain their behaviour, with the conclusion that this group makes a significant contribution to the local economy, both in terms of job and wealth creation and by broadening the availability of goods and services. Practical implications Given that immigrant entrepreneurs are a valuable socio-economic asset to the city in terms of job and wealth creation and service diversification, public administrations should endeavour to support these individuals and attract them to the city. Social implications Knowledge of the contribution of this group will lead to a greater acceptance of immigrants who have recently been rejected by certain sectors of the population. Originality/value This study reveals the existence of a group of immigrant entrepreneurs whose characteristics and contribution to local development were previously not known.
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SHINNAR, RACHEL S., MELISSA S. CARDON, MICKI EISENMAN, VIRGINIA SOLIS ZUIKER, and MYUNG-SOO LEE. "IMMIGRANT AND US-BORN MEXICAN-OWNED BUSINESSES: MOTIVATIONS AND MANAGEMENT." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 14, no. 03 (2009): 273–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946709001296.
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In this study, we seek to understand the key differences between the entrepreneurial experience for Mexican immigrant and US-born Mexican entrepreneurs. We focus on differences in motivation for start-up, reliance on ethnic enclaves and business management practices. Using data from the 2005 National Minority Business Owner Survey, our sample consisted of 156 Mexican American entrepreneurs (55 immigrants and 101 US-born). Results suggest that even within a particular minority group, there are key distinctions between immigrant and US-born entrepreneurs. For example, US-born Mexican entrepreneurs are more motivated by the individualistic financial benefits of being an entrepreneur, while Mexican immigrant entrepreneurs are more motivated by serving society and their co-ethnic community. Implications are discussed.
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Doyle, Jessica. "Immigrant entrepreneurs' access to information as a local economic development problem." plaNext–Next Generation Planning 2 (April 1, 2016): 90–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.24306/plnxt.2016.02.006.
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Sociologists and geographers have examined immigrant entrepreneurship in the United States to discuss what types of industries immigrants enter, why some groups are more inclined to entrepreneurship than others, and how social networks influence business formation. But such analyses have generally not included considerations of how the larger geographic setting in which the immigrants operate—including the urban form, the built environment, and local economic-development efforts—affect entrepreneurial decisions. Meanwhile, immigrant settlement patterns have changed in recent decades, bringing groups of immigrants outside of larger cities and into suburban areas not accustomed to hosting immigrants. In such environments, a would-be entrepreneur might have even more difficulty accessing the information necessary to successfully start and maintain a business. This paper will survey previous literature on immigrant entrepreneurship, largely from sociology, geography, and planning, to argue that local economic-development resources, even when targeted at small business owners, fail to address the needs of immigrant entrepreneurs. Instead, these would-be entrepreneurs rely on their own personal networks and on co-ethnic community support institutions.
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Barth, Henrik, and Ghazal Zalkat. "Immigrant Entrepreneurship in Sweden: The Liability of Newness." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (2020): 6478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166478.
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Immigrant entrepreneurs face many challenges in the various early phases of their companies’ existence. These challenges are often referred to as “the liability of newness”. While some of these challenges are common to all entrepreneurs, the immigrant entrepreneur has an additional set of challenges. This article describes those challenges in the immigrant entrepreneurial experience in the Swedish agri-food industry. A qualitative research design is used. Interviews were conducted with 25 immigrant entrepreneurs who planned a business, had started a business, or had exited a business. Various websites and tax reports provided secondary data. The research, which covered a two-year time frame, identifies the strategies and actions the immigrant entrepreneurs adopted and used to try to overcome those challenges. The following strategies and actions were identified: use of business support, virtual embeddedness, family and ethnic groups, entrepreneurial experience, and niche markets. The companies in which the entrepreneurs recognized the gravity of those challenges early in their life cycle were more likely to survive beyond the start-up phase. The article, which also reviews much of the current literature on immigrant entrepreneurship, has implications for business support advisory services and policymakers who are involved in the effort to achieve economic (and social-cultural) integration of immigrants into their host countries.
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Mancilla, Claudio, Lourdes Viladomiu, and Carlos Guallarte. "Emprendimiento, inmigrantes y municipios rurales: el caso de España." Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales 10, no. 2 (2011): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.7201/earn.2010.02.06.
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Many rural areas have experienced development downturn throughout most of the 20th century. Usually, immigrants have been considered as labour force. However, they often choose to become entrepreneurs. Relevant literature suggests evidences that immigrants are more entrepreneurially active than local inhabitants. The objective of this study is to verify how local conditions in rural areas as well as characteristics of immigrants influence individuals to become entrepreneurs. The results indicate that an immigrant has a higher likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur. Residing in a rural community positively influences the likeliness of being involved in entrepreneurial activities; however this is mainly true for Spaniards, since immigrants are not influenced by rurality.
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Ruiz, Michelle, Lori T. Peterson, and Santiago Ibarreche. "Creating the Immigrant Entrepreneur." Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship 22, no. 2 (2017): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.9774/gleaf.3709.2017.ap.00003.
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Lilius, Johanna, and Hossam Hewidy. "Serving whom? Immigrant entrepreneurs in a new local context." Fennia - International Journal of Geography 197, no. 2 (2019): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11143/fennia.82821.
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In Helsinki, the current number of immigrants is quickly rising. Ethnic retail has emerged as a new, but visible, part of the city landscape. Compared to other European countries, becoming an entrepreneur is typically not very popular in Finland. Therefore, in this paper, we seek to comprehend this phenomenon and more specifically discover: what motivates immigrants to become entrepreneurs; what is the impact of their background and culture on the phenomenon; and finally, is the help provided by the city useful for them? Based on interviews and observations, we conclude that immigrant entrepreneurship facilitates in fluid ways the maintenance of cultural practices, while simultaneously enhancing meaningful encounters between immigrants and mainstream society. In our sample, we identify three types of entrepreneurs: growth-oriented, investors and status builders, as well as freedom and stability seekers. Although the groups are neither mutually exclusive nor collectively exhaustive, they display differences in certain aspects, which include their ways of entering into entrepreneurship, how their business is run, who their main clientele is, as well as in the future prospects for their businesses. We further infer that immigrant entrepreneurs, via their practices, also participate in making immigrant needs visible to politicians and policy-makers, thus also adding a layer to the local context within which they operate. However, we surmise that more effort is needed in addressing the freedom and stability seeker entrepreneurs if the aim of the city is to anchor immigrant retail in the city.
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Bedi, Joshua K., and Shaomeng Jia. "Give me your rested, your wealthy, your educated few? A critical discussion of the current literature on immigrant self-employment." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 11, no. 1 (2022): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jepp-08-2021-0105.
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PurposeThe finding that immigrants are more likely to self-employ than natives has been consistently shown by different researchers. At the same time, many call for the prioritization of high-skilled immigration as they believe low-skilled entrepreneurs are not particularly innovative or high-growth-oriented. The purpose of this study is to critically review and synthesize the current literature on immigrant self-employment, paying particular attention to low-skilled immigrant entrepreneurship and the popular policy recommendation that high-skilled immigrants should be prioritized.Design/methodology/approachThe authors survey the existing literature on immigrant self-employment and discuss recurring data issues, how those issues have or have not been addressed, as well as how these data issues impact the validity of policy recommendations that favor high-skilled immigrants and disfavor low-skilled immigrants. In particular, the authors examine how length of stay in the host country and host country institutions impact immigrant self-employment, especially low-skilled immigrant self-employment. The authors also point out unintended consequences of low-skilled immigration.FindingsThe authors find data issues significantly impact the potential justifications behind calls to favor high-skilled immigrants. In particular, many researchers underestimate the positive impacts of low-skilled immigrant self-employment by not accounting for institutions and length of stay in the host country. The authors conclude with policy recommendations that prioritize high-skilled immigration should be re-examined in light of recurring omitted variable biases within previous studies and evidence of a number of positive unintended consequences associated with low-skilled migration.Originality/valueThe authors review current literature and discuss how important confounding variables, like the number of years an immigrant entrepreneur has lived in a host country and the institutions of a host country, make common policy recommendations suggesting prioritization of high-skilled immigration problematic. The authors also discuss potential solutions to these data issues, ways these issues have been solved already, and possible ways forward. Finally, after considering the literature, the authors offer our own set of policy recommendations.
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Storti, Luca. "Being an entrepreneur: emergence and structuring of two immigrant entrepreneur groups." Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 26, no. 7-8 (2014): 521–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2014.959067.
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Rueda Armengot, Carlos, Frances Solé Parellada, and Joaquín Rieta Carbonell. "The immigrant entrepreneur in the international change." Journal of Organizational Change Management 23, no. 4 (2010): 377–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09534811011055386.
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BILLORE, SONIYA, AHMAD HJ ZAINUDDIN, NORASHFAH HANIM YAAKOP YAHAYA AL-HAJ, and DAPHNE HALKIAS. "FEMALE IMMIGRANT ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A DEVELOPING SECTOR IN JAPAN'S ENTREPRENEURIAL ECONOMY." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 15, no. 02 (2010): 165–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s108494671000149x.
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The role of women in Japan was traditionally restricted to housekeeping and childrearing. Over the years, changes in Japanese lifestyle and attitudes have created new grounds for women to venture into small businesses. Although this new personality aspect of women has been accepted, by and large, in larger cities of Japan, it is yet to be accepted in rural areas. Given this background, it becomes even more challenging for a foreigner — an immigrant woman entrepreneur — to set up shop and conduct business in Japan. This study looks at the status of female immigrant entrepreneurs in Japan. Through a qualitative study, it explores the experiences and challenges female entrepreneurs must face before they achieve stability in their businesses. It highlights and draws attention to areas where changes in governance structure and social acceptance can be made so a more positive environment can be built up and the relationship between Japan and the immigrant entrepreneurs can be strengthened.
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Kwok, Kim. "The moral economy of Asian migrant women in small business in Hong Kong." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 29, no. 1 (2020): 101–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196820909915.
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This article explores how moral norms shape migrant women’s small businesses and examines the implications for immigrant social integration. It draws on qualitative data collected in Hong Kong in the period 2014–2018. Findings from the study suggest that the picture of Asian migrant women in business as either a silent supporter or independent entrepreneur is incomplete. Rather, it is a more complex picture shaped by the intersection of class, gender, ethnicity and religion. Female immigrant entrepreneurship and female empowerment have a complicated relationship, where moral norms both facilitate and constrain women’s business activities. This study contributes to the literature on immigrant economy by suggesting that moral norms should not be overlooked for their implications on the long-term social integration of women immigrants.
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Nambei Asoba, Samson, and Robertson K. Tengeh. "Challenges to the growth of African immigrant-owned businesses in selected craft markets in Cape Town, South Africa." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 13, no. 3 (2016): 410–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.13(3-2).2016.14.
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This paper sought to ascertain the factors that impact on the growth of African immigrant-owned craft businesses in selected craft markets. The purposive and snowball non-probability sampling technique was deemed to be the best method to use in this study to select the respondents. The study utilized a mixed method approach to collect and analyze data. Questionnaires (quantitative) were administered to 122 African immigrant entrepreneurs, and in-depth interviews (qualitative) were conducted with the three municipality managers responsible for the four selected craft markets. The quantitative data were analyzed using the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, and face-to- face interviews were analysed by content analysis. Pushed by the need to survive and pulled by the many tourists in South Africa, African immigrant entrepreneurs turned to the craft business Seasonal and irregular nature of trade, competition, and xenophobia were noted to be the main growth challenges. Recommendations were made to the relevant stakeholders. Keywords: African immigrant entrepreneur, business growth, survivalist businesses, craft markets, SMEs. JEL Classification: M10, M13
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Cillo, Valentina, and Valeria Caggiano. "FACING 2020: THE 9 TRAITS OF SUCCESSFULL MIGRANT ENTREPRENEURS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF ROME." International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. Revista INFAD de Psicología. 1, no. 1 (2016): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2014.n1.v1.348.
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Abstract:The distinctiveness of migrants’ entrepreneurial propensity can be explained by considering both internal characteristics of the individual migrant, as well as the external environment of the host economy he/she operates in (Kloosterman et al. 1999). Migrants can perceive and seek entrepreneurial opportunities through specific sets of resources and personality-traits (Kloosterman/Rath 2001, Kloosterman 2010). Despite of this, the topic is vastly under-studied compared to its economic importance. After an in-depth study of the literature status quo about it, the paper analyses the motivation, intention, self-efficacy, culture, entrepreneurial orientation and performance of immigrant entrepreneurs. The main aim is to verify to what extent perceptions and skills of these immigrant entrepreneurs are similar to entrepreneurial psychological constructs studied in the literature. The used research instrument was the semi-structured interview consisting of 49 open-ended questions directed at the sample under examination. The results of the study showed a significant correlation between motivation and business performance (a motivated entrepreneur is more likely to succeed in business than an unmotivated entrepreneur) and a significant positive correlation between culture and motivation to start a business (a culture that is supportive of entrepreneurial activities, lowuncertainty avoidance, high individualism and lowpower distance relates positively to a high level of entrepreneurial self-efficacy).Keywords: Migrants, Entrepreneurs, Traits, Europe 2020
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Urban, Boris, and Stephanie Townsend. "Ahmed Mujtaba Razzak: an immigrant entrepreneur with big dreams." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 12, no. 4 (2022): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-09-2022-0300.
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Learning outcomes At the end of the case discussion, students should be able to: ▪ Evaluate the relevance of community and networks to immigrant entrepreneurs. ▪ Appreciate the entrepreneurial journey of immigrant entrepreneurs in the South African context. ▪ Consider the challenges of the socio-economic environment affecting businesses in South Africa. ▪ Make an informed decision regarding how creating a family entrepreneurial ecosystem can mitigate business risk. ▪ Critically evaluate which strategies could exploit any further opportunities and grow the businesses. Case overview/synopsis In April 2022, Ahmed Mujtaba Razzak, director of Montage Interior Solutions, a design, building and construction company based in Mayfair, Johannesburg, was preparing for the official opening of the company’s newly-built Clifton Mall. Ahmed, whose family had immigrated to South Africa from Pakistan in 2004, had big goals for the mall: he wanted it not only to be profitable for his family, but also to help uplift the lives of the shop owners and the members of the surrounding community, many of whom were also from Pakistani immigrant families. Thus, instead of having to rent the units, shop owners were able to buy them under sectional title. The model promised the benefits of unit ownership for the shop owners and a quicker return on investment for Montage. As he prepared for the opening, Ahmed wondered whether he had set everything up for the venture to be able to achieve his goals. The case study provided a deeper understanding of different challenges, approaches and strategies used in immigrant start-ups. The case study included various business and entrepreneurship themes focused on immigrant start-ups, strategy and diversification, family business and business growth. It also considered both individual and contextual factors influencing immigrant entrepreneurship, insofar as family and the business are “inextricably intertwined”, where the effects of social exchange between generations meant that successful enterprising families showed tremendous respect for the sensitive relations between the business and the family. Complexity academic level Postgraduate Diploma, MBA, Masters, Executive Education Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.
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AlSharhan, Shoug. "How Do Nationalism and Immigrant Entrepreneur Assimilation Impact Firms' Survival?" Academy of Management Proceedings 2021, no. 1 (2021): 15472. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2021.15472abstract.
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Waldinger, Roger. "Structural Opportunity or Ethnic Advantage? Immigrant Business Development in New York." International Migration Review 23, no. 1 (1989): 48–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838902300103.
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Research on ethnic enterprise emerged in the United States as part of an attempt to explain the historical differences in business activity between blacks and other ethnic groups. In Beyond the Melting Pot, Glazer and Moynihan argued that “the small shopkeeper, small manufacturer, or small entrepreneur of any kind played such an important role in the rise of immigrant groups in America that its absence from the Negro community warrants at least some discussion.”1 Glazer and Moynihan offered some brief, possible explanations, but the first extended treatment came with the publication of Ivan Light's now classic comparison of Blacks, not with Jews, Italians, or Irish, but with immigrants—Japanese, Chinese, West Indians—whose racial characteristics made them equally distinctive; the argument developed an imaginative variant of the Weber thesis, showing that it was ethnic solidarism, not individualism, that gave these immigrants an “elective affinity” with the requirements of small business.
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Yeröz, Huriye. "Manifestations of social class and agency in cultural capital development processes." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 25, no. 5 (2019): 900–918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-03-2018-0146.
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Purpose While migrant women entrepreneurs (MWE) have been studied extensively through the lenses of gender and ethnicity, social class, as an axis of difference, received scant attention in entrepreneurship and migrant enterprise literature. The purpose of this paper is to make an intersectional analysis on migrant women’s cultural capital development processes on the basis of not only gender and ethnicity, but also class relations. Design/methodology/approach The study draws on empirical insights generated through listening to the life story narratives of 17 women entrepreneurs from Turkey. This is a small, yet diverse group consisting of women who followed their male kin who have migrated to Sweden in the late 1960s as a labour force, and of highly educated political refugee women who have migrated to Sweden following the military coup in Turkey in the 1980s. Findings By linking pre-migration and post-migration lives through Bourdieusian class analysis, the analysis yielded three distinct types of habitus of the women-intersectional identity constructed through interweaving of certain historical and cultural practices and conditions, labelled as women (immigrant) entrepreneurs, migrant (women) entrepreneurs and hybrid entrepreneurs. Life stories demonstrated the ways the MWE relationally defined, and in turn, contested being the right kind of entrepreneur drawing on their type of habitus and forms of cultural capital within the rules of the game in the specific context of entrepreneurship. Originality/value This study shows how MWE generate diverse, yet at times similar, but historically and culturally conditioned responses in actively shaping the relationship between entrepreneurial resources and context-specific structural powers and aspects. This way, the study calls for enriching the extant debate on migrant women entrepreneurship in two ways. First, it suggests that the strategic fit between resources and opportunities does not entail an automatic and arbitrary process. Rather, it takes an effort and contestation carried out by the entrepreneurial actors, among whom the individual entrepreneur is the primary actor. In particular, it draws attention to the conditions of possibilities for agency as a result of struggle and intersectional power relations: social class, ethnicity and gender, which provide a differential degree of powers to the individual entrepreneur.
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Shabanpour, Mohamed. "Modeling Underdog Entrepreneurs Journey in Iran: A Mixed Method Approach." Mapta Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (MJMIE) 5, no. 2 (2021): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33544/mjmie.v5i2.184.
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The term underdog entrepreneur (UE) is increasingly used among scholars to discuss successful disabled, immigrant, and necessity entrepreneurs who encounter significant challenges in their early lives. However, their characteristics and business obstacles in emerging economies remain unclear. This research offers insights by answering two questions: (1) how do physical, socio-cultural, and economic challenges motivate underdog individuals to become entrepreneurs? And (2) what are UEs’ unique challenges following establishing their ventures in Iran? First, this research develops a theoretical model by providing insights from 76 secondary data and 18 in-depth interviews using topic modeling. Subsequently, a survey method is conducted to collect data from underdog entrepreneurs in Iran. Structural Equation Modeling is performed to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. The findings reveal that negative situations create experiences, which lead to innovativeness, risk-tolerance, skilled communications, and persistence, which mediate the entrepreneurship journey. Moreover, UEs confront governmental, managerial, and environmental challenges to maintain their businesses in Iran's emerging economy. In the end, practical suggestions were presented to governors, entrepreneurs, and scholars regarding how they can manage these challenges, paving the way for UEs' success to positively impact economic growth.
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Allen, Ryan, and Erika Busse. "The social side of ethnic entrepreneur breakout: evidence from Latino immigrant business owners." Ethnic and Racial Studies 39, no. 4 (2015): 653–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2015.1078481.
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Tipu, Syed Awais Ahmad. "The Cognitive Side of Entrepreneurial Ethics: What Do We Still Need to Know?" Journal of Enterprising Culture 23, no. 01 (2015): 117–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495815710016.
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The paper aims to review the current state of the knowledge in an attempt to renew the interest in studying cognitive side of entrepreneurial ethics. The paper explores how the two streams of the literature — entrepreneurial cognition and entrepreneurial ethics — can possibly be integrated to guide future research. It also reviews the literature at the intersection of entrepreneurial cognitions and ethics. In doing so, the paper draws upon the extant literature to propose a set of questions for future research. Given the ethical implications of entrepreneurial behavior, this paper calls for future interdisciplinary work among entrepreneurial cognition scholars and business ethicists. The extant literature has generally focused on exploring the linkages among entrepreneurial cognitions, moral awareness, and moral judgment. It appears that relatively sparse attention is paid to explore the underlying cognitive patterns of an entrepreneur's actions pertaining to unethical business practices. This gap in the literature at the intersection of cognitions and ethics holds significant potential for future research. The proposed questions for future research include the following: How do cognitive biases and heuristics make an entrepreneur more susceptible to immoral judgment and reasoning? Which of the cognitive schemas is more likely to enhance moral intentions of entrepreneurs? How does distributed cognition shape socially responsible entrepreneurial behavior? Do entrepreneurs prefer rule-based or cost/benefit-based reasoning approach while making moral judgment? Which of the cognitive dimensions of socially responsible behavior — utilitarianism, just, and rights — is more common among entrepreneurs in developed countries in comparison to the entrepreneurs in developing and emerging economies? Do immigrant and/or ethnic entrepreneurs experience identity ambiguity and how does it relate to their unethical actions? How does the level of motivation affect an entrepreneur's reliance on heuristics rather than employing a systematic response to process information for ethical judgment? The proposed questions potentially offer insights into the way in which entrepreneurial cognitions and entrepreneurial ethics are interconnected. Entrepreneurship scholars may enrich their future research efforts by exploring how might insights from entrepreneurial ethics better inform the theoretical developments of entrepreneurial cognitions.
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Diane Wenger. "Immigrant and Entrepreneur: The Atlantic World of Caspar Wistar, 1650-1750 (review)." Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 77, no. 2 (2010): 248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pnh.0.0023.
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Ferrandino, Vittoria, and Valentina Sgro. "Italian Migration and Entrepreneurship’s Origins in the United States of America: A Business History Analysis from the Post Second World War Period to the Present Day." European Journal of Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (2021): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/813dbe72f.
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The opening of international markets following World War II highlighted the differences between territories at regional and national level in terms of the attractiveness of economic activities, investment and human resources. In this context, an important aspect concerned the entrepreneurial process: businesses and entrepreneurs have played a leading role in the activation of the paths of economic growth on the product value, employment and international competitiveness. From this perspective, the study of entrepreneurial dynamics - who the entrepreneurs are, their formation, the path followed for the creation of the enterprise, socio-economic and institutional context in which they acted - becomes crucial to understand the influence of economic and social conditions in the countries of origin as well as the employment and market opportunities, infrastructures and attractiveness of the destination countries. From this point of view, the entrepreneurial path is linked to the migration process and requires a study to highlight the relationship between these two phenomena and their impacts on the development and territorial competitiveness. Starting from the analysis of the literature and researches available at national and international level, in this paper we present the first results of a quantitative and qualitative research at the Archives of the American Chamber of Commerce in Italy, as well as in other American economic institutions. The study aims to highlight the scale of the phenomenon in the Italian-Americans economic relations after World War II, the characteristics of firms with immigrant entrepreneurs, as well as the relationship between immigrant entrepreneurship and entrepreneur training. Even though the two authors share the article’s setting, please note that introduction and paragraph 1 are by Vittoria Ferrandino and paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 are by Valentina Sgro. Both of the authors wrote the conclusions.
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Embiricos, Alexandra. "From Refugee to Entrepreneur? Challenges to Refugee Self-reliance in Berlin, Germany." Journal of Refugee Studies 33, no. 1 (2020): 245–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez073.
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Abstract The years following the so-called ‘refugee crisis’ of 2015 saw unprecedented efforts to promote the social and economic inclusion of refugees and asylum seekers. Entrepreneurship has been praised as a promising route to refugee self-reliance, but its viability remains contested and under-researched in developed economies such as Germany. Limited literature on the topic suggests entrepreneurship is a useful route to self-sufficiency, although refugees face more barriers than other immigrant entrepreneurs, such as language barriers and bureaucratic processes. This article uses semi-structured interviews with refugee entrepreneurs, civil society, social enterprises and the public sector to identify the main challenges for refugee entrepreneurs and to examine whether entrepreneurship is effective for achieving self-reliance in one of the most important centres for creating innovative projects supporting refugee inclusion and entrepreneurship, namely Berlin. Though it is too early to demonstrate whether entrepreneurship has long-term economic gains, this research shows that entrepreneurship is not a ‘fast track’ to economic self-reliance, but has several benefits for social inclusion. It also demonstrates the importance of holistic support systems for refugee entrepreneurs and the difficulty of refugee entrepreneurial success even in the most developed economies.
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Rahman, Md Mizanur, Ali A. Hadi Alshawi, and Mehedi Hasan. "Entrepreneurship in Ethnic Enterprises: The Making of New Immigrant Businesses in New York." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (2021): 11183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011183.
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Research on ethnic entrepreneurship has generated substantial literature on the development of ethnic businesses among different immigrant groups in North America. Such studies tend to focus on the emergence of immigrant entrepreneurship among earlier immigrant groups by highlighting either the group characteristics or the opportunity structure. Existing studies also tend to overlook the importance of innovation in immigrants’ small businesses due to the marginality of immigrant businesses. Thus, there is a dearth of research on new immigrant communities in the USA that illuminates immigrants’ innovative practices. Drawing on the experiences of 50 Bangladeshi entrepreneurs in New York, this research examined how this emerging immigrant group transformed into immigrant entrepreneurs through the investigation of their innovative practices in small business. This paper determined that immigrant entrepreneurs are embedded within the dynamics of the immigration trajectory and the broader context of American society. Although these new immigrants were driven towards the lower end of the economy, this study found that innovations have expanded the breadth and depth of their businesses and made their businesses different and rewarding.
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Kalitanyi, Vivence. "African immigrants in South Africa: Job takers or job creators?" South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 13, no. 4 (2010): 376–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v13i4.91.
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During the last decade African immigrants have been met with and exposed to severe forms of hostility towards their presence in this country. A significant number of these migrants have successfully applied their entrepreneurial flair in establishing small enterprises and employing workers, often to the envy of their local counterparts. This paper presents the findings of an empirical study conducted in 2007 on job creation by African immigrant entrepreneurs for South Africans with face-to-face interviews with 120 African immigrant entrepreneurs. These findings were triangulated 7 non-governmental organisations that interact with immigrants in Cape Town. A review of the literature on migration, entrepreneurship and immigrant entrepreneurs formed the basis for the study The findings indicate that more than 80% of African immigrant entrepreneurs interviewed employ South Africans in their businesses. Despite a generally negative national perception towards immigrants, this study has also revealed that entrepreneurial skills are transferred from immigrant entrepreneurs to their South African employees. Whilst the study was only conducted in the suburban areas of Cape Town, the researcher believes that the results represent the general trend for South Africa. Furthermore, the study only involved those migrants who come from African continent. The overall result is the acknowledgement of the contribution that non-citizens are making to the country’s growth and development. The findings suggest recommendations geared towards policy changes regarding South African immigration law, an inclusive research about the role of immigrants on job creation in South Africa, as well as the consideration of immigrant entrepreneurs when allocating financial support.
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Kremel, Anna. "Fulfilling the need of business advisory services among Swedish immigrant entrepreneurs." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 5, no. 3 (2016): 343–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jepp-03-2015-0017.
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Purpose Taking the entrepreneur’s perspective and a broad view of business advisory services, the purpose of this paper is to examine to what degree the need of business advisory services among Swedish start-ups, first-generation immigrants compared to non-immigrants, is fulfilled. Design/methodology/approach The sample data consist of a unique and comprehensive firm-level database and contain telephone interviews with 2,800 Swedish start-up entrepreneurs. The study examines 20 different kinds of business advice services, in terms of both need and use. Statistical methods such as Mann-Whitney test and regression analysis are used while controlling for entrepreneurial characteristics. Findings The findings suggest that immigrants’ compared to non-immigrants’ need for business advisory service was not fulfilled. Of the 20 different business advices, ten were fulfilled and ten were not fulfilled. Both strategic advice and operational advice were fulfilled as well as unfulfilled. Apart from ethnicity, other variables did influence the need of business advisory services. Research limitations/implications The author was not able to make comparisons between different immigrant groups. Practical implications This study offers an explorative approach that contributes on how business advisory services are differentially tailored between start-ups by immigrants and those by non-immigrants. It illustrates to what extent public- and/or private-funded organizations contribute to fulfilment of the needs of immigrant and non-immigrant start-ups. Originality/value Few studies take the entrepreneur’s perspective and from such a perspective examine the fulfilment of needs of advice regarding both private and public organizations role in the area. Both the need and the use of business advisory services are studied as well as the kind of business advice that is needed.
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Curry, Ramona. "Benjamin Brodsky (1877-1960): The Trans-Pacific American Film Entrepreneur – Part One, Making A Trip Thru China." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 18, no. 1 (2011): 58–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187656111x582090.
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AbstractAuthoritative statements have long credited the elusive American immigrant entrepreneur Benjamin Brodsky (1877-1960) with founding film production companies in Shanghai and Hong Kong as early as 1909 and initiating filmmaking collaborations with local Chinese. Yet those histories prove on close examination to consist mostly of sketchy assertions offered without clear evidence. This essay draws on original archival research and recent work of scholars in Hong Kong, Europe, and Japan to reframe the historical narrative, dating most developments a few years later while revealing fresh aspects of Brodsky's trans-Pacific operations and high-level Chinese involvement. The new findings have intriguing implications for our understanding of early twentieth-century trans-Pacific cultural associations as well as Chinese cinema. Part One of this article reconstructs Brodsky's early career and reveals new evidence of his interactions with Chinese returned students and government officials, with a focus on the production in China of Brodsky's feature-length travel documentary A Trip Thru China (1916).
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MILNER, ANTHONY. "Wong Ah Fook: Immigrant, builder and entrepreneur. By P. LIM PUI HUEN. Singapore: Times Editions, 2002. Pp. 185. Illustrations." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 35, no. 2 (2004): 372–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463404320187.
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Awotoye, Yemisi Freda, and Robert P. Singh. "Immigrant entrepreneurs in the USA." New England Journal of Entrepreneurship 21, no. 2 (2018): 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/neje-08-2018-0017.
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Purpose Given the growing number of immigrant entrepreneurs in the USA, the purpose of this paper is to better understand the behaviors of this subgroup of entrepreneurs. Specifically, the paper aims to understand the unique challenges faced by immigrant entrepreneurs and how environmental challenges affect decisions to grow or abandon their ventures. Design/methodology/approach To make the theoretical arguments in this conceptual paper, the authors draw on the theory of planned behavior developed by Ajzen (1985), which suggests that a person’s behavior is predicted by their intention, and intentions are predicted by one’s attitudes, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control. Findings The paper provides theoretical insights on the effect of demands of immigration on the intentions of immigrant entrepreneurs to engage in three specific entrepreneurial behaviors: new venture formation, growth and abandonment. The authors propose that immigrant entrepreneurs deal with increased stress yet continue to maintain higher intentions to found new ventures compared to non-immigrants. Contrastingly, the authors also propose that the stress and obstacles immigrant entrepreneurs face reduce their intentions to grow their firms and increase their intentions to abandon their firms. The authors also explore entrepreneurial resilience as a possible moderating factor between stress and entrepreneurial intentions of immigrant entrepreneurs. Research limitations/implications First, the authors do not distinguish between immigrants from different nations or parts of the world or having different backgrounds. Second, the authors do not fully develop or incorporate the element of coping. Also, our paper is limited to behaviors of immigrant entrepreneurs with micro- and small-businesses. Practical implications Venture capitalists could benefit from empirical results of these propositions as funding decisions may need to include consideration of the proposed effects of stress and demands of immigration. Originality/value This paper meets an identified need to examine the effects of immigrant-specific issues such as the demands of immigration on the behaviors of this growing group of entrepreneurs.
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Kazlou, Aliaksei, and Martin Klinthall. "Entrepreneurial response to changing opportunity structures." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 25, no. 5 (2019): 859–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-02-2018-0090.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse how the introduction of a liberalised regime for labour immigration in Sweden affected the self-selection of new immigrant entrepreneurs and to what extent the changes in entrepreneurial income among new immigrants was due to self-selection or to a changing business environment. Design/methodology/approach Based on rich microdata from Swedish administrative registers, this paper investigates how incomes changed during the years before and after the migration policy reform. By decomposing the income differential of new immigrant entrepreneurs arriving before and after the reform, this study estimates the contribution of a changed composition of migrants to the changing entrepreneurial income. Findings Entrepreneurial income among self-employed new immigrants improved after the reform, narrowing the immigrant–native income gap, while among employees, the income gap remained during the whole period of the study. Out of the total 10.9 per cent increase in log income, the authors find that 2.7 per cent was due to selectivity, i.e., changing characteristics of new immigrant entrepreneurs. The remaining 8.2 per cent was due to increased returns to characteristics, i.e., the characteristics of new immigrant entrepreneurs were better rewarded in the markets in the latter period. Hence, increases in entrepreneurial income among new immigrants were due both to self-selection and changes in the business environment. Practical implications The authors find that the migration policy reform had the effect of attracting successful immigrant entrepreneurs. Hence, the findings have implications for migration policy as well as for growth and employment policy. Originality/value This paper reveals a positive trend regarding income from the entrepreneurship of new immigrants after the liberalisation of labour immigration policy in Sweden. Theoretically and methodologically, the authors combine self-selection theory and the mixed-embeddedness perspective in a novel way, using rich data and a quantitative approach.
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Rahman, Md Mizanur. "Development of Bangladeshi immigrant entrepreneurship in Canada." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 27, no. 4 (2018): 404–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196818810096.
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Canada has developed a comprehensive immigration policy to accept different types of immigrants under its economic, family and humanitarian immigration categories. Canada invites over a quarter-million immigrants in a year. Many of these immigrants do not find suitable jobs upon arrival in Canada. Some of these immigrants choose to open their own businesses and eventually become entrepreneurs. Drawing on the experiences of Bangladeshi immigrants in Canada, this paper examines how immigrants reposition themselves to become immigrant entrepreneurs in the settlement process. Findings suggest that immigrant entrepreneurship is embedded within the dynamics of immigration trajectory and the broader context of the receiving society. Even though Bangladeshis are driven toward the lower end of the economy, innovations have expanded the breadth and depth of their businesses and made their businesses different and rewarding.
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Chababi, Maria, Samia Chreim, and Martine Spence. "Are They Really Different: The Entrepreneurial Process from the Perspective of First and Second Generation Immigrant Entrepreneurs." Journal of Enterprising Culture 25, no. 03 (2017): 263–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495817500108.
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There is limited research on similarities and differences in entrepreneurial experiences of first and second generation immigrant entrepreneurs. Using in-depth interviews with Lebanese entrepreneurs in two Canadian cities, we analyze how entrepreneurs belonging to two different generations of immigrants experience and enact opportunity identification and assessment, and business development and operation. The analysis shows that first and second generation immigrant entrepreneurs diverge in their views of macro-institutional structures (such as regulation), risk, trust, and the role of divine providence in the entrepreneurial venture. The findings highlight the importance of understanding how first generation immigrant entrepreneurs’ past frames — developed in the pre-migration context — interact with the environment in the country of settlement in shaping entrepreneurial undertaking. The study also highlights second generation immigrant entrepreneurs’ perceived similarities to and differences from mainstream entrepreneurs. Implications for research and policy are addressed.
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Cruz, Eduardo Picanço, Roberto Pessoa Queiroz Falcao, and Cesar Ramos Barreto. "Exploring the evolution of ethnic entrepreneurship: the case of Brazilian immigrants in Florida." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 24, no. 5 (2018): 971–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-08-2016-0239.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze Brazilian entrepreneurial communities in Florida, through the capitals theory approach. Design/methodology/approach By adopting a comparative case study approach, the researchers conducted 80 in-depth interviews with Brazilian entrepreneurs in two different communities – Pompano Beach (Miami area) and Orlando, Florida. Data triangulation was performed through interviews with community stakeholders, secondary sources of data and surveys. Findings Authors propose a framework of 27 contexts, based on immigrant entrepreneurs’ capital provisions. Evidence points to different evolutionary paths of the two communities of Brazilian immigrants that were compared. Some of these contexts were found in other ethnicities from extant literature, which shows that it might be generalizable to other cases. Research limitations/implications The limitations relate to the fact that the comparative study was conducted in one ethnic group. Nevertheless, the paper brings insights to support future studies on immigrant and ethnic entrepreneurship as a building block for future comparative studies on other immigrant communities. Practical implications The work presents a guideline for future entrepreneurs in Florida. Social implications Implications of practice will arise after further studies in the contexts of economic, human and social capital. The cases of successful immigrant communities enlightened by the capitals theory might be useful to newly born ethnic enclaves. Originality/value The originality of the paper lies on the comparison of two entrepreneurial communities of the same ethnicity in Florida, showing different behaviors due to the internal and environmental factors. Moreover, the Brazilian entrepreneur’s particularities add up to the general theory of immigrant or ethnic entrepreneurship.
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Gorby, William. "The Making of an American: The Autobiography of a Hungarian Immigrant, Appalachian Entrepreneur, and OSS Officer ed. by Martin Himler." West Virginia History: A Journal of Regional Studies 14, no. 1 (2020): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wvh.2020.0003.
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SEQUEIRA, JENNIFER M., and ABDUL A. RASHEED. "START-UP AND GROWTH OF IMMIGRANT SMALL BUSINESSES: THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL AND HUMAN CAPITAL." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 11, no. 04 (2006): 357–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946706000490.
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Networks, and their resulting social capital, can be key determinants of successful business start-up for immigrant entrepreneurs. Historically, immigrants have settled in communities characterized by networks that consist of strong ties. Network theory suggests that in addition to strong ties, success also requires the development of weak ties. In this paper, we develop a model of the relationships between strong and weak ties, and the likelihood of a business start-up and its subsequent growth. We also specifically consider the moderating effect of the entrepreneur's human capital in these relationships. Based on this model, we derive a number of theoretical propositions.
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WAH, TATIANA. "THE ESSENTIAL STRUCTURE OF AFRO-CARIBBEAN IMMIGRANT ENTERPRISE VIABILITY: VIEWS FROM LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PRACTITIONERS AND IMPLICATIONS." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 13, no. 04 (2008): 463–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946708001083.
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This paper explores the phenomenon of Afro-Caribbean immigrant enterprise viability in two US counties heavily populated by Afro-Caribbean immigrants: Kings (Brooklyn), New York, and Miami-Dade, Florida. It aims to construct an understanding of enterprise viability as it is understood by local economic development agency (LEDA) directors by examining the meanings of their experiences and interactions with this particular group of immigrants. It posits that objectively studying empirical indicators of enterprise viability only from the scholar's or entrepreneur's perspective would not get at the essential structure of enterprise viability as experienced by providers of enterprise development services. Examining the meaning providers ascribe to their experiences lends to better understanding of how potentials and challenges to enterprise viability manifest on the ground. Opportunities, challenges, expectations and unmet needs are exposed. Progress can then be made to provide immigrant entrepreneurs with the quality of programs and policy that can make them viable. Findings suggest that understanding the "American system" and learning and applying basic modern business functions are essential elements in enterprise development and viability. Professionalization, formalization, and systematization effectuate migration from periphery to mainstream.
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HALKIAS, DAPHNE, NICHOLAS HARKIOLAKIS, PAUL THURMAN, et al. "ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ALBANIAN IMMIGRANT ENTREPRENEURS IN GREECE." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 14, no. 02 (2009): 143–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s108494670900120x.
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Greece has experienced rapid growth in immigrant and refugee populations since 1990. Although most are immigrants from Albania and throughout the Balkan region, some immigrant and refugee groups arriving in Greece also come from the former Soviet Union, Southeast Asia and Africa. Some of these newcomers have started small businesses in their quest to become economically self-sufficient, serve the consumer needs of fellow newcomers, and integrate into community life. The purpose of this research is two-fold: to review the extant literature on social and economic factors influencing immigrant entrepreneurship in Greece, and to determine characteristics and business profiles of Albanian immigrant-owned small businesses within the municipality of Attiki — the location of Athens, Greece's capital city and largest urban center.
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Khosa, Risimati Maurice, and Vivence Kalitanyi. "Migration reasons, traits and entrepreneurial motivation of African immigrant entrepreneurs." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 9, no. 2 (2015): 132–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-07-2014-0011.
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Purpose – This paper aims to investigate migration reasons, traits and entrepreneurial motivation of African immigrant entrepreneurs in Cape Town, South Africa, as there is limited research on immigrant entrepreneurship in South Africa. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical research was conducted under mixed methods paradigm where primary data were gathered from a sample of 93 participants using the convenience sampling technique. Data were gathered through a survey of 72 semi-structured personal interviews and 21 self-administered questionnaires and analysed using SPSS version 21. Findings – The empirical research unveiled that immigrant entrepreneurs migrate into South Africa for different reasons: political instability and economic reasons were the chief reasons for migration. Immigrants engage into necessity entrepreneurship as a need to survive in the host country and to confront discrimination in the job market. Therefore, immigrant entrepreneurs in Cape Town are pushed, rather than pulled, towards entrepreneurship. Practical implications – This paper also suggests further research that will evaluate education levels of immigrant entrepreneurs in South Africa, as there is a controversy about the education levels of immigrant entrepreneurs. Social implications – South Africans need to understand that African foreign entrepreneurs are job creators rather than job takers and to be aware of the skills brought into the country by these entrepreneurs. Accordingly, the current study contributes to peaceful cohabitation between South Africans and African foreign entrepreneurs. Originality/value – This paper provides an empirical analysis of migration reasons, traits and entrepreneurial motivation of African immigrant entrepreneurs in South Africa and also provides an entrepreneurial migration progression.
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KERR, GERRY, FRANCINE SCHLOSSER, and MATIAS GOLOB. "LEISURE ACTIVITIES AND SOCIAL CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT BY IMMIGRANT SERIAL/PORTFOLIO AND LIFESTYLE ENTREPRENEURS." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 22, no. 04 (2017): 1750026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946717500261.
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We examine the creation of social capital by serial/portfolio and lifestyle immigrant entrepreneurs through ethnic and sports associations. Interviews with 24 self-employed immigrants to Canada form the basis of a grounded model. Serial/portfolio and lifestyle immigrant entrepreneurs appear to harness ethnic and sports associations through similar means, but it is the speed and intensity with which they combine their activities — and the goals they pursue — that mark their differences. Serial/portfolio entrepreneurs intertwine a denser set of activities more actively to support business generation, resulting in a more diverse matrix of social capital.
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Duan, Carson, Kamaljeet Sandhu, and Bernice Kotey. "Understanding immigrant entrepreneurship: a home-country entrepreneurial ecosystem perspective." New England Journal of Entrepreneurship 24, no. 1 (2021): 2–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/neje-05-2020-0013.
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PurposeGiven the importance of immigration and immigrant entrepreneurs in advanced economies, the authors take an entrepreneurial ecosystem perspective to study the home-country benefits possessed by immigrant entrepreneurs and how home-country entrepreneurial ecosystem factors affect immigrant entrepreneurial motivations, activities and outcomes.Design/methodology/approachThis conceptual research paper follows McGaghie, Bordage and Shea's (2001) four-step new theory creation process, which suggests that new theories can be created through facts extraction from the extant literature.FindingsThe authors propose that although immigrant entrepreneurs are unable to take full benefit of the host-country entrepreneurial ecosystem due to blocked mobility, they do have capabilities to access and use their home-country entrepreneurial resources and opportunities. The authors further propose that home-country entrepreneurial capital can be systemically analyzed through the framework of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. The results imply that immigrant entrepreneurship as a social and economic phenomenon can be studied more holistically from both host- and home-country perspectives compared to the traditional research boundary of the host-country only.Research limitations/implicationsThe research focuses on the identification of home-country effects on immigrant entrepreneurship through the lens of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Testable propositions provide directions for future empirical research on the field of immigrant entrepreneurship from a home-country perspective. The research concludes that a holistic immigrant entrepreneurship study should consider dual (host- and home-country) entrepreneurial ecosystems.Practical implicationsImmigrant entrepreneurs benefit from both host- and home-country entrepreneurial ecosystems. This paper suggests co-effects of dual entrepreneurial ecosystems lead to a high rate of entrepreneurship and business success within some immigrant groups. Policymakers can increase economic activities by developing and deploying programs to encourage immigrants to embed in host- and home-country entrepreneurial ecosystems.Originality/valueBased on the framework of the entrepreneurial ecosystem, this paper brings a novel perspective to examining home-country effects on immigrant entrepreneurship. It theoretically conceptualizes that immigrants have higher entrepreneurship rates than native-born populations because they have access to extra home-country entrepreneurial capital.
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Somashekhar, Mahesh. "Neither Here nor There? How the New Geography of Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurship Disadvantages African Americans." Social Problems 66, no. 3 (2018): 373–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spy010.
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AbstractRecent research shows that the foreign born utilize both local and long-distance social relationships to become entrepreneurs, affecting immigrants’ chances at upward mobility and their contributions to economic development. Scholars have yet to assess how African American entrepreneurs take part in similar types of geographically dispersed business communities. Using multi-level social network analyses and OLS regressions to compare the geography of buyer-supplier ties originating from one immigrant neighborhood and one African American neighborhood in Chicago, this article highlights a unique mechanism that places African Americans at a disadvantage compared to immigrants: a lack of geographic diversity in African American social capital. Immigrant entrepreneurs’ social networks, unlike African Americans’ networks, connect the foreign born to more people in different places, enabling them to circumvent the limitations of their local communities and accrue more business assets. Contrary to existing research, many foreign-born business owners in this study relied on intra-national rather than local or transnational social ties. These findings challenge researchers to reevaluate the geographic foundations of immigrant and African American entrepreneurship and reexamine how ethnic minority entrepreneurship affects patterns of social stratification and economic development.
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Shneikat, Belal, Emete Toros, and Hamed Ahmad Almahadin. "INTEGRATION OF BRITISH IMMIGRANTS INTO A SMALL ISLAND: THE ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 57, no. 5 (2022): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.57.5.2.
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This study aims to understand the role of entrepreneurship in helping British immigrant entrepreneurs to integrate into the socio-economic environment of a small island that suffers from political isolation and describe a relatively new idea on how entrepreneurship helps such immigrants from developed nations. Indeed, previous studies have discussed the role of entrepreneurship in helping immigrants from developing countries to integrate into the socio-economic fabric of developed countries. This research revealed the motivational factors of British immigrants to start their businesses in the food industry in North Cyprus, the role of experience in venturing, how they hire their staff, the role of entrepreneurship in forming social networks, developing their businesses, and more importantly, how it helped them integrate. The study is qualitative. The authors conducted twenty-three semi structured interviews with British Immigrants who invest in the food industry and live in the northern part of Cyprus. RQDA as one of the R Programming packages, was used to analyze the data. Results reveal that the motivational factors of British immigrant entrepreneurs cover the push and pull factors including experience, opportunity recognition and difficulty of finding a job. The findings also show that own savings and family capital were the main sources of initial capital. Results show that family members and personal knowledge are the two key sources of hiring employees. Neighbors and customers as friends were the top two social networks. Entrepreneurship helped British immigrant entrepreneurs to establish their social network and integrate into the socio-economic environment of North Cyprus. Discussions, implications and future studies are presented.
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Jagganath, Gerelene. "Food Entrepreneurship Among Immigrant Nigerians in Durban, KwaZulu Natal." Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man 19, no. 2 (2019): 190–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972558x19858567.
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Anthropologists recognize that food eaten not only sustains the body but also affects and is affected by the social, economic, and political world in which it is selected, prepared, and consumed ( Appadurai, 1981 ; Bourdieu, 1984 ; Van der Veen, 2003 ). The consumption of food, in particular, is integral to the creation and negotiation of social identities and relationships, particularly within the context of migration and diaspora. This article is based on a study of 8 Nigerian immigrant entrepreneurs in the informal and small enterprise economy in the city of Durban in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. The ethnographic study uses narratives around the business of food (cooking, selling, and catering) as a lens through which it attempts to understand the perceptions, activities, experiences, and challenges immigrant entrepreneurs’ face in adapting and integrating into South African society. Part of the adjustment that immigrants’ encounter includes adopting new ingredients and cuisines into their diet because familiar or traditional foodstuffs from the homeland are not available in the new context. It is within this scarcity of accessing Nigerian food that the women in the sample have found a niche in which to survive and empower themselves in Durban. By relating their experiences of cooking, selling, and distributing traditional Nigerian food and groceries, the embodied experience of immigrant entrepreneurial activity is explored. The small sample consists mainly of female Nigerian immigrants and a few male immigrants who hail from different regional, educational, and migration backgrounds. The article contextualizes the food entrepreneurs within the larger context of a tense local climate of xenophobia which has impacted immigrant business trade and the growing negative sentiment that immigrants from countries to the north of South African borders are usurping South Africans’ job opportunities. Through in-depth interviews and participant observation, the voices of the participants are foregrounded to provide some insight into the foodways and food enterprises of a group of Nigerian immigrants living in Durban.
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Munkejord, Mai Camilla. "Immigrant entrepreneurship contextualised." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 11, no. 2 (2017): 258–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-05-2015-0029.
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Purpose This paper aims to address the rural and gender gaps in the immigrant entrepreneurship literature by exploring the start-up stories of 18 female immigrants who currently run a business in northernmost Norway. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on a qualitative fieldwork including business visits and in-depth interviews. The transcripts from the interviews were analysed using a constructivist grounded theory (CGT) approach. Findings Four modes of entry to entrepreneurship were identified: entrepreneurship as a way out of unemployment; entrepreneurship as a means to avoid underemployment, entrepreneurship as a means to live in a region of perceived attraction; and entrepreneurship as a preferred choice for women in satisfactory wage labour. In addition, the paper reveals the importance of family support and of spatial embeddedness among immigrant entrepreneurs living in a rural context. Practical implications This study notes that the modes of entry to rural immigrant entrepreneurship are diverse, but that they are often partly related to the pursuit of an initial feeling of belonging in the new region of settlement. Hence, developing the knowledge of how to not only attract but also retain and increase the feeling of local belonging of immigrants may be important for many rural regions in the Western world. This is because rural immigrants not only represent a much needed in-flow of younger people in a typically decreasing and ageing population but also entail cultural variation and job creation, thus contributing to place development. Social implications The paper argues for the importance of considering immigrant entrepreneurs as significant actors of rural development. Originality/value While immigrant entrepreneurship has emerged as an important field of study, it has been criticised for focusing predominantly on men and for neglecting contextual variations in the analysis. The rural context especially has been largely omitted. By focusing on female immigrants having established a business in a rural context, the paper adds to the literature, firstly, by highlighting the experiences of female immigrant entrepreneurs. Secondly, it reveals that rural immigrant entrepreneurship cannot be conceived in terms of “ethnic resources” or “enclave economy” that are often central explanatory dimensions in megacity studies. Thirdly, it argues for the importance of considering both the spatial as well as the family contexts in the author’s theoretical conceptualizations of the (immigrant) entrepreneurial start-up phase.
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Hack-Polay, Dieu, Justice Tenna Ogbaburu, Mahfuzur Rahman, and Ali B. Mahmoud. "Immigrant entrepreneurs in rural England – An examination of the socio- cultural barriers facing migrant small businesses in Lincolnshire." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 35, no. 7 (2020): 676–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269094220988852.
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A growing body of literature recognises the crucial role played by immigrant entrepreneurs. However, certain socio-cultural barriers adversely affect their businesses in rural areas. Thus, this article examines the socio-cultural barriers facing immigrant entrepreneurs in Lincolnshire. Eleven semi-structured interviews were held with businesses owned by immigrants from diverse ethnic backgrounds. The findings identified migrant ethnocentrism, stereotypes, cultural differences and language differences as key socio-cultural barriers adversely affecting immigrant businesses in Lincolnshire. The research found that immigrant enterprises experienced growth issues, not just owing to the size of the market but also due to issues of embeddedness in the socio-economic nomenclature. The study found mixed embeddedness to be key to immigrant entrepreneurial success. This involves immigrant adaptation to develop relational embeddedness with the hosts, involvement with its social, structural and institutional frameworks. The study contributes to our understanding of the role of social, relational, structural and institutional embeddedness in steering fertile approaches to immigrant entrepreneurship in rural England which has been under-researched.
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de la Torre, Genoveva Millán Vázquez, Virginia Navajas-Romero, and Ricardo Hernández Rojas. "Analysis of the Entrepreneurial Immigrant Profile in Spain." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 10, no. 1 (2019): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2019-0010.
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Abstract Although the immigrant population in Spain has decreased due to the economic crisis of the past five years, few studies have analysed this group. The objective of this research has been to profile the immigrant who decides to start a business in Spain. In order to learn about the probability of immigrant workers being entrepreneurs as a function of their socio-demographic characteristics, data from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics from 2005 to 2016 have been analysed and fieldwork carried out during August and September 2016 on immigrants who are self-employed. The results show a lower rate of entrepreneurship in the immigrant population vis-a-vis the native population and the fact that creating their own business begins at an earlier age for immigrants when compared to the national average.
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Zhang, Zhen, and Douglas Chun. "Becoming entrepreneurs: how immigrants developed entrepreneurial identities." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 24, no. 5 (2018): 947–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-07-2016-0214.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the important process of how entrepreneurial identity is formed and constructed, with the perspective that entrepreneurial identity is social and dynamic, constantly shaped by various life episodes and human interactions, rather than static and unchanging. Design/methodology/approach This qualitative study comprises 30 in-depth interviews with Chinese immigrants in West Canada. These immigrants had been employed professionals under the “Skilled Workers” immigration category but later became entrepreneurs. None of the entrepreneurs in this study had prior business ownership experience, and many of them said that they had never thought about running businesses until they came to Canada. Findings A process model of entrepreneurial identity construction is presented. This paper advances the literature on entrepreneurship through the identification of three stages in the development of entrepreneurial identity: identity exploration, entrepreneurial mindsets building, and narrative development. Originality/value This study has important implications for the understanding of the exploratory and discovery mode of entrepreneurial identity construction. This study also moves away from the contextual and structural hypotheses as the sole explanations for the high rate of self-employment among immigrant entrepreneurs, and provides a useful starting point for a deeper understanding of the agency of immigrant entrepreneurs.
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Bearse, Peter. "Immigrant Entrepreneurs." Science 236, no. 4807 (1987): 1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.236.4807.1412.b.
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BEARSE, P. "Immigrant Entrepreneurs." Science 236, no. 4807 (1987): 1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.236.4807.1412-a.
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