Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Immigrants’ descendants'

The migrant mortality advantage posits that immigrants have low mortality relative to non-migrants living in western countries, even among immigrants with a low socioeconomic status. Over time, the advantage is said to diminish as mortality among immigrants attenuates to the higher mortality rate among the host population. Among the descendants of immigrants, this mortality advantage can persist, wear off or even reverse. While immigrant mortality has been studied before in the U.S. and Europe, the actuality of the migrant mortality advantage remains contested and its causes (selection effects, cultural factors and the immigrant health transition) poorly understood. This is because two confounding factors exist which are rarely accounted for in studies. Registration uncertainty relates to the accuracy and timeliness of move reporting, stating that uncertainty in migrants’ entry and exits dates lead to overestimation of migrants’ time-at-risk in the host country. Health-related remigrations include returns to the country of origin at older ages which reflect a desire to die in the place of birth (a salmon bias effect) and at younger ages based on poorer general health (an unhealthy remigration effect). This can lead to an undercount of deaths in the host country statistics. Both of these confounding factors can cause a downward bias in migrant mortality rates, creating artificially low mortality and a data artefact. The aims of this thesis are to examine mortality patterns, and investigate the cause of mortality differences, between immigrants, their descendants and England and Wales-born population. The thesis makes several contributions to the literature. First, by adopting a rounded approach to the study of immigrant mortality through explicitly modelling the impact of registration uncertainty and investigating if immigrants remigrate in poor health from England and Wales, the research will show whether the migrant mortality advantage is an actuality or a data artefact. If the advantage is shown to be real, and registration uncertainty and health-related remigration can be dismissed as confounding causes, this will reduce much of the uncertainty surrounding the causes of the advantage. Second, the analysis of migrant mortality by sex, cause of death, generation, over age (as a proxy for length of stay) and migrants’ socioeconomic characteristics will significantly improve our understanding of the remaining causes of the migrant mortality advantage. There are few large-scale, robust international studies of immigrant mortality. This thesis thus offers a significant contribution to the international literature in a growing field of research. The analysis shows that the migrant mortality advantage cannot be accounted for by uncertainty in the registration of events and little support was found for health-related remigration among immigrants living in England and Wales. The migrant mortality advantage is an actuality and we can be confident that some combination of the healthy migrant effect, cultural factors and health transition explain the advantage. Low immigrant mortality (in nearly all groups after adjusting for socioeconomic characteristics) is driven primarily by low mortality from cancers (and in some populations from low cardiovascular disease mortality). Among many immigrant groups, low mortality coexists with low respiratory disease mortality and, among non-western immigrants, high infectious disease mortality. Low mortality among immigrants does wear off over time, but even at older ages some groups still have low mortality relative to non-migrants living in England and Wales. The descendants of immigrants do not experience a mortality advantage. They have higher mortality both before and after adjusting for their socioeconomic characteristics relative to immigrants and only similar mortality to the England and Wales-born population.

The topic of this thesis is the identity formation of descendants of Eritrean immigrants in Sweden. The aim of this research was to understand how descendants of Eritrean immigrants have adapted to the Swedish society and how this has contributed to who they are and what this means for their future based on the process of social identity theory. The research sought to answer the following questions (1) How descendants of Eritrean immigrants identify themselves, and (2) How they negotiate their Swedish and Eritrean identity by interviewing six interviewees. A qualitative approach was used in this study, and data were analyzed using social identity theory. The result of the study was that descendant immigrant identified with Swedish and Eritrean cultures. They also categorized themselves based on culture, language, and religion. Therefore, language, ethnicity, culture, and religion constitute identity formation of the descendants of Eritrean immigrants in Sweden.

La dispersion, définie comme le déplacement d'un individu entre le site de naissance et le site de reproduction, est un paramètre essentiel du fonctionnement des populations. Pour comprendre son évolution, il faut évaluer les coûts et les bénéfices de la dispersion. Pour cela j'ai comparé des individus immigrants (dispersants) et philomathiques (non dispersants) dans différentes populations de mésanges (parus sp. ). Le nombre d'immigrants recrutés dans la population est limité par le nombre de jeunes philopatriques et d'adultes résidents, suggérant que les immigrants sont dominés lors du recrutement et qu'un grand nombre d'entre eux n'accèdent pas à la reproduction. Une fois recrutés dans la population, immigrants et philopatriques continuent à différer sur de nombreux points: stratégie de reproduction, probabilité de survie, qualité des jeunes produits (poids et sexe) et probabilité de recrutement local des jeunes. Cependant les immigrants n'apparaissent ni moins bons, ni meilleurs que les philopatriques. Ainsi, les immigrants ne semblent pas de mauvaise qualité mais ne semblent pas non plus compenser leur handicap initial par un succès de reproduction élevé. Malgré le faible succès apparent de la dispersion chez les mésanges au moins la moitie des individus se dispersent. Je propose trois scénarios pour expliquer ce paradoxe dans le cadre de la théorie des jeux (stratégie évolutivement stable): la dispersion bénéficie aux parents qui dispersent leurs jeunes plutôt qu'à l'individu qui se disperse ; la dispersion est un sous-produit de stratégies d'accès à un territoire ; le coût de la philopatrie est très important (défense de territoire) si bien que la proportion évolutivement stable de philopatriques est relativement faible

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Mar. 27, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Sociology." Discipline: Sociology; Department/School: Sociology.

Within migration studies, the concept of identity has come to play a significant role in both immigrants’ and the descendants’ lives. The aim of this paper is to get more in-depth knowledge of how the Lebanese community construct their identity in Sweden by focusing on Scania region. This is done by analysing their self-identification, ethnic identity, cultural identity and how they feel they are perceived by the mainstream society. This qualitative study is based on six semi-structured interviews with first-generation Lebanese immigrants who came to Sweden in the 1980s because of the civil war in Lebanon. In addition, six semi-structured interviews with the descendants who are born in Sweden to two Lebanese parents. The results of the study show that the first-generation immigrants have a strong sense of being Lebanese. However, the descendants have developed a bicultural identity that is context dependent.

Les discriminations se sont finalement imposées comme l’un des mécanismes de production des inégalités qui jalonnent la société française et participent à la constitution de groupes de populations minorisés. Cette thèse aborde la question de la perception, de l’identification et de la dénonciation des discriminations racistes et sexistes sous un angle méthodologique à partir des données de l’enquête Trajectoires et Origines (TeO). Il n’existe pas de correspondance automatique entre les discriminations telles qu’elles se produisent et leurs déclarations. Cette thèse invalide les soupçons de sur déclaration des discriminations racistes qu’implique leur enregistrement massif et confirme l’existence d’une sous-déclaration des discriminations sexistes qui les fait apparaître comme un phénomène marginal. L’enquête TeO parvient à contourner les obstacles qui limitent les déclarations de discriminations racistes que sont le doute, le rejet d’un positionnement victimaire, la valorisation du mérite, la résignation mais ne parvient pas à pallier les mécanismes qui inhibent les déclarations de discriminations sexistes. Le déficit de sensibilisation des femmes, le discrédit du féminisme, leur intériorisation associée à leur caractère principalement systémique rendent les discriminations sexistes insaisissables. De plus, l’analyse intersectionnelle met au jour comment le croisement d’une situation de dominant liée au sexe à une situation de dominé liée à la prétendue race place les hommes racisés au cœur d’une intersection génératrice de tensions qui rendent les discriminations à leur encontre plus manifestes que celles subies par les femmes racisées
Discrimination has finally been acknowledged as one of the mechanisms behind the inequality that pervades French society and contributes to the formation of minoritized population groups. The present doctoral thesis explores the perception, identification and reporting of racial and sexist discrimination from a methodological perspective, drawing on data from the Trajectories and Origins (TeO) survey. There is no automatic correspondence between occurrences of discrimination and their reporting. This thesis refutes the suspicion that racial discrimination is over-reported, fed by the huge volume of recorded cases, and confirms the massive under-reporting of sexist discrimination, which makes it appear a marginal phenomenon. While the TeO survey successfully circumvented the obstacles that traditionally deter respondents from reporting racial discrimination, namely doubt, resignation, a refusal of victimhood and a belief in merit, it could not overcome the mechanisms that inhibit the reporting of sexist discrimination. The latter’s largely systemic nature has led to its internalization, while women’s lack of awareness and the discrediting of feminism in France have also helped to make sexist discrimination difficult – if not impossible to measure. Moreover, the use of an intersectional approach revealed that being dominant in relation to sex, but dominated with regard to so-called race, places racialized men at a tension-charged intersection that makes discrimination against them more visible than that experienced by racialized women

Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans le champ des études sur la réception d'une part et des travaux sur le rôle des médias dans l'émancipation des minorités. tel qu'on peut le retrouver dans un courant des Cultural studies d'autre part.D'un point de vue théorique, j'ai réalisé une revue des principaux travaux de réception avec une attention portée particulièrement à la notion de décodage et à la construction des identités. La démarche empirique m'a conduit auprès des immigrés subsahariens et leurs descendants en banlieue parisienne, impliqués dans un processus transculturel de construction de soi. Et je me suis notamment appuyé sur les récits de vie pour observer leur relation complexe avec les mass médias. D'une manière générale, l'image de l'immigré et de leurs descendants renvoyée par les contenus médiatiques comporte selon eux une forte charge négative par conséquent nuisible à leur expression citoyenne. Les attentes d'une meilleure représentativité ethnique sont fortes et à défaut d'une alliance avec les médias de masse dans leurs aspirations, internet et les réseaux sociaux semblent constituer aujourd'hui une alternative pertinente. Internet en tant que média leur apporte une meilleure offre en matière d'informations, de solutions de visibilité et surtout une interactivité qui fait d'eux des récepteurs complètement actifs. L'histoire de ces trajectoires existentielles interpelle en effet la société en général et les médias de masse en particulier sur la nécessité d'accompagner la construction des identités dans un monde en grande mutation
This thesis deals with the topic of reception studies on the one hand and works on the role of the media in the emancipation of minorities on the other hand. Cultural studies which conceive the uses of the media as spaces From a theoretical point of view, I have made a review of the main works on reception, with particular attention given to the notion of decoding and the construction of identity. The empirical approach led me to treat sub Saharan immigrants and their descendants in the Parisian suburbs involved in a transcultural process of self-construction. I notably relied on their life stories to observe their complex relationship with the mass media. In general, the image of the immigrants and their descendants reflected in the media includes a strong negative connotation which is, consequently, harmful to their expression as citizens. Expectations of a better ethnic representativeness are strong, and, lacking an alliance with the media in these expectations, the Internet and the social media seem to constitute today a relevant alternative. The Internet is a more useful tool for them in terms of information, solutions of visibility and is especially an interactivity which makes them active receptors.The story of these existential trajectories calls out to society in general and the media in particular on the necessity of accompanying the construction of identities in an ever-changing world

Nas últimas décadas, muito se tem revisto e estudado sobre a história das mulheres, todavia, apesar de inúmeros estudos sobre a mulher alemã do século XIX, pouco se analisa a respeito da mulher descendente alemã na atualidade, calcada nos saberes trazidos de seus antepassados. A presente dissertação procura lançar o desafio de rememorar e trazer a tona o cotidiano das mulheres da comunidade rural de Rio da Ilha, por intermédio da análise de entrevistas. Este estudo é de grande valia para os estudos históricos atuais, não só pelo fato de serem descendentes de uma etnia que contribuiu de maneira importante para desenvolvimento da região sul, mas também por revelarem informações sobre como as mulheres participaram do processo de apropriação e cultivo no meio rural entre os séculos XX e XXI e a preservação da cultura e dos costumes herdados dos primeiros imigrantes. Tem como referencial a discussão sobre as representações produzidas e difundidas pelas mulheres inseridas no contexto rural desta comunidade a partir de três focos centrais: trabalho, família e religiosidade.
In the last decades, much has been reviewed and studied about the history of women, however in spite of innumerable studies about the German woman of the 19th century, little has been analyzed with regard to the woman descendant of Germans in current times, rooted in the knowledge brought by her ancestors. This thesis seeks to lay out the challenge of remembering and bringing to light the daily life of the women in the rural community of Rio da Ilha through the analysis of interviews. This study is of great value for current historical studies, not just for the fact of being descendants of an ethnic group which contributed in a very important way to the development of the southern regions, but also because they reveal information about how the women participated in the process of appropriation and cultivation in the rural environment between the 20th and 21st centuries and about the preservation of the culture and customs inherited from the first immigrants. It has as a referential the discussion about the representations produced and divulged by the women inserted in the rural context of this community based on three central foci: work, family and religiosity.

La relation entre capital humain et employabilité bien que clairement démontré d'un point de vue théorique n'est cependant pas toujours vérifiée de façon empirique. On peut ainsi constater un paradoxe de l’éducation dans les pays MENA où le taux de chômage augmente avec le diplôme et où les taux d'activité et plus particulièrement les taux d'activité des femmes sont faibles. Nous cherchons donc, à travers trois études empiriques, à mettre en évidence les éléments pouvant contrarier cette relation entre accumulation du capital humain et employabilité. Nous portons tout d'abord notre attention sur la Tunisie et le Maroc où le taux de chômage des diplômés du supérieur est particulièrement important. Nous menons dans un premier temps une analyse macroéconomique concernant ces pays avant de mener une analyse microéconomique en nous focalisant sur la région de Marrakech-Tensift-Al Haouz où nous analysons la relation entre le niveau d’éducation et l’accès à un emploi rémunéré. Notre seconde étude se positionne sur le marché du travail français où nous analysons l’accès à l’emploi ainsi que le différentiel salarial afin de déterminer si l’existence de « discriminations » peut contrarier la relation entre capital humain et employabilité. Enfin, notre troisième étude complète notre précédente approche concernant l’accès à l’emploi en prenant en compte des parcours scolaires des jeunes et plus seulement de plus haut diplôme obtenu
The relationship between human capital and employability is clearly demonstrated by the review of the theoretical literature however, not always verified empirically. We can thus see a paradox of education in MENA countries where the unemployment rate increases with the degree and where participation rates and especially female activity rates are low. So we’re looking through three empirical studies to bring out the elements that can upset the relationship between accumulation of human capital and employability. First we bring your attention to Tunisia and Morocco where university graduates unemployment rate is particularly important. We lead initially macroeconomic analysis for these countries before leading a microeconomic analysis by focusing on the region of Marrakech-Tensift-Al Haouz where we analyze the relationship between the level of education and access to paid employment. Our second study is positioned on the French labor market where we analyze the access of employment and the wage differential to determine whether the existence of “discriminations” can upset the relationship between human capital and employability. Finally, our third full study our previous approach regarding access to employment, taking into account the educational pathways of young people and not the highest degree obtained

L’objet de notre recherche vise à identifier les chemins de l’émancipation individuelle desdescendantes sportives de migrants maghrébins habitantes de quartier populaire.Parler d’émancipation féminine dans un contexte d’héritage migratoire arabo-musulman suscite unrisque de lecture du processus au travers de catégories sociales ethnocentrées. Le premier travail a doncconsisté en une déconstruction des catégories sociales dominantes puis en une reconstruction de catégoriesd’intelligibilité du social afin de dépasser l’illusion de la relégation collective cumulée - sexuée, culturelle etsociale - des descendantes de migrants maghrébins et l’impasse pratique de l’injonction paradoxale de« fidélité versus rupture » vis-à-vis du système anthropologique arabo-musulman. Dès lors, notre lecturecompréhensive de l’engagement, minoritaire et innovant, des descendantes dans un loisir sportif, en tantqu’espace de tradition masculine impliquant particulièrement le corps, a permis d’appréhender les moteurs etmodalités d’une individualisation qui ne traduit pas une simple contestation pratique d’une tradition héritée.Cheminer vers la recherche des conditions de possibilité de leur expérience de loisir sportif et desimplications pratiques de cet engagement sur leur repositionnement dans divers rapports sociaux a exigé demobiliser une démarche de terrain enracinée. A l’issue d’une enquête quantitative basée sur un repéragepatronymique de la représentation des descendantes dans l’offre de loisir territorialisée d’un quartier bisontin,54 éclairages qualitatifs ont permis de recueillir la matière de cette recherche au fur et à mesure de 6 moisd’observation participante des loisirs sportifs sur le quartier.Nous avons constaté que les processus familiaux de transmissions mémorielles et culturelles –références sexuées et religieuses – sont les vecteurs d’une dynamique des générations source de changementsnégociés entre la génération des migrants et celle des descendants. Fonction des vécus pré et post-migratoires,ils conditionnent la définition de statuts féminins et masculins qui stimulent différentiellement tant la doubleinscription familiale et sociale que l’engagement dans des espaces et des pratiques renouvelés, dont le sport.Le statut du transmetteur, le genre de l’héritier, sa place dans la fratrie, la structuration de celle-ci définissentles conditions individualisées de transmission, mais aussi de réception, de ce fond commun familial. Dans unsystème d’échanges généralisés, les matrices de l’expérience, territoriale et scolaire, représentent alors uncontexte global de validation ou d’invalidation des stratégies éducatives parentales et définissent les conditionsde leur inflexion ou réorientation progressive. L’ensemble de ces transmissions et variables conduisent à desunivers des possibles sportifs fragmentés chez les descendantes de l’immigration maghrébine.Les implications de cet engagement en termes d’émancipation « en tant que descendantes del’immigration maghrébine dans un quartier populaire » ont alors été appréhendées du point de vue de leursexpériences, donc de ce qu’elles font et de ce qu’elles sont quand elles disent qu’elles sont émancipées. Lesbricolages situés ambivalents mis en place traduisent leur identification optionnelle fonction de la désignationincluse dans l’interaction, le moment et l’espace. Ils leur permettent de concilier leurs aspirations et référencescontradictoires, ainsi que les contraintes qui en découlent, et de re-prendre place simultanément dans lafiliation et la société au travers de processus pluriels d’autonomisation, d’individualisation, de distinction oud’autodétermination destinés à refuser les assignations
The aim of our study was to identify the forms that individual emancipation takes for the women froma disadvantaged neighborhood in a French city who are involved in sports and are the descendants of NorthAfrican immigrants.We are well aware that a study of female emancipation within the context of Arab-Muslimimmigration could run the risk of being ethnocentrically biased. To avoid this, our first task involved adeconstruction of the dominant social categories, followed by a reconstruction of scientifically-based socialcategories in order to break out of both the current collective gender, cultural and social exclusion of thefemale descendants of North African immigrants and of the impasse presented by the dictate of "loyalty orrupture" which exists in the Arab-Muslim anthropological system. Our comprehensive study of thecommitments, which are few in number and innovative, of the female descendants who participate in arecreational sport that involves the body and which is usually reserved for males, provides the drivers andconditions of an individualization that is not simply rebellion against an inherited tradition.In order to research the conditions under which the women experienced recreational sports and thepractical implications that this commitment had on their repositioning in social relationships, we usedgrounded theory methodology. We used patronymic tracking in a quantitative survey to obtain the percentageof female descendants participating in recreational sport offered in a neighborhood of Besançon, France, andthen we carried out 54 qualitative interviews. The research material was collected over a 6-month period ofon-site observation of recreational sports activities.We found that family processes of memory and cultural transmissions (gender and religiousreferences) are drivers of a generational dynamic: sources of changes negotiated between the generation ofimmigrants and that of the descendants. Based on pre-and post-immigration experiences, these processesdetermine the definition of female and male status, which stimulates in different ways family and socialpositions, as well as a new type of involvement with space and the new practices that accompany participationin sport. The status of the transmitter, the gender of the inheritor, her place among siblings, and thestructuration of her place define not only the individualized conditions of transmission, but also the conditionsof their reception into the common family background. In a generalized system of exchange, the matrices ofexperience (neighborhood and school environs) are representative of the over-all context of validation orinvalidation of parental educational strategies and define the conditions either for their acceptance or for theirgradual reorientation. All these types of transmissions and variables produce sport experiences that are variedand different for female descendants of North African immigrants. .The implications of this commitment to emancipation by the female descendants of North Africanimmigrants in a disadvantaged neighborhood are demonstrated in our study in terms of their experiences, i.e.,in what they do and what they are when they say they are emancipated. The resulting assemblage of varyingopposing and similar elements reflects their optional identification based on interactions, a particular time, andspace. It enables these women to reconcile their conflicting aspirations and references, and the resultingconstraints, and at the same time to take a new place in filiation and society via the multi-leveled process ofself-determination, individualization, distinguishing themselves from other women, and self-empowerment

As mutações da sociedade atual e a aceleração do tempo histórico levam a um impulso de coesão com e no passado, de arraigo às origens, buscando pistas de identidade contidas nesse passado coletivo. Os fenômenos da globalização parecem conduzir a uma necessidade de enraizamento e de continuidade; necessidades preenchidas pela memória. Esta, na perspectiva de Maurice Halbwachs, possui ao mesmo tempo um caráter individual e um coletivo, sendo, em parte, modelada pela família e pelos grupos sociais. Revela tanto aspectos da identidade pessoal como social e aponta qual lugar os indivíduos e os grupos ocupam na sociedade. A tradição judaica é a tradição da memória por excelência e a história do povo judeu ilustra os mecanismos da memória e da lembrança. Nesta tradição os rituais e os relatos são canais que transmitem a memória através dos tempos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar como membros e familiares de uma comunidade judaica vivem a memória coletiva e o que isso significa em suas vidas cotidianas, visando apreender o processo de construção da identidade individual. Entrevistamos 13 pessoas, de cinco famílias diferentes, descendentes de judeus que imigraram para o Brasil. O contato foi proporcionado pela Sociedade Israelita de Ribeirão Preto. Para entrevistar, utilizamos o método da história oral, uma narrativa linear e individual do que os participantes consideram significativo. Neste método, a memória é uma forma de evidência histórica e deve ser analisada como tal. Considerando que na memória as pessoas constroem um sentido do passado, a reflexão ocupa um lugar fundamental para a ressignificação deste passado recordado. As entrevistas, gravadas e transcritas, são apresentadas na íntegra. Os participantes são categorizados em grupos, por família e grau de parentesco. Família 1: Maria (filha), Fernando (neto) e Calebe (neto); Família 2: Patrícia (filha) e Iracy (neta); Família 3 : Antônio (filho), Josy (neta) e Alex (neto); Família 4: Vânia (filha) e Talita (neta); Família 5: Zélia (filha), Daniel (neto) e Raquel (neta). Os nomes são fictícios visando preservar sua identidade. Nas entrevistas notamos uma riqueza pela diversidade e semelhança: são pessoas da mesma família ou de famílias diferentes, que percebem e elaboram a experiência de suas famílias de modos distintos, particulares, complementares e às vezes parecidos, que enriquece a análise e favorece a reflexão, servindo de modelo para alguns aspectos da vida. Também percebemos um processo de construção da identidade: necessidade de contar ou silenciar; como enfrentam eventos traumáticos; como preservam ou não a religião e as tradições; as mudanças ao longo das gerações; a relação com o trabalho e o meio em que vivem; os valores herdados e transmitidos para as próximas gerações, entre outros aspectos que surgiram nas narrativas. O conceito de memória coletiva iluminou a maneira de olharmos para os participantes e seus relatos. Possibilitou que notássemos o que ficou do passado no grupo estudado e o que o grupo fez com o passado. Mais do que conclusões ou pressupostos, alertamos que as entrevistas possuem infindáveis conteúdos para serem explorados e apenas alguns destes aspectos foram abordados neste estudo.
Changes in society and the current acceleration of historical time lead to a impulse and cohesion with the past, to root of the origins, seeking identity clues contained in this collective past. The phenomena of globalization seem to lead to a need for rootedness and continuity; these needs are filled by the memory. From the perspective of Maurice Halbwachs memory has both an individual and a collective character, being partly shaped by family and social groups. It reveals both aspects of personal and social identity and points which place individuals and groups occupied in society. The Jewish tradition is the tradition of memory by excellence and the Jewish people´s history illustrates the mechanisms of memory and remembrance. In this tradition rituals and accounts are channels that transmit memory through the ages. The aim of this research was to study how members and relatives from Jewish community live the collective memory and what it means in their everyday lives, in order to apprehend the process of individual identity construction. We interviewed 13 people from five different families, descendants of Jews who immigrated to Brazil. The contact was provided by the Israeli Society of Ribeirão Preto. To interview, we used the oral history method, a linear and individual narrative of what the participants considered significant. In this method, the memory is a way of historical evidence and should be considered as such. Considering that in memory people build a sense of the past, reflection occupies a key place to resignification this past remembered. The interviews were taped and transcribed, are presented in full. Participants are categorized in groups by family and parentage. Family 1: Maria (daughter), Fernando (grandson) and Calebe (grandson); Family 2: Patricia (daughter) and Iracy (granddaughter); Family 3: Antônio (son), Josy (granddaughter) and Alex (grandson); Family 4: Vânia (daughter) and Talita (granddaughter); Family 5: Zélia (daughter), Daniel (grandson) and Raquel (granddaughter). The names are fictitious to preserve their identity. In the interviews we noticed a wealth of diversity and similarity: they are people from the same family or different families, who realize and elaborate their families experience in different, particular, complementary and sometimes similar ways, which enriches the analysis and encourages reflection, serving as a model for some aspects of life. Also realize a process of identity construction: need for tell or silence; how they face traumatic events; how preserve or not religion and traditions; changes over the generations; the relationship with the work and the medium in which they live; values inherited and transmitted to the next generations, among other aspects that emerged in the narratives. The concept of collective memory illuminated the way we look into the participants and their accounts. Enabled us to observe what became from the past in the group studied and what the group made with the past. More than conclusions or assumptions, we caution that the interviews have countless content to be explored, and only some of these aspects were approached in this study.

Cette thèse propose une analyse empirique et comparative des conditions d’emploi des descendants d’immigrés en France et aux États-Unis. L’objectif est de mieux caractériser l’intégration sur le marché du travail des descendants d’immigrés, en adoptant une approche multidimensionnelle. La comparaison entre la France et les États-Unis permet de mettre en lumière les dimensions sur lesquelles portent les inégalités en termes de conditions d’emploi entre les descendants d’immigrés et de natifs dans chacun des pays, afin de mieux spécifier ces inégalités. Notre analyse explore dans un premier chapitre, le déclassement professionnel, dans un deuxième chapitre, trois aspects de la sécurité socio-économique de la qualité de l’emploi et enfin, dans un dernier chapitre, la distribution des écarts de salaire. Bien que des écarts en termes de conditions d’emploi existent dans les deux pays en défaveur des descendants d’immigrés, ces écarts ne semblent pas être le résultat d’inégalités mais plutôt d’effets de structure, telles que les différences d’âge ou de niveau d’éducation entre les deux groupes. Les professions et secteurs d’activité dans lesquels les descendants d’immigrés travaillent expliquent aussi ces écarts. Les résultats montrent des similarités entre les deux pays : une fois le biais de sélection à l’accès à l’emploi pris en compte, le fait d’avoir des parents immigrés n’a pas d’effet significatif sur le déclassement professionnel (chapitre 1) mais un effet positif et significatif sur le salaire (chapitre 2). En revanche, les deux pays se distinguent sur plusieurs points. En France, être descendant d’immigrés contribue à significativement freiner l’accès à l’emploi et à diminuer la sécurité de l’emploi. En revanche, aux États-Unis cela a un effet négatif uniquement sur le temps de travail (chapitre 2). Cette thèse défend la prise en compte de l’hétérogénéité qui existe au sein de la population des descendants d’immigrés en termes de pays d’origine de leurs parents. En effet, des effets contradictoires selon le pays d’origine des parents peuvent conduire à des effets non significatifs au niveau agrégé, comme c’est le cas pour le déclassement par exemple. Le dernier chapitre montre un écart salarial plus marqué pour les bas salaires dans les deux pays, avec toutefois comme différence majeure que ce qui reste inobservable contribue à diminuer l’écart salarial entre descendants de natifs et d’immigrés aux États-Unis mais à l’augmenter en France
The comparison between France and the United States shows how the inequalities in terms of employment conditions between descendants of immigrants and of native-born persons differ.This thesis proposes an empirical and comparative analysis of the employment conditions of immigrants’ offspring in France and in the United States. The goal is to better characterise the labour market integration of immigrants’ offspring, taking a multidimensional approach. The comparison between France and the United States highlight the dimensions of inequalities in terms of employment conditions between the descendants of immigrants and of native-born in each of country, henceforth improving the characterisation of these inequalities. Our analysis explores overeducation in a first chapter, in a second chapter, three aspects of the socio-economic security of job quality and in a final chapter, the distribution of wage differentials. Although differences in terms of employment conditions exist in both countries to the detriment of immigrants’ offspring, these differences do not appear to be the result of inequalities but rather of structural effects such as differences in age or education level between the two groups. The occupations and sectors of activity in which descendants of immigrants work also explain these differences. The results show similarities between the two countries. Once the selection bias to access employment is taken into account, having immigrant parents has no significant effect on overeducation (chapter 1) but a positive and significant effect on wages (chapter 2). On the other hand, the two countries differ on several points. In France, having immigrant parents significantly restricts the access to employment and lowers job security. However, in the United States, there is a negative effect only on working time (chapter 2). This thesis advocates for the consideration of the heterogeneity that exists within the population immigrants’ offspring, according to their parents’country of origin. Indeed, contradictory effects according to the parents’ country of origin may lead to non-significant effects at the aggregate level, as is the case for overeducation, for example. The final chapter shows a wider wage gap for low-wage workers in the two countries. Nevertheless, the major difference between the two countries is that the unobservable component contributes to narrowing the wage gap between natives and of immigrants but to increasing it in France

Cette recherche qualitative, conduite dans un cadre épistémologique socioconstructiviste, a pour objectif d’explorer la construction des identités professionnelles de jeunes professeurs des écoles issus des immigrations. Les données de l’enquête ont été recueillies à l’aide d’entretiens semi-directifs auprès d’une population de 20 professeurs des écoles de la région Aquitaine âgés de 30 à 35 ans (10 issus des immigrations – 10 d’ « origine française »). Une analyse de contenu thématique du verbatim des entretiens a ensuite été réalisée. Des comparaisons entre les 2 groupes ont mis au jour des points communs et des différences au niveau : de l’éducation familiale reçue, des valeurs, du rapport à la religion, du choix du métier (désirabilité relative), des représentations et postures professionnelles. L’analyse du discours des enseignants issus des immigrations a révélé l’apport primordial des relations interpersonnelles dans la construction de leur Soi professionnel : c’est dans les interactions et dialogues avec les autrui significatifs de leurs contextes de vie (notamment familial et scolaire) que ces sujets se sont orientés, ont élaboré et concrétisé leur projet professionnel. Si en tant que descendants de parents immigrants, ils ont à relever des défis spécifiques (se construire dans une identité biculturelle, faire face à la discrimination, etc.), la diversité de leurs parcours d’intégration psychosociale et de leurs processus de personnalisation se manifeste par la construction d’identités professionnelles plurielles. Celles-ci se traduisent notamment par 2 manières d’être au métier : s’investir d’une mission professionnelle interculturelle en jouant un rôle de médiateur auprès d’élèves issus de familles défavorisées et/ou immigrées ; ne mettre en œuvre aucune pratique volontariste
This study, conducted from a socioconstructivist framework, used qualitative methodology to explore the construction of minority teachers’ professional identity. Data collection consisted of in-depth semi-structured interviews with 20 primary school teachers aged from 30 to 35 years old (10 descendants of immigrants – 10 of French origin). The verbatim was analyzed using content analysis methodology. Comparisons between the 2 groups have shown differences and similarities in their: familial education, values, relationship to religion, career choice, professional representations. The analysis of minority teachers’ interviews has revealed the primordial contributions of interpersonal relationships in the construction of their professional Self (with significant others from family and school contexts, in particular). As descendants of immigrants they have faced specific challenges (face racism and discrimination, build an ethnic identity, etc.), the diversity of their psychosocial integration paths occurs in the construction of contrasted professional identities. Some of them are motivated by a desire of social justice, the goal of creating a bridge between mainstream culture and minority cultures becoming a career mission. Others, don’t do anything in particular for disadvantaged pupils or for those belonging to ethnic minorities

Sweden has a long history of receiving immigrants and has also a generous integration policy where the immigrants can enjoy their rights as well as themselves being responsible for their relation towards the society culturally. This is true for all immigrants but this study concentrate on immigrants from Bolivia who mostly arrived in the 1980s. As time passed by, families were formed and in many cases the cultural identity of the parents were transmitted to their children. Today these children are young adults; they have their own perception of their self-identity and are in a way the result of the Swedish integration policy. This study has through semi-structured interviews tried to explain and show the complexity of their perception of identity. Due to the author’s own background, focus has been on Bolivian migrant’s descendant’s perception of identity, which factors have been important for them and whether or not they feel they want to transfer their identity to their children. The study is based on 16 interviews with young adults with one or two parents with origin in Bolivia. Interviews have been made all around Sweden and the findings were analyzed by using the theory of Biculturalism, Acculturation and Intergenerational Transmission of Identity. The findings show that the aspect of identity is complex and also that the descendants feel they are always questioned about their origin, which in a way prevent them to define themselves as a Swedes or Bolivians. This they have solved in many cases by accepting their parent’s origin and acknowledge it at the same time as they claim to be Swedes. Even though it is complex, they feel very positive about their belonging in two worlds and feel they thereby have a broader perspective than others. Considering transmitting their identity to the third generation, they all feel it is important and will try to achieve it. By this study it is hoped to feed into the discussion on identity and belonging, and also for how long have one’s immigrant background validity before assimilating, if ever.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Sociologia
O tema central desta investigação é a análise das trajectórias pessoais e escolares dos descendentes de imigrantes africanos provenientes da Guiné-Bissau. Com base nesse intuito, realizou-se uma análise das trajectórias migratórias, educativas e sociais dos progenitores de cada um dos nossos entrevistados, visando entrecruzar essas trajectórias com as vivências pessoais e escolares de cada um dos jovens entrevistados a fim de entender em que medida as trajectórias de uns influenciam e condicionam as trajectórias dos outros. Adicionalmente, esta investigação visou: a) Analisar se o desempenho escolar dos descendentes se prende com a condição sócio-educativa dos seus progenitores; b) Analisar as redes de sociabilidade e práticas culturais dos descendentes de imigrantes guineenses; c) Analisar os discursos relativos à identidade e percepção da discriminação social e racial destes jovens; d) Identificar a existência de perfis de jovens cujas características emanem das dimensões anteriores. A investigação sustentou-se numa abordagem qualitativa, com recurso a relatos pessoais e subjectivos de histórias de vida obtidos através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Assim, com os dados obtidos procedeu-se à descrição das trajectórias migratórias dos progenitores, à caracterização do desempenho escolar dos jovens, à caracterização socioeconómica dos seus agregados familiares, identificaram-se as modalidades de integração social, isto é, se os seus estilos de vida são mais próximos ou mais distantes à sociedade portuguesa, ao nível familiar e individual, e procurou-se verificar a existência ou não da percepção da discriminação racial.
The central theme of this investigation is the analysis of the personal and educational trajectories of descendants of African immigrants from Guinea-Bissau. Based on this, there was an analysis of migration, educational and social trajectories of the parents of each of our respondents, aiming interlacing these trajectories with personal and scholar experiences of the young people interviewed in order to understand how the trajectories of the first influence and determine the trajectories the seconds. Additionally, the research also aimed: a) To analyze if the academic performance of descendants is linked to the socio-educational status of their parents; b) To analyze the social networks and cultural practices of the descendants of Guinean immigrants; c) To analyze the discourse on identity and the perception of social and racial discrimination of these young people; d) To identify the existence of some profiles of these young descendants whose characteristics emanate from the previous dimensions. The research was sustained on a qualitative approach, using personal and subjective reports of life stories obtained through semi-structured interviews. With the data, we have proceeded to the description of the migratory trajectories of the parents, the characterization of school performance of young people, the socio-economic characterization of their households, identified the forms of social integration, that is, if their life-style was closer or more distant to the Portuguese society, at family and individual level, and sought to ascertain whether or not the perception of their identity and racial discrimination
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UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos
A presente tese busca analisar como ocorreu o desenvolvimento socioeconômico de Concórdia, Santa Catarina, a partir da colonização na pequena propriedade familiar pelo descendente de imigrante, que constituiu a base do modelo agroindustrial que originou a indústria Sadia. A pesquisa examina os anos de 1920 até 1960, período em que inicia o processo de colonização na região e ocorre sua expansão e a consolidação do modelo de desenvolvimento agroindustrial. O estudo tem como pressuposto uma análise de totalidade que buscou compreender a história do município no contexto do capitalismo brasileiro e catarinense. A investigação se pautou em documentos escritos e fontes orais. Verificou-se que o desenvolvimento de Concórdia não sofreu qualquer ruptura desde o processo de colonização até a consolidação do modelo agroindustrial nos anos de 1960.
The purpose of this thesis is to prove how happened the socioeconomic development in Concórdia city, Santa Catarina, from the colonization in a small familiar property through immigrants descendants, which built the base of agroindustry pattern that created Sadia industry. The research deals the year from 1920 to 1960, the period that beginning the process of colonization. In the region occurs the expansion and consolidation of agroindustry development pattern. The objective of the study is to analyze the total, which tried to understand the history of the city in context of brazilian and catarinense context. The investigation is based on written documents and oral sources. It was verified that Concórdia development did not suffer any rupture since the process of colonization until the agroindustry pattern in 1960s.

This study seeks to understand Chinese ethnicity as a process of ongoing cultural construction engaged in by Chinese people in Vancouver from 1945 to 1980. Drawing evidence primarily from the ethnic press and voluntary organizations, it uncovers a diversity of cultural positions articulated by different groups of Chinese with respect to their ethnic identity and sense of community. This interior discourse on Chineseness unfolded in part because of changing demographic conditions within the ethnic group. After the Second World War, the older settlers who had arrived in Canada before the exclusion act of 1923 were joined and gradually outnumbered by their Canadian-born descendants and new immigrants. This development ushered in a contest for the power of cultural definition among various generations of local-born and immigrant Chinese. The emergent diversity of ethnic constructs in the Chinese minority after 1945 also reflected the continuous influence of China and the new opportunities Chinese people began to enjoy in Canada. The former unitary outlook of the ethnic group regarding the close relationship of overseas Chinese with their home country was displaced, but not by any simple cultural re-orientation to Canada. Particularly among the immigrant Chinese, the concern forthe native place, the care for family members in Mainland China and Hong Kong, the desire to promote some form of Chinese culture in Vancouver, and a residual interest in Chinese politics remained salient dimensions of their ethnic consciousness. At the same time, the dismantling of discriminatory legislation and other racial barriers in the larger society afforded Chinese people for the first time the option to nurture an identification with Canada. In the 1970s these two fundamentally different cultural orientations were reconciled, as the discourse on Chineseness took on a new paradigm. Under state multiculturalism and with the rise of ethnic sentiments, members of the Chinese minority advanced their claims to be "Chinese Canadians" within the officially enshrined Canadian mosaic. Despite popular subscription to this category, immigrant and local-born Chinese invested this label with different meanings. The underlying diversity of Chinese ethnic construction was once again unveiled.

This research explored the experiences of immigrant-descendant and immigrant faculty members as they approach the work they are invited to contribute to reconciliation by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s Calls to Action (2015b) through their roles as post-secondary educators. The purpose of this research was to better understand the experiences of immigrant-descendant and immigrant faculty to inform how they can be supported in reconciliation work, particularly as they contemplate engagement in the consciousness-raising, ally work, and institutional changes that are required as we walk in a new way with Indigenous Peoples. On the journey towards reconciliation that Truth and Reconciliation Commission Chair Justice Murray Sinclair (Ojibway) envisions (Macleans, 2015), this research further considers why and how we might come together as Indigenous Peoples, immigrant-descendants and immigrants, stopping at fires of action along the way that collectively encompass the circle surrounding reconciliation (Newman, 2018). Two central concepts interweave throughout the commitment to creating ethical spaces of engagement (Ermine, 2007) and the practice of research as ceremony (Wilson, 2008, S. Wilson, personal communication, February 2, 2020). Given the dearth of literature available at the time of writing that directly related to this research, a range of philosophical and theoretical scholarship and works of practitioners provided the foundation. These sources shared a focus on social transformation and included formative works by Dewey (1939), Freire (1970/2000, 1973), Habermas (1994, 2002) and Bronfenbrenner (1979), highlighting Habermas’ communicative action theory and Bronfenbrenner’s ecosystem of human development. Additional works by practitioners such as Bishop (2015), DiAngelo (2011), Gehl (n.d), hooks (1990), Luft and Ingram (1955), Sennet (2015), Sensoy and DiAngelo (2017) Snowden and Boon (2007), and Wheatley and Frieze (2011) provided further insight into creating ethical spaces for engagement. Rooted in my emerging understanding of my ontological stance as a relativist and a tendency towards the epistemological perspective of constructivism, aligning with the interpretive paradigm, the research took an anti-oppressive research approach (Potts & Brown, 2015) informed by the Indigenist research paradigm (Wilson, 2007, 2008). Following exploration of narrative inquiry in the dominant culture and as practiced by Indigenous scholars, a narrative approach was undertaken to gathering data. Individual conversations were held with 15 participants, all faculty members at Royal Roads University, a small public post-secondary institution in what is now called Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. A group conversation with eight of the participants followed the individual conversations. Nine themes emerged from the meaning making process that followed these conversations: locating self, clarifying purpose, institutional challenges, relationships with Indigenous Peoples, relationships with Indigenous Knowledges, curriculum, teaching, self-reflections, and what might help. A framework based on the intersection of self-assessed competence and confidence in a given context was developed to provide an empirical heuristic (St. Clair, 2005) to provide insight into the experience of faculty members at Royal Roads, faculty members at other institutions, and perhaps for ally work in different contexts. Throughout the study, I recorded my autoethnographic observations. These observations revealed cultural epiphanies that provided insight into my “deeper level thoughts, interests and assumptions” (Ermine, 2007) and supported ongoing critical reflection of the work as it unfolded. This dissertation concludes with reflections of the work overall, identifying some of the research limitations, suggesting recommendations for future action and research and reflecting on the tremendous impact that this has had, and will continue to have, on me personally and professionally.
Graduate

This study looked in detail at the management of language diversity among the descendants of Turkish immigrants and their families of origin in France, Germany and the Netherlands. I took a sociological approach to the use of self-reported language proficiency in early adulthood as an indicator of linguistic self-esteem (Bourdieu, 1991; Fishman 1991; Brizić, 2006; Norton, 2006). Approaching reported language outcomes as a consequence of collective processes, I aimed to understand the extent to which linguistic self-esteem in each of the three countries was associated to other variables, both linguistic and non-linguistic. The data for the study were drawn from The Integration of European Second Generation (TIES), I first analyzed respondents’ linguistic starting point through indicators of parents’ linguistic capital and the respondents’ childhood language environment; second, I assessed current language dynamics, through language uses in the family; and third, I used other variables as indirect indicators of individuals’ language contact opportunities, specifically those related to social background and to the city where individuals’ grew up and currently live, with a particular focus on school experiences.
Esta tese pretendeu estudar a gestão da diversidade linguística entre os descendentes de imigrantes turcos e suas famílias de origem em França, Alemanha e Holanda. A partir duma abordagem sociológica, utilizei o conceito de auto-relato da proficiência linguística em idade adulta como um indicador de auto-estima linguística (Bourdieu, 1991; Fishman 1991; Brizić, 2006; Norton, 2006). Abordando os resultados obtidos como consequência de processos colectivos, pretendi analisar a forma como a auto-estima linguística em cada um dos três países se encontrava associada a outros factores, sejam eles linguísticos e não-linguísticos. Utilizandos os dados do inquérito The Integration of European Second Generation (TIES), analisei, numa primeira etapa, o ponto de partida linguístico dos descendentes dos imigrantes turcos nos três países, através de indicadores relacionados com o capital linguístico dos pais, o ambiente linguístico dos inquiridos durante a infância e no seio familiar; em segundo lugar, procurei identificar as mais recentes dinâmicas linguísticas na família, através de práticas linguísticas e, numa terceira etapa, analisei os indicadores que reflectem, de forma indirecta, as diferentes oportunidades de contacto linguístico, em relação à condição social de origem e ao contexto local onde os indivíduos cresceram e vivem actualmente, focando particularmente nas suas experiências escolares.

Although Vietnamese has currently made up one of the three largest foreign community in the Czech Republic, the number of studies that focus on the challenges of Vietnamese immigrant descendants, especially regarding their ethnic identities in the Czech society is unfortunately confined. Different from their parents, one of the biggest obstacles that young Vietnamese descendants in the Czech Republic are facing in life is the question of their ethnic identities in the term of liminality and being strangers to both cultures (Vietnamese and Czech). Taking those reasons into account, this thesis aims to examine the experiences of "being stuck in-between" and confronting the process of (re)forming and shifting ethnic identities among children of Vietnamese immigrants in the Czech Republic in the relation with other gendered identities that they define with. Based on a feminist approach, this paper pulls together prior and existing studies, developing from the data collected from questionnaire surveys and in-depth interviews to illustrate the subject matter. Relying immigrant lived experiences from the perspective of children and young people who have Vietnamese roots; this paper facilitates a broader understanding of their unique situation and factors that constitute their identity. Central to my...

No final da década de 90, surge em Portugal um fluxo inesperado, abrupto e expressivo de imigrantes com origem nos países do Leste europeu. Se, inicialmente, a estadia destes imigrantes em Portugal podia ser encarada como temporária, o reagrupamento familiar poderá ser indicativo de uma intenção de regresso ao país de origem mais tardia ou mesmo de fixação em território nacional. Neste trabalho faz-se uma reflexão sobre a integração das famílias de origem ucraniana em Portugal em diversas esferas sociais, dando-se especial enfoque à integração na Escola. Assim, através da realização de entrevistas, analisaram-se as representações que este grupo de imigrantes tem da escola e das aprendizagens escolares, as práticas de acompanhamento que desenvolvem e, ainda, o contacto que mantêm com as suas raízes culturais. O estudo tenta, ainda, identificar quais as suas maiores dificuldades de integração, bem como as expectativas de futuro. A análise da informação recolhida permitiu perceber que há indícios de que uma parte significativa dos imigrantes ucranianos pondera não regressar ao seu país de origem. Alguns já compraram casa em Portugal e conseguiram reduzir o hiato entre as suas qualificações e a profissão que desempenham. No que respeita à escolarização dos filhos, apesar de estas famílias serem muito críticas em relação à escola portuguesa, verificou-se que algumas conseguem identificar aspetos muito positivos e que reconhecem que os objectivos e o resultado final são muito semelhantes, tendo apenas métodos diferentes. Ficou mais uma vez patente a importância da obtenção dos diplomas escolares em Portugal.
In the late 90s, appeared in Portugal an unexpected, abrupt and expressive immigration flow with origin in the Eastern European countries. If initially, the stay of these immigrants in Portugal could be seen as temporary, family reunification may be indicative of an intention to return later to their country of origin or even fixation on national territory. This study reflects upon the integration of the families of Ukrainian origin in Portugal in several social spheres, with particular focus on school integration. Thus, through the realization of interviews were analysed the representations that this group of immigrants has of the school and school knowledge, the monitoring practices that they develop, as well as how they maintain in contact with their cultural roots. The study tries also to identify their greatest difficulties of integration, as well as future expectations. The analysis of the collected information has allowed to understand that there are signs that many Ukrainian immigrants may not return to their country of origin. Some have already bought a house in Portugal and were able to reduce the gap between their academic skills and the job they perform. Regarding the education of children, although some families remain very critical about Portuguese schools, they were able to identify some highly positive aspects and to recognize that at the end, the objectives and results are very similar and just have different methods. It was once again highlighted the importance of obtaining a school diploma in Portugal.

Au cours des dernières décennies, plusieurs changements sociaux survenus au Québec ont eu pour conséquence une perte d’intérêt pour le mariage et l’apparition de l’union libre en tant que statut socialement accepté. Avec les nouvelles mentalités liées à la réussite professionnelle et individuelle, la fécondité a baissé. Dans notre étude, nous comptons observer non seulement les écarts de fécondité par région de provenance, qui ont déjà fait l’objet de précédentes recherches, mais également ceux régis par le statut conjugal des femmes (mariées ou en union libre). L’objectif de notre recherche consiste à déterminer si la fécondité des immigrantes est plus élevée que celle des femmes natives et si les différences de fécondité en fonction des statuts conjugaux de mariée ou en union libre, sont identiques pour tous les groupes d’immigrantes et de femmes natives. Les résultats tirés du recensement canadien de 2006 nous ont permis de constater que la fécondité est plus élevée pour la plupart des femmes immigrantes. Cependant, en distinguant les mariées et celles en union libre on remarque que les femmes ayant une fécondité supérieure à celle des natives représentent une plus faible proportion que lorsque l’on considère l’ensemble des immigrantes. Bien qu’on observe des différences entre les statuts conjugaux, la tendance montre que les femmes qui ont une fécondité plus élevée dans le mariage par rapport aux natives sont également dans cette situation lorsqu’elles sont en union libre. Enfin, la majorité des femmes mariées ont un taux de fécondité plus élevé que celles en union libre.
In recent decades, many social changes occurred in Quebec have resulted in a loss of interest in marriage and the emergence of common law as a socially accepted status. With new attitudes related to personal and professional success, fertility has declined. In our study, we want to observe not only the fertility differentials by region of origin, which have already been the subject of previous research, but also those covered by the marital status of women (married or common law). The objective of our research is to determine if the fertility of immigrant women is higher than that of native women and if differences in fertility according to marital status categories (married or in common law) are the same for all groups of immigrant and native women. Results from the 2006 Canadian census have revealed that fertility is higher for most immigrant women. But, distinguishing between married and common law we see that women with higher fertility than the native-born represent a smaller proportion when we consider all immigrants. Although there are differences between the marital status, the trend shows that women have higher fertility within marriage compared to native-born are also in this situation when in common law. Finally, the majority of married women hold a higher fertility rate than those in common law.

A presente investigação tem por tema geral perceber o impacto dos Cursos de Educação e Formação de Adultos (EFA B3), inseridos na Iniciativa Novas Oportunidades, nas trajetórias de vida de imigrantes e de descendentes de imigrantes com baixas qualificações escolares e profissionais, que adquiriram uma dupla certificação – escolar e profissional - nestes cursos. Pretende-se compreender as mudanças e os impactos resultantes da frequência e certificação num curso EFA B3 nas suas trajetórias de vida, nas dimensões pessoal, social e profissional. Em termos metodológicos, depois da caracterização do universo de imigrantes e de descendentes de imigrantes certificados em cursos EFA, foram realizadas entrevistas biográficas, com o objetivo de colocar as trajetórias de vida destes imigrantes e seus descendentes em história, dando conta das descontinuidades inerentes à vida nas sociedades contemporâneas, onde os desafios de (re)adaptação nas trajetórias são constantes, e procurando identificar as transformações /impactos decorrentes da frequência e da certificação num Curso EFA de nível básico. O entrecruzamento dos relatos recolhidos com a observação prolongada dos terrenos de pesquisa evidenciou que medir - subjetivamente - os impactos, tendo apenas em conta a dimensão profissional, é redutor. O que está em causa na educação e formação de adultos não pode ser exclusivamente perspectivado na esfera da inserção - ou não - no mercado laboral. A análise dos testemunhos recolhidos mostrou que tanto a dimensão pessoal como a dimensão social não podem ser descuradas, uma vez que terão impactos a longo prazo, não só nas vidas dos/das imigrantes e descendentes de imigrantes entrevistados/as, como também na vida dos seus filhos - sobretudo dos que estão em idade escolar.
This research aims to understand the impact of Adult Education and Training Courses (EFA B3) in the life trajectories of immigrants and descendants of immigrants with low educational and professional qualifications, who acquired a double certification - school and professional - through these training courses. We intend to understand the changes and the impacts that the EFA B3 courses have in their life trajectories, taking into account personal, social and professional dimensions. In terms of methodology, after the characterization of the universe of immigrants and descendants of immigrants with certified EFA training courses, we conducted biographical interviews with the purpose of putting the life trajectories of these immigrants and their descendants in history, considering the discontinuities inherent to life in contemporary societies where the challenges of (re) adaptation of life trajectories are constant. The intersection of the stories collected with long-term observation on the ground showed that measuring the impacts - subjectively - by only taking into account the professional dimension is reductive. What is at stake in adult education and training cannot be seen exclusively in terms of their insertion - or not - in the labour market. The analysis of collected evidence showed that personal and social dimension cannot be neglected as they will have long-term impacts, not only in the lives of the interviewed immigrants and descendants of immigrants, but also in the lives of their children - especially those who are of school age.

Neste trabalho foram analisados um conjunto de variáveis que de certa forma ajudaram-nos a compreender o sucesso/insucesso escolar dos quatro jovens de origem imigrante caboverdeana no terceiro ciclo do ensino básico em Portugal no agrupamento de escolas do Vale da Amoreira sede AVEVA e na escola secundária da Baixa da Banheira. Procuramos entender como que a origem socioeconómica influi nos trajectos escolares desses jovens tendo em conta que nas famílias imigrantes muitas vezes as necessidades básicas não estão resolvidas. Assim a investigação permitiu-nos concluir por um lado que a origem social das famílias entrevistadas vem contribuindo para aumentar as dificuldades dos filhos nos percursos escolares. Por outro lado constatamos que o contexto histórico e social vívido por essas famílias também tem influenciado no percurso escolar desses jovens. Os pais no geral estudaram em Cabo Verde e atingiram um nível académico compreendido entre o 4º e o 6º ano do ensino básico com a excepção de uma das mães que fez todo o seu percurso escolar em Portugal até ao 12º ano. Ainda mais constatamos que nesta análise que nenhum dos irmãos dos entrevistados conseguiu alcançar um nível académico superior ao 12º ano o que de certa forma acabou por influenciar as expectativas futuras dos alunos entrevistados.
In this work, we analyzed a set of variables who contributed to understand the school success / failure of four descendants of Cape Verdean immigrants attending the third cycle of basic education in Portugal in the grouping of schools in the Vale da Amoreira, AVEVA headquarters and in the school secondary school of Baixa da Banheira. We try to understand how the socioeconomic origins influences their school trajectories, taking into account that often in the immigrant families the basic needs are not solved. This study allowed us to conclude on the one hand that the social origin of the families interviewed has been contributing to increase the difficulties of the children's educational experiences. On the other hand we verified that the historical and social context experienced by these families have also influenced in the school course of these young people. Parents generally studied in Cape Verde and reached an academic levels between the 4th and 6th year of basic education, with the exception of one mother who did all her education in Portugal until the 12th grade of high secondary education. Furthermore, in this analysis, none of the interviewees' siblings managed to reach an academic level higher than the 12th grade, which in a way influenced the future expectations of the students interviewed.

A presente dissertação visa contribuir com novos dados sobre a temática da conciliação entre o trabalho e a família, considerando a religião como variável. Neste trabalho foram entrevistadas seis mulheres hindus (com ascendência indiana), mães, trabalhadoras, nascidas em território moçambicano ou português mas cujas idades formativas da infância e pré-adolescência são já vividas em Portugal. Ambiciono contribuir, deste modo, para o conhecimento das práticas identitárias destas mulheres; as suas representações sobre o trabalho remunerado; as estratégias quotidianas de conciliação entre trabalho remunerado, cuidado parental, trabalho doméstico e prática religiosa; as pressões familiares resultantes da sua entrada no mercado de trabalho e o seu entendimento sobre os papéis de género e o modo como se refletem sobre as suas vidas. Neste sentido considerámos importante captar os sentidos interpretativos mais amplos das nossas interlocutoras na sua condição de descendentes de imigrantes. Em particular os modos como manuseiam tradições culturais e religiosas transmitidas pelas gerações anteriores de acordo com os seus próprios projetos identitários de educação religiosa e cultural dos filhos.
This dissertation aims to contribute with new data on the subject of conciliation between work and family, bringing religion in this equation. In this study, six Hindu women (of Indian origin), mothers, female workers, born in Mozambican or Portuguese territory but whose formative ages of childhood and pre-adolescence were already lived in Portugal. I aim to contribute, therefore, to the knowledge of the identity practices of these women; their representations on paid work; the daily strategies of conciliation between paid work, parental care, domestic work and religious practices; family pressures resulting from their entry into the labor market and their understanding of gender roles and how they reflect on their lives. In this sense we considered important to capture the broader interpretive meanings of our interlocutors in their status as descendants of immigrants. In particular, the ways in which they manipulate cultural and religious traditions transmitted by previous generations according with their own identity projects of religious and cultural education of their children.

The subject of this thesis is the question of immigration in contemporary (Western) European societies which is treated by detailed exposition of the concrete historical case of immigration from the Maghreb countries (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia) to France during the 20th century. The first part of the work consists of the brief history of immigration to France and of the wider theoretical context for the sociological inquiry of the phenomena linked with immigration, especially the paradoxical situation which results from the fact of immigration in the nation states and the logic of the formation of the interethnic relations. As a theoretical support for following analysis, several theories are presented: Goffman's theory of stigmatization, Becker's labelling theory, theory of the social representations of Moscovici and Merton's concept of self-fullfilling prophecy. In the second part, the particular case of immigration from Maghreb countries to France is examined with the special attention to the social representations made in French society in the context of this historical process. The main subject of this work is the situation of the descendants of immigrants from Maghreb countries in the French society, especially their position in its social structure - the third part therefore consists of the analysis...

This study has investigated the problems that Montreal Chinese immigrant students encountered during their learning Chinese culture as they are also attempting to integrate into local culture. A research approach was taken to determine whether the study of two transcultural artists, Xu Bing and Gu Xiong, can help the students learn their own culture and the local culture. From the case study, it was found that the two artists' work and their attitudes have a great potential to help students bridge the host culture and their heritage culture. I have also designed lessons with power point presentations about these two artists and tried to use them in the teaching practices at a Chinese weekend school. However, I was not able to implement this teaching approach in the school due to their little awareness and interest in art and the economic concerns with their children's future career selection. From cultural art activities in both Chinese and English schools, I found Banks (1989) level one and two approaches could stimulate students' interests in cultures and arts but do not much help students understand how the local culture and other cultures are interconnected and interrelated. Although the contributions and additive approaches represent possible beginnings for helping students to understand art from Chinese culture and other cultures in general, when I tried to move further to a higher level of cultural integration in the Chinese school I was not successful. The implication from the case study of these transcultural artists demonstrated that their work could provide linkage between Chinese culture and North American culture. It also related to Chinese immigrant students' life. In my thesis, I tried to demonstrate that the transcultural artist approach could reinforce a cross-cultural understanding especially for Chinese immigrant students to learn the relationship between their own culture and the local culture. I also tried to explore whether we can move from lower level approaches to the higher level approach identified by Banks (1989) to reflect sociocultural diversity in the curriculum by studying these two transcultural artists, Gu Xiong and Xu Bing.
Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate

碩士
國立臺中教育大學
數學教育學系在職進修教學碩士學位班
98
Abstract The aim of this study mainly concerns the cognition of the second-grade students to Addition and Subtraction Word Problems by employing Item Relational Structure Analysis investigating the result of the examination. The assessment based upon Fuson’s methodology will be first divided into four main types: Change, Combine, Compare, and Equalize, and then according to different places of an X, further extend to twenty categories as a whole. Thus, this study, using IRS exploring the result of the examination of 152 immigrant-descendant students from Nantou, Changhua, and Taichung Counties, looks forward to offering a contribution of interpreting implicit meanings in the chart. In terms of research result, the conclusions are: I. Questions of Change type A. Starting amount unknown , change amount unknown , and result amount unknown of Change take are subordinate concepts, but actually refer to increase amount unknown of Change type, a superordinate concept. Thus, among all questions of Change type, it is even easier to develop the idea of Change take since developing questions of Change increase should base upon the idea of questions of Change take. B. Among questions of Change increase, what students easily make mistakes, because of the different places of an X and semantic meanings of questions, are change amount unknown and starting amount unknown questions. II.Questions of Combine type A. Whole amount unknown and part amount unknown of Combine types are no super/sub-ordinate concept, but individually develop. B. The different places of an X will make students adopt different ways answering questions of Combine type: 68% students adopt addition answering questions of whole amount unknown , and 72% students use subtraction answering questions of part amount unknown . III.Questions of Compare type A. Questions of Compare type are divided into two parts: one is referent amount unknown of Compare type that quantity referent amount unknown is a subordinate concept of less referent amount unknown , and the other one is that less compared amount unknown is a subordinate concept of quantity result amount unknown and less result amount unknown . B. For students, questions of less referent amount unknown is the most difficult, and questions of less compared amount unknown the easiest. By comparison, questions of referent amount unknown are more difficult than that of difference amount unknown. IV.Questions of Equalize type A. The concept of increase compared amount unknown questions contains the concepts of increase difference amount unknown and difference amount unknown and referent amount unknown of Equalize take. B. Among questions of Equalize type, the differences of an X, for students, maintain different levels of difficulty: For immigrant-descendant students, the most difficult one is questions of compared amount unknown, and the next one is questions of referent amount unknown; and, by contrast, the easiest is questions of difference amount unknown. C. Questions of compared amount known of Equalize take on semantic level are easily caused mistakes of answering question. From these perspectives mentioned above, all suggestions of this study hopefully provide all teachers and later researchers with a help.