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1
Dávila, Alberto, and Marie T. Mora. "English Skills, Earnings, and the Occupational Sorting of Mexican Americans along the U.S.-Mexico Border." International Migration Review 34, no. 1 (March 2000): 133–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791830003400106.
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While English proficiency enhances labor market outcomes, its role in minority-language regions remains largely unexplored. Employing the U.S.-Mexico border as a minority-language region, we analyze whether English skills differently affect the earnings and occupational sorting of Mexican Americans along the border relative to their non-border peers. We find comparable English deficiency earnings penalties for Mexican immigrants, suggesting that this group responds to English-specific regional wage gaps. U.S.-born men, however, have a larger earnings penalty along the border, possibly reflecting natives’ relative immobility owing to strong geographic preferences. Occupational sorting exercises give credence to this interpretation for native Mexican American females.
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McEwen, Marylyn Morris, and Joyceen Boyle. "Resistance, Health, and Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Mexican Immigrants at the U.S.-Mexico Border." Research and Theory for Nursing Practice 21, no. 3 (September 2007): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/088971807781503729.
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Mexican immigrants living in the U.S.-Mexico border region are confronted with different national explanations about latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and preventive treatment. The purpose of this study was to explore how a group of Mexican immigrant women (N = 8) at risk of LTBI treatment failure interpreted and ultimately resisted LTBI preventive treatment. A critical ethnographic methodology, grounded in asymmetrical power relations that are historically embedded within the U.S.-Mexico border culture, was used to examine the encounters between the participants and the health care provider. The study findings are discussed from the perspective of women who experienced oppression and resistance in the U.S.-Mexico border region, providing an account of how Mexican immigrant women become entangled in U.S.-Mexico TB health policies and through resistance manage to assert control over health care choices. In the context of the U.S.-Mexico border region, health care professionals must be skilled at minimizing asymmetrical power relations and use methods that elicit immigrant voices in reconciling differences in health beliefs and practices.
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Silva, Angela J., and Aurelia Lorena Murga. "Racializing American Authenticity: Mexican Americans’ Perceptions of the Foreign Other." Humanity & Society 45, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): 202–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160597621993408.
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Anti-Mexican sentiment in the United States has long plagued the lives of people of Mexican descent. Since their incorporation, Mexican Americans have experienced processes of racialization as second-class citizens while a continuous anti-immigrant climate continues to impact them. This has influenced their use of a white racial frame resulting in their distancing of themselves from perceived foreign-ness. Drawing on 15 in-depth interviews with self-identified Mexican Americans along the U.S.-Mexico border, we find that divisions between the two nations have become embedded in the lived experiences of those residing in the borderland region. The themes raised by our respondents illustrate how Mexican Americans use notions of illegality, belonging to a nation, and the dangerous other to differentiate themselves from foreign-born Mexicans and the ways they address immigration. We argue that Mexican Americans living in a transnational border space navigate their everyday lives as racialized beings, resulting in their search for ways to situate themselves apart from the foreign other. We argue that the larger implications for understanding how Mexican Americans use the white racial frame is significant since their embedded ideas and beliefs are founded upon racist nativist differences that are used to create and support policies that target racialized others.
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Kudeyarova, Nadezhda Yu. "Migration transformation in Mexico. Challenges and new opportunities for the A. M. Lopez Obrador government." Latinskaia Amerika, no. 7 (2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0014988-5.
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The regional migration system that includes the U.S., Mexico and the Central American countries is currently in a turbulence. Mexico has become a territory where migrant caravans move, where refugees waiting for a decision on the U.S. asylum are concentrated. The Mexican-American border has become a line attracting hundreds of thousands of migrants hoping for good luck. The constant change of the U.S. migration policy principles increases an uncertainty and chaos level at the border. The role of Mexico in the regional migration system has changed radically in the second decade of the XXI century. Now it acts not only as a labor donor, but also as a key migration transit country and the first safe country to provide asylum and international protection. The transformation that took place affected the change in the status of Mexico in relations with the states of the region. The article examines the key changes in the Mexico migration model - the growth of the immigrants and refugees number, the transit migration management, the initiatives aimed at forming socio-economic development tools in the Northern Triangle countries – Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador.
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Andreescu, Raluca. "“In the desert, we are all illegal aliens”: Border Confluences and Border Wars in Luis Alberto Urrea’s The Devil’s Highway." American, British and Canadian Studies 33, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/abcsj-2019-0022.
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AbstractIn May 2001, a traveling party of 26 Mexican citizens tried to cross the Arizonan desert in order to enter the United States illegally. Their attempt turned into a front-page news event after 14 died and 12 barely made it across the border due to Border Patrol intervention. Against the background of consistent tightening of anti-immigration laws in the United States, my essay aims to examine the manner in which Luis Alberto Urrea’s The Devil’s Highway: A True Story (2004) reenacts the group’s journey from Mexico through the “vast trickery of sand” to the United States in a rather poetic and mythical rendition of the travel north. Written to include multiple perspectives (of the immigrants and their coyotes, the immigration authorities, Border Patrol agents, high officials on both sides of the border), Urrea’s account, I argue, stands witness to and casts light on the often invisible plight of those attempting illegal passage to the United States across the desert. It thus humanizes the otherwise dry statistics of immigration control by focusing on the everyday realities of human-smuggling operations and their economic and social consequences in the borderland region. At the same time, my paper highlights the impact of the Wellton 26 case on the (re)negotiation of identity politics and death politics at the US-Mexican border.
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Durst, Noah J. "Informal and ubiquitous: Colonias, premature subdivisions and other unplanned suburbs on America’s urban fringe." Urban Studies 56, no. 4 (May 8, 2018): 722–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018767092.
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Along the US border with Mexico there are thousands of communities designated by the federal government as colonias, a name that highlights the large numbers of low-income, Hispanic immigrants that live in these communities. These subdivisions have been studied extensively in recent years, often using insights from the concept of urban informality. This research has highlighted the challenges posed by exploitative land sales practices, poor-quality or non-existent infrastructure and poor-quality housing in these communities. However, similar informal subdivisions exist along the urban fringe elsewhere across the US, though they are not designated as colonias by the federal government and scholars rarely consider their similarities to colonias in the border region. This study uses data on Census Designated Places from the American Community Survey, satellite imagery and county property records to examine the extent and nature of these subdivisions. The results illustrate that informal land development of the sort described here is not restricted only to the border region, to immigrant enclaves or to Hispanic communities. Instead, it is demonstrated that informal subdivisions exist in large numbers across Southern and Western states and, though their numbers are smaller, they are present even in the Midwest and Northeast. Moreover, these subdivisions are home to diverse populations and they provide important benefits such as expanded opportunities of homeownership for minorities and the poor.
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Plastun, Vladimir N. "“Islamic State of Khorasan Province” – A Threat to the Central Asian Region." Oriental Studies 20, no. 4 (2021): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-4-169-175.
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Over the past several years, there has been an influx of immigrants from Central Asian states into the ranks of “Islamic State” (IS) militants in Syria and Iraq. Those who survived after the defeat of the main detachments of terrorists on their return cannot escape the territory of Afghanistan, the northern regions of which are inhabited by related ethnic groups. It is easy to find supporters of radical Islam in Central Asian countries. The weakness of state and public institutions contributes to the politicization of Islam, especially in the periphery. Islamist preachers, skillfully using the mistakes of local authorities, call for the creation of alternative state structures. Most of the former IS fighters do not hide their intentions to return home. They can gain support in the border provinces of Afghanistan, among their comrades-in-arms in the war, and also join some of the Taliban groups. The planned withdrawal of American troops and their allies from Afghanistan does not yet imply the coming of peace in the region. Therefore, among the main threats to the security of the region are the activities of transnational terrorist groups such as “The Islamic State of Khorasan Province”, “The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan” and “The Islamic Movement of Eastern Turkestan”.
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Raudenbush, Danielle T. "“We go to Tijuana to double check everything”: The contemporaneous use of health services in the U.S. and Mexico by Mexican immigrants in a border region." Social Science & Medicine 270 (February 2021): 113584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113584.
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Zapata Sepúlveda, Pamela. "THE INTERPRETATIVE AUTOETHNOGRAPHY AS A QUALITATIVE METHODOLOGY TO HUMANIZE SOCIAL RESEARCH IN LATIN AMERICAN TRANSBOUNDARY CONTEXTS." Enfermería: Cuidados Humanizados 6, Especial (October 27, 2017): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22235/ech.v6iespecial.1452.
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This paper aims to connect the present moment of contemporary Qualitative Inquiry with the Latin American qualitative inquiry audience from an interdisciplinary approach. In order to do so, the main statements that place the QI in present times will be presented, specifically the tradition of interpretative autoethnography understood as a form of critical research that seeks to sensitize, to evoke and to transform realities through experimental writing as a way of investigating. This methodology, widely used in research projects in English speaking countries to address injustices and problems that affect the lives of voiceless people, allows to relay knowledge from the self, the ethno, to the social. In this paper, a bibliographical review about the method is conducted and addresses an example taken from field work experience in the project Fondecyt regular Nº 1160869 "Relationships and social interactions of children of immigrants and Chilean children in the schools of Arica". The applications and contributions of this methodology for social research are discussed through the voice of a Latin American woman who develops her research line from a border region, and how these methodologies can address the caretaking of the participants of the study.
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Marin, Marguerite, and Raul A. Fernandez. "The Mexican-American Border Region: Issues and Trends." Western Historical Quarterly 23, no. 2 (May 1992): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/970453.
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Valdez, Avelardo, and Raul A. Fernandez. "The Mexican-American Border Region: Issues and Trends." International Migration Review 25, no. 3 (1991): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2546769.
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Lowenthal, Abraham F., and Raul A. Fernandez. "The Mexican-American Border Region: Issues and Trends." Foreign Affairs 69, no. 3 (1990): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20044440.
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Hansen, Niles, and Gilberto Cardenas. "Immigrant and Native Ethnic Enterprises in Mexican American Neighborhoods: Differing Perceptions of Mexican Immigrant Workers." International Migration Review 22, no. 2 (June 1988): 226–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838802200202.
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This study uses original data from a large sample of businesses located in Mexican ethnic neighborhoods (barrios) in Texas and California to analyze how perceptions of the economic roles of Mexican immigrant workers differ among three employer groups: native ethnic, immigrant ethnic and non-ethnic. It was found that the immigrant ethnic employer group depends more on Mexican immigrants as workers and as consumers than does the native ethnic group, which tends in many ways to be more like the non-ethnic group. Differences between results for localities on the border with Mexico and those for non-border localities are also discussed.
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Valdez, Avelardo. "Book Review: The Mexican-American Border Region: Issues and Trends." International Migration Review 25, no. 3 (September 1991): 631–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839102500314.
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Ramey, Wyatt L., Christina M. Walter, Jeffrey Zeller, Travis M. Dumont, G. Michael Lemole, and R. John Hurlbert. "Neurotrauma From Border Wall Jumping: 6 Years at the Mexican–American Border Wall." Neurosurgery 85, no. 3 (March 15, 2019): E502—E508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyz050.
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Abstract BACKGROUND The border between the United States (US) and Mexico is an international boundary spanning 3000 km, where unauthorized crossings occur regularly. We examine patterns of neurotrauma, health care utilization, and financial costs at our level 1 trauma center incurred by patients from wall-jumping into the US. OBJECTIVE To determine the clinical and socioeconomic consequences from neurotrauma as a result of jumping over the US–Mexico border wall. METHODS Medical records of patients at (Banner University of Arizona Medical Center - Tucson) were retrospectively reviewed from January 2012 through December 2017. Demographics, clinical status, radiographic findings, treatment, length of stay, and financial data were analyzed for all patients suffering neurotrauma during that time. RESULTS Over 6 yr, 64 patients sustained cranial or spinal injuries directly from jumping or falling onto US soil from the border wall. Fifty (78%) suffered spinal injuries, 15 (23%) experienced cranial injury, and 1 patient had both. Total medical charges were available in 36 patients and summed $3.6 M, of which 22% was reimbursed, an amount significantly lower than expected from more conventional trauma. Neurotrauma steadily declined over the 6-yr observation period, dropping in 2017 to 6% of rates observed in 2012. CONCLUSION In the Southern US, neurotrauma from unauthorized border crossings occurs commonly as a result of wall-jumping. These injuries represent a clinical and costly extreme of border-related trauma, and future efforts from both sides of the border wall are needed to decrease the detrimental impacts felt both by immigrants and surrounding health care systems.
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Gutiérrez, Isabel T., Karl S. Rosengren, and Peggy J. Miller. "VI. MEXICAN AMERICAN IMMIGRANTS IN THE CENTERVILLE REGION: TEACHERS, CHILDREN, AND PARENTS." Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 79, no. 1 (February 25, 2014): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mono.12081.
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Dean, Jennifer, Kristen Regier, Asiya Patel, Kathi Wilson, and Effat Ghassemi. "Beyond the Cosmopolis: Sustaining Hyper-Diversity in the Suburbs of Peel Region, Ontario." Urban Planning 3, no. 4 (October 30, 2018): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v3i4.1700.
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Globalization has increased the flow of transnational migrants into many European and North American cities. These shifting socio-demographic patterns have resulted in the rapid development of ‘cosmopolitan’ urban centres where difference and diversity are ubiquitous (Sandercock, 2003). However, as ethnic enclaves form outside the urban core in suburban communities, there is uncertainty about whether cultural homogeneity is desirable or sustainable in a multicultural country. Indeed, planning communities for increasing diversity and difference will remain, what Leonie Sandercock (2004) calls, “one of the greatest tasks for planners of the 21st century”. Thus, this article uses the theory of hyper-diversity to illuminate how immigrants’ interactions with their local suburban community represents cultural pluralism and diversity beyond ethnicity. Specifically, this study explores differing attitudes, activities and lifestyles among diverse immigrant populations in the Region of Peel, one of the fastest growing and most culturally diverse areas in Canada. Focus groups with 60 immigrant youth and 55 immigrant adults were conducted to qualitatively capture perspectives and experiences in ethnic enclaves. The findings highlight the existence of attitudes in favor of multicultural lifestyles, activities that take newcomers beyond the borders of their enclaves, and lifestyles that require additional infrastructure to support sustainability of immigration in the suburbs. In conclusion, this article adds to the debate on cultural pluralism and ‘homogeneous’ ethnic enclaves by using the emergent concept of hyper-diversity as a way to think about the future sustainability of suburbs in an era of global migration.
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Kim, Nadia Y. "A RETURN TO MORE BLATANT CLASS AND “RACE” BIAS IN U.S. IMMIGRATION POLICY?" Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 4, no. 2 (2007): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x07070269.
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This essay explores the contradictions posed by states' efforts to exclude immigrants from south of the U.S. border on the grounds that they “burden” the economy, despite the same states' windfall revenue from the taxation of undocumented immigrants. Lawmakers' ongoing anti-immigrant sentiment yields a racialized contradiction in which mostly Mexican and Central American immigrants are derogated as economic burdens. In fact, they are unfairly taxed in addition to being indispensable to the U.S. economy. Based on these and other phenomena, such as racially coded preferences for higher-class immigrants and “antidiversity visas,” I contend that contemporary U.S. immigration policy has regressed toward more blatant class and “race” (albeit racially coded) discrimination.
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Boime, Eric. ""Beating Plowshares into Swords": The Colorado River Delta, the Yellow Peril, and the Movement for Federal Reclamation, 1901––1928." Pacific Historical Review 78, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 27–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2009.78.1.27.
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This article examines the intersections of race, nationalism, and water conservation policy. Such relationships, it argues, are particularly pronounced in the history of the Colorado River Delta, a border region and an arid region, especially in the discourse surrounding the international allocation of the river. It focuses on the intellectual underpinnings of federal reclamation leaders and their subscription to the tenets of the idea of "yellow peril," with special reference to Chinese and Japanese immigrant farmers along the U.S.-Mexican border. While the reclamation movement has received considerable scrutiny, the geopolitical views informing it have been largely overlooked. The unexamined writings of George Maxwell, in particular, present a new perspective on the major architect of the National Reclamation Act, one of the region's most far-reaching and consequential pieces of legislation.
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Morrissey, Katherine G. "Traces and Representations of the U.S.-Mexico Frontera." Pacific Historical Review 87, no. 1 (2018): 150–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2018.87.1.150.
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The following was the author’s presidential address at the annual meeting of the Pacific Coast Branch, American Historical Association, in Northridge, California, on August 4, 2017. The twentieth-century visual history of the U.S.-Mexico borderlands, la frontera, offers a rich set of representations of the shared border environments. Photographs, distributed in the United States and in Mexico, allow us to trace emerging ideas about the border region and the politicized borderline. This essay explores two border visualization projects—one centered on the Mexican Revolution and the visual vocabulary of the Mexican nation and the other on the repeat photography of plant ecologists—that illustrate the simultaneous instability and power of borders.
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Yáñez-Arancibia, Alejandro, and John W. Day. "Water scarcity and sustainability in the arid area of North America: Insights gained from a cross border perspective." Regions and Cohesion 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2017.070103.
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The arid border region that encompasses the American Southwest and the Mexican northwest is an area where the nexus of water scarcity and climate change in the face of growing human demands for water, emerging energy scarcity, and economic change comes into sharp focus.
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McCaughan, Edward J. "“We Didn't Cross the Border, the Border Crossed Us”." Latin American and Latinx Visual Culture 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 6–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/lavc.2020.210003.
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Generations of artists have returned to the themes of the US-Mexico border and the impact of its inconsistent and often arbitrary enforcement on the lives of Mexican, Mexican American, and other Latinx communities. Visual art, music, and literature produced from the 1930s through the present offer rich data for contemplating shifting representations of the border and immigrants over time and for exploring factors that shape the context, content, and tone of such representations. Because many of these creative expressions emerged in the context of social movement activism, they also allow us to explore shifts in movement politics, including new ways of thinking about race, class, nation, gender, and sexuality in relationship to immigration. RESUMEN Generaciones de artistas han tratado el tema de la frontera entre Estados Unidos y México, así como el impacto en las comunidades mexicanas, mexicoamericanas y latinx del control irregular y a menudo arbitrario que las autoridades estadounidenses han ejercido sobre ella. Las artes visuales, la música y la literatura producidas desde la década de 1930 hasta la actualidad dan cuenta de los grandes cambios que ha habido durante estos años en las representaciones de la frontera y los inmigrantes, al tiempo que nos permiten explorar factores que condicionan el contexto, el contenido y el tono de tales representaciones. Puesto que muchas de estas obras surgieron en el contexto de diversos movimientos sociales, también permiten explorar cambios en la manera de hacer política a nivel popular, que incluyen nuevas formas de conceptualizar la raza, las clases sociales, la nación, el género y la sexualidad en relación con la inmigración. RESUMO Gerações de artistas voltaram a temas da fronteira EUA-México e o impacto de sua aplicação inconsistente e muitas vezes arbitrária na vida de comunidades mexicanas, mexicanas-americanas e latino-americanas. A arte visual, a música e a literatura produzidas a partir da década de 1930 até o presente oferecem dados valiosos para contemplar representações instáveis da fronteira e dos imigrantes ao longo do tempo e para explorar fatores que moldam o contexto, o conteúdo e o tom de tais representações. Como muitas dessas expressões criativas surgiram no contexto do ativismo em movimentos sociais, elas também nos permitem explorar mudanças políticas desses movimentos, incluindo novas maneiras de pensar sobre raça, classe, nação, gênero, e sexualidade em relação a imigração.
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Robertson, Raymond. "Wage Shocks and North American Labor-Market Integration." American Economic Review 90, no. 4 (September 1, 2000): 742–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.4.742.
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This study uses household-level data from the United States and Mexico to examine labor-market integration. I consider how the effects of shocks and rates of convergence to an equilibrium differential are affected by borders, geography, and demographics. I find that even though a large wage differential exists between them, the labor markets of the United States and Mexico are closely integrated. Mexico's border region is more integrated with the United States than is the Mexican interior. Evidence of integration precedes the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and may be largely the result of migration. (JEL F15, F20, J61)
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Salinas, Jennifer, Joseph B. McCormick, Anne Rentfro, Craig Hanis, Md Monir Hossain, and Susan P. Fisher-Hoch. "The Missing Men: High Risk of Disease in Men of Mexican Origin." American Journal of Men's Health 5, no. 4 (October 7, 2010): 332–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988310379390.
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The present study sought to determine gender- and age-specific prevalences of chronic diseases in an urban Mexican American border community. The Cameron County Hispanic Cohort (CCHC; n = 2,000) was selected using a multistaged cluster design. Sociodemographics, anthropometric measures, and blood samples were collected on each participant. More women were obese (55.1%) than men (44.8%). Men had significantly higher rates of diabetes (20.4% for men vs. 15.8% for women, p < .05) and undiagnosed diabetes (6.2% for men vs. 2.4% for women, p < .01); the prevalence of diabetes rose steeply between the ages of 40 and 49 years. Men were significantly more likely to have serum cholesterol levels of 200 mg/dL and elevated low-density lipoprotein levels (22.6% vs. 26.1%, p < .01). Mexican American males in the U.S./Mexico border region have a high prevalence of obesity in younger men and higher overall rates of diabetes, including undiagnosed diabetes, and significantly higher serum cholesterol levels than women.
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Kökény, Andrea. "Extranjeros en la propia patria - Juan N. Seguín : los tejanos y las guerras de independencia de México y Texas." Acta Hispanica 16 (January 1, 2011): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/actahisp.2011.16.19-32.
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The paper analyses how the Mexican Texans (téjanos) related to the Mexican War of Independence, what role thy played in the borderland region, and why some of them decided to support the Anglo-American immigrants in their War of Independence against Mexico in 1836. The study is primarily based on the results of American historiography and the memoirs and correspondence of one of the most influential and controversial téjanos, Juan Nepomuceno Seguin. He was an outspoken critic of the centralist policies of Santa Anna, the Mexican president and supported the Texans' demand for more self-government. He fought in the regular army of Texas against the Mexicans, and after gaining independence was elected to the Senate of the new republic and twice won election as mayor of San Antonio. Then, however, as thousands of American newcomers arrived in Texas, he gradually became „a foreigner in his native land" and was forced to leave his homeland andflee to Mexico.
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Pucci, Sandra, and Marjorie Orellana. "Latinos in the Midwest: An Introduction." Practicing Anthropology 24, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.24.3.p757282143155710.
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In this issue, we focus on Latinos living in the "heartlands" of the United States. We share our experiences in various communities in the Midwest, particularly in and around the Chicago and Milwaukee area. The work we report on encompasses research in school and non-school settings, with children, families, young people, and older adults, and with immigrants from different towns and countries of origin. We unify these experiences by adopting the pan-national term "Latinos," at the same time we recognize that this is not necessarily the appropriate "emic" term for particular groups of Spanish-speaking immigrants. In fact, it is only in crossing the border into the United States that a person of Mexican or Central or South American origin becomes "Latino" (or "Hispanic"); thus many immigrants may not identify with the term. This is one way in which "contexts matter"—they shape the particular kinds of identities that are available for individuals or groups to try on. As readers will see in the various papers in this issue, the populations and contexts that shape the "Latino experience" in the Midwest are indeed extremely diverse.
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WOLF, S., B. KEITT, A. AGUIRRE-MUÑOZ, B. TERSHY, E. PALACIOS, and D. CROLL. "Transboundary seabird conservation in an important North American marine ecoregion." Environmental Conservation 33, no. 4 (November 1, 2006): 294–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892906003353.
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Many seabird species of conservation concern have large geographic ranges that span political borders, forcing conservation planners to facilitate their protection in multiple countries. Seabird conservation planning within the seabird-diverse California Current System (CCS) marine ecoregion presents an important opportunity for transboundary collaborations to better protect seabirds across the USA/México border. While seabird populations in the USA are relatively well-studied and well-protected, the status of seabird populations in the Mexican region of the CCS is not well known and seabird colonies have been virtually unprotected. This study synthesizes and supplements information on breeding seabird diversity and distribution, identifies and ranks threats to seabirds and evaluates conservation capacity in the Mexican CCS to provide a framework for transboundary seabird conservation throughout the CCS ecoregion. Island-breeding seabirds in México support 43–57% of CCS breeding individuals, 59% of CCS breeding taxa and a high level of endemism. Connectivity between populations in México and the USA is high. At least 17 of the 22 extant Mexican CCS breeding seabirds are USA/México transboundary breeders or foragers, 13 of which are federally listed in the USA or México. Introduced predators and human disturbance have caused multiple seabird population extirpations in the Mexican CCS because breeding colonies lack legal protection or enforcement. However, conservation capacity in this region has increased rapidly in recent years through the establishment of new protected areas, growth of local conservation non-governmental organizations, and increase in local community support, all of which will allow for more effective use of conservation funds. Transboundary conservation coordination would better protect CCS seabirds by facilitating restoration of seabird colonies in the Mexican CCS and enabling an ecoregion-wide prioritization of seabird conservation targets to direct funding bodies to the most cost-effective investments.
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Ashur, Suleiman A., M. Hadi Baaj, K. David Pijawka, and Derar S. Serhan. "Environmental Impact Assessment of Transporting Hazardous Waste Generated by Maquiladora Industry in U.S.-Mexico Border Region." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1602, no. 1 (January 1997): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1602-13.
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Hazardous waste shipments from U.S.-owned industries in the northern part of Mexico near the border with the United States are a growing problem. Today, the Mexican Environmental Agency requires all U.S. industries to return the waste produced by their plants to the United States. Currently, there is no database on the amount of hazardous waste transported from these firms, the pattern of shipments (from what origins to what destinations), and the nature of the risks to the population and environment along the shipment routes. In addition, there is a growing need to develop a risk assessment model and framework to focus on the transport of hazardous waste in the United States–Mexico border region, given the anticipated changes resulting from implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement. Results of the data collection and analysis task and the risk assessment model formulation task are presented. The methodology is demonstrated in a case-study area of the United States–Mexico border region, namely, the Arizona-Sonora border area, and should be a valuable tool for evaluating various transport risk management scenarios of importance to the border area.
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Pedraza, Silvia. "Beyond Black and White." Social Science History 24, no. 4 (2000): 697–726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200012049.
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Research on immigrants and the eventual outcomes of immigration processes was at the very foundation of American sociology. But with the exception of a couple of studies on the Mexicans in the United States, such as Paul Taylor' (1932, 1934) monumental work on the life story of Mexican immigrant laborers in the Chicago and Calumet region during the late 1920s and early 1930s, Manuel Gamio' (1971 [1930], 1971 [1931]) anthropological studies of Mexican immigrants in the United States, and Edith Abbott'The Tenements of Chicago, 1908–1935(1936), Latinos were remarkably absent from such studies. Instead, these studies focused on the European immigrant experience and the experience of black Americans as newcomers to America' cities. Scholarship on Latinos (much lessbyLatinos) simply did not put down roots as early as scholarship on Afro-Americans. Perhaps this was partly due to the smaller size of the population back then, coupled with its being largely immigrant—composed of people who thought they would one day return to where they came from.
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Colón, Sigma, Thelma Jiménez-Anglada, and Jesús Gregorio Smith. "The Racial Politics of Emotion: Teaching an Interdisciplinary Border Institute in the Midwest." Humanity & Society 45, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 146–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160597621991551.
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The militarization of the U.S.-Mexico border, criminalization of immigrants and migrants, and humanitarian emergency surrounding the border has negatively impacted students and schools. Responding to the impact of U.S. border politics on education, we taught a week-long institute for local teachers to learn about the histories and lived experiences connecting the Central American, Mexican, and U.S. borders. During the institute we asked participants—who were predominantly white K-12 teachers—to reflect on their learning experiences in personal journals. The aim of this study was to investigate the racial politics of emotion when confronting border issues in a classroom setting. Taking an interdisciplinary approach to our analysis, we conducted qualitative content analysis and close readings of twenty-one teacher’s journals to determine patterns in the emotional response’s teachers had to the histories, testimonies, audio, and visual accounts to which they were exposed through readings and seminars. The results of our analysis reveal that emotions were used by participants to maintain racial boundaries and reinforce race-based notions of national belonging, but also to challenge injustice both in and beyond classroom settings. The findings have significant implications about the impact that ethnic studies programs and critical race theory curriculum may have on teacher education.
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Valdez, Avelardo, and Charles Kaplan. "Conditions That Increase Drug Market Involvement: The Invitational Edge and the Case of Mexicans in South Texas." Journal of Drug Issues 37, no. 4 (October 2007): 893–917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260703700408.
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Research on drug trafficking has not been able to discern the exact nature of illegal drug markets and the relationship between their individual and group participants. This article delineates the role of Mexican immigrants and Mexican-American participants involved in the stratified drug market of South Texas. This article synthesizes ethnographic materials drawn from two previous National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) studies in order identify the different types of drug distribution behaviors that occur within the groups, the differentiated roles of individuals, the organizational framework, and most significantly, the processes that link market participants to others outside of the drug market. This illegal behavior can be interpreted as an adaptive mechanism that is a direct response to the marginal economic status imposed by macro socio-economical background factors. As well, we conclude that the specific foreground factors of the opportunities offered by the context, culture, and proximity of the U.S./Mexico border and invitational edges explain this behavior. There are both parallels and particular differences between the South Texas case and the structuring and functioning of informal legal and illegal markets that are characteristic of other economically disadvantaged communities.
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Galemba, Rebecca, Katie Dingeman, Kaelyn DeVries, and Yvette Servin. "Paradoxes of Protection: Compassionate Repression at the Mexico–Guatemala Border." Journal on Migration and Human Security 7, no. 3 (July 29, 2019): 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331502419862239.
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Executive Summary Anti-immigrant rhetoric and constricting avenues for asylum in the United States, amid continuing high rates of poverty, environmental crisis, and violence in Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador, have led many migrants from these countries to remain in Mexico. Yet despite opportunities for humanitarian relief in Mexico, since the early 2000s the Mexican government, under growing pressure from the United States, has pursued enforcement-first initiatives to stem northward migration from Central America. In July 2014, Mexico introduced the Southern Border Program (SBP) with support from the United States. The SBP dramatically expanded Mexico’s immigration enforcement efforts, especially in its southern border states, leading to rising deportations. Far from reducing migration or migrant smuggling, these policies have trapped migrants for longer in Mexico, made them increasingly susceptible to crimes by a wide range of state and nonstate actors, and exacerbated risk along the entire migrant trail. In recognition of rising crimes against migrants and heeding calls from civil society to protect migrant rights, Mexico’s 2011 revision to its Migration Law expanded legal avenues for granting humanitarian protection to migrants who are victims of crimes in Mexico, including the provision of a one-year humanitarian visa so that migrants can collaborate with the prosecutor’s office in the investigation of crimes committed against them. The new humanitarian visa laws were a significant achievement and represent a victory by civil society keen on protecting migrants as they travel through Mexico. The wider atmosphere of impunity, however, alongside the Mexican government’s prioritization of detaining and deporting migrants, facilitates abuses, obscures transparent accounting of crimes, and limits access to justice. In practice, the laws are not achieving their intended outcomes. They also fail to recognize how Mexico’s securitized migration policies subject migrants to risk throughout their journeys, including at border checkpoints between Guatemala and Honduras, along critical transit corridors in Guatemala, and on the Guatemalan side of Mexico’s southern border. In this article, we examine a novel set of data from migrant shelters — 16 qualitative interviews with migrants and nine with staff and advocates in the Mexico–Guatemala border region, as well as 118 complaints of abuses committed along migrants’ journeys — informally filed by migrants at a shelter on the Guatemalan side of the border, and an additional eight complaints filed at a shelter on the Mexican side of the border. We document and analyze the nature, location, and perpetrators of these alleged abuses, using a framework of “compassionate repression” (Fassin 2012) to examine the obstacles that migrants encounter in denouncing abuses and seeking protection. We contend that while humanitarian visas can provide necessary protection for abuses committed in Mexico, they are limited by their temporary nature, by being nested within a migration system that prioritizes migrant removal, and because they recognize only crimes that occur in Mexico. The paradox between humanitarian concerns and repressive migration governance in a context of high impunity shapes institutional and practical obstacles to reporting crimes, receiving visas, and accessing justice. In this context, a variety of actors recognize that they can exploit and profit from migrants’ lack of mobility, legal vulnerability, and uncertain access to protection, leading to a commodification of access to humanitarian protection along the route.
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Armbruster-Sandoval, Ralph. "Globalization and Transnational Labor Organizing." Social Science History 27, no. 4 (2003): 551–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200012682.
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The proliferation of garment industry sweatshops over the past 20 years has generated numerous cross-border (transnational) organizing campaigns involving U.S., Mexican, and Central American labor unions and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). This article examines one such campaign that took place at the Honduran maquiladora factory known as Kimi. The Kimi workers (along with their transnational allies) struggled for six years before they were legally recognized as a union, and they negotiated one of the few collective bargaining agreements in the entire Central American region. The factory eventually shut down, however. Based on Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink's “boomerang effect” model, this case study analyzes why these positive and negative outcomes occurred. It concludes with some observations about “the enemy” and offers short-, medium-, and long-term suggestions for the broader antisweatshop movement.
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Espinosa de los Monteros, Karla, Linda C. Gallo, John P. Elder, and Gregory A. Talavera. "Individual and Area-Based Indicators of Acculturation and the Metabolic Syndrome Among Low-Income Mexican American Women Living in a Border Region." American Journal of Public Health 98, no. 11 (November 2008): 1979–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2008.141903.
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Cacari Stone, Lisa, Magdalena Avila, and Bonnie Duran. "El Nacimiento del Pueblo Mestizo: Critical Discourse on Historical Trauma, Community Resilience and Healing." Health Education & Behavior 48, no. 3 (June 2021): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10901981211010099.
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Purpose. Historical trauma has been widely applied to American Indian/Alaska Native and other Indigenous populations and includes dimensions of language, sociocultural, and land losses and associated physical and mental disorders, as well as economic hardships. Insufficient evidence remains on the experiences of historical trauma due to waves of colonization for mixed-race Mexican people with indigenous ancestry (el pueblo mestizo). Research Question. Drawing from our critical lenses and epistemic advantages as indigenous feminist scholars, we ask, “How can historical trauma be understood through present-day discourse of two mestizo communities? What are public health practice and policy implications for healing historical trauma among mestizo populations?” Methodology and Approach. We analyzed the discourse from two community projects: focus groups and ethnographic field notes from a study in the U.S.–Mexico border region (2012–2014) and field notes and digital stories from a service-learning course in northern New Mexico (2016–2018). Findings. Our analysis describes the social and historical experiences of Mexicans, Mexican Americans, Chicanas/os, and Nuevo Mexicano peoples in the southwestern border region of the United States. We found four salient themes as manifestations of “soul-wound”: (1) violence/fear, (2) discrimination/shame, (3) loss, and (4) deep sorrow. Themes mitigating the trauma were community resiliency rooted in “querencia” (deep connection to land/home/people) and “conscientizacion” (critical consciousness). Conclusion. Historical trauma experienced by mestizo Latinx communities is rooted in local cultural and intergenerational narratives that link traumatic events in the historic past to contemporary local experiences. Future public health interventions should draw on culturally centered strength-based resilience approaches for healing trauma and advancing health equity.
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McGinnis, Theresa Ann. ""“La Vida de los Emigrantes”." English Teaching: Practice & Critique 17, no. 4 (November 12, 2018): 400–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/etpc-05-2017-0076.
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Purpose In September 2014, 1,200 unaccompanied immigrant youth, from a region of Central America known for high rates of violence and homicide, enrolled in a suburban school district of New York State. This paper aims to highlight the stories of the newly arrived Central American high school youth, as told through Bilingual (Spanish/English) digital testimonios completed in the English Language Arts classroom. The author examines how the telling of their stories of surviving migration offers a way for the youth to respond to political and emotional struggles. The author also explores how the youth become active participants in the telling of political narratives/testimonios. Design/methodology/approach Part of a larger ethnographic case study, the author adopts the ethnographic approaches of the new literacy studies. Testimonios as a research epistemology privilege the youth’s narratives as sources of knowledge, and allow the youth to reclaim their authority in telling their own stories. Findings The integration of critical digital texts into the English Language Arts classroom created a participatory classroom culture where the Central American youth’s digital testimonios can be seen as a shared history of struggles that make visible the physical toil of their journeys, the truth of their border crossings and their enactments of political identities. As a collective, the youth’s stories become part of national and global political dialogues. Originality/value At a time when immigrant youth struggle for rights, to further their education and to negotiate the daily experiences of living in a new country, this research offers a unique perspective on the politics of inclusion and exclusion for unaccompanied youth.
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Graham-Jones, Jean. "Latin American(ist) Theatre History: Bridging the Divides." Theatre Survey 47, no. 2 (September 12, 2006): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557406000172.
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In October 2004, I edited Theatre Journal's special issue on Latin American theatre. In addition to five essays on subjects ranging from sixteenth-century Amerindian performance to a twenty-first-century Mexican adaptation of an Irish play, that issue included a forum on the state of Latin American theatre and performance studies in the United States today. Even though the thirteen respondents resided, independently or as affiliates, in different disciplinary homes (theatre, performance, languages, and literature) and took multiple points of departure, a common thread ran throughout their comments: the need for the U.S. academy to study and teach the diversity that is known as Latin America.1 Tamara Underiner succinctly notes that “Latin America has never answered easily as an object of inquiry for theatre studies.”2 Indeed, studying Latin American theatre and performance poses very specific challenges: the region encompasses some twenty countries whose national borders obscure larger geographical, cultural, religious, political, and socioeconomic networks; a multiplicity of languages—European, dialectal, and indigenous to the hemisphere—are still spoken, written, and performed; and numerous intersecting histories extend back far beyond the five hundred years since the Europeans arrived and precipitated what today we euphemistically refer to as “contact.” Latin America does not terminate at the U.S.–Mexican border; thus although I'm cognizant of the attendant complications when including the U.S. latino/a communities in a discussion of Latin American theatre, the cultural network is such that I consider any arbitrary separation counter to the purposes of this reflection. Otherwise, how can we take into account the larger networks navigated by such U.S.-based playwrights as Guillermo Reyes (born in Chile but raised in the United States and the author of plays about Chilean history as well as specifically U.S. identities) or Ariel Dorfman (born in Argentina, raised in New York City and Santiago, Chile, now a professor at Duke, and author of English-language plays whose subject matter is frequently authoritarian Latin America)?
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Kamalyan, L., M. Hussain, A. Morlett-Paredes, A. Umlauf, D. Franklin, P. Suarez, M. Rivera-Mindt, L. Artiola i Fortuny, M. Cherner, and M. Heaton RMarquine. "Comparison of Rates of Impairment Between Three Sets of Normative Data for Spanish-speakers of Mexican Origin in a Healthy Cohort." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 6 (July 25, 2019): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz035.27.
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Abstract Objective With over 37 million Spanish-speakers, the US is the second country in the world with the largest number of Spanish-speakers. Identification of neurological dysfunction via neuropsychological testing for this language group requires knowledgeable application of available tests and normative data. Accordingly, we investigated whether rates of neurocognitive impairment (NCI) varied based on the Spanish language normative method used. Method Participants included 254 healthy native Spanish-speakers (Age: M = 37.3, SD = 10.4; Education: M = 10.7, SD = 4.3; 59% Female; 78.7% of known Mexican origin/descent) living in the US-Mexico border region. Participants completed the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R), Trail Making Test (TMT) A&B, and Animal Naming in Spanish. Raw test scores were converted to demographically-adjusted T-scores based on normative adjustments developed for this population (Neuropsychological Norms for the US-Mexico Border Region in Spanish [NP-NUMBRS]) and norms developed based on samples in Mexico (Latin American Norms from Mexico [LAN-M] and NEUROPSI). Rates of NCI (T < 40) based on the different normative methods were compared via McNemar’s tests. Results Rates of NCI for NP-NUMBRS and NEUROPSI fell between the expected 15-17%. Compared to NP-NUMBRS, significantly lower rates were found when applying LAN-M for HVLT-R Total (4%) and Delayed Recall (8%), TMT-A (1%), and Animal Naming (10%; all ps < .0002). No significant differences were found for TMT-B (p > .05). Conclusions Present findings revealed that while the NP-NUMBRS and NEUROPSI norms yielded similar NCI rates, and LAN-M norms underestimated NCI on three tests. This highlights the importance of carefully considering available normative adjustments for Spanish-speakers when applying them to specific populations.
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Lanslots, Inge, and An Van Hecke. "Building stories on The Brick People." Journal of Internationalization and Localization 3, no. 2 (December 16, 2016): 182–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jial.3.2.05lan.
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The focus of this study is an analysis of the novel The Brick People published by the Chicano author Alejandro Morales in 1988 and its homonymous documentary film from 2012. Both narratives are based on the same story, namely the lives of Mexican immigrants, who worked as employees in Simons Brickyard in Los Angeles, California, a city originally founded by Mexicans. In the official historiography, this part of Mexican migration in California has been ignored. This study will reveal how the novel and the documentary deal with this gap or interstice in North-American history and how they reflect the cultural divide in Southern California. We are particularly interested in how both the novelist and the documentary makers present the topics of integration, of preservation or construction of the Mexican cultural identity and of cross-cultural dialogue to an English speaking audience. Both the documentary and the novel narrate “value[s] that reflect […] the language, local conventions and culture of [the] geographic region” (ISO/TS 11669:2012(en), 2.1.10) of Los Angeles. The depiction of this target locale presents itself as a borderland that clusters a rich mix of cultural, historical, and (non) urban landscapes (Gersdorf 2009, 309). This ancient collective memory appears serendipitously as sudden sites or potential links of human action collected in one or more of the previous structures of consciousness and inspire individuals to perform and produce in unique and extraordinary ways (Morales 2012, 111).
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Reininger, Belinda, MinJae Lee, Rose Jennings, Alexandra Evans, and Michelle Vidoni. "Healthy eating patterns associated with acculturation, sex and BMI among Mexican Americans." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 7 (December 22, 2016): 1267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016003311.
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AbstractObjectiveExamine relationships of healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns with BMI, sex, age and acculturation among Mexican Americans.DesignCross-sectional. Participants completed culturally tailored Healthy and Unhealthy Eating Indices. Multivariable mixed-effect Poisson regression models compared food pattern index scores and dietary intake of specific foods by BMI, sex, age and acculturation defined by language preference and generational status.SettingParticipants recruited from the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort study, Texas–Mexico border region, between 2008 and 2011.SubjectsMexican-American males and females aged 18–97 years (n 1250).ResultsParticipants were primarily female (55·3 %), overweight or obese (85·7 %), preferred Spanish language (68·0 %) and first-generation status (60·3 %). Among first-generation participants, bilingual participants were less likely to have a healthy eating pattern than preferred Spanish-speaking participants (rate ratio (RR)=0·79, P=0·0218). This association was also found in males (RR=0·81, P=0·0098). Preferred English-speaking females were less likely to consume healthy foods than preferred Spanish-speaking females (RR=0·84, P=0·0293). Among second-generation participants, preferred English-speaking participants were more likely to report a higher unhealthy eating pattern than preferred Spanish-speaking participants (RR=1·23, P=0·0114). Higher unhealthy eating patterns were also found in females who preferred English v. females who preferred Spanish (RR=1·23, P=0·0107) or were bilingual (RR=1·26, P=0·0159). Younger, male participants were more likely to have a higher unhealthy eating pattern. BMI and diabetes status were not significantly associated with healthy or unhealthy eating patterns.ConclusionsAcculturation, age, sex and education are associated with healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns. Nutrition interventions for Mexican Americans should tailor approaches by these characteristics.
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Yassai-Gonzalez, D., M. J. Marquine, A. Perez-Tejada, A. Umlauf, L. Kamalyan, A. Morlett Paredes, P. Suarez, et al. "Normative Data for Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 Item in a Spanish Speaking Adult Population Living in the US/Mexico Border Region." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 7 (August 30, 2019): 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz029.48.
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Abstract Objective The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a commonly used test of executive functioning. We aimed to generate norms on the WCST-64 item version for Spanish-speakers living in the US. Participants and Method Healthy Spanish-speakers (N=189) were recruited (Age M = 38.2, SD = 10.3, range 19-60; Education M = 10.9, SD = 4.5, range 0-20; 59.3% female) from the US-Mexico border region. Participants completed the WCST-64 as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. Spearman correlations and Wilcoxon Rank-sum tests were used to assess associations between demographic variables and raw scores. T-scores enabling demographic corrections for various WCST-64 measures (Total Errors, Perseverative Responses, Perseverative Errors, and Number of Categories Completed) were obtained using fractional polynomial equations with corrections for age, education, and gender. Uncorrected percentile scores were reported for Failures to Maintain Set. Rates of neurocognitive impairment (NCI; T < 40) were calculated by applying the newly developed norms along with published norms for non-Hispanic (NH) White and African American English-speakers. Results Older age was significantly associated with worse performance, and higher education was linked to better performance on most WCST-64 raw scores. Current norms resulted in expected rates of NCI (14-16% across measures). Applying norms for NH-Whites overestimated NCI (38-52% across measures). Applying norms for African Americans yielded NCI rates closer to what would be expected, with milder misclassifications (NCI: Total Errors = 14%, Perseverative Responses = 19%, Perseverative Errors = 10%). Conclusions Regional normative data will improve interpretation of test performance on the WCST-64 for Spanish-speakers of Mexican origin living in the US and will facilitate a more valid analysis of neuropsychological profile patterns in this population. Future research will need to explore the generalizability of these norms to other groups.
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Mijangos González, Javier. "La doctrina de la Drittwirkung der Grundrechte en la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos." Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, no. 20 (July 1, 2007): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.20.2007.6772.
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Through a study of the jurisprudence of the region over the last twenty years, it becomes possible to see that the CIDH has constructed an entire theory about the applicability of fundamental rights in relations between individuals in Latin America. Through this theory it has addressed the most important social problems in contemporary Latin American history, thus contributing to the transition to democracy for many countries in the region. The study will analyze the stages that the jurisprudence of the CIDH has passed through and which have led to the current criteria that this organization uses. The first stage consists of a series of rulings whose common denominator is the analysis of the obligation of respect and vigilance for fundamental rights by the states listed in article 1.1 of the American Convention on Human Rights. This principle, which is ever-present in its jurisprudence, brings the Inter-American Court to approaches that are similar to those proposed by the United States doctrine of state action, as it makes use of a good number of rulings made by the Supreme Court of the United States between 1960 and 1980. In the second stage, the importance originally placed on determining the characteristics of the agent who committed the violation of fundamental rights is replaced by a series of approaches in which the nature of the actual violation itself becomes the focus. In this phase, the Inter-American Court establishes the idea that the fundamental rights listed in the Convention are erga omnes obligations that are imposed not only in relation to the power of the State but also with respect to the actions of third-party individuals. Finally, the third stage in the evolution of the court’s jurisprudence is represented by the most pertinent case in this matter: Opinión Consultiva 18/03, requested by the United Mexican States regarding the legal status of immigrants. This resolution, which has established a trend up until today, definitively establishes the direct effectiveness of the fundamental rights in relations between individuals.
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Carrier, Lewis, and Ify Diala. "Industrial Clustering Leadership in Brownsville, Texas and Matamoros, Mexico." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 4, no. 3 (October 4, 2016): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v4.n3.p9.
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<div><p><em>The purpose of this case study was to understand the leadership forms and values that could affect organizational practices of an industrial cluster in the Brownsville/Matamoros region. A sample of 30 leaders from manufacturing companies in Brownsville, Texas, and Matamoras, Mexico participated in interviews and surveys. The analysis of the interview and survey data generated 12 major themes that emerged regarding the leadership forms, values, and cross-cultural challenges pertinent to the industrial cluster in the region. Participants viewed marked differences between American and Mexican leadership strategies, with emphasis on differences in procedural and power structures. Unifying goals and a commitment to learning about and understanding culture, family, and community may help foster respect and acceptance of cultural differences across the border. Cluster priorities for leadership include optimizing work conditions, education and training, resource utilization, and focusing on quality products and customer-oriented leadership. Planning, organization, and decentralized knowledge sharing, involving the combined knowledge, understanding, and experience of leaders, require communication, collaboration, and cross-functional teamwork. Education and training for current and future leaders and employees, with reasonable goals aligned with a unified vision for the cluster concept, encompasses measurable performance assessments based on goal achievement, supported by intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. The results from this study led to specific recommendations for leaders of the industrial sectors of Brownsville, Texas, and Matamoras, Mexico. The study concluded with limitations of the study and suggestions for future research based on the major thematic findings from this case study. </em></p></div><p> </p>
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Krissman, Fred. "Sin Coyote Ni Patrón: Why the “Migrant Network” Fails to Explain International Migration." International Migration Review 39, no. 1 (March 2005): 4–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2005.tb00254.x.
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The “migrant network” concept cannot explain large-scale international migratory flows. This article goes beyond a critique of its ahistorical and post factum nature. First, I argue that restrictions on its composition and functions also render the migrant network unable to explain why such migratory flows continue or expand even further. Second, a review of five studies illustrates why this concept, the propositions on which it rests, the methods it employs, and the conclusions that it imparts must be reconsidered. Third, the network analysis literature, along with my research data from the Mexico-U.S. case, suggest an alternative approach. “International migration networks” include those from the labor-sending hometowns who are emphasized in migrant network studies, as well as a variety of other actors based in the militarized border zone and the labor-receiving regions. I conclude that accurate studies of migration must include the employers that demand new immigrant workers, as well as the labor smugglers and all other actors that respond to this demand. Immigration studies that fail to do so provide erroneous analyses which camouflage the activities of many network actors, and furnish an academic fig leaf behind which unintended, counterproductive, and even lethal public policies have been implemented. By and large, the effective units of migration were (and are) neither individuals nor households but sets of people linked by acquaintance, kinship, and work experience who somehow incorporated American destinations into the mobility alternatives they considered when they reached critical decision points in their individual or collective lives (Tilly, 1990:84, emphasis added). [Migrant n]etwork connections constitute a form of social capital that people can draw upon to gain access to foreign employment (Massey et al., 1993:448, emphasis added)
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Gutierrez-Witt, Laura. "United States-Mexico Border Studies and "BorderLine": Borderline: A Bibliography of the United States-Mexico Borderlands . Barbara G. Valk. ; Borderlands Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard. ; Mexico-Estados Unidos: bibliografia General sobre estudios fronterizos . Jorge A. Bustamante. ; The United States-Mexican Border: A Selective Guide to the Literature of the Region . Charles C. Cumberland." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 6, no. 1 (January 1990): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/msem.1990.6.1.03a00070.
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Frederick, Bruce C., Mike D. Blum, John W. Snedden, and Richard H. Fillon. "Early Mesozoic synrift Eagle Mills Formation and coeval siliciclastic sources, sinks, and sediment routing, northern Gulf of Mexico basin." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 11-12 (April 24, 2020): 2631–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35493.1.
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Abstract The sedimentary architecture and provenance of the early Mesozoic incipient northern Gulf of Mexico basin remains controversial due to both lack of outcrop exposure and sample scarcity across the southern United States with subcrop depths approaching 6 km. The Eagle Mills Formation and coeval deposition across the northern Gulf of Mexico provides both a stratigraphic foundation for some ∼15-km-thick overlying Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits, and a coeval pre-salt equivalent for southern synrift deposits, in one of the most economically significant hydrocarbon basins in the world. This study presents more than 3200 new detrital zircon U-Pb analyses from sixteen Late Triassic pre-salt, siliciclastic, subcrop well samples, and combines over 14,000 linear kilometers of 2-D multi-channel seismic reflection data, 1511 geophysical well logs, and biostratigraphic data from 2478 wells to construct basin-scale pre-salt isochore and structure maps spanning the northern Gulf of Mexico margin from Florida to the USA-Mexican border. The data show that incipient Gulf of Mexico paleodrainage pathways held individual distinctions between basement sources and tectonic controls in three primary regions across the northern Gulf of Mexico: (1) The western Gulf of Mexico paleodrainage extended from the Central Texas uplift highlands to the submarine Potosi Fan on the western margin of Laurentia with local tributary sources from the East Mexico Arc, Yucatán/Maya, and Marathon-Ouachita provinces as evidenced by inverse Monte Carlo unmixing of peri-Gondwanan (ca. 700–500 Ma), Appalachian/Ouachita (500–280 Ma), Grenville (1250–950 Ma), and Mid-Continent/Granite-Rhyolite Province (1500–1300 Ma) detrital zircon ages. Isochore and associated geophysical well and seismic data suggest that by Early Jurassic time this depocenter had shifted into the present-day western Gulf of Mexico as East Mexico Arc development continued. (2) Southerly drainage in the north-central Gulf of Mexico region bifurcated around the Sabine and Monroe uplifted terranes with southwestern flow characterized by peri-Gondwanan detrital zircon ages from late Paleozoic accreted basement or discrete flexural successor basins, and southeastern fluvial networks distinguished by traditional North American basement province sources including Grenville, Mid-Continent, and Yavapai-Mazatzal. (3) Eastern Gulf of Mexico regional paleodrainage, with regional southern flow dictated by the brittle extensional tectonics of the South Georgia Rift as well as the regional southern flexure of the South Florida Basin, resulted in almost all pre-salt detrital zircon siliciclastic ages from this region to be dominated by local Gondwanan/peri-Gondwanan aged sources including the proximal Suwannee terrane and Osceola Granite complex. These regional, synrift sediment provenance models provide the first critical allochthonous evidence of Late Triassic–Early Jurassic paleodrainage stemming from the Appalachian-Ouachita hinterlands into the incipient northern Gulf of Mexico basin with critical implications for pre-salt hydrocarbon exploration and carbon sequestration reservoir potential.
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Blacksell, M., P. Glennie, M. Turner, D. Turnock, C. Philo, G. Claeys, S. Copley, et al. "Review of The Idea of European Unity, by Derek Heater; A Rural Society After the Black Death, by L. R. Poos; A Measure of Wealth, by D. E. Ginter; The Changing Scottish Landscape 1500-1800, by I. Whyte and K. Whyte; Patients, Power and the Poor in Eighteenth-Century Bristol, by M. E. Fissell; William Cobbett and Rural Popular Culture, by I. Dyck; Romantic Ecology, by J. Bate; Britain 1740-1950, by R. Lawton and C. Pooley; Migrants, Emigrants and Immigrants, by C. G. Pooley and I. D. Whyte; A History of the Peoples of Siberia, by J. Forsyth; The Fruits of Revolution, by J-L. Rosenthal; Atlantic Port Cities, by F. W. Knight and P. K. Liss; Rise of the Mexican American Middles Class, by R. A. Garcia; The Rough Road to Renaissance, by J. C. Teaford; Coal, Class and Color, by J. W. Trotter; Agrarian Capitalism and the World Market, by H. Sabato; A Country So Interesting, by R. I. Ruggles; Precolumbian Population History in the Maya Lowlands, by T. P. Cullbert and D. S. Rice; Conquest of the Sierra, by J. K. Chance; Life and Labor on the Border, by J. McC. Heyman; The French Thorn, by R. S. Weddle; The People of Glengarry, by M. McLean; Crofters and Habitants, by J. I. Little; Unravelling the Franklin Mystery, by D. C. Woodman; Vancouver's Chinatown, by K. J. Anderson; History and Precedent in Environmental Design, by A. Rapoport; Domestic Architecture and the Use of Space, by S. Kent; Sand, Wind and War, by R. A. Bagnold; The Invention of Progress, by P. G. Bowler; The Geography of Science, by H. Dorn; The Social Survey in Historical Perspective, 1880-1940, by M. Bulmer, K. Bales and K. Kish Sklar; Curing their Ills, by M. Vaughan; Denatured Visions, by S. Wrede and W. Howard Adams; Late Stone Age Hunters of the British Isles, by C. Smith; Nature and Science, by F. Driver and G. Rose and TVA's Public Planning, by W. L. Creese." Journal of Historical Geography 19, no. 1 (January 1993): 74–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhge.1993.1007.
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Martinez-Donate, A., J. Tellez Lieberman, L. Bakely, C. Correa, C. Valdez, E. McGhee Hassrick, E. Gonzalez-Fagoaga, A. Asadi Gonzalez, and G. Rangel Gomez. "Deporting immigrant parents: Impact on the health and well-being of their citizen children." European Journal of Public Health 30, Supplement_5 (September 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.203.
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Abstract Background In the United States (U.S.), over 4 million citizen children live with an unauthorized immigrant parent who is at risk of deportation. Children of Mexican immigrants are disproportionately represented among this population, as 1 out of 3 deported immigrants are from Mexico. Parental deportation can have profound and long-lasting consequences for children, yet research on this topic is sparse. We present preliminary findings from an ongoing, longitudinal study examining changes in health, well-being, behavior, and environmental factors among U.S. citizen children of recently deported Mexican immigrants. Methods Forty-eight deported Mexican parents were recruited from deportation processing stations on the Mexican border region. We completed phone interviews with one of their U.S.-based, citizen children and an adult caregiver, collecting retrospective information on health, health behavior, household, academics, and socio-ecological health determinants from a year earlier, as well as shortly after deportation of their parent. Pre-post analyses of caregivers' survey data were conducted to assess changes in outcomes associated with parental deportation. Results Following deportation of their parents, children were reported to have more frequent health problems (p=.008), including mental health problems (p=.002), externalizing (p=.040) and internalizing (p=.011) behaviors, school absences (p=.092), and experiences of food insecurity (p=.007) than a year before. Academic expectations were also significantly worse (p=.006) than those prior to parental deportation. Conclusions Children are the unintended victims of indiscriminate immigration enforcement. Deportation of parents is associated with significant deterioration of physical and mental health, behavior, academics, and home environment for their U.S. citizen children. Our results call for immigration policy reform and interventions to support families affected by the deportation of a parent. Key messages Immigration policies that separate families can have significant detrimental impacts on the health and well-being of U.S. citizen children. Policies must be revised to keep families together and protect children in mixed-legal status families.
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Flores, María de los Ángeles, and Manuel Chavez. "Trump’s US-Mexico Border Agenda: An Agenda-Building Examination of Candidate-Generated Messages." Norteamérica 14, no. 2 (June 28, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/cisan.24487228e.2019.2.377.
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In New York City, on June 16, 2015, Donald J. Trump announced his candidacy for president of the United States. During his speech, he stated, among other things, that Mexico is no friend of the US because it is economically killing the US. At the border, Mexicans are bringing drugs, are bringing crime, they are rapists, and Mexicans have a lot of problems that they are bringing with them to the US. Also, Trump stated that Mexico is taking America’s jobs. Trump finished his talk by saying that he will build a wall on the southern border and Mexico will pay for it. From this moment on, the US-Mexico border region became the news epicenter in the nation, making the national news agenda daily throughout the 2016 presidential campaign. This paper examines Trump’s candidate-generated messages as part of his political communication strategy. The present investigation content analyzed Trump’s official website, his first 100 days contract, his political ads, and his tweets to identify Trump’s border agenda. Outcomes show that, overall, Trump presented a total of 16 issues, six of which were related to the border. The six issues were economy, foreign policy, immigration, regulations, taxes, and trade. Each of the issues were content analyzed to determine their particular issue positions regarding the border. Results documented that 27 issue positions were related to the border, two positions coming from the economy, five from foreign policy, eleven from immigration, two from regulations, four from taxes, and three from trade. Therefore, the most important issue related to the border was immigration. Its topmost recurrent issue positions were to build a wall on the border with Mexico that Mexico will pay for, to secure our borders, to stop immigrants, to stop drugs, to stop money, and to end illegal immigration to keep America safe. Overall, Trump’s most effective political communication venues to disseminate his US-Mexico border agenda to American voters was Trump’s Tweeter account and his First 100 Days Contract.
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Zhang, Kehe, Belinda Reininger, Miryoung Lee, Qian Xiao, and Cici Bauer. "Individual and Community Social Determinants of Health Associated With Diabetes Management in a Mexican American Population." Frontiers in Public Health 8 (February 3, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.633340.
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Background: Diabetes is a major health burden in Mexican American populations, especially among those in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) in the border region of Texas. Understanding the roles that social determinants of health (SDOH) play in diabetes management programs, both at the individual and community level, may inform future intervention strategies.Methods: This study performed a secondary data analysis on 1,568 individuals who participated in Salud y Vida (SyV), a local diabetes and chronic disease management program, between October 2013 and September 2018 recruited from a local clinic. The primary outcome was the reduction of hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) at the last follow-up visit compared to the baseline. In addition to age, gender, insurance status, education level and marital status, we also investigated 15 community (census tract) SDOH using the American Community Survey. Because of the high correlation in the community SDOH, we developed the community-level indices representing different domains. Using Bayesian multilevel spatial models that account for the geographic dependency, we were able to simultaneously investigate the individual- and community-level SDOH that may impact HbA1C reduction.Results: After accounting for the diabetes self-management education classes taken by the participants and their length of stay in the program, we found that older age at baseline, being married (compared to being widowed or divorced) and English speaking (compared to Spanish) were significantly associated with greater HbA1C reduction. Moreover, we found that the community level SDOH were also highly associated with HbA1C reduction. With every percentile rank decrease in the socioeconomic advantage index, we estimated an additional 0.018% reduction in HbA1C [95% CI (−0.028, −0.007)]. Besides the socioeconomic advantage index, urban core opportunity and immigrant's cohesion and accessibility indices were also statistically associated with HbA1C reduction.Conclusion: To our knowledge, our study is the first to utilize Bayesian multilevel spatial models and simultaneously investigate both individual- and community-level SDOH in the context of diabetes management. Our findings suggest that community SDOH play an important role in diabetes control and management, and the need to consider community and neighborhood context in future interventions programs to maximize their overall effectiveness.