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Journal articles on the topic 'Immune organs'
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1
Kumar, Himanshu. "Immune-mediated organ pathologies of vital organs." International Reviews of Immunology 40, no. 6 (2021): 379–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2021.1969795.
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Drozd, M. "The effectiveness of mineral adaptogen in experimental immunosuppression." Agrarian Bulletin of the 215, no. 12 (2021): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2021-215-12-29-40.
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Abstract. Modern conditions of animal husbandry and poultry farming dictate a continuous search for effective means that increase the natural resistance of the organism of farm animals and poultry. The purpose of the study. In this regard, an experimental study was conducted on laboratory animals using a mineral adaptogen of domestic production in order to determine its effectiveness in conditions of artificially induced immunosuppression. The objectives of the study were to determine the immunobiochemical status, subcellular and intra-organ changes in the organs of the immune system at all levels. Research methods. Experimental studies were carried out using generally accepted zootechnical, pathomorphological, histological, immunobiochemical and statistical research methods. Results. Immunobiochemical changes in the body of experimental animals are described. Microscopic changes at the level of tissues and cells in the organs of the immune system at all levels are described. Changes in the organs of the immune system during immunosuppression and against the background of feeding mineral adaptogen are described. Morphological examination of the immune system organs in experimental animals revealed prolonged immunosuppressive changes for 14 days. At the same time, after induced immunosuppression, significant structural changes remain in the central and peripheral organs of the immune system in the form of lymphoid tissue atrophy (in the thymus, both in the organ of central immunogenesis and in the organs of the peripheral immune system – the spleen and lymph nodes and intra-organ lymph formations). During histological studies, the structure of cells and tissues, when using a mineral adaptogen, was more morphologically mature and was in a functionally active state, and dystrophic and necrotic processes were observed in the control group. The conducted studies convincingly prove the effect of mineral adaptogen on increasing natural resistance and its immunoprotective properties. Scientific novelty. For the first time in experimental conditions, a simultaneous assessment of the immunobiochemical parameters of the blood of laboratory animals and a microscopic examination of the organs of the immune system at all levels with morphometric analysis of the data obtained were given. As a result of the conducted studies, the immuno- and organoprotective effect of feeding the mineral adaptogen was proved and the immunomodulatory effect was morphometrically confirmed.
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Gupta, PD. "Immune response by the human body to SARS-CoV 2 infection." MOJ Biology and Medicine 6, no. 1 (2021): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojbm.2021.06.00125.
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A new virus SARS-CoV2 is responsible for Covid-19. Many existing drugs were tried but failed to treat Covid-19 patients. To begin with our immune system also couldn’t cope with Covid-19, therefore within no time it became pandemic. It is a well-known fact that our body fights against all infections and inflammations through well-organized immune system. The human immune system is made up of individual cells (T and B cells) and proteins as well as entire organs and organ systems. The organs of the immune system include skin and mucous membranes, and the organs of the lymphatic system. The skin and mucous membranes are the first line of defense against germs entering from outside the body and once the infection enter in the organs and tissues lymphatic organs take over. Additionally, here we also described gut bacteria and food to build up immunity. In this way human beings are fight against the new virus SARS-CoV2 infections.
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Ochando, Jordi, Dominique Charron, Pedro M. Baptista, and Basak E. Uygun. "Immune responses to bioengineered organs." Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation 22, no. 1 (2017): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mot.0000000000000378.
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Morita, Hideaki. "The immune network across organs." Allergology International 74, no. 2 (2025): 175–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2025.03.001.
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Sun, Wujin, Zhimin Luo, Junmin Lee, et al. "Organ‐on‐a‐Chip for Cancer and Immune Organs Modeling." Advanced Healthcare Materials 8, no. 15 (2019): 1900754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201900754.
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Arroz-Madeira, Silvia, Tove Bekkhus, Maria H. Ulvmar, and Tatiana V. Petrova. "Lessons of Vascular Specialization From Secondary Lymphoid Organ Lymphatic Endothelial Cells." Circulation Research 132, no. 9 (2023): 1203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.123.322136.
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Secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, harbor highly specialized and compartmentalized niches. These niches are optimized to facilitate the encounter of naive lymphocytes with antigens and antigen-presenting cells, enabling optimal generation of adaptive immune responses. Lymphatic vessels of lymphoid organs are uniquely specialized to perform a staggering variety of tasks. These include antigen presentation, directing the trafficking of immune cells but also modulating immune cell activation and providing factors for their survival. Recent studies have provided insights into the molecular basis of such specialization, opening avenues for better understanding the mechanisms of immune-vascular interactions and their applications. Such knowledge is essential for designing better treatments for human diseases given the central role of the immune system in infection, aging, tissue regeneration and repair. In addition, principles established in studies of lymphoid organ lymphatic vessel functions and organization may be applied to guide our understanding of specialization of vascular beds in other organs.
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Qiao, Liya Y., and Namrata Tiwari. "Spinal neuron-glia-immune interaction in cross-organ sensitization." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 319, no. 6 (2020): G748—G760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00323.2020.
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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), historically considered as regional gastrointestinal disorders with heightened colonic sensitivity, are increasingly recognized to have concurrent dysfunction of other visceral and somatic organs, such as urinary bladder hyperactivity, leg pain, and skin hypersensitivity. The interorgan sensory cross talk is, at large, termed “cross-organ sensitization.” These organs, anatomically distant from one another, physiologically interlock through projecting their sensory information into dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and then the spinal cord for integrative processing. The fundamental question of how sensitization of colonic afferent neurons conveys nociceptive information to activate primary afferents that innervate distant organs remains ambiguous. In DRG, primary afferent neurons are surrounded by satellite glial cells (SGCs) and macrophage accumulation in response to signals of injury to form a neuron-glia-macrophage triad. Astrocytes and microglia are major resident nonneuronal cells in the spinal cord to interact, physically and chemically, with sensory synapses. Cumulative evidence gathered so far indicate the indispensable roles of paracrine/autocrine interactions among neurons, glial cells, and immune cells in sensory cross-activation. Dichotomizing afferents, sensory convergency in the spinal cord, spinal nerve comingling, and extensive sprouting of central axons of primary afferents each has significant roles in the process of cross-organ sensitization; however, more results are required to explain their functional contributions. DRG that are located outside the blood-brain barrier and reside upstream in the cascade of sensory flow from one organ to the other in cross-organ sensitization could be safer therapeutic targets to produce less central adverse effects.
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Bogoslowski, Ania, Joice Ren, Clément Quintard, and Josef M. Penninger. "Organoid Models of Lymphoid Tissues." Organoids 4, no. 2 (2025): 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/organoids4020007.
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Lymphoid organs are critical for organizing the development of the immune system, generating immune tolerance, and orchestrating the adaptive immune response to foreign antigens. Defects in their structure and function can lead to immunodeficiency, hypersensitivity, cancer, or autoimmune diseases. To better understand these diseases and assess potential therapies, complex models that recapitulate the anatomy and physiology of these tissues are required. Organoid models possess a number of advantages, including complex 3D microarchitecture, scalability, and personalization, which make them ideal for modelling lymphoid organs and related pathologies. Organoids have been developed for both primary and secondary lymphoid tissues; however, these models possess several limitations, including immature phenotypes and incomplete stromal cell populations. Furthermore, these organoids are often heterogeneous in both structure and function. Several lymphoid organs, such as the spleen, do not yet have robust organoid models, offering opportunities for breakthroughs in the field. Overall, development of lymphoid organoids will pave the way for the rapid development and testing of novel therapies, organ modelling, and personalized medicine. This review summarizes current advances in models for the primary lymphoid organ—bone marrow and thymus—as well as the secondary lymphoid organs of the lymph node and spleen.
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DAS, SUBHASHREE, A. K. DE, P. PERUMAL, et al. "Bioaccumulation and cytological alteration of immune organs of chicken following inorganic arsenic exposure." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 90, no. 5 (2020): 683–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v90i5.104604.
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Arsenic is an ecotoxicant that has been found to affect both mammal and avian population. The present study deals with the arsenic deposition in different immune organs of arsenic exposed broiler chicken. Further, its effect on immune cell function and histological alteration was investigated. The study revealed that bursa and liver were the most arsenic deposition prone sites as compared to other immune organs. Histopathological study of the immune organs showed significant structural changes like increased bursal medullary region along with follicular atrophy and detachment of outer serosal layer from the muscularis layer in bursa, decrease in average diameter of white pulp in spleen, decreased cortical as well as medullary region along with less number of Hassall's corpuscle in thymus in the arsenic exposed birds. Arsenic induced apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was also detected and a positive correlation between apoptotic index and dose of arsenic was observed. It may be concluded that insult to avian immune organ by any toxic compound may threaten immune response and may lead to immunosuppression.
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Peng, Kaitian, and Denise M. Monack. "Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Is a Lung-Specific Innate Immune Defense Mechanism That Inhibits Growth of Francisella tularensis Tryptophan Auxotrophs." Infection and Immunity 78, no. 6 (2010): 2723–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00008-10.
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ABSTRACT Upon microbial challenge, organs at various anatomic sites of the body employ different innate immune mechanisms to defend against potential infections. Accordingly, microbial pathogens evolved to subvert these organ-specific host immune mechanisms to survive and grow in infected organs. Francisella tularensis is a bacterium capable of infecting multiple organs and thus encounters a myriad of organ-specific defense mechanisms. This suggests that F. tularensis may possess specific factors that aid in evasion of these innate immune defenses. We carried out a microarray-based, negative-selection screen in an intranasal model of Francisella novicida infection to identify Francisella genes that contribute to bacterial growth specifically in the lungs of mice. Genes in the bacterial tryptophan biosynthetic pathway were identified as being important for F. novicida growth specifically in the lungs. In addition, a host tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), is induced specifically in the lungs of mice infected with F. novicida or Streptococcus pneumoniae. Furthermore, the attenuation of F. novicida tryptophan mutant bacteria was rescued in the lungs of IDO1−/− mice. IDO1 is a lung-specific innate immune mechanism that controls pulmonary Francisella infections.
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Hribernik, Nežka, Daniel T. Huff, Andrej Studen, et al. "Quantitative imaging biomarkers of immune-related adverse events in immune-checkpoint blockade-treated metastatic melanoma patients: a pilot study." European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 49, no. 6 (2021): 1857–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05650-3.
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Abstract Purpose To develop quantitative molecular imaging biomarkers of immune-related adverse event (irAE) development in malignant melanoma (MM) patients receiving immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) imaged with 18F-FDG PET/CT. Methods 18F-FDG PET/CT images of 58 MM patients treated with anti-PD-1 or anti-CTLA-4 ICI were retrospectively analyzed for indication of irAE. Three target organs, most commonly affected by irAE, were considered: bowel, lung, and thyroid. Patient charts were reviewed to identify which patients experienced irAE, irAE grade, and time to irAE diagnosis. Target organs were segmented using a convolutional neural network (CNN), and novel quantitative imaging biomarkers — SUV percentiles (SUVX%) of 18F-FDG uptake within the target organs — were correlated with the clinical irAE status. Area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was used to quantify irAE detection performance. Patients who did not experience irAE were used to establish normal ranges for target organ 18F-FDG uptake. Results A total of 31% (18/58) patients experienced irAE in the three target organs: bowel (n=6), lung (n=5), and thyroid (n=9). Optimal percentiles for identifying irAE were bowel (SUV95%, AUROC=0.79), lung (SUV95%, AUROC=0.98), and thyroid (SUV75%, AUROC=0.88). Optimal cut-offs for irAE detection were bowel (SUV95%>2.7 g/mL), lung (SUV95%>1.7 g/mL), and thyroid (SUV75%>2.1 g/mL). Normal ranges (95% confidence interval) for the SUV percentiles in patients without irAE were bowel [1.74, 2.86 g/mL], lung [0.73, 1.46 g/mL], and thyroid [0.86, 1.99 g/mL]. Conclusions Increased 18F-FDG uptake within irAE-affected organs provides predictive information about the development of irAE in MM patients receiving ICI and represents a potential quantitative imaging biomarker for irAE. Some irAE can be detected on 18F-FDG PET/CT well before clinical symptoms appear.
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Gardner, David S., Simone De Brot, Louise J. Dunford, et al. "Remote effects of acute kidney injury in a porcine model." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 310, no. 4 (2016): F259—F271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00389.2015.
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Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious condition with no specific treatment. An episode of AKI may affect organs distant from the kidney, further increasing the morbidity associated with AKI. The mechanism of organ cross talk after AKI is unclear. The renal and immune systems of pigs and humans are alike. Using a preclinical animal (porcine) model, we tested the hypothesis that early effects of AKI on distant organs is by immune cell infiltration, leading to inflammatory cytokine production, extravasation, and edema. In 29 pigs exposed to either sham surgery or renal ischemia-reperfusion (control, n = 12; AKI, n = 17), we assessed remote organ (liver, lung, brain) effects in the short (from 2- to 48-h reperfusion) and longer term (5 wk later) using immunofluorescence (for leukocyte infiltration, apoptosis), a cytokine array, tissue elemental analysis (e.g., electrolytes), blood hematology and chemistry (e.g., liver enzymes), and PCR (for inflammatory markers). AKI elicited significant, short-term (∼24 h) increments in enzymes indicative of acute liver damage (e.g., AST:ALT ratio; P = 0.02) and influenced tissue biochemistry in some remote organs (e.g., lung tissue [Ca2+] increased; P = 0.04). These effects largely resolved after 48 h, and no further histopathology, edema, apoptosis, or immune cell infiltration was noted in the liver, lung, or hippocampus in the short and longer term. AKI has subtle biochemical effects on remote organs in the short term, including a transient increment in markers of acute liver damage. These effects resolved by 48 h, and no further remote organ histopathology, apoptosis, edema, or immune cell infiltration was noted.
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Colton, Clark K. "Implantable Biohybrid Artificial Organs." Cell Transplantation 4, no. 4 (1995): 415–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096368979500400413.
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Biohybrid artificial organs encompass all devices which substitute for an organ or tissue function and incorporate both synthetic materials and living cells. This review concerns implantable immunoisolation devices in which the tissue is protected from immune rejection by enclosure within a semipermeable membrane. Two critical areas are discussed in detail: (i) Device design and performance as it relates to maintenance of cell viability and function. Attention is focussed on oxygen supply limitation and how it is affected by tissue density and the development of materials that induce neovascularization at the host tissue-membrane interface; and (ii) Protection from immune rejection. Our current knowledge of the mechanisms that may be operative in immune rejection in the presence of a semipermeable membrane barrier is limited. Nonetheless, recent studies shed light on the role played by membrane properties in preventing immune rejection, and many studies demonstrate substantial progress towards clinically useful implantable immunoisolation devices.
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Felten, David L., and Suzanne Y. Felten. "Sympathetic noradrenergic innervation of immune organs." Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2, no. 4 (1988): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0889-1591(88)90031-1.
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Studenikina, E. D., A. I. Ogorelysheva, Ya S. Ruzov, et al. "Role of the immune system in COVID-19 pathomorphogenesis." Genes & Cells 15, no. 4 (2020): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.23868/202012013.
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The new coronavirus infection is a highly contagious infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus that has become a global public health problem. The pathogenesis of this virus has not yet been clearly understood, the principles of hyperinflammatory immune response in critically ill patients, which leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure, innate and adaptive immune responses in the process of structuring the data under study. The interaction of the virus and a macroorganism includes 4 stages: infection, dissemination, cytokine storm, pulmonary fibrosis. This review analyzes the predictors of infection, its possible pathogenesis, the immune response of the macroorganism, as well as the histological characteristics of damage to immune organs; shows receptors for SARS-CoV-2 (ACE2, TMPRSS2) in some organs.
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Garduno, Alexis, and Ignacio Martín-Loeches. "Targeting Sepsis: Disease Tolerance, Immune Resilience, and Compartmentalized Immunity." Biomedicines 12, no. 11 (2024): 2420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12112420.
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Introduction: Sepsis remains a major contributor to critical care mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite advances in understanding its complex immunopathology, the compartmentalized nature of immune responses across different organs has yet to be fully translated into targeted therapies. This review explores the burden of sepsis on organ-specific immune dysregulation, immune resilience, and epigenetic reprogramming, emphasizing translational challenges and opportunities. Methods: We implemented a systematic literature search strategy, incorporating data from studies published between 2010 and 2024, to evaluate the role of molecular profiling techniques, including transcriptomics and epigenetic markers, in assessing the feasibility of targeted therapies. Results: Sepsis-induced immune dysregulation manifests differently in various organs, with lung, heart, liver, and kidney responses driven by unique local immune environments. Organ-specific biomarkers, such as the Spns2/S1P axis in lung macrophages, mitochondrial dysfunction in the heart, proenkephalin for early acute kidney injury (AKI), and adrenomedullin for predicting multi-organ failure, offer promising avenues for timely intervention. Furthermore, immune resilience, particularly through regulatory T-cell modulation and cytokine targeting (e.g., IL-18), is crucial for long-term recovery. Epigenetic mechanisms, including histone modification and trained immunity, present opportunities for reprogramming immune responses but require more precision to avoid unintended inflammatory sequelae. Conclusions: A deeper understanding of compartmentalized immune responses and the dynamic immune landscape in sepsis is critical for developing precision therapies. Real-time immune monitoring and organ-targeted interventions could revolutionize sepsis management, although significant barriers remain in clinical translation. Further research is required to establish biomarkers and treatment timing that optimize therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic risks.
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Sykes, Megan, and David H. Sachs. "Transplanting organs from pigs to humans." Science Immunology 4, no. 41 (2019): eaau6298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aau6298.
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The success of organ transplantation is limited by the complications of immunosuppression, by chronic rejection, and by the insufficient organ supply, and thousands of patients die every year while waiting for a transplant. With recent progress in xenotransplantation permitting porcine organ graft survival of months or even years in nonhuman primates, there is renewed interest in its potential to alleviate the organ shortage. Many of these advances are the result of our heightened capacity to modify pigs genetically, particularly with the development of CRISPR-Cas9–based gene editing methodologies. Although this approach allows the engineering of pig organs that are less prone to rejection, the clinical application of xenotransplantation will require the ability to avoid the ravages of a multifaceted attack on the immune system while preserving the capacity to protect both the recipient and the graft from infectious microorganisms. In this review, we will discuss the potential and limitations of these modifications and how the engineering of the graft can be leveraged to alter the host immune response so that all types of immune attack are avoided.
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Zhurov, D. O. "ORGANS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF THE MUTE SWAN: SYNTHOPY, ARCHITECTONICS AND MORPHOMETRIC INDICATORS." Transactions of the educational establishment “Vitebsk the Order of “the Badge of Honor” State Academy of Veterinary Medicine 59, no. 3 (2023): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52368/2078-0109-2023-59-3-17-21.
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The purpose of this work is to describe the structural parameters of the immune system organs in the Mute swan (Cygnus olor). The work was carried out in the laboratory of the Department of Pathological Anatomy and Histology of the Vitebsk State Academy of Veterinary Medicine. The object of the study were the corpses of immature Mute swans, the subject – the organs of the immune system (spleen, thymus, cloacal bursa). It has been established that the topography, macro- and microscopic structure of the cloacal bursa, thymus and spleen do not differ significantly from those of other members of the Aves class. The wall of the cloacal bursa consists of mucous, muscular and serous membranes. The folds of the cloacal bursa are lined with a single-layer multi-row epithelium, and the lymphoid follicles are the functional units of the organ. Macroscopic and histological studies have not found the presence of pathological changes in the thymus, spleen and cloacal bursa (necrosis, atrophy, hyperplasia, etc.), which characterizes them as fully functioning organs of the immune system, capable of fully performing their functions. Also, the paper presents the indicators of micromorphometry of the organs of the immune system of the Mute swans, which on the whole is a generalization of the studies.
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Li, Zhengtian, Irfan Ahmed, Zhiqiang Xu, et al. "Profiles of expression pattern and tissue distribution of host defense peptides genes in different chicken (Gallus gallus) breeds related to body weight." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (2020): e0238675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238675.
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Host defense peptides (HDPs) are an important first line of defense with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. Selection for increased body weight is hypothesized to be related to reduced immune response. We studied the relationships among body weight, age, and the HDP expression patterns in intestine and immune organs. We used chickens with marked differences of body sizes. The non-selected Daweishan mini chickens showed the highest indexes of immune organs and the lowest concentrations of the plasma immune parameters C3, C4, IgA, and IgY, while the commercial Avian broiler showed the opposite results. The Daweishan mini chickens showed the highest mRNA expressions of HDP genes in small intestine followed by the semi-selected Wuding chickens. Compared with local breeds, broiler chickens showed higher mRNA expression of HDP genes in spleen, thymus, and bursa. Body weight and HDP expression levels were negatively correlated in the intestine and positively in the immune organs. Our results indicated that the HDP immune regulatory roles in small intestine acted as first line of defense in innate immunity in local breeds, and as an adaptive immunity in broiler chickens. Selection was associated with different expression expressions of HDP genes in breed-, age-, and organ-specific manners.
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Morsink, Margaretha, Niels Willemen, Jeroen Leijten, Ruchi Bansal, and Su Shin. "Immune Organs and Immune Cells on a Chip: An Overview of Biomedical Applications." Micromachines 11, no. 9 (2020): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11090849.
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Understanding the immune system is of great importance for the development of drugs and the design of medical implants. Traditionally, two-dimensional static cultures have been used to investigate the immune system in vitro, while animal models have been used to study the immune system’s function and behavior in vivo. However, these conventional models do not fully emulate the complexity of the human immune system or the human in vivo microenvironment. Consequently, many promising preclinical findings have not been reproduced in human clinical trials. Organ-on-a-chip platforms can provide a solution to bridge this gap by offering human micro-(patho)physiological systems in which the immune system can be studied. This review provides an overview of the existing immune-organs-on-a-chip platforms, with a special emphasis on interorgan communication. In addition, future challenges to develop a comprehensive immune system-on-chip model are discussed.
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Menshikova, I. V., and V. V. Strogonova. "Immune-mediated adverse rheumatic reactions following administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors." Rheumatology Science and Practice 58, no. 4 (2020): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47360/1995-4484-2020-443-446.
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Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) opens up new prospects in treatment of malignancies, although this novel therapy quite often results in development of immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which can limit their clinical use. IrAEs can affect almost any organ system, including the endocrine, respiratory, digestive, nervous, other organs and the skin. Most often irAEs are characterized by moderate degree of severity, but complications are fatal in 2% of patients.The nature of irAEs significantly differs from the adverse reactions associated with use of standard chemotherapeutic agents, which usually cause immunosuppression (due to neutropenia). Of particular interest to clinicians are rheumatic irAEs, which can occur at any time after treatment and tend to persist even after ICIs discontinuation. This review analyzes the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and approaches to treatment of rheumatic irAEs.
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Huang, Xinglan, Peng Yan, Xinghua Song, et al. "MT-CO1 expression in nine organs and tissues of different-aged MRL/lpr mice: Investigation of mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction at organ level in systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis." Archives of Rheumatology 37, no. 4 (2022): 504–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46497/archrheumatol.2022.9168.
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Objectives: This study aims to investigate the expression patterns of mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase 1 (MT-CO1) in different organs and tissues of MRL/lpr mice aged six and 18 weeks. Materials and methods: Six-week-old female MRL/lpr mice (n=10) were considered young lupus model mice, and 18-week-old MRL/lpr mice (n=10) were considered old lupus model mice. Additionally, six-week-old (n=10) and 39-week-old (n=10) female Balb/c mice were used as the young and old controls, respectively. The messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein expression levels of MT-CO1 in nine organs/tissues were detected via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blot. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined with thiobarbituric acid colorimetry. The correlation coefficient of MT-CO1 mRNA levels and MDA levels in each organ/tissue at different ages was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Results: The results showed that most non-immune organs/tissues (heart, lung, liver, kidneys, and intestines) showed increased MT-CO1 expression levels in younger MRL/lpr mice (p<0.05) and decreased MT-CO1 expression in older mice (p<0.05). Expression of MT-CO1 in the lymph nodes was low in younger mice but high in older mice. In other immune organs (spleen and thymus), MT-CO1 expression was low in older MRL/lpr mice. Lower mRNA expression and higher MDA levels were observed in the brains of MRL/lpr mice. However, all MRL/lpr mice showed higher MDA levels than Balb/c mice in every organ no matter younger or older MRL/lpr mice. Conclusion: Our study results suggest that lymphoid mitochondrial hyperfunction at organ level may be an important intrinsic pathogenesis in systemic lupus erythematosus activity, which may affect mitochondrial dysfunction in non-immune organs.
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PRONINA, G. I., A. A. IVANOV, A. G. MANNAPOV, and O. V. SANAYA. "IMMUNE SYSTEM OF POIKILOTHERMIC AQUATIC ORGANISMS." Izvestiâ Timirâzevskoj selʹskohozâjstvennoj akademii, no. 2 (2021): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/0021-342x-2021-2-71-91.
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The paper shows features of the immune system of poikilothermic aquatic organisms of different taxonomic groups: crustaceans, fish, and amphibians. Defense mechanisms of crustaceans are presented by largely innate non-specific factors: external covers (including the exoskeleton), mucus, physical and chemical barriers lysozyme in the hemolymph, propanolamine system, and phagocytosis. The authors identified 4 types of cells (hemocytes) found in the circulating fluid of crayfish, depending on the morphological and functional properties: agranulocytes, progranulin,granulocytes, and transparent cells. Each type performs different functions in the process of immune defense. In fish, there is no red bone marrow and lymph nodes, the main organs of hematopoiesis include thymus, spleen, liver, lymphoid tissue of the brain and the trunk of the kidneys,accumulation of lymphoid tissue of the cranial box, intestine, and pericardium. Humoral components of the immune response of fish are represented by immunoglobulins, system complement components, lysozyme, C-reactive protein, interferon, lysine, hemolysin, hemagglutinin. Only IgM-like antibodies represent immunoglobulins in fish. The central organ of the amphibian immune system is the red bone marrow, but its role in the immune defense of amphibians has not been sufficiently studied. Peripheral organs of the immune system include kidneys, thymus, spleen, lymphomyeloid organs. Depending on the characteristics of the immune system of poikilothermic hydrobionts of different types, the authors offer methods for assessing their humoralimmunity (by determining phenoloxidase) and cellular response (by phagocytosis). Cellular immunity, and phagocytic activity, in particular, can be evaluated using cytochemical methods taking into account oxygenindependent factors – the content of enzymatic lysosomal cationic protein in phagocytes – and oxygendependent ones – NBT-test with nitrosonium tetrazolium that records cytotoxic oxygen radicals generated during the respiratory explosion of cell stimulation in vitro.
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Bogoslowski, Ania, Meilin An, and Josef M. Penninger. "Incorporating Immune Cells into Organoid Models: Essential for Studying Human Disease." Organoids 2, no. 3 (2023): 140–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/organoids2030011.
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Organoid-based research has made significant discoveries and contributions to our understanding of human organ function in both health and disease. To continue making progress, it is crucial to acknowledge the crucial role of the immune system in all organs. Various immune cells, such as macrophages, T cells, and neutrophils, are resident in almost all human tissues and play essential roles in organ homeostasis, function, and disease. Using diverse methods, researchers have begun integrating immune cells into organoid models, leading to more physiologically relevant models that better represent various aspects of human disease. These methods range from immune cell injection to co-culture and tissue expansion with existing immune cells. Immune cells can be sourced from mature patients or generated from stem cells as immature immune cells. The successful incorporation of immune cells into organoids will enhance our understanding of organ function and provide a more accurate approximation of human disease.
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Yoshimura, Yukinori, Ahmad M. Abdel Mageed, Takahiro Nii, Bambang Ariyadi, and Naoki Isobe. "Innate Immune Functions in hen Reproductive Organs." Avian Biology Research 7, no. 1 (2014): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/175815514x13902927945697.
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PERELSON, A., and G. WEISBUCH. "Modeling immune reactivity in secondary lymphoid organs." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 54, no. 4 (1992): 649–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8240(05)80080-1.
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Perelson, Alan S., and Gérand Weisbuch. "Modeling immune reactivity in secondary lymphoid organs." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 54, no. 4 (1992): 649–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02459638.
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Liu, Qian, Zhanzhuo Li, Ji-Liang Gao, et al. "CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 redistributes leukocytes from primary immune organs to secondary immune organs, lung, and blood in mice." European Journal of Immunology 45, no. 6 (2015): 1855–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.201445245.
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Ricci, Alberto, Salvatore Mariotta, Stefania Greco, and Alberto Bisetti. "Expression of Dopamine Receptors in Immune Organs and Circulating Immune Cells." Clinical and Experimental Hypertension 19, no. 1-2 (1997): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10641969709080804.
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Saran, Sai, and Mohan Gurjar. "Brain Crosstalk with Other Organs in ICU Patient." Journal of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care 06, no. 03 (2019): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3399474.
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AbstractCrosstalk between various organs exists in the human body. This can be part of physiological reflexes such as cardiac reflexes that protect the organs during stressful stimuli or can be part of pathological conditions where an insult to an organ releases cytokines that cause distant effects on other organs. In critically ill patients, these crosstalks are independent of pre-existing common risk factors or the presence of new risk exposure during the treatment. Crosstalk can manifest in series or parallel. The human brain, being a control center of the human body, does crosstalk with almost every organ in the body. In this narrative review, crosstalk of the brain with various organs and systems such as the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, gut, muscle, bone, skin, adipose tissue, and immune system is being discussed along with clinical manifestations and management. Future research might help to target these pathological processes in preventing progression of single-organ dysfunction to multi-organ failures in critically ill patients.
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Kilercioğlu, Serdar. "Fish immune system, mucosal immunity and functions of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-18 proinflammatory cytokines". Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38, № 1 (2021): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.38.1.16.
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Fish exposed to various threats in the aquatic environment and respond to these with the immune responses which has developed in the evolutionary process. The immune system of teleost fish consists of the fluid and cellular factors of both natural and acquired immunity. Mucosa associated lymphoid tissues are a part of fish immune system and equipped with cells of natural and adaptive immunity. The organs in which all these cells and molecules are formed, matured and included in the system are called lymphoid organs. Cytokines, which are small glycoproteins, play critical roles in immunity. Their main roles in the immune system are to regulate immune responses and to enable communication between cells. In this review, the literature on the main factors of the fish immune system, mucosal immunity, the functions of the primary lymphoid organs, and proinflamatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-18 were collected. Furthermore, the functions of specified cytokines were aimed to clarify.
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Somenath Ghosh. "Roles of free radicals in reproduction and immune modulations in goats: A review." International Journal of Life Science Research Archive 3, no. 1 (2022): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.53771/ijlsra.2022.3.1.0063.
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In the body physiology, gonads (i.e. testes and ovaries) and lymphoid organs are most important tissues in terms of metabolism and dynamicity as functional activities of lymphoid organ and gonad are multistep and energy consuming processes they are always performing a number of biochemical reactions. As a causative effect of the same generation of free radicals are quite obvious. Thus, enormous production of free radicals can limit the proper functional management of lymphoid organ and gonad. We noted significantly high levels of SOD, Catalase, GPx activities and ABTS levels in lymphoid organs and gonads of goats during monsoon and significantly low during winter particularly in lymphoid organs. However, all the parameters were significantly high in gonads during winter only. Malonaldihyde; MDA a marker for lipid peroxidation presented a reverse pattern of activity level than SOD being significantly high during summer but the level was significantly low during monsoon and winter. The glucocorticoid receptor expression was significantly high in spleen and thymus of males during monsoon but the level was significantly high only during monsoon in lymphoid organs of males. All the free radical parameters cumulatively suggest that, monsoon and winter are the seasons of stress for both the sexes of goats as suggested by elevated level of glucocorticoid receptor and thus to counteract the elevated stress level melatonin acted as a “coupler” which not only increased the free radical scavenging enzymes but also scavenged free radicals as an amphipatic free molecules particularly during winter. Winter is the most challenging season for female goats due to “cold stress” as well as “gestational stress” along with energy demanding mega two major events i.e. Maintenance of immunity and gestation is occurring simultaneously.
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He, Shaojun, Qirun Yin, Yongjie Xiong, Deyi Liu, and Hong Hu. "Effects of dietary fumaric acid on the growth performance, immune response, relative weight and antioxidant status of immune organs in broilers exposed to chronic heat stress." Czech Journal of Animal Science 65, No. 3 (2020): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/13/2020-cjas.
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This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary fumaric acid (FA) on growth performance, immune responses, immune organ index and antioxidant status in broilers under chronic heat stress (HS). A total of 200 21-day-old Ross 308 chicks were randomly assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two diets (basal diet or 10 g/kg FA diet) and two temperatures (thermoneutral or HS) for 21 days. On day 42, growth performance, immune organ index, immune function and antioxidative ability were determined. HS resulted in a significant reduction in final body weight (FBW), average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), antibody titres against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and Newcastle disease virus, IgM, IgG, relative weights of spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricius, but a significant increase in the feed conversion ratio (FCR), activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the bursa, contents of malondialdehyde and total carbonyl (TC) in thymus and bursa (P &lt; 0.05). Dietary supplementation of FA increased FBW, ADFI, ADG, antibody titres against SRBC, IgG, relative weights of spleen and bursa, activity of GPx in thymus and bursa, whereas it decreased the FCR and TC of thymus and bursa. These results suggest that dietary 10 g/kg FA had positive effects on growth performance and immune function through improving the antioxidative capacity of immune organs.
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Okura, Naoko, Mai Asano, Junji Uchino, et al. "Endocrinopathies Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Cancer Treatment: A Review." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 7 (2020): 2033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072033.
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Treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors has shown efficacy against a variety of cancer types. The effects of nivolumab and pembrolizumab on lung cancer have been reported, and further therapeutic advances are ongoing. The side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors are very different from those of conventional cytocidal anticancer drugs and molecular targeted drugs, and they involve various organs such as the digestive and respiratory organs, thyroid and pituitary glands, and skin. The generic term for such adverse events is immune-related adverse events (irAEs). They are relatively infrequent, and, if mild, treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors can be continued with careful control. However, early detection and appropriate treatment are critical, as moderate-to-severe irAEs are associated with markedly reduced organ function and quality of life, with fatal consequences in some cases. Of these, endocrinopathies caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors are sometimes difficult to distinguish from nonspecific symptoms in patients with advanced cancer and may have serious outcomes when the diagnosis is delayed. Therefore, it is necessary to anticipate and appropriately address the onset of endocrinopathies during treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Here, we present a review of endocrine disorders caused by immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment.
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Kieran, Niamh E., and Hamid Rabb. "Immune Responses in Kidney Preservation and Reperfusion Injury." Journal of Investigative Medicine 52, no. 5 (2004): 310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jim-52-05-30.
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Organ preservation and reperfusion injury have significant detrimental effects on both short- and long-term organ function. Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) underlies organ transplant dysfunction, myocardial infarction, stroke, and shock. Multiple molecular pathways are engaged in reactive oxygen production, apoptosis, signaling, and tissue regeneration. There has been an increased understanding of the important role of immune and inflammatory pathways in IRI, both in humans and in experimental models. Both cellular and soluble components of the immune system are directly activated during IRI, and there is evidence that immune mediators directly contribute to organ dysfunction. Immune activation during IRI likely underlies the enhanced immunogenicity of ischemic organs, with resultant increased rejection and fibrosis. Novel human therapies targeting T and B cells for classic immune diseases can now be considered to prevent and treat IRI. Organ preservation injury and cold ischemia could well have distinct pathophysiology from warm IRI and represent an opportunity to develop improved preservation methods.
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Kieran, Niamh E., and Hamid Rabb. "Immune Responses in Kidney Preservation and Reperfusion Injury." Journal of Investigative Medicine 52, no. 5 (2004): 310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108155890405200530.
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Organ preservation and reperfusion injury have significant detrimental effects on both short- and long-term organ function. Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) underlies organ transplant dysfunction, myocardial infarction, stroke, and shock. Multiple molecular pathways are engaged in reactive oxygen production, apoptosis, signaling, and tissue regeneration. There has been an increased understanding of the important role of immune and inflammatory pathways in IRI, both in humans and in experimental models. Both cellular and soluble components of the immune system are directly activated during IRI, and there is evidence that immune mediators directly contribute to organ dysfunction. Immune activation during IRI likely underlies the enhanced immunogenicity of ischemic organs, with resultant increased rejection and fibrosis. Novel human therapies targeting T and B cells for classic immune diseases can now be considered to prevent and treat IRI. Organ preservation injury and cold ischemia could well have distinct pathophysiology from warm IRI and represent an opportunity to develop improved preservation methods.
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Ignatz, Rebecca Maria, Vanessa Antje Zirkenbach, Mansur Kaya, et al. "No Evidence for Myocarditis or Other Organ Affection by Induction of an Immune Response against Critical SARS-CoV-2 Protein Epitopes in a Mouse Model Susceptible for Autoimmunity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 12 (2023): 9873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24129873.
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After Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) developed into a global pandemic, not only the infection itself but also several immune-mediated side effects led to additional consequences. Immune reactions such as epitope spreading and cross-reactivity may also play a role in the development of long-COVID, although the exact pathomechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 can not only cause direct damage to the lungs but can also lead to secondary indirect organ damage (e.g., myocardial involvement), which is often associated with high mortality. To investigate whether an immune reaction against the viral peptides can lead to organ affection, a mouse strain known to be susceptible to the development of autoimmune diseases, such as experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM), was used. First, the mice were immunized with single or pooled peptide sequences of the virus’s spike (SP), membrane (MP), nucleocapsid (NP), and envelope protein (EP), then the heart and other organs such as the liver, kidney, lung, intestine, and muscle were examined for signs of inflammation or other damage. Our results showed no significant inflammation or signs of pathology in any of these organs as a result of the immunization with these different viral protein sequences. In summary, immunization with different SARS-CoV-2 spike-, membrane-, nucleocapsid-, and envelope-protein peptides does not significantly affect the heart or other organ systems adversely, even when using a highly susceptible mouse strain for experimental autoimmune diseases. This suggests that inducing an immune reaction against these peptides of the SARS-CoV-2 virus alone is not sufficient to cause inflammation and/or dysfunction of the myocardium or other studied organs.
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Jawad, Mohammed Abed. "The Effect of Immune Max in the Liver, Kidney and Spleen Histological Structure in Male Albino Mice." Journal of Communicable Diseases 53, no. 03 (2021): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202156.
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Background: This study aimed to identify the effect of using the Immune Max dietary supplement on the histological composition of some organs in male albino mice. Methods: The study was conducted on the Swiss albino male mice which were divided into two groups: treated group with 0.162 mg/kg/day of Immune Max and second group as a control. Results: Histological examination was conducted for liver, kidney and spleen. The results showed some histological changes in these organs like loses of tissues, congestion, leukocytes infiltration and dead cells. Conclusion: The purpose of a conclusion that the use of the Immune Max nutritional supplement can cause damage to the tissues of a number of organs and this is likely to be due to the dose concentration and the duration of the treatment.
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Petty, Michael. "Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Solid Organ Transplant." AACN Advanced Critical Care 27, no. 3 (2016): 316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/aacnacc2016366.
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Within a little more than a decade, the transplant of human organs for end-stage organ disease became a reality. The early barriers to successful long-term graft and patient survival were related to the inability to effectively control the immune system such that it would not attack the donor tissue but would still recognize and destroy invading organisms and cells. As immunosuppressive therapy has been refined and proper matching of donors and recipients has been improved, hyperacute rejection has become a rare occurrence and acute rejection has been markedly controlled. However, antibody-mediated rejection remains an important impediment to increased survival of transplanted organs. This article provides readers with a broad overview of the immune system, discusses mechanisms of transplant rejection, and details prevention, detection, and treatment of antibody-mediated rejection in solid organ transplant.
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Bulat, Olga. "The impact of macro- and micronutrients on immune status." Studia Universitatis Moldaviae. Seria Științe ale Naturii, no. 1(181) (June 2025): 85–89. https://doi.org/10.59295/sum1(181)2025_11.
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Nutrition is an essential process for maintaining the body's health. Macro- (proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids) and micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, and biologically active substances) form the foundation of all processes in living organisms. An insufficient or excessive intake of nutrients can lead to various functional and structural disorders of organs and organ systems, including the immune system. Studying the influence of these nutrients on the immune system as a whole, as well as on immune status parameters, provides an opportunity to adjust immune status indicators by activating or suppressing specific immune functions as needed through individualized dietary plans.
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Hamadou, Takieddine, Imene Hamadou, Ahmed Menad, Somia Bouameur, and Souad Ameddah. "COVID-19 : histoire, pathogenèse et réponse immunitaire de l'hôte." Batna Journal of Medical Sciences (BJMS) 8, no. 1 (2021): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.48087/bjmsra.2021.8110.
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By the end of 2019, pneumonia of unknown etiology occurred in Wuhan, China. Local hospitals started receiving patients presenting symptoms like dry cough, fatigue, and breathing difficulties, most of these patients were linked to the Huanan seafood market, Wuhan, China. The pandemic was afterward confirmed to be associated with a novel coronavirus. The virus spread quickly from Wuhan to other provinces of China, then from china to the rest of the world causing thereby one of the most brutal pandemics in the world’s history. SARS-CoV2 has a long incubation period ranging from 3 to 7 days and can go up to 14 days in some cases which makes the infection difficult to be detected early and subsequently the disease spread harder to be controlled. SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA virus with 4 main structural proteins, the spike (S) glycoprotein, the small envelope (E) the glycoprotein, the membrane (M) glycoprotein as well as the nucleocapsid (N) protein. Current knowledge about the virus shows that it uses its spike protein to invade host cells, mainly the alveolar epithelial cells. The the lung is the most targeted organ among many other organs like the heart, small intestine, and kidneys that are vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The COVID-19 is known to be mild in most cases, but in some cases, it can be severe or even fatal. In the severe cases, acute respiratory distress syndrome was reported, and the the capability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect many organs can lead to multiorgan failure and death. SARS-CoV-2 invasion induces several immune responses that could be efficient for infection clearance in mild cases, while in severe cases, the immune response dysfunctions can even contribute to the disease aggravation. Neither the the pathogenic mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 infects host cells, nor the host immune response to its infection have been fully understood, hence further studies are needed to give further evidence about these two phenomena. Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Coronavirus, Structural proteins, Immune response.
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Schmidt, Kim L., Eunice H. Chin, Amit H. Shah, and Kiran K. Soma. "Cortisol and corticosterone in immune organs and brain of European starlings: developmental changes, effects of restraint stress, comparison with zebra finches." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 297, no. 1 (2009): R42—R51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.90964.2008.
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Glucocorticoids (GCs) are produced in the adrenal glands and also in extra-adrenal sites, including immune organs and brain. Here, we examined regulation of systemic GC levels in plasma and local GC levels in immune organs and brain during development. We conducted two studies and examined a total of 462 samples from 70 subjects. In study 1, we determined corticosterone and cortisol levels in the plasma, immune organs, and brain of wild European starlings on posthatch day 0 (P0) and P10 (at baseline and after 45 min of restraint). Baseline corticosterone and cortisol levels were low in the immune organs and brain at P0 and P10, providing little evidence for local GC synthesis in starlings. At P0, restraint had no significant effects on corticosterone or cortisol levels in the plasma or tissues; however, there was a trend for restraint to increase both corticosterone and cortisol in the immune organs. At P10, restraint increased corticosterone levels in the plasma and all tissues, but restraint increased cortisol levels in the plasma, thymus, and diencephalon only. In study 2, we directly compared GC levels in European starlings and zebra finches at P4. In zebra finches but not starlings, cortisol levels were higher in the immune organs than in plasma. This difference in immune GC levels might be due to evolutionary lineage, life history strategy, or experiential factors, such as parasite exposure. This is the first study to measure immune GC levels in wild animals and one of the first studies to measure local GC levels after restraint stress.
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Amaral, Teresa, Manfred Kneilling, Andrea Forschner, et al. "Early detection of side effects in patients with metastatic melanoma receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors by investigation of CD8+ immune infiltrate with [89Zr] crefmirlimab berdoxam PET." Journal of Clinical Oncology 42, no. 16_suppl (2024): TPS9601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2024.42.16_suppl.tps9601.
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TPS9601 Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) improved outcomes of patients (pts) with advanced melanoma. Nevertheless, a significant number have immune-mediated adverse event (iAE). Due to the impact on quality of life and other therapeutic options, early identification of pts with increased risk of iAE is needed. CD8 immuno-PET with [89Zr] crefmirlimab berdoxam (Zr-Df-IAB22M2C) has shown to be a specific tool to visualize CD8+ T cells mediating both anti-tumor immune response and inflammatory adverse effects rendering this an innovative evaluation method in the field of immuno-oncology. Methods: Trial design: Open-label, single-arm, single center study to determine if CD8+ T-cell infiltration evaluated by immune-PET provides diagnostic gain in early detection of severe iAE. Pts with irresectable stage III/IV melanoma receiving nivolumab + ipilimumab (NIVO+IPI) may be included. Primary objective: Feasibility of early detection of iAE by semiquantitative assessment of CD8+ T-cell infiltration using immune-PET. Secondary objectives: 1) Prediction of iAE using immuno-PET for semiquantitative assessment of CD8+ T-cell infiltration; 2) Correlation between CD8+ T-cell infiltration in metastasis and lymphoid organs and response. Baseline Imaging. To assess glucose metabolism in metastases, primary and secondary lymphatic organs [18F] FDG PET/CT (60 min p.i. 1.5 MBq/KG/BW) is performed on a high sensitivity PET/CT with large field of view (Siemens Vision Quadra). Immediately after PET/CT data acquisition, pts are injected with [89Zr] crefmirlimab berdoxam (37 MBq ±20%) and undergo immuno-PET/CT 24 hours p.i. to detect CD8+ T-cells in metastases and lymphoid organs. NIVO+IPI is administered immediately after completion of [89Zr] crefmirlimab berdoxam-PET/CT. Blood samples are taken for immune cell composition analysis, activation state, proteomic investigation (cytokine/chemokines) as well as metabolic profile. Therapy Phase Imaging: Three weeks after first ICI cycle and before second cycle, follow-up PET/CT are performed with both radiotracers [18F]FDG and [89Zr] crefmirlimab berdoxam following the identical protocol described above. Clinical trial information: EudraCT number - 2021-004328-13 .
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Okiyama, Naoko, and Ryota Tanaka. "Immune-related adverse events in various organs caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors." Allergology International 71, no. 2 (2022): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2022.01.001.
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Jindam, Shashank, Pranav Koraseeka, Suvarna Addagarla, and Ramya B. P. Gelly. "A role of biomarkers in systemic lupus erythematous: a comprehensive review." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 11, no. 3 (2022): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20221044.
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Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) is an auto immune disease that can involve almost all body organs. Lupus erythematous may be classified in to several subtypes according to clinical features including systemic and cutaneous lupus erythematous, drug induced lupus and neonatal lupus. SLE progression includes in the immune system. Pathological manifestation of SLE are due to antibody formation and deposition of immune complexes in different organs of the body. Due to formation or disposition of immune complex in different body tissues and vessels, which may lead to complement activation and more organ damage. Other factors include genetic factors, hormonal abnormalities and environmental factors. There is a challenge in establishing a diagnosis, determining disease activity. Therefore, an important needs is a repertoire of biomarkers that can accurately with prediction, diagnosis, and disease, activity monitoring and stratifying patient. SLE can be diagnosed by using different biomarkers as anti-smith antibodies (ANAS), antibodies to double stand deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and level of complement components C3 C4, and CH50. More immunological biomarkers are needed to be better understanding of disease SLE. SLE is an autoimmune disease which can travel to any organ or a system i.e. biomarkers for cardiovascular involvement in SLE, biomarkers for respiratory involvement in SLE, biomarkers for lupus arthritis.
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Friedrich, Sarah-Kim, Rosa Schmitz, Michael Bergerhausen, et al. "Replication of Influenza A Virus in Secondary Lymphatic Tissue Contributes to Innate Immune Activation." Pathogens 10, no. 5 (2021): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050622.
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The replication of viruses in secondary lymphoid organs guarantees sufficient amounts of pattern-recognition receptor ligands and antigens to activate the innate and adaptive immune system. Viruses with broad cell tropism usually replicate in lymphoid organs; however, whether a virus with a narrow tropism relies on replication in the secondary lymphoid organs to activate the immune system remains not well studied. In this study, we used the artificial intravenous route of infection to determine whether Influenza A virus (IAV) replication can occur in secondary lymphatic organs (SLO) and whether such replication correlates with innate immune activation. Indeed, we found that IAV replicates in secondary lymphatic tissue. IAV replication was dependent on the expression of Sialic acid residues in antigen-presenting cells and on the expression of the interferon-inhibitor UBP43 (Usp18). The replication of IAV correlated with innate immune activation, resulting in IAV eradication. The genetic deletion of Usp18 curbed IAV replication and limited innate immune activation. In conclusion, we found that IAV replicates in SLO, a mechanism which allows innate immune activation.
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Uchaikin, V. F., and O. V. Shamsheva. "THE CONCEPT OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES PATHOGENESIS." Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 68, no. 12 (2013): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn.v68i12.866.
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In this article a concept of infectious disease pathogenesis as consisted with clinical symptoms is provided. The course of disease, immediate and long term consequences depend on the mode of entry. If the infection comes via oropharynx, airway, gastrointestinal tract or via skin, the immune system provides adequate immune response. This leads to typical symptoms, cyclical clinic progression and usually to the recovery with the formation of full sterile immunity. In case of parenteral way of infection, which includes perinatal way, there is no full mode of entry, the disease takes chronic course involving visceral organs because of different mechanisms of affinity and new tropic organ involving. For the full sanogenesis germ or its mediators should persist in the primary focus of infection. It is suggested, that HIV, HCV, hepatitis B virus, tetanus, rabies and other infectious diseases with inner organs involvement, as well as all slow infections, should be treated as infectious diseases with the parental way of infection, proceeding with affinity changings, which lead to the appearance of new tropic sites in visceral organs. The theory of the mode of entry, affinity, appearance of tropic sites in visceral organs should form the basis of modern infectology.
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Iftikhar, Anisa, Irfan Yaqoob, Asif Bilal, Nawal Sajid, and Aqsa Kiran. "Navigating the Ethical Landscape of Xenotransplantation: A Metadata Analysis for Informed Decision-Making." Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Research 4, no. 3 (2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.61919/jhrr.v4i3.1508.
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Background: Xenotransplantation, the transfer of animal organs into humans, has gained attention as a solution to the global shortage of human organs for transplantation. Genetic advancements in donor animals, particularly pigs, offer potential to reduce immune rejection and improve compatibility.Objective: This review aimed to examine the scientific advancements, ethical concerns, and clinical outcomes of xenotransplantation, focusing on the use of genetically modified pigs.Methods: A review based on metadata analysis was conducted, adhering to PRISMA guidelines. The research question focused on the efficacy, safety, and ethical considerations of xenotransplantation. Databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library were searched using keywords such as "xenotransplantation," "genetic modification," "pig organ transplantation," and "immune rejection." Studies were screened based on eligibility criteria, including clinical trials and ethical analyses. Quality was assessed using the CASP tool, and data were synthesized from 27 studies.Results: Xenotransplantation from genetically modified pigs showed a reduction in immune rejection rates by 60% and decreased waiting times for organ transplants by up to 50%. Long-term graft survival remains uncertain, with a success rate of 70% in short-term trials.Conclusion: Xenotransplantation offers a promising solution to organ shortages, but further long-term studies and ethical evaluations are needed to ensure safety and acceptance.
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Li, Huan, Tao Huang, Yanhong Wang, et al. "Toxicity of alumina nanoparticles in the immune system of mice." Nanomedicine 15, no. 9 (2020): 927–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2020-0009.
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Aim: Alumina nanoparticles (AlNPs) exert toxic effects in several organs. This study aimed to investigate the toxicity of AlNPs to the immune system. Materials & methods: AlNPs distribution was assessed using CRi in vivo fluorescence imaging. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry was used to detect the content of aluminum in the spleen. Cytokines expression was detected in the immune organs and blood of mice. Results & conclusion: AlNPs can accumulate in mice spleen. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels decreased, whereas the level of malondialdehyde increased with decreasing particle size. AlNPs exposure caused cytokine level changes in the spleen, thymus and serum, besides causing damage to immune organs and dysfunction of immune cells, leading to abnormal immune-related cytokine expression.