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Journal articles on the topic 'Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome(IRIS)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Tappuni, A. R. "Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome." Advances in Dental Research 23, no. 1 (2011): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034511399915.

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Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a phenomenon observed in patients recovering from immunodeficiency. The clinical presentation of IRIS involves the unmasking of covert infections or the worsening of overt conditions. Several causes and pathways have been suggested, most recognizing an inflammatory flare component occurring in the context of rapid immune reconstitution. In HIV-infected patients, IRIS inadvertently occurs as the consequence of successful antiretroviral therapy, and it is affiliated with improvement of the immune function, complicating the course of the disea

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2

Poizot-Martin, Isabelle, Sylvie Brégigeon, Romain Palich, et al. "Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Associated Kaposi Sarcoma." Cancers 14, no. 4 (2022): 986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14040986.

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People living with HIV (PLWH) with advanced immunosuppression who initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART) are susceptible to the occurrence of an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Although ART is responsible for AIDS- associated Kaposi sarcoma (KS) improvement and resolution, new onset (unmasking KS-IRIS) or sudden progression of preexisting KS (paradoxical KS-IRIS) can occur after a time delay of between a few days and 6 months after the initiation or resumption of ART, even in patients with a low degree of immunocompromise. KS-IRIS incidence varies from 2.4% to 39%, depending

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3

Rabie, Helena, Tammy Meyers, and Mark F. Cotton. "Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in children." Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 10, no. 4 (2009): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v10i4.263.

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Paradoxical deterioration due to immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) occurs in up to 21% of children initiating antiretroviral therapy. Mycobacterial diseases are the most common, with BCG-vaccine adenitis predominating in infants and M. tuberculosis (TB) in older children. The difficulty of diagnosing TB in HIV-infected children and the increasing risk of drug-resistant TB complicate the diagnosis and management of both paradoxical IRIS and post-antiretroviral therapy TB. History and clinical assessment remain key strategies in the management of these infants and children. Ther

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Gopal, Radha, Rekha R. Rapaka, and Jay K. Kolls. "Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with pulmonary pathogens." European Respiratory Review 26, no. 143 (2017): 160042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0042-2016.

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Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is an exaggerated immune response to a variety of pathogens in response to antiretroviral therapy-mediated recovery of the immune system in HIV-infected patients. Although IRIS can occur in many organs, pulmonary IRIS, associated with opportunistic infections such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Pneumocystis jirovecii, is particularly associated with high morbidity and mortality. The pathology of IRIS is associated with a variety of innate and adaptive immune factors, including CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells, γδ T-cells, natural killer cells, ma

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5

Boeva, E. V., and N. A. Belyakov. "IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME IN HIV INFECTION." Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity 8, no. 2 (2018): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-2018-2-139-149.

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Antiretroviral therapy (ART) leads to suppression of HIV replication, contributes to increase in the number of CD4-lymphocytes count and partial restoration or activation of the immune system. The consequence is a reduction of incidence of opportunistic diseases, increase in the duration and quality of life of people living with HIV (PLHIV). However, in some patients with severe immunosuppression, this may be accompanied by a worsening of the condition and risks of formation of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), which manifests itself in the development of new or previousl

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6

Bower, M., M. Nelson, A. M. Young, et al. "Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Associated With Kaposi's Sarcoma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 23, no. 22 (2005): 5224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2005.14.597.

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Purpose A proportion of patients with HIV infection who subsequently receive highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) exhibit a deterioration in their clinical status, despite control of virologic and immunologic parameters. This clinical response, known as the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), occurs secondary to an immune response against previously diagnosed pathogens. Patients and Methods From our cohort of 5,832 patients treated in the HAART era, we identified 150 therapy-naive patients with a first presentation of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Their clinicopathologic featu

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7

Sharma, SurendraK, and Manish Soneja. "HIV & immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)." Indian Journal of Medical Research 134, no. 6 (2011): 866. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0971-5916.92632.

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8

Baruah, Mintu M., Umanath Adhikari, Trupti Prasad, et al. "Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Following Remission of Cushing’s Syndrome and Review of Literature." Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 29, no. 2 (2025): 153–59. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijem.ijem_291_24.

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Abstract The current study aims to report cases of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) following Cushing’s syndrome (CS) treatment and elucidate various presentations of IRIS and its management. A single-centre study was conducted in individuals with endogenous CS who presented with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after CS remission. A literature review was also conducted to describe the previous reporting of IRIS. Nine cases from the author’s centre were identified. Out of 9 cases, one case was ectopic CS, who presented with CNS vasculitis following excision of the

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9

Meireles, Mariana, Conceição Souto Moura, and Margarida França. "Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: Opening Pandora’s Box." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2017 (2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5409254.

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One of the purposes of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is to restore the immune system. However, it can sometimes lead to an aberrant inflammatory response and paradoxical clinical worsening known as the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). We describe a 23-year-old male, HIV1 infected with a rapid progression phenotype, who started ART with TCD4+ of 53 cells/mm3 (3,3%) and HIV RNA = 890000 copies/mL (6 log). Four weeks later he was admitted to the intensive care unit with severe sepsis. The diagnostic pathway identified progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, digestive Kaposi

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10

Alvarado-de la Barrera, Claudia, and Gustavo Reyes-Terán. "Confusion in the Study of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome." Pathogens and Immunity 2, no. 1 (2017): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.20411/pai.v2i1.195.

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As a consequence of late presentation for HIV care, a significant proportion of individuals develop immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) soon after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Incidence, predictors, and models of pathogenesis of IRIS vary in the literature. Here we discuss factors that may contribute to this lack of consensus. We propose that different pathogens drive different types of IRIS and suggest that these clinical conditions should be studied individually and not grouped under the general heading of “IRIS.”

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Dr., H.C. Lalnunhlua PGT* 1. Prof. Ksh. BirendraSingh2 Prof. Khuraijam Ranjana Devi3 Prof. N. Biplab Singh4 &. Dr. T. Jeeten Kumar Singh Associate Professor5. "PROFILE OF IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME IN HIV INFECTED PATIENTS." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 4, no. 6 (2017): 37–46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.815693.

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<strong>Aims :</strong> To assess clinical, biochemical and immunological profiles of HIV patients developing Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome(IRIS). <strong>Methods :</strong>Cross sectional study was carried out in 32 cases of HIV infected patients on ART developing IRIS and attending Centre of Excellence(COE) RIMS and who were admitted in Medicine ward, RIMS Hospital. Duration of study was from October 2014 to September 2016. <strong>Results :</strong> The study showed that IRIS was found mainly in the age group of 30-40 years and more common among patients with BMI of below 18.5

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Frunza-Stefan, Simona, Gyanendra Acharya, Viktoryia Kazlouskaya, Paunel Vukasinov, Yushan Chiou, and Zeyar Thet. "Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with secondary syphilis." International Journal of STD & AIDS 28, no. 3 (2016): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462416664469.

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Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a condition associated with paradoxical worsening and/or new onset of an opportunistic infection in HIV patients following the initiation of anti-retroviral therapy or switching to more potent antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen. Although IRIS associated with many opportunistic infections (OIs) has been well reported, syphilis has very rarely been mentioned in this regard. A 52-year-old male, diagnosed with AIDS six weeks ago, presented with the disseminated non-pruritic painless skin rash. He denied any fever, cough, shortness of breath,

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13

AL SHABEEB, REEM, SANDRINE HANNA, and DANIEL BARAM. "UNUSUAL PRESENTATION OF IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME (IRIS)." Chest 160, no. 4 (2021): A333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.07.335.

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14

Vishnu, Prakash, Russell K. Dorer, and David Michael Aboulafia. "Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)-associated Burkitt lymphoma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, no. 15_suppl (2014): e19529-e19529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.e19529.

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15

Yau, Simon, and Diana Guerra. "Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) and Strongyloidiasis Hyperinfection." Chest 148, no. 4 (2015): 88A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.2270288.

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16

Vinhaes, Caian L., Mariana Araujo-Pereira, Rafael Tibúrcio, et al. "Systemic Inflammation Associated with Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in Persons Living with HIV." Life 11, no. 1 (2021): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11010065.

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Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has represented a major advancement in the care of people living with HIV (PLWHH), resulting in significant reductions in morbidity and mortality through immune reconstitution and attenuation of homeostatic disruption. Importantly, restoration of immune function in PLWH with opportunistic infections occasionally leads to an intense and uncontrolled cytokine storm following ART initiation known as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). IRIS occurrence is associated with the severe and rapid clinical deterioration that results in significant morbidity an

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Thambuchetty, Nisha, Kayur Mehta, Karthika Arumugam, Umadevi G. Shekarappa, Jyothi Idiculla, and Anita Shet. "The Epidemiology of IRIS in Southern India: An Observational Cohort Study." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 16, no. 5 (2017): 475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325957417702485.

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Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is an uncommon but dynamic phenomenon seen among patients initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). We aimed to describe incidence, risk factors, clinical spectrum, and outcomes among ART-naive patients experiencing IRIS in southern India. Among 599 eligible patients monitored prospectively between 2012 and 2014, there were 59.3% males, with mean age 36.6 ± 7.8 years. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome incidence rate was 51.3 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval: 44.5-59.2). One-third (31.4%) experienced at least 1 IRIS event,

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Innes, S., H. S. Schaaf, and M. F. Cotton. "Cavitation of the Ghon focus in an HIV-infected infant who acquired tuberculosis after the initiation of HAART." Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 10, no. 1 (2009): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v10i1.1001.

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Tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) may present as new or worsening cavitation. We present an HIV-infected infant in whom TB infection and subsequent cavitation of the Ghon focus appeared to coincide with immune reconstitution due to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). TB-IRIS in response to infection that occurs after starting HAART has not previously been described.

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Iglesias, Jose, Kandria Jumil Ledesma, Paul J. Couto, and Jessie Liu. "Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Occurring in a Kidney Transplant Patient with Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis." Case Reports in Transplantation 2017 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6290987.

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Tuberculosis (TB) occurring in solid organ transplantation (SOT) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality usually due to delays in diagnosis, drug toxicity encountered with antimycobacterial therapy, and drug-drug interactions. TB in SOT patients may mimic other infectious and noninfectious posttransplant complications such as posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) and systemic cytomegalovirus infection. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a host response resulting in paradoxical worsening of an infectious disease which occurs after the employment of

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Sawan, Nitish J., and Anita Basavaraj. "Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy as a manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in a patient with HIV infection: a case report." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 7, no. 7 (2020): 1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20202597.

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Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is defined as paradoxical worsening of a known condition or the appearance of a new condition after initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-infected patients. IRIS results from restored immunity to specific infectious or non-infectious antigens. Immune reconstitution following initiation of ART may lead to activation of an inflammatory response to detectable or latent JC virus (JCV) infection, an etiological agent of progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML). We present an interesting case of IRIS manifesting as PML in a newlydia

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Valentin, Leonardo, Andrew DiNardo, Elizabeth Chiao, Laila Woc-Colburn, and Arun Nachiappan. "Case Report: Tuberculosis IRIS : a mediastinal problem." F1000Research 2 (February 18, 2013): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-54.v1.

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We present a case of a 39-year-old male patient with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) who developed Mycobacterium tuberculosis related Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) after initiation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) treatment. The inflammatory response resulted in mediastinal necrotic lymphadenopathy and subsequent perforation of the esophageal wall.

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Valentin, Leonardo, Andrew DiNardo, Elizabeth Chiao, Laila Woc-Colburn, and Arun Nachiappan. "Case Report: Tuberculosis IRIS: a mediastinal problem." F1000Research 2 (August 7, 2013): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-54.v2.

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We present a case of a 39-year-old male patient with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) who developed Mycobacterium tuberculosis related Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) after initiation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) treatment. The inflammatory response resulted in mediastinal necrotic lymphadenopathy and subsequent perforation of the esophageal wall.

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Lin, Andrew Y., Victor Chun, Anish Dhamija, Talya Bordin-Wosk, and Ankita Kadakia. "Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in an HIV-infected patient with disseminated coccidioidomycosis." International Journal of STD & AIDS 30, no. 9 (2019): 923–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462419844415.

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Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a condition characterized by excessive inflammatory response to an underlying pathogen following immune recovery. IRIS associated with coccidioidomycosis infection is rare, with only a few cases reported to date. Unfortunately, the mortality rate for disseminated coccidioidomycosis-related IRIS in the available literature is extremely high. We present a case of paradoxical IRIS associated with disseminated coccidioidomycosis in an HIV-infected patient following initiation of antiretroviral therapy, who was successfully treated with steroid

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Okazaki, Masafumi, Miho Nakamura, Akiko Imai, Tadashi Asagiri, and Seisho Takeuchi. "Sequential occurrence of Graves’ disease and immune thrombocytopenic purpura as manifestations of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in an HIV-infected patient." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 8 (2018): 834–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462417752824.

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Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in HIV-infected patients after initiating antiretroviral therapy usually involves worsening manifestations of overt infectious disease. Here, we describe a sporadic case of a late-diagnosed HIV-positive man who developed Graves’ disease as the first noninfectious IRIS followed by immune thrombocytopenic purpura as the second noninfectious IRIS.

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Sandhu, Mani Ratnesh, Ronnye Rutledge, Matthew Grant, Amit Mahajan, and Serena Spudich. "Slowly progressive fatal PML-IRIS following antiretroviral initiation at CD4+ nadir of 350 cells/mm3 despite CD4+ cell count rise to 900 cells/mm3." International Journal of STD & AIDS 30, no. 8 (2019): 810–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462419835966.

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AIDS-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a central nervous system inflammatory syndrome where immune response to John Cunningham (JC) virus antigen following antiretroviral therapy (ART) causes breakdown of the blood–brain barrier. We report a unique case of PML-IRIS, which presented with dystonic choreoathetosis after initiation of ART at a CD4+ cell count of 350 cells/mm3. This report shows continuous progression of the disease over a period of two years, despite robust immune reconstitution. The worsening of neurolog

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Shaik, Imam H., Fernando Gonzalez-Ibarra, Rumana Khan, Saira Shah, Amer K. Syed, and David Lintz. "Chylous Ascites in a Patient with HIV/AIDS: A Late Complication ofMycobacterium aviumComplex-Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2014 (2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/268527.

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Chylous ascites is very rare in HIV/AIDS and its association withMycobacterium aviumcomplex-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (MAC-IRIS) has been rarely reported. Here, we report a case of a young African-American male who developed chylous ascites as a late sequela to immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome while on treatment for MAC. Antiretroviral drug-naive patients who start HAART in close proximity to the diagnosis of an opportunistic infection and have a rapid decline in HIV RNA level should be monitored for development of IRIS. Although the long term prognosis is poor, ea

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Manion, Maura, Dimana Dimitrova, Luxin Pei, et al. "Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome as a Posttransplantation Complication in Primary Immunodeficiency With Disseminated Mycobacterium avium." Clinical Infectious Diseases 70, no. 4 (2019): 676–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz507.

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Abstract Patients with primary immunodeficiencies undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for difficult-to-control infections can experience immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) following engraftment. In 3 patients with post-HCT IRIS related to mycobacterial infection, in vitro data demonstrate the emergence of pathogen-specific immune responses and a concomitant rise in plasma inflammatory markers.

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McBerry, Cortez, Shunsuke Sakai, Keith Kauffman, and Daniel Barber. "Supraphysiological myeloid cell activation during mycobacterial immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRC4P.456)." Journal of Immunology 194, no. 1_Supplement (2015): 57.9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.57.9.

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Abstract Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) of HIV-infected individuals usually leads to clinical improvement, but some individuals develop a worsening of symptoms following ART, referred to as Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS). CD4 T cells are thought to be a primary mediator of this paradoxical disease and recent work in patients has correlated activated monocytes with the development of IRIS. Here we use a mouse model of Mycobacterium avium associated IRIS to examine myeloid cell responses in IRIS. We find that CD4 T cell reconstitution of chronically infected TCRaKO mice leads

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Alawin, Issam A., and Bernard M. Karnath. "Paradoxical Immune Reconstitution Syndrome Presenting as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in a Leukemia Patient during Neutrophil Recovery." Case Reports in Hematology 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/670347.

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Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in the setting of antiretroviral therapy is well described, but it is not as common in non-HIV patients; here, we present a case of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome presenting as acute respiratory distress syndrome in a leukemia patient who had neutropenic fever and septic shock after high-dose cytarabine. During neutropenia recovery, his chest X-ray showed progressive worsening despite being on adequate therapy, we started him on steroids which resulted in significant clinical improvement.

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Nelson, Ann Marie, Yukari C. Manabe, and Sebastian B. Lucas. "Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS): What pathologists should know." Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology 34, no. 4 (2017): 340–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.semdp.2017.04.010.

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McCarthy, Micheline, and Avindra Nath. "Neurologic Consequences of the Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)." Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 10, no. 6 (2010): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11910-010-0138-y.

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Bauer, Jan, Ralf Gold, Ortwin Adams, and Hans Lassmann. "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)." Acta Neuropathologica 130, no. 6 (2015): 751–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00401-015-1471-7.

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Emanghe, UE, JA Mamfe, and GTA Jombo. "Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS): An Update on Aetiopathogenesis." WESTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 5, no. 3 (2024): 104–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13255028.

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Brienze, Vânia Maria Sabadoto, Júlio César André, Elisabete Liso, and Irina Vlasova-St. Louis. "Cryptococcal Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: From Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers to Treatment Approaches." Life 11, no. 2 (2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11020095.

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Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) presents as an exaggerated immune reaction that occurs during dysregulated immune restoration in immunocompromised patients in late-stage human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who have commenced antiretroviral treatments (ART). Virtually any opportunistic pathogen can provoke this type of immune restoration disorder. In this review, we focus on recent developments in the identification of risk factors for Cryptococcal IRIS and on advancements in our understanding of C-IRIS immunopathogenesis. We overview new findings in blood and cerebr

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Shi, Zoe W., Yanli Chen, Krystal M. Ogoke, Ashley B. Strickland, and Meiqing Shi. "Cryptococcal Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: From Clinical Studies to Animal Experiments." Microorganisms 10, no. 12 (2022): 2419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122419.

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Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated pathogenic fungus that initially infects the lung but can migrate to the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in meningoencephalitis. The organism causes the CNS infection primarily in immunocompromised individuals including HIV/AIDS patients, but also, rarely, in immunocompetent individuals. In HIV/AIDS patients, limited inflammation in the CNS, due to impaired cellular immunity, cannot efficiently clear a C. neoformans infection. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can rapidly restore cellular immunity in HIV/AIDS patients. Paradoxically, ART induces an

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Kanıtez, Metin, Mahir Kapmaz, Nilufer Alpay, Fatih Selcukbiricik, Atahan Çağatay, and Reyhan Diz-Küçükkaya. "Hemophagocytic Syndrome Associated with Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in a Patient with AIDS Related Burkitt’s Leukemia/Lymphoma." Case Reports in Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/308081.

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Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has markedly decreased human immunodeficiency virus- (HIV-) related mortality and the incidence of opportunistic infections. The dramatic reduction in HIV-1 RNA and increase in CD4 lymphocyte count mean a recovery in immune function. This restoration in immune function may be associated with paradoxical deterioration in subclinical opportunistic infections in some patients, a condition called immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). IRIS, a “paradoxical” inflammatory response to either previously treated or subclinical infections or nonin

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Dellière, Sarah, Romain Guery, Sophie Candon, et al. "Understanding Pathogenesis and Care Challenges of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in Fungal Infections." Journal of Fungi 4, no. 4 (2018): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof4040139.

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Immune deficiency of diverse etiology, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), antineoplastic agents, immunosuppressive agents used in solid organ recipients, immunomodulatory therapy, and other biologics, all promote invasive fungal infections. Subsequent voluntary or unintended immune recovery may induce an exaggerated inflammatory response defining immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), which causes significant mortality and morbidity. Fungal-associated IRIS raises several diagnostic and management issues. Mostly studied with Cryptococcus, it has also been described with

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Tungaraza, Faustine, Augustino S. Kahere, George M. Bwire, Doreen Mloka, and Fatuma F. Felician. "Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome During the First Six Months of Receiving Antiretroviral in HIV-Infected Individuals: A Retrospective Cohort Study." Immunology and Inflammation Diseases Therapy 3, no. 1 (2019): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2637-8876/014.

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Introduction: Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is referred to as the flare up of an underlying, previously undiagnosed infection or the worsening of a previously treated infection soon after antiretroviral therapy (ART) is started. Information about the prevalence and associated risk factors for IRIS in resource-constrained countries like Tanzania where access to ART is increasing is scarce. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with IRIS among patients attending care and treatment clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital (CT

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Mu, Anandit, Thwe Thwe Shein, Priya Jayachandran, and Simon Paul. "Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in Patients with AIDS and Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis: A Case Series and Review of the Literature." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 16, no. 6 (2017): 540–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325957417729751.

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Coccidioidomycosis causes substantial morbidity and mortality in endemic areas, and dissemination is frequent in patients with impaired cellular immunity such as AIDS. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is paradoxical clinical worsening after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in a patient with HIV and a simultaneous opportunistic infection (OI). Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome has been well described for a host of mycobacterial, viral, and fungal OIs and malignancies such as Kaposi sarcoma. To date, only 3 cases of IRIS due to coccidioidomycosis have been r

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Antonelli, Lis R. V., Yolanda Mahnke, Jessica N. Hodge, et al. "Elevated frequencies of highly activated CD4+ T cells in HIV+ patients developing immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome." Blood 116, no. 19 (2010): 3818–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-05-285080.

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Abstract Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a considerable problem in the treatment of HIV-infected patients. To identify immunologic correlates of IRIS, we characterized T-cell phenotypic markers and serum cytokine levels in HIV patients with a range of different AIDS-defining illnesses, before and at regular time points after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Patients developing IRIS episodes displayed higher frequencies of effector memory, PD-1+, HLA-DR+, and Ki67+ CD4+ T cells than patients without IRIS. Moreover, PD-1+ CD4+ T cells in IRIS patients expressed increas

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Kim, Nayoung, Chan Young Lee, Seung-Ah Lee, and Ji Young Yun. "Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in HIV Patients Diagnosed with Brain Imaging." Journal of the Korean Neurological Association 42, no. 4 (2024): 370–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17340/jkna.2024.0033.

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Highly active antiretroviral therapy improves immune function in human immunodeficiency virus patients but can lead to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) due to immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). PML, caused by John Cunningham (JC) virus, affects the central nervous system in immunocompromised individuals. Despite the negative result for JC virus in the cerebrospinal fluid test, we report a rare case of PML-IRIS that was diagnosed based on clinical presentation and brain magnetic resonance imaging findings and showed improvement with steroid therapy.

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Frattaroli, Paola, Teresa A. Chueng, Obinna Abaribe, and Folusakin Ayoade. "Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome with Recurrent Paradoxical Cerebellar HIV-Associated Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy." Pathogens 10, no. 7 (2021): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070813.

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Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), presenting as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), is a known complication of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in people living with HIV (PLWH). Typically preceded by ART initiation, IRIS may appear simultaneously/unmasked (PML-s-IRIS) or as a delayed/worsening/paradoxical (PML-d-IRIS) presentation of known PML disease. Primary cerebellar tropism continues to be a rare presentation, and paradoxical cerebellar involvement of PML-IRIS syndrome can be a challenge for both diagnosis and management. Steroids have been suggested as a possi

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Vignesh, Ramachandran, Pachamuthu Balakrishnan, Hong Yien Tan, et al. "Tuberculosis-Associated Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome—An Extempore Game of Misfiring with Defense Arsenals." Pathogens 12, no. 2 (2023): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12020210.

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The lethal combination involving TB and HIV, known as “syndemic” diseases, synergistically act upon one another to magnify the disease burden. Individuals on anti-retroviral therapy (ART) are at risk of developing TB-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS). The underlying inflammatory complication includes the rapid restoration of immune responses following ART, eventually leading to exaggerated inflammatory responses to MTB antigens. TB-IRIS continues to be a cause of morbidity and mortality among HIV/TB coinfected patients initiating ART, and although a significant q

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Meteyer, Carol U., Daniel Barber, and Judith N. Mandl. "Pathology in euthermic bats with white nose syndrome suggests a natural manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome." Virulence 3, no. 7 (2012): 583–88. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13524517.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) White nose syndrome, caused by Geomyces destructans, has killed more than 5 million cave hibernating bats in eastern North America. During hibernation, the lack of inflammatory cell recruitment at the site of fungal infection and erosion is consistent with a temperature-induced inhibition of immune cell trafficking. This immune suppression allows G. destructans to colonize and erode the skin of wings, ears and muzzle of bat hosts unchecked. Yet, paradoxically, within weeks of emergence from hibernation an intense neutrophilic inflammatory resp

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Meteyer, Carol U., Daniel Barber, and Judith N. Mandl. "Pathology in euthermic bats with white nose syndrome suggests a natural manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome." Virulence 3, no. 7 (2012): 583–88. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13524517.

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Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) White nose syndrome, caused by Geomyces destructans, has killed more than 5 million cave hibernating bats in eastern North America. During hibernation, the lack of inflammatory cell recruitment at the site of fungal infection and erosion is consistent with a temperature-induced inhibition of immune cell trafficking. This immune suppression allows G. destructans to colonize and erode the skin of wings, ears and muzzle of bat hosts unchecked. Yet, paradoxically, within weeks of emergence from hibernation an intense neutrophilic inflammatory resp

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Meteyer, Carol U., Daniel Barber, and Judith N. Mandl. "Pathology in euthermic bats with white nose syndrome suggests a natural manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome." Virulence 3, no. 7 (2012): 583–88. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13524517.

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Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) White nose syndrome, caused by Geomyces destructans, has killed more than 5 million cave hibernating bats in eastern North America. During hibernation, the lack of inflammatory cell recruitment at the site of fungal infection and erosion is consistent with a temperature-induced inhibition of immune cell trafficking. This immune suppression allows G. destructans to colonize and erode the skin of wings, ears and muzzle of bat hosts unchecked. Yet, paradoxically, within weeks of emergence from hibernation an intense neutrophilic inflammatory resp

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47

Meteyer, Carol U., Daniel Barber, and Judith N. Mandl. "Pathology in euthermic bats with white nose syndrome suggests a natural manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome." Virulence 3, no. 7 (2012): 583–88. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13524517.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) White nose syndrome, caused by Geomyces destructans, has killed more than 5 million cave hibernating bats in eastern North America. During hibernation, the lack of inflammatory cell recruitment at the site of fungal infection and erosion is consistent with a temperature-induced inhibition of immune cell trafficking. This immune suppression allows G. destructans to colonize and erode the skin of wings, ears and muzzle of bat hosts unchecked. Yet, paradoxically, within weeks of emergence from hibernation an intense neutrophilic inflammatory resp

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Hashmi, Syed Asif, Sumit Arora, Inam Danish Khan, Jeenu Varghese, and Rahul Pandey. "A Rare Case of Cytomegalovirus Colitis with Subsequent Non-tubercular Mycobacteria Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome." Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases 15, no. 1 (2023): 63–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/mejdd.2023.323.

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) colitis occurs commonly in immunocompromised patients with high mortality. CMV infection has also been reported in immunocompetent individuals and it has a varied clinical presentation. When HIV-infected patients are started on antiretroviral therapy (ART) there is a reconstitution of the immune system which results in the paradoxical worsening of existing conditions or development of new disease conditions known as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). In the setting of IRIS one of the most common infections to occur is non-tubercular mycobacteria (NTM). Th

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Wen, Ying, Meng-chan Wang, Ying Zhou, Xu-yong Lin, Gang Hou, and Yan Yin. "Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with Pneumocystis pneumonia in a patient with AIDS." Journal of International Medical Research 48, no. 8 (2020): 030006052094654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520946544.

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Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) after starting antiretroviral treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has a wide variety of causes. Delayed diagnosis and treatment of IRIS is fatal. We report a case of a 21-year-old man with HIV infection and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. The patient presented with fever and dyspnea with deterioration of pulmonary infiltrations 5 days after starting antiretroviral treatment. We reached the diagnosis of IRIS based on radial endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)-guided lung biopsy. In conclusion, radial EBUS-guided lung biopsy

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Kwon, Hea Yoon, Ye Jeong Han, Jae Hyoung Im, Ji Hyeon Baek, and Jin-Soo Lee. "Two cases of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV patients treated with thalidomide." International Journal of STD & AIDS 30, no. 11 (2019): 1131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462419847297.

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Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a clinical manifestation that accompanies paradoxical deterioration of symptoms in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients after commencement of antiretroviral treatment. This disease is caused by immune dysregulation, resulting in a cytokine storm and limited effector T-cell function. IRIS treatment involves supportive care and corticosteroid therapy to regulate the immune response. However, prolonged steroid therapy may increase the risk of opportunistic infections. Previous studies have highlighted the use of thalidomide to

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