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1
Ebert, Kim, and Sarah M. Ovink. "Anti-Immigrant Ordinances and Discrimination in New and Established Destinations." American Behavioral Scientist 58, no. 13 (2014): 1784–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764214537267.
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Immigrants and their children come to the U.S. in search of upward mobility, but in many contexts they experience discrimination and restrictive political climates. Contexts vary widely, however, given the growing number of new immigrant destinations. Past studies tend to focus on what immigrants and their children are (or are not) doing to adapt to local contexts, a focus that strengthens the perception that immigrants are a “problem” group. In this article, we move the debate away from more familiar economic analyses to assess how destination type and exclusionary ordinances, defined as laws that restrict the rights of and services accorded to immigrant groups, influence “subjective” outcomes, including reports of discrimination among Mexican Americans. Our results reveal three main findings that illustrate the importance of local context. First, individuals living in a county with a greater share of co-ethnics report fewer experiences with discrimination. Second, in counties with an exclusionary ordinance, share of co-ethnics increases reports of discrimination. Finally, being born in the U.S. and speaking English do not provide protection from discrimination; rather, such characteristics shield Mexican Americans from discrimination only in contexts with larger shares of co-ethnics.
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Desille, Amandine. "The role of established immigrants within institutionalised immigrant integration in Israel." RIEM. Revista internacional de estudios migratorios 9, no. 2 (2020): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/riem.v9i2.3820.
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¿En qué medida la participación de "co-etnicos" en la implementación de una política de integración de inmigrantes permite un enfoque más complaciente hacia los recién llegados? Mientras que la formulación de políticas de integración generalmente se ha previsto a través del prisma de anfitrión/huésped, los departamentos municipales de Israel por "la Aliyah y el absorción" (o, en otras palabras, la inmigración judía y la integración de nuevos inmigrantes judíos) ofrecen un caso interesante: en las últimas décadas, reclutaron principalmente inmigrantes de primera generación para atender a los nuevos inmigrantes judíos que se establecieron en sus ciudades. Este artículo ofrece algunas ideas nuevas sobre la participación de estos inmigrantes establecidos en la implementación de las políticas de integración de Israel. Por un lado, estos trabajadores de servicio municipal, y otros actores locales que trabajan para la integración de los inmigrantes, han permitido un enfoque más pluralista a nivel sociocultural; por otro lado, la diversidad más bien parcial de estos inmigrantes establecidos, en su mayoría inmigrantes ruso-hablantes, ha limitado el potencial de un enfoque alternativo, para que se desarrolle un asentamiento menos "etnocéntrico" de los inmigrantes.
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Fenelon, Andrew. "Rethinking the Hispanic Paradox: The Mortality Experience of Mexican Immigrants in Traditional Gateways and New Destinations." International Migration Review 51, no. 3 (2017): 567–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imre.12263.
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Previous research suggests that favorable health outcomes among Mexican immigrants reflect high levels of social support in enclave communities with high co-ethnic density. This study examines the mortality outcomes of Mexican immigrants in the United States in traditional gateways versus new and minor destinations. Mexican immigrants in new and minor destinations have a significant survival advantage over those in traditional gateways, reflecting less established communities in new destinations. This finding casts doubt on the protective effects of enclaves, since non-traditional destinations have less established immigrant communities. Future research should reevaluate the relationship between community ethnic composition, social support, and immigrant health.
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VINOGRADOV, EVGUENI, and ESPEN J. ISAKSEN. "SURVIVAL OF NEW FIRMS OWNED BY NATIVES AND IMMIGRANTS IN NORWAY." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 13, no. 01 (2008): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946708000831.
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This paper investigates the survival rates of businesses founded by immigrants and natives in the context of Norway, which has not yet been explored. Based on the relevant literature review, the entrepreneur's human capital and venture's start-up characteristics were expected to explain the differences between the survival rates of businesses established by immigrants and natives. Longitudinal data on 389 firms established in 2002 were analyzed. It was revealed that the survival rate was lower for businesses established by immigrants compared to those established by natives. The analysis suggests that the relatively low survival rate of businesses established by immigrants is partly explained by the perceived novelty of the products and by the fact that immigrants are more likely to locate their businesses in urban areas. Human capital differences were not found to explain immigrant/native differences in business survival rates. Based on these results, several practical implications and suggestions for future research are offered.
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Harrison, David A., Teresa Harrison, and Margaret A. Shaffer. "Strangers in Strained Lands: Learning From Workplace Experiences of Immigrant Employees." Journal of Management 45, no. 2 (2018): 600–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206318790648.
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Immigrants have become an important source of talent as well as a flash point for conflict in many countries. Alongside established streams of research on immigrants in other disciplines, we hope to galvanize interest among management scholars, particularly about immigrant employees. We begin by observing the identity and status changes undergone by immigrants relative to their standing in their origin country and the persistent insecurity they feel as they work and live in their destination country. We then expound on other microlevel research topics and literatures that are especially relevant to the experiences and contributions of immigrant employees: creativity and voice, diversity, coworker and supervisor support and antagonism, and social network structures. These ideas are presented to help generate broader and more active research agendas among management scholars that include such immigrant employee experiences and contributions and to promote partnerships with organizations to test interventions for integrating immigrants more fully into the workplace.
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Parmet, Wendy, and Simon Fischer. "Human rights and immigrants’ access to care." Salud Pública de México 55, no. 6 (2013): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.21149/spm.v55i6.7309.
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Although the human right to health is well established under international law, many states limit non-citizens’ participation in public insurance programs. In the United States, immigrants face especially high barriers due to the lack of recognition of a broad right to health as well as federal statutes restricting many immigrants’ eligibility to federally-funded insurance. High rates of uninsurance among immigrants have a detrimental effect on their health, as well as on the health of citizens who live in their communities. Finch vs. Commonwealth Health Insurance Connector, a recent case decided by the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, recognized the rights of legal immigrants in Massachusetts to state-supported health care, and demonstrates the importance of insuring immigrants in broadly-based, rather than immigrant-specific, programs.
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Dunn, Michael. "Educational Pathway and Social Mobility in Children of Immigrants." International Education Studies 12, no. 12 (2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v12n12p44.
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This paper looks at degree completion and wages of immigrants to understand the extent to which a student’s chosen educational pathway limits his or her social mobility. Statistical modeling established the predictive strengths of key variables on educational pathway and statistical analysis is used to understand the relationship between educational pathway, degree completion, and wages. Findings show that educational pathway mediates many of the background determinants that previous research identified as key mechanisms for immigrant social mobility. Furthermore, findings also identify a significant “pathway wage penalty” despite degree completion. New immigration plus births to immigrants added more than 22 million people to the U.S. population in the last decade, equal to 80 percent of total population growth. Immigrants and their children now account for more than one in five public school students. The impact of immigrants and their children on the US population, and the education system, underscores the importance of research examining the immigrant experience.
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Dunlevy, James A., and William K. Hutchinson. "The Impact of Immigration on American Import Trade in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries." Journal of Economic History 59, no. 4 (1999): 1043–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205070002413x.
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Studies of the contemporary period for the United States and for Canada have established that the presence of an immigrant population is associated with an increase in trade between the immigrants' host and origin countries. We wish to discover if such a protrade phenomenon was systematically associated with the massive inflow of immigrants to the United States during the 40 years preceding World War I. Applying a gravity model to U.S. imports of 78 commodities from 17 countries at five-year intervals, we find support for a broad pro-import immigrant effect, especially for more fmished and more differentiated goods.
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Hung, Yu-Ju. "Transnational and Local-Focus Ethnic Networks." Southern California Quarterly 98, no. 2 (2016): 194–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ucpsocal.2016.98.2.194.
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While nineteenth-century Chinese immigrants took comfort in social organizations based on networks carried over from China, this case history of recent Chinese immigrant communities in the San Gabriel Valley finds two kinds of social organizations operating complementarily. Transnational organizations, based on networks established in regions of origin, sustain community bonds among immigrants and their offspring. Local-focus organizations are a new type, formed among Chinese American suburbanites to empower them in local issues.
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Hersch, Joni. "Colorism Against Legal Immigrants to the United States." American Behavioral Scientist 62, no. 14 (2018): 2117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764218810758.
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Data from the 2003 wave of the New Immigrant Survey established that immigrants to the United States with darker skin color experienced a substantial pay penalty that is not explained by extensive individual and job characteristics. These same immigrants were reinterviewed approximately 4 years later. With additional time to assimilate to the U.S. labor market, the disadvantage of darker skin color may have declined or even disappeared. The current analysis shows that the penalty for darker color instead increased over this period from a 16% lightest-to-darkest penalty to a 25% disparity.
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Epstein, Gil S., and Odelia Heizler (Cohen). "The formation of networks in the diaspora." International Journal of Manpower 37, no. 7 (2016): 1136–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-08-2015-0115.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine possible types of network formation among immigrants in the diaspora and between those immigrants and the locals in different countries. The authors present the model by considering different possible interactions between immigrants and the new society in their host country. Spread of migrants from the same origin in the diaspora may well increase international trade between the different countries, depending on the types of networks formed. The authors present possible applications of network structure on the country of origin, such as on international trade. The authors find that when the size of the diaspora is sufficiently large, the natives in the different countries will be willing to bear the linking cost with the immigrants because the possible benefits increase with increasing size of the diaspora. Design/methodology/approach Developing a theoretical approach for the formation of networks in the diaspora. Findings Those that immigrated first determine the outcome. Policy maker can affect the type of network formed by allocating resources to the first immigrants. They can approve subsidies and tax reductions for international trade. The type of network formed (assimilation, integration, separation or marginalization) affects the level of, and benefits from international trade worldwide, as well as the composition of the imported products. The authors show how leadership is established and how leadership increases over time. More immigrants from the same origin become established all over the world, and new linkages are created with the first immigrant, increasing the possibilities for global trade. Originality/value The research in this paper is original.
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Vega, Alma. "The Time Intensity of Childcare Provided by Older Immigrant Women in the United States." Research on Aging 39, no. 7 (2016): 823–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027515626774.
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Older adults comprise an increasing share of new legal admits to the United States. While many are financially dependent on their families, a more complete picture requires taking into account the nonmonetary contributions of this population. Using the American Time Use Survey, this study examines whether older recent immigrant women provide more unpaid childcare than their native-born and more established immigrant counterparts. Results suggest that while older recent immigrant women are more likely to provide unpaid childcare, this effect is eliminated upon controlling for demographic characteristics. However, among those who do provide childcare, older recent immigrant women provide more hours of care even after controlling for demographic and household characteristics. This pattern holds up even after restricting the analysis to women living with young children. These results may signal reciprocal supportive networks. Working-age adults may financially support older recent immigrants, while older recent immigrants provide unremunerated childcare for working-age adults.
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Hiramoto, Mie. "Is dat dog you’re eating?" Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 21, no. 3 (2011): 341–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.21.3.03hir.
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This paper explores both racial and socioeconomic classification through language use as a means of membership categorization among locals in Hawai‘i. Analysis of the data focuses on some of the most obvious representations of language ideology, namely, ethnic jokes and local vernacular. Ideological constructions concerning two types of Filipino populations, local Filipinos and immigrant Filipinos, the latter often derisively referred to as “Fresh off the Boat (FOB)” are performed differently in ethnic jokes by local Filipino comedians. Scholars report that the use of mock language often functions as a racialized categorization marker; however, observations on the use of Mock Filipino in this study suggest that the classification as local or immigrant goes beyond race, and that the differences between the two categories of Filipinos observed here are better represented in terms of social status. First generation Filipino immigrants established diaspora communities in Hawai‘i from the plantation time and they slowly merged with other groups in the area. As a result, the immigrants’ children integrated themselves into the local community; at this point, their children considered themselves to be members of this new homeland, newly established locals who no longer belonged to their ancestors’ country. Thus, the local population, though of the same race with the new immigrants, act as racists against people of their own race in the comedy performances.
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Cabaniss, Emily R., and Abigail E. Cameron. "‘Unassimilable and undesirable’: News elites’ discursive construction of the American immigrant during the Ellis Island years." Discourse & Society 28, no. 6 (2017): 614–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926517710990.
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This research examines the historical role news elites have played in shaping public perceptions of immigrants as a distinct social group. To that end, we identify the discursive strategies used by The New York Times to construct the ‘American immigrant’ during the Ellis Island years (1892–1924), a pivotal period when some of the nation’s earliest immigration restriction laws were established. Data were collected from front page newspaper articles and analysis was developed using the techniques of critical discourse analysis. Drawing on Foucault’s (1977) theoretical understanding of the enmeshment of power relations in discourse as well as Blumer’s (1958) group position model, we develop and test five hypotheses about the role of news elites in constructing this social group. Finding support for all hypotheses, we show how the article’s discursive choices dehumanized immigrants, trivialized their experiences, silenced their voices and helped legitimate an unequal social hierarchy that positions immigrants beneath non-immigrants.
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Rangel, Marcos A., and Ying Shi. "Early patterns of skill acquisition and immigrants’ specialization in STEM careers." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 2 (2018): 484–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812041116.
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We provide empirical evidence of immigrants’ specialization in skill acquisition well before entering the US labor market. Nationally representative datasets enable studying the academic trajectories of immigrant children, with a focus on high-school course-taking patterns and college major choice. Immigrant children accumulate skills in ways that reinforce comparative advantages in nonlanguage intensive skills such as mathematics and science, and this contributes to their growing numbers in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) careers. These results are compatible with well-established models of skill formation that emphasize dynamic complementarities of investments in learning.
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Ham, Anita. "Social Processes Affecting the Workforce Integration of First-Generation Immigrant Health Care Professionals in Aging Citizens in the Netherlands." Journal of Transcultural Nursing 31, no. 5 (2019): 460–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043659619875196.
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Introduction: Within a Dutch nursing home, the prevailing workforce culture was challenged by new personnel, which caused institutional change, which in turn, affected workforce integration. The purpose of this study was to examine social processes affecting workforce integration of first-generation immigrant health care professionals in aging citizens in a Dutch health institution in the Netherlands. Method: A purposive sample of 10 immigrants and 10 established nurses was recruited. Ethnography was used to guide this study. 105 hours of participant observation, 8 semistructured interviews with 4 immigrants and 4 established nurses, and 2 focus-group discussions with 8 immigrants and 6 established nurses. Results: The study identified various processes that affect culturally congruent care in the nursing home, like the imposing professional norms, the use of “weapons of the weak,” mutual suspicions of indifference, and collective images of “us” versus “them.” Both groups conceived the “others” as the source of their discomfort, however, both had pain of not mattering. Discussion: When recruiting international educated nurses “all nursing staff” face difficulties when going through the precarious process of mutual integration in daily care practices. We recommend that nurse leaders facilitate positive intergroup interactions that promotes reciprocity for all groups of nurses for better health care outcomes for all.
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Dugan, Frank M., Shari L. Lupien, and Jinguo Hu. "Fungal Plant Pathogens Associated with Emerging Crops in North America: A Challenge for Plant Health Professionals." Plant Health Progress 18, no. 4 (2017): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-09-17-0052-rv.
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“Emerging crops” is a term typically applied to ethnic food plants or to plants used in traditional or ethnic medicine, some of which are becoming viable niche markets in North America. Information on crop protection of these plants is often scarce to lacking. Literature on diagnosis and management of fungal diseases of these crops in North America is concisely reviewed, with information gaps identified. Emphasis is placed on crops comprising recent niche markets for Asian, African, Oceanian, or Latino immigrants. Emerging crops are often tied to economic activities of immigrant populations. Crops of immigrants from Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Oceania are contrasted with crops established by immigrants of European origins, plants usually familiar to North American plant health professionals, and with Native American food and medicinal plants, some of which are experiencing a renaissance as emerging crops.
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Tsubota, Kohei, and Lifeng Liu. "Intragroup comparative study on achievement of second generation Chinese newcomer." Impact 2020, no. 8 (2020): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.8.6.
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There are many challenges that immigrants to new countries face. Complicating efforts to understand and research these challenges are any ingrained attitudes surrounding immigration and the vast differences in attitudes and levels of immigration in each country. Not every place is the same, nor are all immigrants the same, even if they come from the same country. This makes comparisons of what was successful in one place difficult to make. For example, a country like the US, which has a longer history of immigration may have more established systems and theories on immigration and integration than a country like Japan, where historically, immigration has been low. In the US, immigrants from China are considered to have been successful in thriving and creating a Chinese-American population, but the situation is very different for the increasing Chinese-Japanese population found in Japan. Assistant Professor Kohei Tsubota and Research Associate Lifeng Liu are focusing their research on the second-generation Chinese immigrant population in Japan, in particular how an immigrant child can overcome disadvantages in a society that has no immigrant integration policy, and also, how the disparity structure and gender inequality of Chinese society affect their educational attainment after coming to Japan.
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Candela, Silvia, and Patrizia Carletti. "La misura delle differenze etniche nella salute." SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, no. 1 (March 2009): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2009-001010.
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- During the last ten years the number of immigrants has rapidly risen in Italy, reaching almost the 6% of the total population. Immigrants come from more than 190 different countries and their health is a crucial capital to enter the labour market, where they play an important role, even if the achievement of social integration is still a challenge. As the monitoring of immigrants health status is an important mean to plan the actions to tackle health inequalities and to improve their health conditions, it is necessary that the National Health System develops a common methodology and produces some shared indicators to perform it. To achieve this aim a national board on the project Promoting immigrants health in Italy has been established and it is now working to find the sources of data and a reduced number of useful health indicators, measurable all around the Country. This paper presents a summary of the main informations provided by the board up to now. Keywords: immigrants, health, socio-economic status, pregnancy, indicators, epidemiology. Parole chiave: immigrati, salute, condizione socio-economica, gravidanza, indicatori, epidemiologia.
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Brazil, Noli. "Hispanic neighbourhood satisfaction in new and established metropolitan destinations." Urban Studies 56, no. 14 (2019): 2953–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018809913.
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As one of the more important recent population shifts in the USA, the migration of Hispanics into new immigrant metropolitan gateways has received significant scholarly attention. Much of this attention has been paid to understanding how Hispanic residential experiences and environmental characteristics differ between new and traditional destinations. This study contributes to this literature by using 2013 American Housing Survey data to examine differences in the levels and determinants of Hispanic neighbourhood satisfaction by Hispanic destination type. The study pays specific attention to the role of neighbourhood social capital and explores differences between native- and foreign-born Hispanics. Findings reveal that Hispanics report higher neighbourhood satisfaction levels in new destinations compared with new destination white residents and Hispanics living in established destinations. The effects of social cohesion, social control and physical disorder on neighbourhood satisfaction are similar across destination type and nativity. However, the influence of metropolitan area characteristics varies by destination type and is specific to foreign-born Hispanics. Whereas low-skilled employment and Hispanic isolation affect the neighbourhood satisfaction of Hispanic immigrants in established areas, foreign-born segregation influences satisfaction levels in new destinations. The study provides evidence of Hispanic residential adaptation in new destinations with differential determinants across destination type and nativity.
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Yin, Xia-Huang. "Diverse and Transnational: Chinese (PRC) Immigrants in the United States." Journal of Chinese Overseas 3, no. 1 (2007): 122–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325407788639515.
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AbstractThis article studies characteristics of recent immigrants from China (PRC) in the United States, especially their socioeconomic status and networking with their native land. The unprecedented, large-scale, and highly diversified immigration from China to the U.S. since the late 1970s has not only turned the Chinese into the second largest immigrant group in American society, but has also created new opportunities for interpretation of the Chinese diasporic experience. By examining the socioeconomic diversity among PRC immigrants in their American life and the extensive networks they have established across the Pacific, the article shows how class, ethnicity, and transnationality work at cross purposes in the Chinese American experience and sheds light on the new dynamics in overseas Chinese communities in this rapidly changing era.
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Jiang, Jize, and Edna Erez. "Immigrants as Symbolic Assailants." International Criminal Justice Review 28, no. 1 (2017): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1057567717721299.
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Despite little evidence of an immigration-crime nexus, many American jurisdictions have adopted a punitive approach to undocumented immigrants and an increasingly restrictive and exclusive system of immigration control. The extensive deployment of criminal justice measures to address the immigration “problem” led to the growth of a crimmigration apparatus—a mesh of immigration and criminal justice systems. Drawing on extant literature and applying the framework of the penal field, the article examines the social dynamics, processes, and consequences of crimmigration. It is argued that the portrayal of immigrants as “symbolic assailants” has facilitated the creation and operation of crimmigration under the guise of crime prevention rather than for addressing terrorism and national security—the presumed purpose of utilizing crimmigration practices. The current configuration of crimmigration across the United States is the interactive product of minority threat, partisan politics, and federalism of the American government system, which have jointly formed a “multilayered patchwork” of immigration control. The article first outlines the analytical framework; reviews the social construction of immigrant “criminality”; and describes the punitive and exclusive laws, policies, and enforcement practices established as responses to this “threat.” The dilemmas, contradictions, and contestations associated with crimmigration, including collateral impacts on immigrants, their families and communities, and the criminal justice system, are analyzed; and policy implications are drawn and discussed.
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Maia, L., I. Carvalho, D. Silva, and L. Carneiro. "The Onset of Psychotic Disorders and the Immigration Status – A Look Into A Growing Reality." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (2016): S491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1805.
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IntroductionRecent studies point for an increased incidence of psychotic disorders among immigrants when compared to nom-immigrant population, with a substantial risk variation being observed among different ethnic minority groups and diverse host countries/societies.ObjectiveThis communication explores the relation between immigration and the onset of psychosis disease, namely the individual and socio-environmental factors implicated in this association.AimsAccessing the implications of immigration in the establishment of psychotic disorders.MethodsThe authors conducted a literary search on Medline and PsychInfo databases regarding the subject immigration and psychotic disorders, elaborating a bibliographic review of the topic.ResultsA greater incidence of psychotic disorders in immigrants (in comparison to nom-immigrant population) has been established. In actuality a range of studies carried out in different socio demographic contexts and with different ethnic groups (of immigrants) identify ethnicity, neighbourhood characteristics (namely level ethnic density), discrimination and refugee status, as some of the probable factors that modulate the rate of psychotic disorder and influence its incidence in immigrants.ConclusionsWith regard to the relationship between immigration and the development of psychosis, much is still to be understood. Future studies with focuses on different individual, social, cultural and demographic aspects need to be developed in order to better understand and addressed this phenomenon.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Zlotnick, Cheryl, and Laura Dryjanska. "Immigrants’ Health, Acculturation, and the Work–Retirement Continuum." Health & Social Work 45, no. 1 (2020): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hsw/hlz039.
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Abstract Although the link between immigrants’ health status and employment is well established, there is little information on the combined impact of three components of acculturation (that is, dual self-identity, language proficiency, and realized expectations) on this link. Immigrants who came to Israel from English-speaking countries (N = 377) were categorized into three groups based on the work–retirement continuum (that is, working, same occupation; working, changed occupation; or retired). Using a cross-sectional design, this study examined whether the link between health and acculturation varied by immigrants’ location on the work–retirement continuum. Bivariate analyses revealed group differences for two acculturation components, language proficiency (p < .0001) and dual self-identity (p < .05). Multivariable analyses indicated an interaction effect between the acculturation component of realized expectations and work–retirement continuum group status on health status. As a result, good health was related to higher levels of realized expectations for the retired group; related to lower levels of realized expectations for the “working, changed occupations” group; and unrelated to realized expectations for the “working, same occupation” group. The acculturation component of realized expectations varies depending on the immigrant’s location on the work–retirement continuum. Health and social welfare professionals can promote health in working or retired immigrants by providing clear and realistic information to better align with immigrants’ expectations.
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de Graauw, Els, and Irene Bloemraad. "Working Together: Building Successful Policy and Program Partnerships for Immigrant Integration." Journal on Migration and Human Security 5, no. 1 (2017): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/233150241700500106.
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Supporting and investing in the integration of immigrants and their children is critically important to US society. Successful integration contributes to the nation's economic vitality, its civic and political health, and its cultural diversity. But although the United States has a good track record on immigrant integration, outcomes could be better. A national, coherent immigrant integration policy infrastructure is needed. This infrastructure can build on long-standing partnerships between civil society and US public institutions. Such partnerships, advanced under Republican- and Democratic-led administrations, were initially established to facilitate European immigrants' integration in large American cities, and later extended to help refugees fleeing religious persecution and war. In the twenty-first century, we must expand this foundation by drawing on the growing activism by cities and states, new civil society initiatives, and public-private partnerships that span the country. A robust national integration policy infrastructure must be vertically integrated to include different levels of government and horizontally applied across public and private sector actors and different types of immigrant destinations. The resultant policy should leverage public-private partnerships, drawing on the energy, ideas, and work of community-based nonprofit organizations as well as the leadership and support of philanthropy, business, education, faith-based, and other institutions. A new coordinating office to facilitate interagency cooperation is needed in the executive branch; the mandate and programs of the Office of Refugee Resettlement need to be secured and where possible expanded; the outreach and coordinating role of the Office of Citizenship needs to be extended, including through a more robust grant program to community-based organizations; and Congress needs to develop legislation and appropriate funding for a comprehensive integration policy addressed to all, and not just humanitarian immigrants. The federal investments in immigrant and refugee integration we propose are a big ask for any administration; they seem especially unlikely under the Trump administration, whose efforts focus on enforcement and border control, targeting undocumented and legal immigrants alike. Yet immigrant integration is not and should not be a partisan issue. Federal politicians across the political spectrum need to realize, as many local officials and a large segment of the public already do, that successful immigrant integration is a win-win for everybody. When immigrants have more opportunities to learn English, to improve their schooling and professional training, to start businesses, and to access citizenship, we all benefit. A majority of the American public supports immigrant integration, from proposals for learning English to a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants. Local and state governments are setting up initiatives to promote integration. If the federal government will not act, cities, states, and civil society organizations must continue to work together to build an integration infrastructure from the bottom up.
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Wallace, Steven P. "Central American and Mexican Immigrant Characteristics and Economic Incorporation in California." International Migration Review 20, no. 3 (1986): 657–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838602000307.
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Data compiled from the 1980 U.S. Census and other sources are used in this article to demonstrate the distinctiveness of Central American immigration. Comprising a relatively recent and growing immigrant stream, Central Americans are settling in areas where other Hispanic groups are already established. Comparisons between Central American and Mexican immigrants in California reveal substantial differences between the two groups in their age structure, sex ratio, and human capital characteristics. Despite the differences, however, Central American immigrant men earn the same as Mexican immigrant men. This finding can be explained by structural theories of immigrant economic incorporation. Some Central American women are able to convert their human capital advantages over Mexican immigrant women into earnings advantages, as predicted by assimilation theory.
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HUNG, LI-WAN. "Ethnic Conflicts in Hillside Borderlands. A study on headhunting in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Taiwan." Modern Asian Studies 54, no. 1 (2019): 30–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x17000567.
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AbstractThis article examines ethnic conflicts in hillside borderlands, with special emphasis on the tradition of headhunting. Moreover, this study investigates how the self-autonomous new settlers negotiated with the aboriginal tribes to establish their living space, as well as the social relationships that were formed as a result. The findings of this study reveal, on the one hand, the multiple meanings of the headhunting custom and its evolution following the influx of new settlers and under Qing statecraft, and, on the other hand, shed light on how immigrants established their living space in the face of complex ethnic relationships and conflicts in the hillside borderlands. Although the practice of headhunting did not have its roots in conflicts between mountain inhabitants (shengfan) and plains immigrants (shufan and Han Chinese), changes in the nature and scale of headhunting in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were the result of the mass influx of new settlers and state intervention. In borderland regions where government authority was not well established, immigrants were left to fend for themselves and were much affected by the local cultural environment. Hence, when analysing the development of immigrant society or local history, due attention should be paid to the social traditions and characteristics of native inhabitants, which often provided the background and underlying reasons for ethnic conflicts.
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Just, Aida. "Political Regimes and Immigrant Party Preferences." Comparative Political Studies 52, no. 5 (2018): 651–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414018797938.
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This article examines how political regimes in migrants’ origin countries influence their party identification in adopted homeland. I posit that immigrants are more likely to acquire partisanship in their host country if they came from a nonparty autocracy as opposed to a party-based autocracy or democracy. Moreover, among partisans, immigrants are less likely to identify with a left-wing party if they came from a communist regime. Finally, these effects are particularly pronounced among foreign-born individuals from highly authoritarian regimes. The analyses using Geddes, Wright, and Frantz Autocratic Regimes data along with individual-level data from the European Social Survey (ESS) 2002-2017 in 19 established democracies confirm these expectations. These findings have important implications for debates on immigrant political integration, party politics, and the prospects of electoral stability in contemporary democracies.
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Reyes, Adriana M., and Marc A. Garcia. "Gender and Age of Migration Differences in Mortality Among Older Mexican Americans." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 8 (2019): 1707–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz038.
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Abstract Objectives Using a gendered life course perspective, we examine whether the relationship between age of migration and mortality is moderated by gender among a cohort of older Mexican Americans. Methods Data from the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiological Study of the Elderly and recently matched mortality data are used to estimate Cox proportional hazard models. Results Our findings indicate that the relationship between age of migration and mortality is moderated by gender, suggesting a more nuanced perspective of the immigrant mortality paradox. Among men, midlife migrants exhibit an 18% lower risk of mortality compared to their U.S.-born co-ethnics, possibly due to immigrant selectivity at the time of migration. Conversely, late-life migrant women exhibit a 17% lower risk of mortality relative to U.S.-born women, attributed in part to socio-cultural characteristics that influence lifestyle risk factors across the life course. Discussion Selection mechanisms and acculturation processes associated with the immigrant experience are contingent on both age and gender, suggesting the utility of an integrated life course approach to contextualize the mortality profiles of older immigrants. These findings demonstrate the heterogeneity among immigrants and highlight the need to understand gender differences in the migration process when assessing the immigrant mortality paradox.
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Maggio, Christopher. "The Context of Immigrant Reception in the American South." Social Currents 8, no. 5 (2021): 463–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23294965211013685.
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Past research has shown the Southern United States to have more conservative immigration attitudes compared to more established immigrant destination states. However, it is unclear whether or not the places that immigrants have arrived share these conservative attitudes and how this impacts the reception of immigrant groups. Analyzing the Cooperative Congressional Election Study, I find that U.S.-born White attitudes toward immigration are less conservative in zip codes where immigrant-origin groups in the South are most likely to live, often by substantial margins. This indicates that immigrant-origin groups in the South are likely to encounter Southern Whites with a more liberal orientation than Southern Whites more generally. The implications for how these attitudes compare to established immigrant destination states and counties are addressed in detail, as are Southern Black attitudes toward immigration. Regardless, on various questions approximating racial experience/understanding, immigrant-origin groups in the South do not report more negative feelings than those in established destinations and report more positive feelings in some cases, although these results could also indicate a lower awareness of racial issues. Overall, these findings point to a context of reception in the South that is likely more positive than past research on Southern immigration attitudes has implied.
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Vang, Zoua M., and Yvonne Chang. "Immigrants’ Experiences of Everyday Discrimination in Canada: Unpacking the Contributions of Assimilation, Race, and Early Socialization." International Migration Review 53, no. 2 (2018): 602–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918318764871.
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We examined perceptions of everyday discrimination among immigrants in Canada and in comparison to native-born Canadians using data from the 2013 Canadian Community Health Survey. We find that recent immigrants report less discrimination than native-born Canadians, ceteris paribus. Recent immigrants also report less discrimination than their fellow immigrants who had been residing in Canada for much longer durations. There were trivial differences in perceptions of everyday discrimination between native-born Canadians and midway and established immigrants, all else being equal. Additional analysis suggests that differences in age at arrival and associated early socialization experiences might explain variations in immigrants’ perceived discrimination.
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Munkejord, Mai Camilla. "Immigrant entrepreneurship contextualised." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 11, no. 2 (2017): 258–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-05-2015-0029.
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Purpose This paper aims to address the rural and gender gaps in the immigrant entrepreneurship literature by exploring the start-up stories of 18 female immigrants who currently run a business in northernmost Norway. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on a qualitative fieldwork including business visits and in-depth interviews. The transcripts from the interviews were analysed using a constructivist grounded theory (CGT) approach. Findings Four modes of entry to entrepreneurship were identified: entrepreneurship as a way out of unemployment; entrepreneurship as a means to avoid underemployment, entrepreneurship as a means to live in a region of perceived attraction; and entrepreneurship as a preferred choice for women in satisfactory wage labour. In addition, the paper reveals the importance of family support and of spatial embeddedness among immigrant entrepreneurs living in a rural context. Practical implications This study notes that the modes of entry to rural immigrant entrepreneurship are diverse, but that they are often partly related to the pursuit of an initial feeling of belonging in the new region of settlement. Hence, developing the knowledge of how to not only attract but also retain and increase the feeling of local belonging of immigrants may be important for many rural regions in the Western world. This is because rural immigrants not only represent a much needed in-flow of younger people in a typically decreasing and ageing population but also entail cultural variation and job creation, thus contributing to place development. Social implications The paper argues for the importance of considering immigrant entrepreneurs as significant actors of rural development. Originality/value While immigrant entrepreneurship has emerged as an important field of study, it has been criticised for focusing predominantly on men and for neglecting contextual variations in the analysis. The rural context especially has been largely omitted. By focusing on female immigrants having established a business in a rural context, the paper adds to the literature, firstly, by highlighting the experiences of female immigrant entrepreneurs. Secondly, it reveals that rural immigrant entrepreneurship cannot be conceived in terms of “ethnic resources” or “enclave economy” that are often central explanatory dimensions in megacity studies. Thirdly, it argues for the importance of considering both the spatial as well as the family contexts in the author’s theoretical conceptualizations of the (immigrant) entrepreneurial start-up phase.
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Tiagi, Raaj. "Access to and utilization of health care services among Canada’s immigrants." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 12, no. 2 (2016): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-06-2014-0027.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze patterns of health services utilization – visits to family practitioner and visits to an emergency room – by recent immigrants (those who have lived in Canada for less than ten years) and “established” immigrants (those who have resided in Canada for ten years or longer) relative to their Canadian-born counterparts. Design/methodology/approach – The 2009/2010 files of the Canadian Community Health Survey were used for the analysis. A logit model was used to analyze utilization while a zero-inflated negative binomial model was used to measure the intensity of health services utilization. Findings – Results suggest that relative to native-born Canadians, recent immigrants are more likely to visit an emergency room and are less likely to visit a family/general practitioner. The opposite effect is observed for “established” immigrants. In terms of intensity of use, native-born Canadians are more likely to use physicians’ services intensively compared with either recent or established immigrants. Originality/value – The paper’s findings suggest that provincial governments in Canada will need to focus effort to ensure that recent immigrants have access to a family/general practitioner. This will be necessary given the recent primary care reform initiatives introduced across Canada that emphasize the physician as the first point-of-contact with the health system.
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Wright, Richard, Mark Ellis, and Virginia Parks. "Re‐Placing Whiteness in Spatial Assimilation Research." City & Community 4, no. 2 (2004): 111–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2005.00107.x.
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This paper works through some of the epistemological and methodological consequences of an unreflexive use of white suburbs as the expected residential destination in U.S. spatial assimilation research. Foregrounding immigrant suburbanization in spatial assimilation occludes alternative geographic trajectories; simply put, spatial diffusion need not be central city to suburban decentralization. More problematically, spatial assimilation research often translates residential movement to the suburbs into increasing proximity with whites. This results in the degree of segregation from whites becoming the standard by which immigrant assimilative progress is gauged. Building on critical whiteness studies and recent research on aspatial assimilation, we develop some new theoretical entry points into the process of spatial assimilation. We treat metropolitan areas as constellations of neighborhoods rather than a central city–suburban doughnut and become circumspect in our use of whites as a referent category. Our investigation of spaces of assimilation in greater Los Angeles reveals that established immigrants are more dispersed residentially than recent conational arrivals, although the effect varies by group. For many immigrant groups, these dispersions from concentrations of initial settlement do not reduce segregation from whites. Segregation lessens over time, however, between immigrants and other native‐born Americans. For many groups, but by no means all, a dispersed residential pattern is associated with higher quality neighborhoods.
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Money, Jeannette. "No Vacancy: The Political Geography of Immigration Control in Advanced Industrial Countries." International Organization 51, no. 4 (1997): 685–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081897550492.
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This article examines the domestic political sources of immigration control in advanced market economy countries after World War II. Immigration control can be distinguished from the broader concept of immigration policy by its emphasis on state policies that define the permissible level of resident alien admissions. The analysis is based on the well-established fact that immigrant communities are geographically concentrated. I argue that this geographic concentration creates an uneven distribution of costs and benefits, providing a spatial context for immigration politics. In this context, net public demand for tighter immigration control increases in localities where immigrants concentrate when those areas experience higher unemployment, rapid increases in immigration, higher immigrant proportions, and more generous immigrant access to social services. Each of these conditions aggravates competition between immigrants and natives, and hence native hostility, in these communities while employer support for immigration usually diminishes. Yet national politicians may ignore changes in the demand for immigration control unless these constituencies are also able to swing a national election from one party to another. The larger and less “safe” the local constituencies, the greater their influence in this sense. Evidence from the United Kingdom between 1955 and 1981 is consistent with these propositions.
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Kristen, Cornelia, and Julian Seuring. "Destination-language acquisition of recently arrived immigrants: Do refugees differ from other immigrants?" Journal for Educational Research Online 2021, no. 1 (2021): 128–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31244/jero.2021.01.05.
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This article describes new immigrants’ levels of destination-language proficiency shortly after taking up residence in Germany. The focus lies on a comparison of refugees from Syria with new arrivals from Italy, Poland, and Turkey, who came as economic immigrants, for family reasons, or as students. The theoretical account builds upon a well-established model of language acquisition, according to which language fluency is a function of exposure, efficiency, and incentives. The empirical study is based on data from the first wave of the ENTRA project (“Recent Immigration Processes and Early Integration Trajectories in Germany”) that covers about 4,600 young adults. The analyses reveal that most individuals improve their proficiency over time. Syrians’ experience a faster learning curve than those of other immigrant groups. The conditions identified as relevant to language fluency largely reflect the findings of previous studies. They indicate that language learning is a general process that, for the most part, does not differ across the four groups. Exposure is the major force driving language acquisition. There are also indications that certain kinds of exposure, such as attending language classes, are especially beneficial for individuals with lower resource endowments. In addition, Syrian refugees profit more than other new arrivals from increased levels of language exposure, such as from taking language courses, pursuing education or being active on the labor market.
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Davis, Robert C., and Joel Miller. "Immigration and Integration: Perceptions of Community Policing Among Members of Six Ethnic Communities in Central Queens, New York City." International Review of Victimology 9, no. 2 (2002): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975800200900202.
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There is some evidence, based on past research, that community policing has not been as successful (in terms of awareness, participation, and impact) in Black and Latino communities as in White communities. We believed that there may be even less awareness of community policing in ethnic communities containing high proportions of recent immigrants. We conducted an investigation into the extent to which awareness of community policing had penetrated immigrant communities. From a multi-ethnic neighborhood in Queens, New York with a high proportion of foreign-born residents, we surveyed representative samples from six different ethnic groups. Two of the communities were well established and integrated into the city's political structure. The other four communities were composed largely of recent immigrants and had not yet developed a strong sense of political empowerment. Respondents were asked about awareness of community policing, sources of awareness, participation in community policing activities, and suggestions for improving police—community relations. Respondents from the long-etablished ethnic communities were far more likely to be aware of community policing than respondents in the recently established communities. The former respondents were also more likely to have participated in community policing activities. Increasing foot patrols and holding more meetings with the community were seen as the most effective means of improving police—community relations, especially among recently established Hispanic communities.
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Yurdakul, Gökçe. ""We Don't Want To Be the Jews of Tomorrow": Jews and Turks in Germany after 9/11." German Politics and Society 24, no. 2 (2006): 44–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503006780681939.
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This article examines how German Turks employ the German Jewish trope to establish an analogous discourse for their own position in German society. Drawing on the literature on immigrant incorporation, we argue that immigrants take more established minority groups as a model in their incorporation process. Here, we examine how German Turks formulate and enact their own incorporation into German society. They do that, we argue, by employing the master narrative and socio-cultural repertoire of Germany's principal minority, German Jewry. This is accomplished especially in relation to racism and antisemitism, as an organizational model and as a political model in terms of making claims against the German state. We argue that in order to understand immigrant incorporation, it is not sufficient to look at state-immigrant relations only—authors also need to look at immigrant groups' relationships with other minority groups.
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Morales-Moreno, Isabel, Maravillas Giménez-Fernández, and Paloma Echevarría-Pérez. "The cultural dialogue on the domestic dimension of care to immigrant caregivers in Spain." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 23, no. 5 (2015): 821–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-1169.0442.2620.
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Objectives: to determine how the immigration phenomenon influences the response to informal care in the domestic level through the caregiver activity, and to analyze the cultural dialogue established in the residential area of Murcia (Spain).Method: This is an ethnographic study, conducted in 26 informal immigrant caregivers. As data collection instruments, semi-structured interviews and participant observation were employed. MAXQDA-2 assisted content analysis was also applied.Results: the immigrant caregiver is the main consumer of traditional medicines, extending these health practices to her home group. A cultural dialogue is established on informal care, characterized by interculturalism and mutual adaptation.Conclusions: cultural hybridization was identified for informal caregivers, immigrants and cultural integration: new health care practices and cultural behaviors in informal systems. There is a transformation in the roles of family members attended in domestic environments, increasing quality of life and self care. They represent an alternative to medicalization, promoting self-management of health.
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Mattes, Astrid. "Who We Are Is What We Believe? Religion and Collective Identity in Austrian and German Immigrant Integration Policies." Social Inclusion 5, no. 1 (2017): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v5i1.766.
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Immigrant integration is a contested policy field in which boundaries of membership are drawn and re-negotiated whereby groups of immigrants are partially included and excluded. Building on the concept of collective identity and theories of boundary making, this paper illustrates how religion functions as a category to mark and fill notions of self and otherness. As several studies have shown, immigrants in Europe are increasingly addressed as Muslims, a development that also serves the promotion of a Christian ‘us’. Focusing on Austria and Germany, two countries where this is especially observable, the paper outlines the functioning of religion as symbolic boundary. The empirical study on national integration policies demonstrates how—within the relational process of boundary drawing against Muslims—a Christian identity narrative is established, how it functions as a marker of unity and how it relates to liberal and secular notions. Results from the qualitative content analysis of governmental policy programs from 2005 onwards show different patterns of boundary drawing on religion and the way they shape and limit the possibilities of inclusion. To understand this development, we have to look at Christian-democratic policy-makers, who currently dominate the political struggle for the power to define features of collective identity in immigrant integration policies.
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Wallace, Michael, and Rodrigo Figueroa. "Determinants of Perceived Immigrant Job Threat in the American States." Sociological Perspectives 55, no. 4 (2012): 583–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sop.2012.55.4.583.
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In the United States, the 2000s were marked by record numbers of immigrants and heightened levels of pro- and anti-immigrant agitation. As a result, research investigating anti-immigrant prejudice in the United States and other societies has surged. In this article, the authors investigate the determinants of perceived immigrant job threat in the fifty U.S. states in 2005. They draw upon three theoretical perspectives that dominate the study of prejudice—group threat theory, contact theory, and cultural theory—but move beyond these established theories to adduce three new perspectives, which they label economic competition, labor market deregulation, and globalization. The authors find support for all six perspectives. The three new perspectives augment, rather than supplant, the traditional theories. The authors find that levels of perceived immigrant job threat tend to increase in settings where there is economic stagnation, where labor unions are growing weaker, where the minimum wage is low, and where corporate restructuring has taken place.
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Donato, Katharine M., Bhumika Piya, and Anna Jacobs. "The Double Disadvantage Reconsidered: Gender, Immigration, Marital Status, and Global Labor Force Participation in the 21st Century." International Migration Review 48, no. 1_suppl (2014): 335–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imre.12142.
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Although women's representation among international migrants in many countries has risen over the last 100 years, we know far less about gender gaps in the labor force participation of immigrants across a wide span of host societies. Prior studies have established that immigrant women are doubly disadvantaged in terms of labor market outcomes in the U.S., Canada, and Israel. These studies suggest an intriguing question: Are there gender gaps in immigrant labor force participation across destinations countries? In this paper, we investigate the extent to which the double disadvantage exists for immigrant women in a variety of host countries. We also examine how marriage moderates this double disadvantage. For the U.S., although we find that immigrant women have had the lowest labor force participation rates compared to natives and immigrant men since 1960, marital status is an important stratifying attribute that helps explain nativity differences. Extending the analysis to eight other countries reveals strong gender differences in labor force participation and shows how marriage differentiates immigrant women's labor force entry more so than men's.
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Wayland, Sarah V. "Saving Small Business: The Urgent Need for Improved Business Succession Planning and how Immigrant Entrepreneurs can Help." Papers in Canadian Economic Development 18 (April 11, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/pced.v18i0.93.
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<p>Small business is the backbone of the Canadian economy, yet fewer than half of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Canada currently have a succession plan in place. As such, many of these businesses could be at risk of closure, potentially reducing the wealth of the business owners in question and depriving communities of needed goods and services. This paper explores the possibility of business succession matching programs, with a focus on immigrants as potential purchasers of businesses. Immigrants are more likely to own a business than their Canadian-born counterparts, and a succession matching program could enable them to access established businesses, mentoring, and even creative financing to enhance their own chances of success as well as preserving desirable firms. The research is based on a review of existing literature, case studies and several interviews which identify an urgent need and potential solutions. </p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>succession planning, small enterprise, immigration, immigrant entrepreneurs</p>
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Ortí-Lucas, Rafael M., María C. Parada-Barba, José E. de la Rubia-Ortí, Alejandra Carrillo-Ruiz, María Beso-Delgado, and An L. D. Boone. "Impact of Chagas Disease in Bolivian Immigrants Living in Europe and the Risk of Stigmatization." Journal of Parasitology Research 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/514794.
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Background.The prevalence of Chagas disease in endemic countries varies with the kind of vector involved and the socioeconomic conditions of the population of origin. Due to recent immigration it is an emerging public health problem in Europe, especially in those countries which receive immigrant populations with a high prevalence of carriers. The study reviews the impact of the disease on Bolivian immigrants living in Europe, the preventive measures and regulations applied in European countries, and their repercussion on possible stigmatization of certain population groups.Methods.The Bolivian immigrant population resident in 2012 was estimated and the affected population in different European countries was calculated with data on carrier prevalence that were recently published. The preventive measures and regulations available in Europe were also reviewed. MEDLINE-PubMed, GoPubMed, and Embase were consulted for the literature review.Results.The Bolivian immigrant population has the highest prevalence of Chagas carriers (6.7%–25%) compared to the overall Latin American population (1.3%–2.4%). Only in Spain, France, Belgium, UK, Portugal, Italy, Switzerland, The Netherlands, and Germany, preventive measures are applied to this population. The established regulations are insufficient and completely different criteria are applied in the different countries and this could reflect a certain degree of stigmatization.
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Min, Pyong Gap. "KOREAN-LATINO RELATIONS IN LOS ANGELES AND NEW YORK." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 4, no. 2 (2007): 395–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x07070221.
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This paper examines Korean-Latino relations based on the results of my own research in New York City and review of other empirical studies conducted in New York and Los Angeles. Korean-Latino relations have been established mainly through the employment of Latino immigrants in Korean-owned stores. Since Korean immigrants' heavy dependence on very disadvantaged Latino workers involves labor exploitation, it has been a source of Korean-Latino conflicts. There have been many cases of picketing against Korean stores by Latino employees in both New York City and Los Angeles. But Korean-Latino business-related conflicts have been much less serious than Korean-Black business-related conflicts. Moreover, the relationships between Koreans and Latinos have some positive aspects. First, due to cultural similarities and mutual benefits derived from the employer-employee relationship, many Korean merchants maintain strong personal ties with Latino employees, informally helping them and often sponsoring their applications for green cards. Second, Korean ethnic organizations staffed by 1.5- and second-generation Koreans in Korean enclaves in Los Angeles and New York City have recently expanded their services to Latino immigrant workers and Latino children. In particular, the efforts of the Korean Immigrant Workers Advocates in Los Angeles to protect Latino workers from exploitation by Korean merchants have greatly contributed to establishing cultural, social, and organizational linkages between the two communities.
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Leonard, Susan Hautaniemi, Christopher Robinson, and Douglas L. Anderton. "Immigration, Occupation, and Inequality in Emergent Nineteenth-Century New England Cities." Social Science History 41, no. 4 (2017): 645–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2017.26.
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This article explores the social interactions of immigration, occupation, and wealth in two urban industrial cities of nineteenth-century New England that were largely built upon, and shaped by, immigration: the very rapidly growing factory town of Holyoke, Massachusetts, and a more mixed-market and steadily growing nearby community of Northampton, Massachusetts. Both communities were emergent, rapidly industrializing, inland cities, providing a quite distinct immigration context than large established cities of the East Coast. Both were destinations for the same general ethnic immigration waves over the late nineteenth century, but with very different, and differently impacted, social spaces into which immigrants arrived. Contrasting and considering both these emergent cities allows us to ascertain the extent to which the occupational distribution and accumulation of wealth by immigrant groups supports the broad pattern of nineteenth-century assimilation, and reveals ways in which other migration processes may have been at odds, or intertwined, with the long-term historical assimilation of immigrants in such communities. Our findings support a traditional assimilationist perspective in emergent urban-industrial centers. However, they also reveal the role of universal immiseration in an industrial city dual-labor market in facilitating or forcing assimilation, the temporal advantages for ethnic groups of arriving early in growing settlements, and the more individualistic nature of economic enclaves in gaining advantages over time that did not manifest across broad immigrant or occupational groups.
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Lu, Pei Hua. "“Gossip makes us one”." Media and communication as antecedents to the transformation agenda in Malaysia 25, no. 2 (2015): 279–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.25.2.10lu.
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Intergroup marriage has been widely used as an indicator to predict the social integration of immigrants. The assumption is that higher rates of intergroup marriage represent more harmonious outcome of an integrated society. As compared to the U.S., first and 1.5 generation immigrants in Canada have been found to be less likely to intermarry, and their cultural preference of a spouse of the same race/ethnicity has been argued to be the key factor. However, the process of how these immigrants’ cultural preference is maintained in a multicultural context requires exploration. This study elaborates on the role of gossip in the process of the maintaining of ethnic boundaries among recent immigrants using the case of Taiwanese immigrants in Canada. With an examination of their attitudes toward intergroup marriage, the results of the role of gossip indicate, 1) the seemingly impermeable ethnic boundaries established by recent immigrants can be challenged and modified through gossip, and 2) gossip makes the process of integration possible along both horizontal (i.e., coethnic peer of the same cohort) and vertical (i.e., parents to children and vice versa) axis within the same race/ethnic group of immigrants.
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See, Ya Hui Michelle, Aaron Wei Qiang Lim, and Janet V. T. Pauketat. "Values Predict Willingness to Interact With Immigrants: The Role of Cultural Ideology and Multicultural Acquisition." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 51, no. 1 (2019): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022119883018.
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As globalization advances, immigration has increasingly been contested. Psychological studies of immigration, which are frequently conducted in Western contexts, have established a link between attitudes toward immigrants and individual values. In two studies, the present research investigates this link between values and favorability toward immigrants in an Asian nation with a high proportion of immigrants, Singapore, and considers differences in cultural ideologies and multicultural acquisition, based on the assumption that cultural ideologies and multicultural acquisition share broader underlying motivations with self-transcendence (growth and anxiety-free) and conservation values (protection and anxiety-avoidance). In Study 1, the cultural ideologies of multiculturalism and color blindness, as reified in the Singapore context, explained how self-transcendence and conservation values predict willingness to interact with immigrants. Greater support for multiculturalism mediated the positive relationship between self-transcendence values and favorability toward immigrants. Lower support for color blindness mediated the negative relationship between conservation values and favorability toward immigrants. In Study 2, experimentally induced self-transcendence and conservation values interacted with multicultural acquisition to affect willingness to interact with immigrants. Self-transcendence increased favorability toward immigrants for people with greater multicultural acquisition. Conservation decreased favorability toward immigrants for people with less multicultural acquisition. This research has implications for demonstrating that the cultural context matters for addressing how and among whom to improve intercultural contact in diverse, globalized societies.
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Folmer, Jetske. "Dutch immigrants in New Zealand." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 15, no. 2 (1992): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.15.2.01fol.
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Abstract This article contains a report of a case study on language shift and language loss in three generations of a Dutch immigrant family in New Zealand carried out in 1990/1991 (Folmer 1991). Language shift refers to the shift from Dutch to English and language loss to the loss of the mother tongue Dutch. In addition to language shift and loss, the personal linguistic history of the subjects and their (language) attitudes were examined; these topics are only discussed indirectly in this article. One first generation member, five members of the second generation and two third generation children took part in the investigation. The instruments used were an analysis of letters, an interview, a domain questionnaire, an editing test and a correction test. It was found that language shift increases with each generation. The factors education, exogamy, (language) attitudes and age also proved to be important. Furthermore, the type of domain or activity made a difference. In both the first and the second generation the degree of language loss in Dutch was rather low. Some trends in the loss process were established and certain word classes turned out to be more problematic than others.
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Robinson, Greg. "The Debate Over Japanese Immigration: The View from France." Prospects 30 (October 2005): 539–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300002179.
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The story of the Issei — the 100,000 Japanese immigrants who traveled to Hawaii and the United States during the turn of the 20th century — is an epic of survival amid hardship. Through the efforts of labor contractors backed by the Japanese consulate, the majority of the newcomers were recruited to undertake heavy labor on Hawaiian plantations. Others settled on the mainland, predominantly on the nation's Pacific Coast, where they worked as farmers, fishermen, railroad workers, and agricultural laborers. Smaller contingents of students, artists, and professionals also crossed the ocean and scattered through the United States. As the immigrants became established, many brought over “picture bride” wives and started families. Through careful saving of wages and communal self-help, numerous immigrant laborers bought farms and established small businesses, churches, and community institutions. At the same time, they were victimized by widespread racial prejudice and discriminatory legislation. Like other Asian immigrants, they were barred from naturalization by federal law, and therefore from voting, and in many states the Issei were forbidden to marry whites or to practice certain professions. In Hawaii, the white planter class limited educational opportunity and kept Issei in menial labor positions. On the West Coast, white laborers and political leaders, who rigidly excluded Asian workers from unions, organized movements to exclude the Issei from residence on the grounds that they depressed wage scales through their willingness to work for lower pay. Following the “Gentlemen's Agreement” of 1907–8, the entry of Japanese laborers into the country was largely restricted. Shortly thereafter, in response to demands by white farmers enraged by competition from their Issei counterparts, California and neighboring states enacted alien land acts, which forbade all Japanese and other “immigrants ineligible to citizenship” from owning agricultural land. As a result, the Issei were forced to take short-term leases on land or to put their holdings in the names of white colleagues or of their own children, the Nisei (American-born citizens of Japanese ancestry). Exclusionist pressure, founded on nativist opposition to the alleged racial danger posed by the Issei to the American population, flared up again following World War I and climaxed in the Immigration Act of 1924, which outlawed all Japanese immigration to the United States.