Academic literature on the topic 'Immigration Restriction Act 1901'
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Journal articles on the topic "Immigration Restriction Act 1901"
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Cruickshank, Joanna. "Race, History, and the Australian Faith Missions." Itinerario 34, no. 3 (December 2010): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115310000677.
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In 1901, the parliament of the new Commonwealth of Australia passed a series of laws designed, in the words of the Prime Minister Edmund Barton, “to make a legislative declaration of our racial identity”. An Act to expel the large Pacific Islander community in North Queensland was followed by a law restricting further immigration to applicants who could pass a literacy test in a European language. In 1902, under the Commonwealth Franchise Act, “all natives of Asia and Africa” as well as Aboriginal people were explicitly denied the right to vote in federal elections. The “White Australia policy”, enshrined in these laws, was almost universally supported by Australian politicians, with only two members of parliament speaking against the restriction of immigration on racial grounds.
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Atkinson, David C. "The White Australia Policy, the British Empire, and the World." Britain and the World 8, no. 2 (September 2015): 204–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2015.0191.
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This article recovers the essential imperial and international context of the Immigration Restriction Act in 1901, and argues that the foundational deliberations that produced the White Australia Policy cannot be fully understood without attention to that global perspective. Indeed, the real and potential imperial and international implications of Asian restriction dominated the parliamentary debates and influenced the policy's character and application from the outset. The debate was not about whether to implement a restrictive immigration regime, it was about how to implement that regime, a calculus suffused with a range of imperial and international considerations. This paper therefore argues that the White Australia Policy was a consciously and deliberately imperial and international act that imparted a distinctly global inflection to the Australian nation building project at its inception.
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Horikawa, Tomoko. "Australia’s Minor Concessions to Japanese Citizens under the White Australia Policy." New Voices in Japanese Studies 12 (August 17, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21159/nvjs.12.01.
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This paper explores concessions made by Australian authorities concerning Japanese immigration during the era of the White Australia Policy in the early twentieth century. Australia’s Immigration Restriction Act was introduced in December 1901. As the major piece of legislation in the White Australia Policy, the act made it virtually impossible for non-Europeans to migrate to Australia. However, Japanese people enjoyed a special position among non-Europeans under the White Australia Policy thanks to Japan’s growing international status as a civilised power at the time, as well as its sustained diplomatic pressure on Australia. While the Commonwealth was determined to exclude Japanese permanent settlers, it sought ways to render the policy of exclusion less offensive to the Japanese. In the early 1900s, two minor modifications to the Immigration Restriction Act were implemented in order to relax the restrictions imposed on Japanese citizens. Moreover, in the application of Commonwealth immigration laws, Japanese people received far more lenient treatment than other non-Europeans and were afforded respect and extra courtesies by Australian officials. Nevertheless, these concessions Australia made to Japanese citizens were minor, and the Commonwealth government maintained its basic policy of excluding Japanese permanent settlers from Australia. This paper shows that, despite continued diplomatic efforts, Japan was fundamentally unable to change pre-war Australia’s basic policy regarding the exclusion of Japanese permanent settlers.
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Williams, Michael. "Brief Sojourn in your Native Land: Sydney Links with South China." Queensland Review 6, no. 2 (November 1999): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600001112.
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The title of this paper is taken from a testimonial signed by a number of Gundagai residents on the departure for China in 1903 of Mark Loong after sixteen years in the district. That the notion of a person ‘sojourning’ in China is a contradiction of the prevailing ‘sojourner’ concept usually held about early Chinese migrants in Australia is the result the failure of Australian-Chinese research to fully appreciate the significance of family and district links between Australia and China and their impact upon the motivation, organisation and settlement patterns of Chinese people in Australia before the middle of the twentieth century. Without such an appreciation most research into Australian-Chinese history has focused only on those who established families in Australia or who ran successful businesses. This paper will focus on describing some features of these family and districts links with regard to that generation who arrived after the gold rushes of the 1850s to 1870s but before the Immigration Restriction Act 1901, who originated in one south China district, Zhongshan , and who lived primarily in one Australian city, Sydney. These restraints are partly due to reliance on sources such as the administrative files of the Immigration Restriction Act which begin only in 1901, and partly to the fact that this research represents a first step in the investigation of the significance of district of origin and the people of Zhongshan district in Sydney are the first to be investigated.
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Scott, Elizabeth A. "‘The Ill-name of the Old Country’: London’s Assisted Emigrants, British Unemployment Policy, and Canadian Immigration Restriction, 1905-1910." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 26, no. 1 (August 8, 2016): 99–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1037231ar.
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Between 1906 and 1910, Canada passed two increasingly restrictive Immigration Acts to, among other reasons, reduce charitable assisted emigration from London. These acts were passed in response to Britain’s Unemployed Workmen Act in 1905, which contained an emigration clause designed to move London’s unemployed to Canada. Canada deemed these emigrants to be unsuitable largely because they hailed from the impoverished East End of London. Emigration charities felt an imperial betrayal in the wake of the restrictions. Although an exception allowed for a limited degree of charitable emigration to continue, assisted English emigrants were now unreservedly lumped together with other undesirables in the British World. Despite Canadian displeasure, charities continued to send London’s unemployed to Canada until World War I. A more direct relationship between British unemployment policy and Canadian immigration policy is emphasized, opening a space wherein to examine transnational and imperial legal tensions in the early twentieth century British World. This space reveals a nexus of poverty, migration, and restriction that pitted Britain’s needs against Canada’s; it also complicates the concept of loyal nations belonging to a cooperative British World, becoming particularly relevant to the evolution of restrictive Canadian attitudes towards British immigrants after 1905.
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Kabir, Nahid. "Mackay Revisited: The Case of Javanese-Australian Muslims, 1880–1999." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 16, no. 3 (September 2007): 405–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680701600305.
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The development of Queensland's sugar industry in the nineteenth century led to an influx of non-European laborers, such as Melanesians, Cingalese and Javanese. Years later, under the Immigration Restriction Act, 1901, many Asian people were expelled from Australia, but some Javanese remained in Mackay. This paper examines the Javanese settlement pattern during the colonial, “White Australia,” and multicultural periods in terms of race, ethnicity, culture and religion. These accounts were derived largely from interviews with Australia-born second, third and fourth generation Muslims of Javanese origin in Mackay.
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NOONAN, ALEXANDER. "“What Must Be the Answer of the United States to Such a Proposition?” Anarchist Exclusion and National Security in the United States, 1887–1903." Journal of American Studies 50, no. 2 (February 16, 2016): 347–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875816000451.
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This article examines the debates around anarchist restriction that shaped the eventual passage of the Immigration Act of 1903 and argues that domestically oriented conceptions of national security are both challenged and constituted by transnational and international processes and currents. While discussions of transnational immigration control became important features of both scholarly discourse and popular debate in the wake of the terrorist attacks of 2001, these discussions were not new. Similar debates about immigration policy, security, and civil liberties shaped discussions between the mid-1880s and early 1900s, when an unprecedented wave of attacks against heads of state fed rumors of wide-ranging conspiracies, and reports of anarchist outrages in cities far and wide spread fear. Anarchist exclusion was far more than an example of a rising nativist tide raising all boats and excluding a widening spectrum of undesirable aliens. Such measures set the foundation for restriction based on political beliefs and associations that, over subsequent decades, would become critical to suppressing political dissent. Consequently, understanding how the fear of anarchist violence helped shape the contours of the domestic and diplomatic debates over anarchist restriction is critical as these old questions of transnational immigration control reemerge.
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Shnukal, Anna. "A Failed Experiment: Okinawan Indents and the Postwar Torres Strait Pearlshelling Industry, 1958–1963." International Labor and Working-Class History 99 (2021): 122–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547920000307.
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AbstractThroughout its European history, Australia has solved recurrent labor shortages by importing workers from overseas. Situated on shipping lanes between the Pacific and Indian Oceans, the northern Australian pearlshelling industry became a significant locus of second-wave transnational labor flows (1870–1940) and by the 1880s was dependent on indentured workers from the Pacific and Southeast Asia. Exempted from the racially discriminatory Immigration Restriction Act of 1901, indentured Asian seamen, principally Japanese, maintained the industry until the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941. The Torres Strait pearlshelling industry, centered on Thursday Island in Far North Queensland, resumed in 1946 amid general agreement that the Japanese must not return. Nevertheless, in 1958, 162 Okinawan pearling indents arrived on Thursday Island in a controversial attempt to restore the industry's declining fortunes. This article is intended as a contribution to the history of transnational labor movements. It consults a range of sources to document this “Okinawan experiment,” the last large-scale importation of indentured Asian labor into Australia. It examines Australian Commonwealth-state tensions in formulating and adopting national labor policy; disputes among Queensland policy makers; the social characteristics of the Okinawan cohort; and local Indigenous reactions. Also discussed are the economics of labor in the final years of the Torres Strait pearling industry. This study thus extends our knowledge of transnational labor movements and the intersection of early postwar Australian-Asian relations with Queensland Indigenous labor policy. It also foreshadows contemporary Indigenous demands for control of local marine resources.
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Lew-Williams, Beth. "Before Restriction Became Exclusion." Pacific Historical Review 83, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 24–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2014.83.1.24.
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The Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) marked a turning point in the history of U.S. immigration control, but it was not as definitive a move toward gatekeeping as historians have suggested. Contemporaries called the 1882 law the “Chinese Restriction Act,” reserving the term “exclusion” for its successor in 1888. The rhetorical change paralleled an important shift in policy. During Chinese Restriction (1882–1888), the United States so valued its relationship with China that it made immigration restriction subject to diplomatic negotiation. Only after the Restriction Act failed and China signaled capitulation did the United States enact Chinese Exclusion (1888), which prohibited Chinese workers, asserted America’s sovereign power to exclude, and developed modern systems of enforcement. The transition from diplomatic Restriction to unilateral Exclusion represents a powerful aggrandizement of American power.
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Hurrell, Rebecca, Ben J. Di Mambro, and Gillian A. Doody. "Impact of compulsory detention under the Mental Health Act 1983 on future visa and insurance applications." Psychiatrist 35, no. 1 (January 2011): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.110.029819.
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Aims and methodTo assess the extent to which psychiatric history, with specific regard to compulsory psychiatric admission, is questioned in visa, insurance and permit applications. Application forms for the top UK destinations for immigration, work and travel visas, six types of insurance, and driving, sporting and vocational permits were analysed.ResultsPsychiatric history is questioned in some applications across all visa types. Hospital admission, but not compulsory psychiatric admission, is questioned in some immigration visas. Psychiatric history is not questioned in mortgage protection, car or pet insurance but it is questioned in some travel, life and health insurance applications, as is hospital admission. The majority of permit applications questioned psychiatric history and one vocational permit considered compulsory psychiatric admission.Clinical implicationsThe majority of visa, insurance and permit application forms enquire about past medical and psychiatric history. Information concerning detention under the Mental Health Act is very rarely questioned, indicating that a direct link between detention and access restriction is not evident.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Immigration Restriction Act 1901"
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Ratnasingham, Christine. "Australian quasi refugees and international refugee law : abetment or abdication?" Phd thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149981.
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Prince, Peter Herman. "Aliens in their own land. 'Alien' and the rule of law in colonial and post-federation Australia." Phd thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/101778.
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This thesis argues that the ‘rule of law’ was not followed in
colonial and post-federation Australia in relation to a
fundamental principle of the common law. According to the rule in
Calvin’s Case (1608), no person born as a ‘subject’ in any
part of the King’s dominions could be an ‘alien’. This was
the legal position in Australia from the reception of English law
until well after federation.
In colonial and post-federation Australia the racial meaning of
‘alien’ was consistently used in political and legal contexts
instead of its proper legal meaning. In legislation and
parliamentary debates, cases and prosecutions, inter-colonial
conferences and conventions it was employed to refer not merely
to those who were ‘aliens’ under the common law but also to
people regarded as ‘aliens’ in the broader or racial sense of
the word, especially those of non-European background. Chinese
and Indian settlers, Pacific islanders and even indigenous
Australians were treated as ‘aliens’ in Australia even if
under British law they were actually ‘subjects’ of the Crown
and not ‘aliens’ at all in the accepted legal sense.
In the 1820s and 1830s the New South Wales Supreme Court thought
it inconceivable that ‘barbarous’ indigenous inhabitants
could ‘owe fealty’ or allegiance to the British Crown,
considering their legal position analogous to that of
‘foreigners’ or ‘strangers’. In debates on exclusionary
legislation in the 1870s and 1880s, parliamentarians in the
Australian colonies portrayed all Chinese settlers as
‘aliens’, despite acknowledging that many came from Hong
Kong, the Straits Settlements or other British possessions.
Immigrants from British India were generally treated the same
way. Delegates to Australia’s constitutional conventions in the
1890s, including prominent legal figures, repeated this mistake.
And in the 1900s Pacific islanders born in Australia as British
subjects were deported as ‘aliens’ with the approval of the
Australian High Court. The misuse of ‘alien’ in this case
contributed to a defective judgment still cited today in support
of the Commonwealth’s claims to extensive exclusionary power.
Between federation and the Second World War, Queensland’s
dictation test legislation and industrial awards regulating
various occupations provide many examples of the misuse and
manipulation of the term ‘alien’ in a legal context. In
prosecutions under these laws the word was used as a weapon
against non-Europeans whether they were ‘aliens’ under the
law or not.
Commentators both in the early years of federation and in more
recent times have failed to identify the misuse of ‘alien’–
and have made the same error themselves. This mistake is critical
because of the continued force of the term in Australian law. The
Commonwealth’s sweeping power to define who shall be citizens
of Australia and to exclude, detain indefinitely without trial
and deport ‘aliens’ is still justified by reference to
colonial and post-federation cases and constitutional convention
debates where ‘alien’ was incorrectly used in its racial
sense contrary to the rule of law.
Books on the topic "Immigration Restriction Act 1901"
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Commons, Canada Parliament House of. Bill: An act to impose certain restrictions on immigration. Ottawa: S.E. Dawson, 2003.
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United States. Congress. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Implementation of the Helsinki accords: Hearings before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Ninety-ninth Congress, first session : restrictions on artistic freedom in the Soviet Union, October 29, 1985; and the Budapest cultural forum, December 11, 1985. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.
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United States. Congress. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Implementation of the Helsinki accords: Hearings before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Ninety-ninth Congress, first session, restrictions on artistic freedom in the Soviet Union, October 29, 1985; and the Budapest Cultural Forum, December 11, 1985. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.
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4
Reimers, David. The Impact of Immigration Legislation. Edited by Ronald H. Bayor. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766031.013.002.
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Racism and economics account for the first laws directed at Chinese and Japanese. Entering as “picture brides,” Japanese women evaded the Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907-1908 between the United States and Japan, but by use of the naturalization qualifications in the 1920s, Congress effectively closed the door to Asian immigration. For southern and eastern Europeans, national-origin quotas of the same decade cut their immigration drastically. After 1945, Congress and U.S. presidents relaxed the tight restrictions, and, in 1965, Congress passed the Hart-Celler Act, which created a new and more liberal system that stressed family unification. Major issues in recent years have concerned terrorism and undocumented immigration. Throughout this period, the results of the laws were often unintended, largely because the flow of immediate family members and chain migration were unseen.
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Hsu, Madeline Y. The Good Immigrants. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164021.001.0001.
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Conventionally, U.S. immigration history has been understood through the lens of restriction and those who have been barred from getting in. In contrast, this book considers immigration from the perspective of Chinese elites—intellectuals, businessmen, and students—who gained entrance because of immigration exemptions. Exploring a century of Chinese migrations, the book looks at how the model minority characteristics of many Asian Americans resulted from U.S. policies that screened for those with the highest credentials in the most employable fields, enhancing American economic competitiveness. The earliest U.S. immigration restrictions targeted Chinese people but exempted students as well as individuals who might extend America's influence in China. Western-educated Chinese such as Madame Chiang Kai-shek became symbols of the U.S. impact on China, even as they patriotically advocated for China's modernization. World War II and the rise of communism transformed Chinese students abroad into refugees, and the Cold War magnified the importance of their talent and training. As a result, Congress legislated piecemeal legal measures to enable Chinese of good standing with professional skills to become citizens. Pressures mounted to reform American discriminatory immigration laws, culminating with the 1965 Immigration Act. Filled with narratives featuring such renowned Chinese immigrants as I. M. Pei, this book examines the shifts in immigration laws and perceptions of cultural traits that enabled Asians to remain in the United States as exemplary, productive Americans.
Book chapters on the topic "Immigration Restriction Act 1901"
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Bon Tempo, Carl J., and Hasia R. Diner. "What Americans Said about the Immigrants, 1882–1921." In Immigration, 137–60. Yale University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300226867.003.0007.
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Most Americans agreed, particularly after World War I that immigration constituted a problem in need of a solution. Inspired by the Immigration Restriction League founded in the late 1890s congress moved towards passage of the 1921 Emergency Quota Act. But throughout this period Americans from a variety of backgrounds considered that the passage of time, education, and cultural outreach would transform the immigrants and their children.
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Maclean, Kama. "Naming Charlie." In Indians and the Antipodes, 94–128. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199483624.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses the racist environment in late nineteenth-century Australia which resulted in the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 designed to prohibit entry of non-white immigrants from the Commonwealth. The chapter discusses the evolution of various collective terms like ‘alien’, ‘coolie’ or ‘Hindoo’ to identify Indians as the ‘other’ of the national community. From biographical details and photographs in the Certificates Exempting from Dictation Test (CEDTs), which monitored the movement and identities of non-white residents, the chapter reveals how many Indians had undergone a change of name during immigration, an important marker of individual identity. The chapter argues that the most commonly ascribed name ‘Charlie’, was a means of ‘infantilizing and subordinating’ Indian migrants. The CEDT images of migrants in Indian clothes and identified with their new names are seen as locating Indian settlers in early twentieth-century Australia in a position of subordination within the colonial social hierarchy.
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Pruitt, Nicholas T. "Settling into Restriction." In Open Hearts, Closed Doors, 23–56. NYU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479803545.003.0002.
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This chapter examines home missions during the latter half of the 1920s and Protestant responses to congressional legislation. This chapter identifies the social gospel’s influence on mainline Protestant ministries among immigrant and ethnic communities, in addition to providing a survey of Americanization programs during the 1920s. Settlement houses facilitated much of this work among immigrant communities, and Protestant women were often at the forefront of these ministries. Through an investigation of home missions, it is evident that earlier social gospel sentiments were being diffused among regular churchgoers, resulting in a synthesis of evangelism and social concern among mainline Protestants. This chapter also identifies Protestant reactions to the Immigration Acts of 1921 and 1924 that limited eastern and southern European immigration and excluded Japanese immigrants entirely.
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Feys, Torsten. "Shipping Companies' Interference with the Enactment and Implementation of Immigration Laws during the Progressive Era." In The Battle for the Migrants, 263–314. Liverpool University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781927869000.003.0006.
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This final chapter explores the ways in which shipping companies both attempted to prevent and successfully blocked the implementation of numerous American laws restricting the passage of migrants. It examines immigration policies implemented at Ellis Island - including analysis of the various reasons for denial of entry and the actions of unsympathetic Ellis Island leaders; migration as an issue of race politics; the impact of the Immigration Acts of 1903, 1907, and the Dillingham-Burnett Bill; gate issues surrounding immigration; and the interference of shipping companies in racist immigrant selection processes. It concludes that shipping companies were vigorous in their efforts to guarantee their right to land their passengers, and would circulate information through agent networks detailing how migrants could pass through tightened border controls.
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Marinari, Maddalena. "The Doors of America Are Worse Than Shut When They Are Half-Way Open." In Unwanted, 43–70. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469652931.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 offers an account of how Italian and Jewish immigration reform advocates, sensing the inevitability of further restriction, pragmatically decided to work with legislators in the early 1920s to mitigate some of the more punitive features of the national origins quota system. When the literacy test passed in 1917 failed to halt immigration from eastern and southern Europe significantly, restrictionists in and outside of Congress began pushing for quantitative immigration restriction. In 1924, Congress passed the Johnson-Reed Act, which imposed the national origins quota system for immigration from the Eastern Hemisphere and a near ban on immigration from Asia. The only issue on which restrictionist legislators and Italian and Jewish anti-restrictionists could find common ground when it came to immigration reform was family reunification, but legislators refused to budge on the discriminatory national quotas imposed on European immigration. Although scholars usually present the 1920s and 1930s as the height of immigration restriction, these negotiations over family reunification, along with the exemption of the Western Hemisphere from the quota system, allowed for exclusion and inclusion to continue to coexist in U.S. immigration policy.
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Marinari, Maddalena. "The Battle Begins." In Unwanted, 14–42. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469652931.003.0002.
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The first chapter examines Italian and Jewish immigrants’ efforts to oppose proposed restrictions on new immigrants from eastern and southern Europe from the passage of the 1882 Immigration Act to the adoption of a literacy test in 1917. During this critical period in the rise of the antirestrictionist movement, both groups created national advocacy organizations (American Jewish Committee and the Order Sons of Italy) to negotiate with legislators in hopes of achieving more political influence. These organizations successfully opposed the passage of a literacy test for arriving immigrants older than 16 until World War I, when organizations like the Immigration Restriction League successfully used the war to mobilize labor unions, reformers, regular Americans, and politicians from the South eager to preserve their political influence to push for the test, which Congress passed over President Wilson’s veto. War and immigration emerge as linked processes in U.S. history. Amid rampant anti-immigrant rhetoric and violence during WWI, the debate over immigration policy pitted advocates for qualitative restriction against those who advocated for quantitative restriction as the best approach to curtail immigration from eastern and southern Europe. Supporters of the literacy test won a temporary battle.
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Lindskoog, Carl. "Reinforcing the Detention System, 1994–2000." In Detain and Punish, 126–44. University Press of Florida, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683400400.003.0007.
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Haitian detention at Guantanamo Bay continued to focus attention on U.S. detention practice in 1995 as the government’s detention of hundreds of unaccompanied Haitian youth generated enormous controversy and loud calls for their freedom. Chapter 6 documents this struggle over child detention before it moves to an examination of two key pieces of legislation in 1996 that had a decisive impact on the history of immigration detention in the U.S. The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA) and the Illegal Immigration and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) were measures that consummated the marriage of immigration restriction and mass incarceration, devastated immigrant communities, and led to an enormous expansion of the immigration detention system. Finally, chapter 6 illustrates what the immigration detention system had become by the late 1990s and how, despite the extraordinary power and cruelty of the system, detainees continued to exercise resistance.
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Roche, Michael, and Sita Venkateswar. "Indian Migration to New Zealand in the 1920s." In Indians and the Antipodes, 129–61. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199483624.003.0005.
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Racist attitudes against Indians appeared in New Zealand from the 1890s resulting in the Immigration Restriction Amendment Act of 1920. This Act required potential Indian migrants to provide photographs and other details for certificates of registration, enabling them to re-enter the Dominion within a three-year period. Drawing on a selection of immigration files, this chapter offers a preliminary exploration of mobility patterns of early Indian migrants to New Zealand as well as an interpretation of how they represented themselves based on the portrait photographs they provided for their registration certificates. The chapter argues that this piece of legislation intending to restrict Indian immigration can now be interrogated to reveal more about the first generation of post–World War I Indian migrants to New Zealand.
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Pruitt, Nicholas T. "Paving the Way for Pluralism." In Open Hearts, Closed Doors, 150–82. NYU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479803545.003.0006.
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This chapter recounts mainline Protestant political lobbying and testimony before congressional committee hearings, culminating in the Immigration Act of 1965, which ended the discriminatory quota system. During this time, mainline groups affiliated with the NCC increased their protest against the federal government’s racially biased immigration policy, as seen in their continued criticism of the discriminatory quotas established in 1924 and their response to the 1952 McCarran-Walter Act. In their attempts to challenge restriction, liberal Protestants encountered pushback from conservative Protestants and anti-communist figures during the Second Red Scare. Despite occasional opposition, however, mainline Protestant leaders often advocated a more liberal immigration system that would challenge racial discrimination in the spirit of the civil rights movement and elevate America’s stature internationally. Finally, this chapter concludes by exploring how Protestants aligned themselves in 1965 when Congress finally overturned the immigration quota system based on national origins.
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Aron, Stephen. "7. The worldly West." In The American West: A Very Short Introduction, 94–108. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199858934.003.0008.
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The 1965 Immigration Reform Act dramatically changed the pattern of immigration into the United States and particularly into the western states that bordered the Pacific or Mexico. These post-1965 flows significantly altered the national origins of the region's population. Along with the twentieth-century transformations wrought by global wars and globalized commerce, the new immigration amplified the connections between the West and the world. ‘The worldly West’ explains that like the growing import of the national government in the West's affairs, the international presence generated resentments and efforts at restriction of immigration. Yet, in the second and third quarters of the twentieth century, the region's fate was increasingly defined by federal interventions and entwined with international developments.