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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Immunity of jurisdiction'
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Chamlongrasdr, Dhisadee. "Implications from the undertaking to arbitrate : waiver of immunity from jurisdiction and from execution." Thesis, University of London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428121.
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Akman, Keder. "Challenges for the International Criminal Court and the crime of aggression : jurisdiction, immunity and politics." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-101537.
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Lindén, Johan. "Immunity of International Organizationsand the Right of Access to Justice for Individuals." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-359979.
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International Organizations are a growing force in the global arena. While themandate and influence of the UN has increased over the last decades, the existinglegal regime regarding privileges and immunities remain the same as they were atthe founding of the organization. This has led to mass tort claims towards the UN,stemming from damages caused by the organizations. These damages often consistof human rights violations, something the organization is generally regarded as aprotector of, rather than violator.As individuals seek to obtain reparations and remedies for the damages inflictedupon them, they are generally obstructed by the claim for immunity by theinternational organization. This constitutes a conflict of competing interests thatthe domestic courts must address and solve. This conflict is central to my thesis,as I will discover how this issue has been tackled by the national as well asinternational courts, and which consequences the current legal practice has for theindividuals. The thesis concludes with a discussion on what needs to be done inorder to bridge the current accountability gap created by the immunity ofinternational organizations.
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Thoms, Anna. "Criminal Accountability of UN officials serving in peacekeeping operations : With focus on sexual exploitation and abuse." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-233221.
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The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the criminal accountability of UN officials. To do this, the question if UN officials are in fact held accountable and if so, who holds them accountable, will be investigated. Who has the legal authority to impose criminal accountability on UN employees committing crimes? Further, if they are not, what could be done to ensure criminal accountability?
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Shi, Xinxiang. "Diplomatic immunities ratione materiae under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations : towards a coherent interpretation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33152.
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Rules of diplomatic immunity, which nowadays are enshrined in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, play an important role in interstate diplomacy because they ensure the efficient performance of diplomatic functions. This thesis investigates a particular form of diplomatic immunity - diplomatic immunity ratione materiae. Unlike diplomatic immunity ratione personae, which pertains to the personal status of a diplomatic agent, diplomatic immunity ratione materiae depends in essence on the official nature of a particular act In practice, however, the determination of diplomatic immunity ratione materiae may meet with many conceptual and practical difficulties. For one, it is not always easy to distinguish the official acts of a diplomatic agent, who represents the sending State in the receiving State, from his or her private acts. In case of disagreement between the two States, questions may also arise as to who has the authority to make a final determination. The Vienna Convention does not offer much guidance on these issues; on the contrary, the Convention complicates them by employing, without adequate explanation, distinct formulas for different kinds of diplomatic immunity ratione materiae. This thesis examines these formulas in detail. On a general level, it is submitted that diplomatic immunity ratione materiae for certain types of activity constitutes not only a procedural bar to court proceedings but also a substantive exemption of individual responsibility. More specifically, it is argued that each formula must be understood in the light of the rationale behind immunity, the type of immunity concerned, and the specific functions or duties performed. In case of controversy, weight should be given to the opinion of the sending State, although the authority to make a decision lies ultimately with the court of the receiving State.
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Franey, Elizabeth Helen. "Immunity, individuals and international law : which individuals are immune from the jurisdiction of national courts under international law?" Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2009. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/309/.
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State immunity under international law extends to protect some individuals from criminal prosecution before national courts. This thesis aims to identify which individuals are immune from prosecution before the English courts, for what conduct, and for what period. The justifications for immunity are examined, and the extent of immunity ratione personae and immunity ratione materiae are explored. This thesis argues that immunity ratione personae is only narrowly available to high state officials, and that the immunity accorded, by consent, to special missions is sufficient to cover other official visits. In Pinochet (No 3) all seven judges agreed: 1. An ex-head of state is immune from prosecution for murder and conspiracy to murder alleged to have been committed in the forum state. 2. All state officials no matter how minor are entitled to continuing immunity This thesis analyses state practice in arresting or prosecuting foreign state officials, and argues that both of these statements are incorrect. This thesis argues that immunity does not attach to conduct alone, for a person to have continuing immunity ratione materiae they must have had immunity ratione personae. The forum state must have agreed to the official being present on its territory, and agreed to the purpose of the visit. Those officials present on the territory of a foreign state with the consent of that state who have immunity ratione personae have continuing immunity ratione materiae only for official conduct, acta jure imperii. This does not extend to acts of violence. Finally the development of the regime for the prosecution and punishment of international crimes by national courts is considered. The conflict with immunity is examined, and a possible reconciliation between the two principles is suggested by using the complementarity principle in the statute of the International Criminal Court.
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Ziaaddini, Ehsan. "A constructivist approach to international crimes and application of universal jurisdiction and immunity of officials in respect of international crimes." Thesis, Durham University, 2017. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12008/.
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This thesis analyses the application of rules of immunity and universal jurisdiction in respect of international crimes by adopting a constructivist approach to the interests of the international community and formation of customary international law. Accordingly, the study proposes an alternative understanding of customary international law in order to analyse the rules of immunity, universal jurisdiction and international crimes and their interrelated operations. The operation of the rules of immunity and universal jurisdiction regarding international crimes is conducted on the basis of a constructivist understanding of the interests of the international community to determine whether legitimate rules can be institutionalised in customary international law as well as rules based on the self-interests of States. This thesis also considers whether rules, based on their legitimacy, can comprise different legal implications in international law. In this context, the study considers how international crimes, which give rise to the dual responsibility for States and their nationals, are created by adopting a constructivist approach to customary law formation. This study further considers whether international crimes in international law are based on legitimacy rather than the self-interests of States, and whether they can give rise to different legal implications, specifically with regard to rules of universal jurisdiction and the immunity of officials. The development and application of the rules of jurisdiction and immunity are considered separately in international law on the basis of their development in customary international law. This study seeks to determine the appropriate general approach to the rules of jurisdiction by analysing both the permissive and prohibitive approaches to the rules of jurisdiction.
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Filbert, Nicksoni. "The Immunity Clause in the Statute of the 'African Criminal Court' and Its Impact in the Exercise of the Courts' Jurisdiction over the Crimes." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6348.
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Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure)In June 2014, the AU adopted a Protocol which included in its annexe a Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples' Rights. The Protocol proposes to expand the jurisdiction of the African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples' Rights (ACJHPR) by vesting it with criminal jurisdiction. The ACJHPR will comprise of three sections, namely, a General Affairs Section, a Human and Peoples' Rights Section and an International Criminal Law Section. The Malabo Protocol, therefore, confers the proposed ACJHPR with criminal jurisdiction over international and transnational crimes. Although the Malabo Protocol and its Statute are not yet in force, the fact that in Africa there is a possibility of having the 'African Criminal Court (ACC)' deserves a critical analysis.
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Fernandes, Camila Vicenci. "Imunidade de jurisdição de estado estrangeiro : novos desafios em relação aos direitos humanos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/138245.
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O presente trabalho examinará a temática da imunidade de jurisdição do Estado estrangeiro em relação às violações aos Direitos Humanos. Na primeira parte, será abordada a configuração do instituto da imunidade de jurisdição do Estado estrangeiro, analisando seus fundamentos (soberania, independência, igualdade e dignidade), operando a distinção entre jurisdição, competência e imunidade do Estado estrangeiro, abordando a questão da transição do paradigma absoluto ao relativo e examinando como se deu esta transição na jurisprudência do Brasil. Na segunda parte do trabalho, tratar-se-á da oposição entre os Direitos Humanos em relação à imunidade de jurisdição do Estado estrangeiro, examinando-se as novas abordagens teóricas a respeito (teoria da renúncia implícita, teoria da hierarquia normativa, teoria da jurisdição universal, teoria da opção e da calculabilidade do risco, teoria e teoria do benefício coletivo), bem como suas repercussões jurisprudenciais, além de se propor uma síntese entre as teorias, para, finalmente, analisar o panorama jurisprudencial brasileiro na questão da imunidade de jurisdição em relação a violações de Direitos Humanos por Estado estrangeiro.This paper will examine the issue of sovereign immunity regarding Human Rights violations. The first part will look at the configuration of the State’s jurisdictional immunity, analyzing its foundations (sovereignty, independence, equality and dignity), operating the distinction between jurisdiction, competence and sovereign immunity, addressing the transition from the absolutist paradigm to a relative one and examining how this transition occurred in Brazilian case-law. In the second part, the opposition between Human Rights and State’s jurisdictional immunity will be addressed by examining new theoretical approaches about the issue ( the implied waiver theory, the normative hierarchy theory, the universal jurisdiction theory, the option-risk calculability theory and the theory of collective benefit) as well as its repercussions in case law, in addition to proposing a synthesis between the theories, to finally analyze the Brazilian case-law on the question of sovereign immunity and Human Rights violations.
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Daneshvar, Fatemeh. "L’immunité juridictionnelle des États et des organismes d'État." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0270.
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L'immunité juridictionnelle des États a été pendant des siècles une question incontestée fondée sur le principe de l'égalité des Etats et sur leur indépendance absolue. Cette règle a été élaborée à une époque où tenter une action contre un État dans un pays étranger aurait été considéré comme une violation de sa souveraineté. Toutefois, les fonctions des Etats ont changé au cours des siècles. Désormais, les Etats s’engagent dans les activités commerciales comme une personne privée et jouent un rôle essentiel dans ce secteur.Alors, bien que le droit de l'immunité soit lié à l'octroi de l'immunité aux États pour leur permettre d'accomplir efficacement les fonctions publiques, le droit international moderne n'exige pas que les tribunaux d'un Etat s’abstiennent de connaître un litige simplement parce que l’État étranger n'a pas la volonté de défendre.Ce travail de recherche, est donc consacré à l’étude de l’immunité de juridiction et l’immunité d’exécution afin de montrer le droit international actuel sur la matière.Cette thèse vise à examiner une question spécifique qui a été mise en évidence au cours de ces dernières années. Comment et dans quelle mesure les États et ses démembrements devraient être soumis à des règles spécifiques de l'immunité d’Etat ?The issue of jurisdictional immunity of states was for centuries an undisputed matter based on the principle of state equality and absolute independence of states. The rules were developed at a time when it was thought to be an infringement of a state's sovereignty to bring proceedings against it or its officials in a foreign country. However, the functions of states have changed over the centuries and nowadays states are involved in commercial activities as a private person and accordingly play an essential role in the commercial activities of the world. In fact, the issue of state immunities is an increasingly important and rapidly developing area of international law and practice. The state practice reflects the emerging global consensus that States and State enterprises can no longer claim absolute, unrestrained immunity from the proper jurisdiction of foreign courts, especially for their commercial activities. Therefore, although the law of state immunity is related to the grant of immunities to states to enable them to carry out their public functions effectively, modern international law does not require the courts of one state to refrain from deciding a case merely because a foreign state is an unwilling defendant. It is therefore important to know how a plea of state immunity may be made and to what type of dispute it applies
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Neira, Pinzon Clara Stella. "La compétence internationale pénale à la lumière du précédent Pinochet." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAA024/document.
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L’application de la compétence internationale pénale dans l'affaire Pinochet à laissé un précédent important dans le domaine de la lutte contre l'impunité, comme le démontre la procédure mise en œuvre par l'Audiencia Nacional d'Espagne, ainsi que par la Cour d'Assises de Paris avec application du principe de la personnalité passive. En effet, avec le mandat d’arrêt international aux fins d'extradition émis par les autorités judiciaires espagnols, qui a permis l'arrestation de Pinochet à Londres, la négation de son immunité par la chambre des Lords et le jugement par défaut en France de son administration militaire, le droit international connait un avant et in après. Le droit international pénal est ainsi mis en exergue en tant que fondement juridique de la compétence extra-territoriale des Etats. Il permet d'utiliser tant le principe de la compétence universelle que celui. Il permet d'utiliser tant le principe de la compétence universelle que celui de la personnalité passive, toutes deux appliquées, dans cette affaire précise, dans le but d'exercer une justice internationaleThe application of the criminal international jurisdiction in the Pinochet case left an important precedent in the area of the fight against impunity, as shown by the procedure brought into play by the Spanish Audiencia Nacional and also by the Cour d'Assises of Paris, with the enforcement of the passive personality principle. Actually, with the international arrest warrant for extradition issued by the Spanish judicial authorities, which made possible the arrest of Pinochet in London; the denial of his immunity by the House of Lords and the judgment in absentia in France of his military organization, the international law has a before and an after. The international criminal law is under lined as the juridical foundation of the extraterritorial jurisdiction of the legal authorities of a state. It allows the application as well of the universal jurisdiction principle as of the passible personality principle, both used, in this precise case, with the objective to exercise an international justice
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Sá, Ana Paula Barbosa de. "O Foro por prerrogativa de função: privilégio ou garantia? o problema de sua extensão aos parlamentares." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2009. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1983.
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A dissertação trata da existência do foro por prerrogativa de função, previsto na Constituição Brasileira de 1988, para assegurar a algumas autoridades o direito de terem seus crimes comuns e os de responsabilidade julgados nas mais altas Cortes de Justiça do Poder Judiciário. De forma mais específica, examina-se a concessão de foro especial para os membros do Congresso Nacional perante o Supremo Tribunal Federal, medida introduzida no sistema constitucional brasileiro a partir da Emenda Constitucional n. 1/1969 e que tem recebido severas críticas da opinião pública, sobretudo com o aumento do número de deputados e senadores envolvidos em processos criminais. A questão desperta inúmeras polêmicas e alimenta constantes debates na política, na sociedade e na doutrina. Isso porque, diferente dos cidadãos comuns, é conferido um tratamento diferenciado para alguns ocupantes de funções públicas, como uma espécie de garantia, tendo em vista a sua importância no cenário estatal. Argumenta-se, porém, que o foro especial seria um privilégio, o que violaria os princípios da isonomia e do juiz natural, razão pela qual não poderia subsistir no atual desenho do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Contribuem para aumentar as divergências as tentativas de se ampliar o rol de indivíduos que dele gozam e as hipóteses em que deve ser aplicado. Neste sentido, a partir do enfoque de questões relativas à jurisdição, com a demonstração dos critérios utilizados para se realizar a fixação da competência no direito brasileiro, incluindo-se a prerrogativa de função, é apresentado o instituto das imunidades parlamentares, destacando suas origens, bem como a evolução histórica do foro especial nas Constituições brasileiras e a experiência de outros países. Em seguida, discutem-se as atuais divergências sobre o foro constitucional, incluindo o cancelamento do verbete n. 394, da Súmula do Supremo Tribunal Federal e as propostas legislativas existentes sobre a matéria. Aborda-se, também, a questão da improbidade administrativa, incluindo-se as controvérsias sobre a natureza jurídica e competência para julgamento de agentes políticos. Por fim, disponibilizam-se alguns dados relativos ao processo e julgamento de parlamentares perante o Supremo Tribunal Federal e expõem-se possíveis soluções alternativas para a questão.The dissertation deals with the existence of the original jurisdiction, foreseen in the Brazilian Constitution of 1988, to assure to some authorities the right of being judged by the countrys highest Courts. More specifically, it examines the privilege given to Congressmen to be judged by the Brazilian Supreme Federal Court, introduced via a constitutional amendment in 1969, and which has, at late, received severe public criticism, due to the increase in politicians who are suspected of criminal involvement. Such privilege has not only drawn public criticism, but has also given rise to a number of academic debates, not to mention questionings from the political arena. The reason is that, different from common citizens, a special treatment is granted to some occupants of public offices, as a sort of guarantee, considering their importance in the state scene. It is argued that special jurisdiction is not more than a privilege, violating the basic tenets of isonomy and justice. And as such, it should not prosper within the Brazilian legal system. The recent attempts to include other individuals within the jurisdiction of the countrys high courts have only contributed to increase the divergences. In this direction, from the approach of questions of jurisdiction, with the demonstration of the usual criterions known in Brazil, including the special jurisdiction, is presented the institute of parliamentary immunity, detaching its origins, as well as the historical evolution of the phenomenon in the Brazilians Constitutions and the experience of other countries. After that, the current divergences about the subject are argued, including the cancellation of the Supreme Federal Courts Abridgement n. 394 and the related legislative proposals. Administrative improbity is also approached, including the controversies on its legal nature and the venue jurisdiction to judge political agents. In closing, some data is provided about the process and judgment of parliamentarians on Supreme Federal Court and exposed possible alternative solutions to the questions arisen.
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Lima, Luciana Moura. "AS IMUNIDADES DE JURISDIÇÃO E EXECUÇÃO DOS ENTES DO DIREITO PÚBLICO INTERNACIONAL E A GARANTIA DOS CRÉDITOS TRABALHISTAS." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2012. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2657.
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Previous issue date: 2012-11-19This thesis turns to the positioning of the Brazilian legal system where the worker ever though the credit guarantee labor faces of immunity from jurisdiction or execution of a Being Public International Law. The work in question points out the difference between the immunity from jurisdiction and execution of a being public international law, points out that for each entity the standard provides a different treatment and attempts to demonstrate that this position hurts precepts of human rights guaranteed in international treaties where Federative Republic of Brazil is a signatory. Finally, we analyze the international treaties that deal with human rights can come in the future to have a normative status hierarchical supralegalidad that the doctrine classified as control of conventionality. Thus, certain labor rights play a key role of human rights and become inseparable. positions in volving new control standards and aspects of modern process, especially the process of working to wards the labor credits.
Essa dissertação se volta para o posicionamento do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro quando o trabalhador mesmo tendo a garantia do crédito trabalhista se vê diante das imunidades de jurisdição ou execução dos Entes de Direito Público Internacional. O trabalho em questão aponta a diferença entre a imunidade de jurisdição e a de execução dos Entes de Direito Público Internacional, destaca que para cada ente a norma dá um tratamento distinto e tenta demonstrar que esse posicionamento fere preceitos dos direitos humanos assegurados em tratados internacionais onde a República Federativa do Brasil se faz signatária. Por fim, analisamos que os tratados internacionais que versam sobre direitos humanos terão um status normativo hierárquico de supralegalidade que a doutrina classificou como sendo controle de convencionalidade. Assim sendo, certos direitos trabalhistas assumem papel fundamental aos Direitos Humanos e desses passam a ser indissociáveis. Implicando novos posicionamentos de controle das normas e aspectos de processualística moderna, em especial ao processo do trabalho perante os créditos trabalhistas.
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McCready, William Robert. "The qualified interpretation of immunity ratione materiae : reassessing the limits of jurisdictional immunity for official acts." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.684644.
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It is often claimed that, under customary international law, immunity ratione materiae can be refused in domestic criminal proceedings regarding ce11ain egregious crimes. I label this the 'Qualified Interpretation of immunity ratione materiae.' I ask whether this claim is true and, if it is, which crimes it applies to. While the Qualified Interpretation gained prominence after Pinochet, the stock arguments for the claim appear unconvincing. More recent decisions such as the Arrest Warrant Case, Italy v Germany and Jones v UK cast further doubts. In pm1icular, it has been found that, in civil proceedings, immunity ratione materiae covers all conduct for which the State would be immune if sued directly, including violations of jus cogens norms. Nonetheless, I argue that a narrow version of the Qualified Interpretation, applying specifically in criminal proceedings regarding international crimes, can be defended. In order to do so, however, it is necessary to re-examine the underlying rules and rationales for immunity ratione materiae. Three distinct rules are identified: i) The Non-Circumvention' rule: Litigants must not sue individual State officials as a means of indirectly accessing State funds. ii) The 'Exclusive-Attribution' rule: Acts performed on behalf of the State cannot generally be attributed to individual officials. iii) The 'Treaty-Based' rule of immunity ratione materiae: Host States must not exercise jurisdiction over consular personnel or former diplomatic agents with regard to acts performed in exercise of the specific functions listed in the VCCR and VCDR respectively. I argue that the first rule applies in civil proceedings even with regard to violations of jus cogens norms but does not apply in criminal proceedings. The second is subject to a customary international law exception regarding all crimes for which international law imposes individual criminal responsibility. The third is subject to a treaty-based exception regarding acts that violate international law
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Ventura, Daniel. "Le gel et la confiscation des avoirs de dirigeants d'Etat étrangers en droit international." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D067.
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La mise en œuvre de mesures restrictives de gel ainsi que de mesures judiciaires de saisie et de confiscation des avoirs de dirigeants d'État étrangers constitue un phénomène contemporain du droit international. Ces mesures représentent également le versant coercitif des efforts internationaux de développement de l'État de droit, en s'attaquant à la cause endogène la plus symptomatique de ses dysfonctionnements, à savoir la dénaturation des fonctions exercées par la classe des dirigeants, que ce soit à son profit, ou bien pour mettre en œuvre une politique d'État contraire aux règles les plus essentielles du droit international. Les mesures forment ensemble un réseau complexe de procédures dont la validité peut être justifiée, mais également contestée, par référence au droit international. À ce titre, l'encadrement du phénomène repose sur les règles qui régissent non seulement le titre de compétence de l'État au sein duquel les avoirs sont entreposés et les règles d'immunité qui conditionnent son exercice, mais encore les limites au déploiement des mesures sous l'angle du respect des garanties du droit international des droits de l'homme. Les limites juridiques posées par le droit international à l'exercice des pouvoirs de l'État entreposant les avoirs connaissent des mutations vertigineuses. Les zones d'ombres qui jalonnent les conditions de validité du phénomène au droit international autorisent, de ce point de vue, à rechercher et analyser les règles de droit qui sont à même d'en garantir le bien-fondé et l'effectivitéThe implementation of asset freezing and asset confiscation of politically exposed persons is a contemporary phenomenon of international law. These measures represent the coercive side of the promotion of the rule of law, tackling the most symptomatic cause of its breakdowns - the distortion of the functions of State leaders' to their own profit or to conduct a state policy that violates the most elementary rules of international law. Together, these measures amount to a complex network of procedures whose validity may be justified but also contested, referring to international law. This phenomenon is framed by the rules which govern the jurisdiction of the States in which assets are stored and by the rules of immunity affecting its exercise. It also falls within the scope of international human rights law. The way by which international law may allow or restrict the power to implement these measures has significantly changed in recent years. The validity of this phenomenon with regards to international law remains unclear. These grey areas call for an analysis of the legal rules which could guarantee their legitimacy and effectiveness
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Marchetti, Mauricio. "Imunidade de jurisdição e de execução de entes de direito público externo e sua repercussão no processo do trabalho." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/9052.
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Previous issue date: 2010-06-09This present work has the purpose of developing a study on the immunity of jurisdiction and of enforcement of foreign public entity that hires Brazilian workers. Its analysis passes through the perception of a new international dynamic that places the state sovereignty, previously seen as unlimited, as something relative, which ends up propitiating the understanding that the immunity of jurisdiction is a value that may suffer limitations. The facts that triggered the relativization of this immunity serve to understand the gradual adaptation of its regulation to the characteristics of the international public law, upon the division of the acts practiced by the States into acts of government and acts of management. Having relativized the immunity in the procedure s instruction phase, thesis already appeased both in Brazil and in the majority of the countries of the international community, the challenge is to mitigate the immunity in the enforcement of the judgment decision phase, which continues generating polemics, maintaining almost absolute. This situation shows to be inefficient for solution of the majority of labor-related conflicts between domestic employees and foreign entities governed by public law, whether due to the difficulty in finding goods from the foreign State possible of being expatriated, whether due to the lack of execution of this procedure through the diplomatic means. We will thus seek to propose new guidelines to make effective the final verdict in labor lawsuits filed by national persons against foreign entities governed by public law, based on the fact that work is a constitutionally ensured human value in our country, to be observed inclusively by a foreign State, without this harming its sovereignty
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver um estudo sobre a imunidade de jurisdição e de execução do ente público externo que contrata trabalhadores brasileiros. Sua análise passa pela percepção de uma nova dinâmica internacional que coloca a soberania estatal, antes tida como ilimitada, como algo relativo, o que acaba por propiciar o entendimento de que a imunidade de jurisdição é um valor passível de sofrer limitações. Os fatos que desencadearam a relativização dessa imunidade servem para entender a gradual adequação de sua regulação às características do direito internacional público, mediante a divisão dos atos praticados pelos Estados em atos de império e atos de gestão. Relativizada a imunidade na fase de conhecimento do processo, tese já pacificada tanto no Brasil como na maioria dos países da comunidade internacional, o desafio é abrandar a imunidade na fase de execução de sentença, que continua gerando polêmicas, mantendo-se quase absoluta. Essa situação mostrase ineficiente para a solução da maioria dos conflitos de natureza trabalhista entre empregados nacionais e entes de direito público externo, quer pela dificuldade de se encontrar bens do Estado estrangeiro passíveis de serem expropriados, quer pela falta de efetivação desse processo pela via da diplomacia. Buscaremos, dessa forma, propor novas diretrizes para tornar efetiva a sentença condenatória em ações trabalhistas movidas por nacionais contra os entes de direito público externo, com fundamento de que o trabalho é valor humano constitucionalmente assegurado no nosso país, a ser respeitado inclusive pelo Estado estrangeiro, sem que com isso seja ferida a sua soberania
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Bassel, Mohammad. "La responsabilité pénale internationale des chefs d’état pour les crimes les plus graves qui touchent la communauté internationale." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT3017.
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Le statut du chef de l'État et des gouvernants, qui n'était déjà plus un obstacle insurmontable aux poursuites judiciaires depuis le droit de Nuremberg, apparaît désormais comme un bastion menacé. Les principes classiques du droit international comme l'immunité des chefs d'État, la sauvegarde de la fonction représentative et la souveraineté de l'État permettaient aux gouvernants d'échapper à toute poursuite pénale. Le droit international, qui s'analysait simplement comme un droit interétatique, a connu de profondes mutations. Ce droit ne se limite plus aux seuls États : de nouveaux sujets comme de nouveaux domaines de compétence émergent. Les individus ont ainsi pris une place de plus en plus importante dans le droit international avec des préoccupations d'humanité afin de prévenir les atrocités qu'a déjà connues le monde à l'occasion de différents conflits armés. La responsabilité du chef de l'État n'est dès lors plus une affaire d'ordre interne, mais bien également d'ordre international, avec l'émergence d'une nouvelle branche du droit international : le droit pénal international. Les nouvelles tendances du droit pénal international, marquées par l'exigence croissante de répression des crimes les plus graves, s'opposent désormais à la conception classique de l'immunité qui a longtemps triomphé dans l'ordre juridique international et visent à atténuer la raison d'État. Ce mouvement part de la conception selon laquelle « on ne saurait plus accepter l'idée même d'immunité lorsqu'il est commis un crime qui ébranle les fondements mêmes de la communauté internationale et révolte la conscience de tous les hommes ». Cette prise de conscience de l'incompatibilité entre immunités et droits de l'homme se manifeste à travers l'évolution de la protection internationale des droits de l'homme favorable à une « immunisation » du régime des immunités des gouvernants, organes de l'État coupables de violations graves du droit international. En dépit de quelques réticences, la responsabilité pénale du chef de l'État est aujourd'hui une réalité qui mérite d'être universellement approuvée et soutenueThe status of the Head of State and governments, which was already no longer an insurmountable obstacle to prosecution since Nuremberg law, has emerged as a threatened bastion. The traditional principles of international law as the immunity of Heads of State, the protection of the representative function and state sovereignty allowed the rulers to escape criminal prosecution. International law, which is simply analyzed as an interstate law, has undergone profound changes. This right is no longer limited only to States: new topics as new emerging areas of competence (areas of competence or fields of jurisdiction). Individuals have taken an increasingly important role in the international law with the concerns of humanity to prevent atrocities which the world has already known on the occasion of various armed conflicts. The responsibility of the Head of State is therefore no longer a matter of a domestic order, but also an international one, with the emergence of a new branch of international law: international criminal law. New trends in the international criminal law, marked by the increasing demand for dealing with the most serious crimes, henceforth oppose to the classical conception of immunity that has prevailed for a long time in the international legal order, and aim at reducing the State cause. This movement starts from the idea according to which "we can no longer accept the idea of immunity when a crime is committed that undermines the very foundations of the international community and revolts the conscience of all mankind." This awareness of the incompatibility between immunities and human rights is developed through the evolution of the international protection of human rights in favor of "immunization" of the regime of immunities of rulers, State bodies responsible for serious violations of international Law. Despite some misgivings, the criminal responsibility of the Head of State is a reality that should be universally endorsed and supported
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Murungu, Chacha Bhoke. "Immunity of state officials and prosecution of international crimes in Africa." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25163.
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This study deals with two aspects of international law. The first is ‘immunity of state officials’ and the second is ‘prosecution of international crimes.’ Immunity is discussed in the context of international crimes. The study focuses on Africa because African state officials have become subjects of international criminal justice before international courts and various national courts both in Europe and Africa. It presents a new contribution to international criminal justice in Africa by examining the practice on prosecution of international crimes in eleven African states: South Africa; Kenya; Senegal; Ethiopia; Burundi; Rwanda; DRC; Congo; Niger; Burkina Faso and Uganda. The study concludes that immunity of state officials has been outlawed in these states thereby rendering state officials amenable to criminal prosecution for international crimes. The thesis argues that although immunity is founded under customary international law, it does not prevail over international law jus cogens on the prosecution of international crimes because such jus cogens trumps immunity. It is argued that, committing international crimes cannot qualify as acts performed in official capacity for the purpose of upholding immunity of state officials. In principle, customary international law outlaws functional immunity in respect of international crimes. Hence, in relation to international crimes, state officials cannot benefit from immunity from prosecution or subpoenas. Further, the study criticises the African Union’s opposition to the prosecutions before the International Criminal Court (ICC). It argues that however strong it may be, such opposition is unfounded in international law and is motivated by African solidarity to weaken the role of the ICC in Africa. It concludes that the decisions taken by the African Union not to cooperate with the ICC are geared towards breaching international obligations on cooperation with the ICC. The study calls upon African states to respect their obligations under the Rome Statute and customary international law. It recommends that African states should cooperate with the ICC in the investigations and prosecution of persons responsible for international crimes in Africa. At international level, the study reveals the conflicting jurisprudence of international courts on subpoenas against state officials. It argues that, state officials are not immune from being subpoenaed to testify or adduce evidence before international courts. It contends that issuing subpoenas to state officials ensures fairness and equality of arms in the prosecution of international crimes. It recommends that international courts should treat state officials equally regarding prosecution and subpoenas. It further recommends that African states should respect their obligations arising from the Rome Statute and that, immunity should not be used to develop a culture of impunity for international crimes committed in Africa.Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Centre for Human Rights
unrestricted
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Candrian, Jérôme. "L'immunité des etats face aux droits de l'homme et à la protection des biens culturels : immunité de jurisdiction des etats et droits de l'homme, immunité d'exécution des Etats et de leurs biens culturels /." Zurich [u.a.] : Schulthess, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/50726665X.pdf.
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Olahová, Kateřina. "Diplomatické imunity vs. lidská práva." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-12014.
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This thesis aims at description and analyses of the position of diplomatic immunities and human rights in international law, focusing on areas where these two sets of international rules clash. One objective of this work is an attempt to establish a hierarchy between norms granting diplomatic immunities and those protecting fundamental human rights, which could possibly resolve the collision. This solution, however, narrows down to one of most general principles of diplomatic relations, the principal of reciprocity. Mentioned are also some alternative approaches suggested for resolution of this conflict together with the obstacles, which prevent them from use. The thesis further looks at possible remedies against abuse of diplomatic immunity.
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Carneiro, Daniel Dix. "Os conflitos tributários internacionais e sua possível solução pela via arbitral." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4681.
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O fenômeno da globalização teve o condão de aproximar os diversos povos, cada um com seus interesses e culturas próprios. A existência de um consenso internacional na definição de princípios a serem seguidos quando das relações externas não consegue impedir, contudo, o surgimento de possíveis conflitos e divergências, tendo em vista a pluralidade cultural das diversas nações mundiais, fato que induziu a sociedade internacional a desenvolver meios que pudessem dirimir pacificamente as controvérsias, porventura, surgidas entre elas. A adoção dos meios para solução pacífica dos conflitos internacionais encontra-se incentivada pela Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil (art. 4., incisos VI e VII) e sua utilização não importa qualquer renúncia ao exercício da soberania, nem tampouco à imunidade de jurisdição. Para que se tenha uma eficácia maior da submissão dos conflitos surgidos no âmbito externo aos meios admitidos para resolvê-los, é importante que os países envolvidos no litígio possuam orientação interna no sentido de privilegiar o Direito Internacional frente à sua legislação infraconstitucional doméstica. A eventual primazia do direito interno pode resultar na inocuidade da adoção dos meios pacíficos de solução de controvérsias internacionais, uma vez que as autoridades dos países litigantes poderão se esquivar do cumprimento do acordo ou decisão alegando uma possível contrariedade com os ditames legais domésticos. Nesse contexto, a seara tributária tem despertado constantes divergências internacionais. As diferentes interpretações conferidas pelas diversas nações, dentre elas o Brasil, quando da aplicação dos tratados por elas firmados e que tenham vertente fiscal, em especial aqueles que visam evitar a dupla imposição fiscal da renda, ou garantir o livre trânsito de bens, pessoas e serviços, acaba trazendo grande insegurança àqueles investidores que possuem operações conectadas a dois ou mais sistemas tributários diferentes. Assim, ganham cada vez mais corpo, os debates em torno da extensão dos mecanismos pacíficos para resolução de divergências, também ao âmbito de aplicação de todo e qualquer tratado que verse sobre a matéria tributária. Tal fato propicia a busca de uma possível uniformização dos métodos hermenêuticos aplicáveis àqueles fatos geradores tributáveis que se encontrem vinculados a dois ou mais entes soberanos. É nesse contexto que se apresenta o presente estudo, o qual aborda a possibilidade de a República Federativa do Brasil submeter ao procedimento arbitral aquelas controvérsias de cunho tributário que eventualmente decorram da interpretação divergente das convenções internacionais das quais seja parte e que tratem de matéria fiscal.The phenomenon of globalization had the power to bring together different peoples, each with their own interests and cultures. However, in view of the cultural diversity of different peoples around the world, the existence of an international consensus in establishing the principles to be followed when external relations are formed cannot prevent the emergence of external conflicts and disagreements. This led the international society to develop mechanisms that could peacefully settle the controversies that may eventually arise. The adoption of such mechanisms is encouraged by the Brazilian Constitution, whose article 4, sections VI and VII, advocates the pursuit of peace and peaceful settlement of disputes. Its use does not lead to the renunciation of the exercise of sovereignty nor to the immunity of jurisdiction. Meanwhile, in order to achieve greater efficacy in the submission of disputes arising outside of the means allowed to solve them, it is important that countries involved in the disputes have consolidated internal orientation towards favouring international law over their domestic infra-constitutional legislation. The primacy of the domestic law may result in the ineffectiveness of adopting peaceful means for solving international controversies since authorities of the countries engaged in the dispute may avoid compliance with the agreement or decision on the grounds of some contradiction with the domestic law procedures. In this context, the taxation arena has been constantly attracting international disagreement. The different interpretations conferred by various nations, including Brazil, in applying taxation-related treaties signed by themselves, particularly those attempting to avoid double income taxation or to guarantee the free flow of goods, people and services, bring a high level of insecurity to investors possessing operations connected to two or more distinct tax systems. As a result, the debates regarding the extension of the peaceful mechanisms to the solution of divergences take shape, including those related to the application of any treaty which speaks to the subject of taxation. This favors the search for the standardization of the hermeneutical methods applicable to those tax events which are linked to two or more sovereign entities. This is the context surrounding the current study, which addresses the possibility of the Federative Republic of Brazil to refer tax-related disputes, caused by divergent interpretation of the international conventions of which it is a member, to the arbitral proceedings.
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Beulay, Marjorie. "L’applicabilité des droits de l’Homme aux organisations internationales." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100166.
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L’obligation de respect des droits de l’Homme s’adresse traditionnellement aux États. Cependant, les organisations internationales se présentent aujourd’hui de plus en plus comme des acteurs incontournables de la scène internationale et leur activité tend de plus en plus à réguler la vie des individus. Face à une telle situation, le « besoin » de voir les droits de l’Homme s’appliquer aux organisations internationales se fait de plus en plus prégnant, notamment au sein de la doctrine. Cela s’explique par les circonstances permettant à ces entités d’influencer la vie des personnes physiques et morales. De par leurs compétences et prérogatives elles se sont progressivement inscrites dans une relation de pouvoir vis-à-vis des individus que ce soit directement ou indirectement. En conséquence, au regard du degré de développement actuel de la protection internationale des droits de l’Homme, un tel comportement nécessite d’être encadré, notamment afin d’être légitime aux yeux de ceux sur lesquels il s’exerce. Toutefois, en dépit des fondements venant étayer cette nécessité de limitation du pouvoir exercé, sa concrétisation juridique n’en est qu’à ses prémices. Si d’un point de vue normatif, l’encadrement ébauché s’avère fragile mais potentiellement mobilisable ; d’un point de vue procédural, il demeure minimal voire inexistant. Dès lors, beaucoup reste encore à faire pour que l’applicabilité des droits de l’Homme aux organisations internationales passe de l’évidence au droitThe obligation to respect human rights traditionally rests upon the States. However International Organisations have become nowadays key actors on the international scene and their activities tend to have more impact on the life of individuals. In the light of this situation, a ‘need’ emerged, especially amongst the doctrine, to see an effective application of human rights to International Organisations. This is due to the circumstances that allow such organisations to have an influence on the life of legal and physical entities. Because of their jurisdiction and their prerogative, International Organisations have established a relationship of power towards individuals, whether directly or indirectly. Therefore, considering the current degree of development of the International protection of Human Rights, such an activity must be regulated, especially in order to establish its legitimacy in the eyes of the subjects of this activity. Nevertheless despite the grounds supporting the necessity to limit the power of International Organisations, the legal concretisation of such limits is still at its early stages. If from a normative point of view, the sketched framework reveals itself to be fragile yet potentially mobilisable, from a procedural point of view it remains minimal to non-existent. Subsequently there is still much to be done in order to allow the applicability of Human Rights to International Organisations to go from a foregone conclusion to a legal reality
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Ashnan, Almoktar. "Le principe de complémentarité entre la cour pénale internationale et la juridiction pénale nationale." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR1004/document.
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L’objet de cette recherche est d’analyser le principe de complémentarité, de montrer la spécificité de la notion et d’en étudier la mise en œuvre à la lumière de la pratique de la Cour Pénale Internationale (CPI) afin de mettre en évidence les obstacles juridiques et politiques. Selon l’article 1er du Statut de Rome, la Cour est complémentaire des juridictions pénales nationales pour le crime de génocide, les crimes contre l’humanité, les crimes de guerre et le crime d’agression. Dans le cadre de ce principe, les juridictions nationales ont la priorité mais la compétence de la Cour prend le relais lorsqu’un État ne dispose pas des moyens techniques ou juridiques nécessaires pour juger et punir les auteurs desdits crimes ou bien s’il mène un procès truqué. Dès lors, le régime de complémentarité vise à mettre fin à l’impunité à l’égard des personnes impliquées dans les crimes les plus graves qui touchent l’ensemble de la Communauté internationale. Le Statut de Rome, notamment par les dispositions de son article 17, indique comment mettre en œuvre la complémentarité selon les critères de recevabilité qui sont l’incapacité, le manque de volonté et la gravité. Les articles 18 et 19, pour leur part, fournissent le mécanisme de décision préjudicielle sur la recevabilité et la contestation. Par ailleurs, le rôle du Conseil de sécurité face à la complémentarité est aussi considéré comme un élément essentiel pour bien comprendre l’effectivité et l'impact juridique de cette Cour. En effet, les pouvoirs que le Statut de Rome et le chapitre VII de la Charte des Nations Unies confèrent au Conseil lui permettent de saisir la CPI, de suspendre son activité, d’imposer aux États de coopérer avec la Cour, ou encore de qualifier un acte de crime d’agression, et ceci bien que l'indépendance de l’enquête et du procès soit l’épine dorsale de toute la justice pénale, si celle-ci veut être efficaceThe purpose of this research is to analyse the principle of complementarity, to show the specific character of the notion and to study its implementation in the light of the practice of the International criminal court (ICC) in order to highlight the political and legal obstacles. In accordance with Article 1, the Court is complementary to national criminal jurisdictions for crime of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crime of aggression. Under this principle, national jurisdictions have priority over ICC but the Court’s jurisdiction takes over when a State lacks the technical or legal means, which are necessary to try and punish the perpetrators of such crimes, or if a rigged trial took place. Therefore, complementarity aims to bring an end to impunity for those responsible for the most serious crimes of international concern. The Rome Statute, namely with the provisions of Article 17, indicates how to implement complementarity according to the criteria for admissibility which are inability, unwillingness and seriousness. Articles 18 and 19, for their part, provide the mechanism of preliminary ruling regarding admissibility and challenge. Furthermore, the role of the Security Council regarding complementarity is also considered as essential to understand the effectiveness and the legal impact of this Court. Powers which are conferred under the Rome Statute and chapter VII of the United Nations Charter allow the Security Council to refer a situation to the ICC, to suspend an ICC investigation, to require States to cooperate with the ICC, or to qualify a crime as aggression, and this despite the fact that the independence of the investigation and of the trial is the backbone of criminal justice ensuring it is efficient
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Fipa, Nguepjo Jacques. "Le rôle des juridictions supranationales de la CEMAC et de l'OHADA dans l'intégration des droits communautaires par les Etats membres." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020030/document.
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La Cour de Justice Communautaire (CJC), la Cour des Comptes Communautaire (CCC) et la Cour Commune de Justice et d’Arbitrage (CCJA) sont les trois juridictions supranationales créées respectivement par les traités de la CEMAC et de l’OHADA pour renforcer les nouveaux processus d’intégration économique et juridique des Etats membres. Dans la mesure où ces juridictions exercent un contrôle juridictionnel déterminant de la norme communautaire, le premier contrôle étant effectué par les juridictions nationales des Etats parties, la conception, l’organisation, le fonctionnement, les caractéristiques, les rôles ou compétences de ces juridictions nouvelles ainsi que la destinée des décisions qu’elles rendent dans leurs fonctions strictement judiciaires ou dans celles accessoires d’appui à la procédure arbitrale, présentent un intérêt digne d’une recherche doctorale. S’il est apparu que des jalons supplémentaires d’efficacité des nouveaux processus d’intégration ont été plantés par la création desdites juridictions, il a également été constaté que des pesanteurs d’ordre juridictionnel, structurel ou fonctionnel continuent d’en retarder la vitesse de croisière. Les solutions que nous avons proposées pour surmonter ces difficultés se regroupent en une réorganisation des juridictions communautaires, une répartition claire des compétences entre elles, un renforcement de la procédure de contrôle du droit communautaire, une vulgarisation permanente du droit de l’intégration, une revalorisation des titres exécutoires, une clarification des fonctions du juge d’exécution, une restriction du domaine de l’immunité d’exécution, un réaménagement des procédures de recouvrement, une formation continue des acteurs de la justice, une amélioration de leur condition de travail et de vie, une résurgence de l’éthique morale, une réelle indépendance de la justice… C’est dire que l’étude met un accent sur les obstacles qui entravent les nouveaux processus d’intégration et propose des solutions pour parfaire les textes législatifs et leurs interprétations jurisprudentielles, dans la perspective d’accélérer le développement économique des Etats concernés en particulier, pour une meilleure prospérité globale des économies mondialesThe Communautary Court of Justice (CCJ), the Communautary Court of Account (CCA) and the Common Court of Justice and Arbitration (CCJA) are the three supranational jurisdictions respectively created by EMCAC and OHBLA treaties to reinforce the new processes of economical and judicial integration for their member States. In the measure where these jurisdictions are competent to exercise a juridictional control, by determining the communautary norms, the first control being carried out by the national juridictions, the conception, the organisation, the functioning, the characteristics, the roles or competences of these new jurisdictions and also the destiny of the decisions they rend in their strictly judiciary functions or in their accessory functions of supporting the arbitral procedure, present an interest worthy of a doctorate research. If it appears that the supplementary Milestones of efficiency of the new processes of integration had been installed by the creation of the said jurisdictions, it had also been observed that the gravities of jurisdictional, structural or functional order continue to delay the speed of cruise. The solutions that we have proposed to overcome these difficulties involves the reorganization of communautary jurisdictions, the clearly distribution of competences between them, the reinforcement of the communautarian law control procedure, a permanent vulgarisation of integration law, a revalorisation of executary titles, a clarification of immunity of execution domain, a development of the recovery procedures, a continual training of judicial actors, and improvement of their working and living conditions, a resurgence of moral ethic, a real independence of the Justice… This means that the study put a stress on the obstacles which hold up the new processes of integration and propose solutions to perfect the legislative texts and their jurisprudential interpretations, in the perspective of accelerating the economic development of the concerned States, for the best global prosperity of the world’s economies
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Petit, Camille. "L’obligation de protéger du chef d’État : contribution à l’étude de la « responsabilité de protéger » en droit constitutionnel comparé et en droit international." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020036.
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La « responsabilité de protéger », concept politique adopté en 2005 pour prévenir et mettre fin aux atrocités criminelles, repose sur un premier pilier —l'obligation de l'Etat de protéger ses populations— dont le consensus apparent a conduit à un manque d’analyse institutionnelle dans sa double dimension constitutionnelle comparée et internationale. Or, l’obligation de l’Etat incombe enparticulier au chef d'Etat. Son obligation de protéger est un élément commun de définition de sa fonction, mais aussi un critère essentiel de différenciation —selon que le chef d’Etat relève d’un modèle étatiste, privilégiant la protection de l’Etat quitte à suspendre le droit, ou d’un modèle libéral, privilégiant la protection de la Constitution et la soumission permanente de l’action politique au droit. La thèse analyse d'abord les sources de l'obligation de protéger du chef d’Etat,successivement théorisée, constitutionnalisée et internationalisée, puis l'exécution de cette obligation résultant de prérogatives, d'immunités et de contrôles de la protection. Les sources de l’obligation révèlent que le chef d’Etat, à l’interface des ordres juridiques interne et international, aune obligation spécifique, non réductible à celle de l’Etat ou de l’individu, qui comporte à la fois une dimension négative (ne pas commettre de crimes contre la population) et une dimension positive(empêcher la commission de tels crimes) et dont l’internationalisation permet de combler les lacunes des Constitutions. Si l’exécution par le chef d’Etat de son obligation de protéger, par la mise en oeuvre de ses prérogatives de protection, est soumise à un contrôle croissant, tant politique que juridictionnel, ce processus reste néanmoins inachevé, faute d'une responsabilité politique internationale, systématique et institutionnalisée. La thèse conclut à l’utilité d'une individualisation de la « responsabilité de protéger » et à l’enrichissement de ce concept par le contrôle de l’obligation de protéger du chef d’EtatThe political concept of the “responsibility to protect” was adopted in 2005 to prevent and p ut anend to criminal atrocities. The apparent consensus over its first pillar, the State’s obligation to protect its populations, has resulted in a lack of institutional analyses regarding its combined comparative constitutional and international aspects. Importantly, the State’s obligation rests in particular with the Head of State. The obligation to protect is common to all heads of state, but it also differentiates among them, depending on whether their obligation is State-oriented (with the aim to protect the State, even if that requires the suspension of the rule of law) or Rule-of-law oriented (with the aim to protect a liberal constitutional order while always subjecting political actionto the rule of law). The thesis begins with an analysis of the sources of law relating to the Head of State’s obligation to protect, as it was successively theorised, constitutionalised and internationalised. It then turns to the execution of this obligation, which derives from the Head of State’s prerogatives, the relevant immunities involved and available institutional review over his orher activities. The study of the sources reveals that the Head of State (at the interface between the domestic and the international legal orders) is bound by a specific obligation, which exceeds the confines of the obligations of either the State or the individual. This obligation is both negative and positive as it requires both not to commit crimes against the population, and to prevent and put an end to such crimes. Its international dimension supplements the missing parts in the Constitutions.The execution of this obligation, by the implementation of the Head of State’s prerogatives, is subject to an increasing political and judicial control. However, this control remains under construction due to a lack of systematic and institutionalized international political responsibility. The thesis concludes that the “responsibility to protect” could be usefully “individualized” and enriched by institutional supervision and judicial review of the Head of State’s obligation to protect
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Chassang, Céline. "L’étranger et le droit pénal : étude sur la pertinence de la pénalisation." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100162.
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Le droit pénal génère des distinctions entre étrangers et nationaux, les premiers faisant, dans certaines situations, l’objet d’une pénalisation spécifique. Pourtant, la pertinence de cette pénalisation peut être questionnée au regard d’un balancement, opéré par le droit pénal, entre distinction et assimilation.Dans un premier temps, l’étude démontre que les différentes distinctions en droit pénal peuvent être contestées. D’une part, la pénalisation dont fait l’objet l’ensemble des étrangers ne semble pas opportune car elle apparaît tant superflue – lorsque le droit pénal se superpose à un dispositif extra-pénal suffisant – qu’illégitime – lorsque le droit pénal utilise l’apparence d’extranéité comme critère d’application. D’autre part, la pénalisation spécifique dont font l’objet les étrangers en situation irrégulière apparaît inadéquate puisque, dépendante de l’évolution des règles administratives et européennes, elle revêt un caractère instable et parce qu’elle ne présente qu’un intérêt relatif pour lutter contre l’immigration illégale.Dans un second temps, l’analyse montre, à travers un mouvement d’assimilation progressive de l’étranger au national, que le droit pénal sait aussi se désintéresser de l’extranéité. D’une part, cette assimilation répond à un impératif d’égalité qu’il est possible d’observer dans le cadre du procès pénal, mais également à l’aune de la création d’immunités pénales au profit de certains étrangers. D’autre part, cette assimilation est fondée sur la lutte contre l’impunité des auteurs d’infractions puisqu’elle est commandée par les impératifs de la coopération pénale internationale et consacrée par le mécanisme de la compétence universelleCriminal law gives rise to distinctions between aliens and nationals, the former being subjected to specific criminalization. But the relevance of this criminalization may be questioned, considering the balance sought by criminal law between distinction and assimilation.First, the study demonstrates that the different distinctions provided by criminal law may be challenged. On one hand, criminalization that applies to every alien is not convenient since it appears non-essential – when criminal law overlaps already sufficient extra-criminal rules – and illegitimate – when criminal law uses foreign origin as selection criterion. On the other hand, specific criminalization applied to illegal aliens appears to be inadequate since, depending on the evolution of national administrative rules and European rules, it has no legal certainty and relative interest to restrict illegal immigration.Then, the analysis shows, through a movement of progressive assimilation of aliens to nationals, that criminal law can also lose interest in foreign origin. On one hand, this assimilation meets to a requirement of equality that one may observe not only in criminal lawsuits but also in matters of criminal immunities in favor of some aliens. On the other hand, this assimilation is based on broader fight against impunity of offenders as required by international criminal cooperation and recognized by the mechanism of universal jurisdiction
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Alikulova, Sandugash. "Clarifying Judicial Jurisdiction over Workplace Injury Claims against a State in the Former Soviet Union Countries." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/42667.
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The essay discusses judicial jurisdiction over workplace injury claims against a state in the former Soviet Union Countries. Claiming that such cases should be dismissed in foreign jurisdiction, the paper seeks explanation to different approach and different outcomes of workplace injury cases in the courts of the same countries. The essay begins with background information on particularities of unusual workplace injury cases which emerged in connection with important political event - collapse of the USSR. Relevant provisions of domestic and .
international law on judicial jurisdiction, their interpretation and application in Commonwealth of Independent States are discussed in this paper. Analyzing provisions and reasons of different decisions, the essay infers the implications from analysis in support of its main claim.
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Patková, Lucie. "Univerzální jurisdikce ve světle Pinochetova zadržení ve Velké Británii." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-325164.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis deals with topic of universal jurisdiction with an emphasis on British House of Lords' decisions in case of former Chilean president Augusto Pinochet from years 1998 and 1999. Universal jurisdiction enables to prosecute crimes committed abroad by persons, who at time of such commission were neither the citizens of state in question nor the permanent residents of the state. It is expression of an idea, that it is common interest of the whole international community to prosecute the most serious crimes under international law, irrespective of any link to the prosecuting state, because such crimes relate to the whole international community and not only single state. The first chapter of the thesis deals with national criminal jurisdiction, whose comprehension is necessary for further understanding of universal jurisdiction. The universal jurisdiction is the main topic in the second chapter, in which I outline a brief history of the concept, mention application of the universal jurisdiction in case with Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem, and try to find out where the importance of universal jurisdiction lies or what the main alleged disadvantages and risks are as well. My further concerns are the scope of universal jurisdiction, that is the crimes that are subjects to its application, universal...
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Li, Hung-Yang, and 黎汯洋. "On the waters of international law on the exercise of criminal jurisdiction - with application of the principle of State Immunity." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97342679037949950650.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立雲林科技大學
科技法律研究所
97
In this paper, explore the waters of the Taiwan of criminal jurisdiction and immunities of the study, analysis of Taiwan''s criminal jurisdiction of the relevant content and practice, and analyzed in 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and other international conventions and practice, with regard to criminal jurisdiction and immunities of the norms, Taken place in international typical cases, Concern for the most current and controversial cases of maritime disputes the jurisdiction of the ship and immunities, For focus and detail, Criminal jurisdiction for immunity by the principles derived from analysis of the views put forward, Finally, the criminal jurisdiction of Taiwan''s legislative and judicial practice, note the area of Taiwan in the international and the International Convention on the Law of the Sea and practices applicable, Deficiencies in the legislation, and to make recommendations, Available to Taiwan to engage in ocean affairs and the administrative staff members of the judiciary in the implementation of work-related reference.
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Stachová, Lenka. "Imunity státních představitelů vůči cizí trestní jurisdikci." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-380244.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis deals with immunities of state officials, from the high-ranking to less significant ones, from the criminal jurisdiction of a foreign state, and thus the question, if another state may exercise its jurisdiction over crimes perpetrated by state officials when the foreign state has power to punish such a crime. International law traditionally provides the highest protection to the head of state, but later evolved also the personal immunity of other senior officials, who act on the international level, that is head of government and minister for foreign affairs. In contrast to personal immunity, functional immunity protects all state officials, who perform an official act. The first chapter addresses the terms. It describes the terms immunity, its types and basic characteristics; the notion of state officials and foreign criminal jurisdiction. The second chapter engages in personal immunity (immunity ratione personae), its subjective, objective and temporal scope. The third chapter sheds light on the second type of immunity - the functional immunity (ratione materiae), apart from its scopes there are exceptions to functional immunity discussed. The fourth chapter provides with an overview of some significant cases connected to immunities of state officials. In the first subchapter you can...
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Kosík, Jiří. "Imunity státních představitelů vůči cizí trestní jurisdikci." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-361828.
Full textAbstract:
This Thesis deals with the Immunities of State officials, which arise under International law, from foreign criminal jurisdiction. The first goal of this thesis is to determine whether, and if so, under which conditions and in which cases can one sovereign State exercise its criminal jurisdiction over an official of another sovereign State. The second goal, closely attached to the first finding, is to determine whether, and if so, under which conditions and in which cases would such officials be protected and covered by the immunity and in which cases such immunity applies. The main task of this thesis is to analyse the current state of the application of immunities of State officials within the foreign criminal jurisdiction. These immunities are with regard to their different purpose and functions recognized in two diverse types - immunity ratione personae and immunity ratione materiae. The first chapter put emphasis on the criminal jurisdiction of foreign State in general and on its extraterritorial forms in particular. The exercise of such jurisdiction in some cases enables to prosecute and punish an official of a foreign State, who happens to be a criminal. The second chapter focuses on the concept of individual criminal responsibility and possible punishment of the criminal. The third chapter...
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Kseničová, Anna. "Univerzální jurisdikce a princip aut dedere aut judicare." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-338564.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis deals with the topic of universal jurisdiction and the aut dedere aut judicare principle. It also marginally deals with issues of immunity of the perpetrators of international crimes, in relation of them enjoying leading functions of the state. In the introductory chapter of this thesis is discussed concept of jurisdiction as a basis for understanding following content of the next chapter about universal jurisdiction itself. In the chapter about the historical development the emergence of universal jurisdiction is described, through circumstances accompanying the establishment of the Nuremberg Tribunal to internationally significant legal proceedings with Albert Eichmann. In my work I try to bring yet ambiguously defined concept of universal jurisdiction, to elucidate its content and scope of its application areas. In the second part of this thesis I focus on the principle aut dedere aut judicare i.e. obligations of states to prosecute perpetrators of international crimes, present at their territory, or else extradite them to the State, which calls for providing their prosecution. On the case before the International Court of Justice in The Hague in the matter of extradition of former Chadian president by Senegal to Belgium I demonstrate the practical implications of the aut dedere aut...
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Kudrna, Jaroslav. "Státní imunita na prahu 21. století: Soumrak nebo renesance?" Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-388681.
Full textAbstract:
1/3 ABSTRACT STATE IMMUNITY AT THE DAWN OF THE 21ST CENTURY: TWILIGHT OR RENAISSANCE? JAROSLAV KUDRNA, ESQ., LL.M. State immunity is a foundation of public international law. Sovereign immunity is based on the fundamental principle of international law, namely the equality of states - par in parem non habet imperium. State immunity is thus a manifestation of state sovereignty and states demonstrate respect for the sovereignty of other states by according immunity to foreign states appearing before their courts. The principle of state immunity is a dynamic area of public international law. State practice is continually evolving through national laws and court rulings. The aim of this thesis is to describe the current development of state immunity and to identify possible future trends. Another objective is to draw from current developments and offer practical recommendations on state immunity for both investors and states. The 20th century can be described as a twilight of state immunity: an absolute theory of state immunity shifted towards a restrictive one. That century witnessed the decline and fragmentation of state immunity. In contrast, if the UN Convention on jurisdictional immunities of states and their property enters into force and is ratified by a large number of states, state immunity might...
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Kayitana, Evode. "Jurisdictional problems of South African courts in respect of international crimes / Evode Kayitana." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/13340.
Full textAbstract:
Because of its mandate and its enforcement powers, the ICC has been hailed as a
major advance on the road towards individual accountability for the perpetration of the
most heinous violations of human rights (international crimes) and thus as a major
contribution to the prevention of such horrible crimes. However, with its limited
resources in terms of human and financial means, the ICC will not be able to deal with
all perpetrators of the crimes that come under its jurisdiction wherever such crimes are
committed throughout the world. For this reason, in order to end impunity in the
commission of international crimes, there will always be a need for combined efforts by
the ICC and national courts. This reality is recognised by the Rome Statute which, in the
preamble and article 1 of the Statute, provides that the jurisdiction of the ICC is
“complementary” to national courts and that, therefore, States Parties retain the primary
responsibility for the repression of international crimes. In legal literature, this is
generally referred to as the “principle of complementarity” or the “complementarity
regime of the Rome Statute”.
In order to give effect to the complementarity principle of the Rome Statute, South Africa
passed the Implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Act
27 of 2002 (hereafter the Implementation Act); which determines the modalities of
prosecuting perpetrators of the crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war
crimes in South African courts. The Implementation Act also provides that South African
courts will have jurisdiction over these crimes not only when they are committed on
South African territory but also when they are committed outside the Republic, thus
empowering South African courts to exercise “universal jurisdiction” over these three
international crimes.
This thesis examines the extent to which South African courts, acting under the
complementarity regime of the Rome Statute are, or are not, allowed to exercise
universal jurisdiction over international crimes committed in foreign States. The study is
based on two assumptions. First, it is assumed that since under the principle of
complementarity South African courts are required to do the same job as the ICC, they
should have the same powers as those States Parties gave to the ICC when they adopted the Rome Statute. Secondly, it is assumed that, although having the same
mandate as the ICC in terms of the complementarity principle, South African courts are
nonetheless domestic courts as opposed to the ICC which is an international court and
that, accordingly, the international law principle of State sovereignty may impose
limitations on their ability to exercise universal jurisdiction over international crimes
committed in foreign States.
In the light of the above assumptions, this study investigates three issues. Firstly, do
South African courts have the same powers as the ICC has to disregard immunities of
foreign States’ officials which, under international customary law, attach to their
functions or status? Secondly, are South African courts entitled, as the ICC is, to
disregard amnesties granted by foreign States, either in the process of national
reconciliation or as means to shield the criminals from prosecution by the ICC? Finally,
are South African courts entitled, as the ICC is, to retry a case which has already been
tried in a foreign country but with the aim of shielding the accused from criminal
responsibility or where, for example, the sentence imposed was too lenient in
comparison with the gravity of the crime?PhD (Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014
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Visser, Jacobus Hendrik. "The relationship between the proposed International Criminal Law Section of the African Court and the International Criminal Court / Jacobus Hendrik Visser." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/15799.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation presents an analytical literature study regarding the relationship between the International Criminal Court and the proposed International Criminal Law Section of the African Court. The realisation of the International Criminal Law Section of the African Court will place itself and the International Criminal Court within the same jurisdictional sphere with regard to the adjudication of international customary law crimes with respect to its African member states. It is noteworthy to point out that this complexity is fraught with political turmoil regarding Africa, the International Criminal Court and the United Nations Security Council. This complex issue has been acutely recognised by numerous academics and law experts. Neither the Rome Statute nor the Protocol makes any reference towards each other, leaving its respective African member states with the daunting and ambiguous task of navigating through this complexity in isolation. This dissertation aims to investigate, analyse and ultimately offer a plausible solution to this immediate concern. In order to accomplish the aforementioned, this study will firstly investigate and evaluate both constitutional treaties of both international courts, respectively. The issue pertaining to the endowment of immunity will also be separately evaluated, considering the conflicting approaches followed by both judicial institutions. Ultimately, all previous sections will be analysed in order to recommend amendments to the Protocol to align itself with international law and settled international practice. A complementarity scheme will be introduced on the basis of the progressive interpretation of positive complementarity to harmonise both courts within the same jurisdictional sphere. Lastly, this dissertation will be concluded by remarks recapitalising the main findings.LLM, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
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Kvaček, Jiří. "Jurisdikční imunita států." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-361832.
Full textAbstract:
Title: Jurisdictional Immunity of States Abstract The major purpose of this diploma thesis is to clarify the situation of jurisdictional immunity and immunity from enforcement measures of states. This thesis is composed of two main parts. In the first part the institute of jurisdictional immunity of states is explained. The first part is divided into several chapters which are dedicated to the specific aspects of jurisdictional immunity. The first chapter deals with the theoretical terms which are closely related the topic such as sovereignty of state and jurisdiction. It was also necessary to explain the difference between the state acts iure imperii and iure gestionis. The following chapter is dedicated to the explanation of the historical evolution of this institute documented by the most significant decisions of national courts which have strongly influenced forming of the state immunities. The legal sources are described in the following chapter, a special attention is paid to the international treaties, national legal acts and also to the situation in the Czech Republic. The last chapter of the first part deals with the exceptions from jurisdictional immunity. The second part of the thesis is focused on the topic of state immunity from enforcement measures. This institute is a secondary immunity of...
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Maphosa, Emmanuel. "The application of the principle of complementarity by the International Criminal Court prosecutor in the case of Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27364.
Full textAbstract:
The principle of complementarity is a tool used to punish the commission of core international crimes. A concerted approach is required to combat war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity and aggression. The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court needs to fully appreciate the express and implied discretionary powers of states to ensure all possible accountability mechanisms are explored. Failure by the Prosecutor to do so results in missed opportunities to capitalise on various options related to the proper application of complementarity. Therefore, there is a need for consultations to establish that the International Criminal Court and prosecutions can no longer exist without competing alternatives preferred by states. The current misunderstandings on the application of complementarity are rooted in unresolved state and prosecutorial discretions. The endangering of state discretion threatens the integrity and credibility of the International Criminal Court. The unaddressed question of state discretion is also at the centre of disputes between the African Union and the International Criminal Court. Grey areas in the application of complementarity are clearly visible through the inconsistency and diversity of the International Criminal Court decisions and frequent prosecutorial policy proclamations. As a result, prosecutorial discretion needs to be checked. Prosecutorial discretion is checked at the United Nations, International Criminal Court and state levels. The checks at regional level and by non-prosecutorial options need to be explored. The call is for the International Criminal Court not to neglect the legal-political environment which the Court operates in. The environment is essential in demarcating the exercise of discretions. The Kenyatta case is illustrative of the need to invent an interpretation that reflects the evolving theory to practice reality. The development or amendment of a prosecutorial policy is desirable to give guidance on the value, circumstances and priority accorded to justice. The policy should be comprehensive enough to accommodate mechanisms which advocate for strengthened state discretion. For instance, African Union instruments and treaties reveal that the respect of state discretion is one of the core principles of the African Union system.Public, Constitutional, and International Law
LL.D.
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Kristková, Veronika. "Postavení obětí porušování lidských práv v mezinárodním právu se zaměřením na oběti vážných porušení lidských práv a mezinárodního humanitárního práva." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-326736.
Full textAbstract:
Ph.D. Thesis ABSTRACT Mgr. Veronika Kristková, LL.M., 2013 Position of victims of human rights violations in international law with focus on victims of serious violations of human rights and international humantiarian law This work focuses within the broad theme of " Position of the victims of the human rights violations in international law" on victims of serious human rights violations and serious violations of international humanitarian law (hereinafter only serious violations). The author decided to focus on the victims of serious violations because the research revealed that while the rights of victims of human rights violations are in general relatively settled in theory as well in practice of international law, the rights of the victims of serious violations is an area, which raises several doctrinal questions, encountered rapid development in recent years and continues to develop. Analysis of the rights of the victims of serious violations necessary must be based on the rights of the victims of human rights violations in general, which serves as a baseline for the analysis of the rights of the victims of serious violations. Only in comparison with the general rights of the victims of human rights violations the specificities of the rights of the victims of serious violations stand up. First the work...