Dissertations / Theses: 'Immunoassay'

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Mpoko, C. N. "Immunoassay of thyroxine." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356454.

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Bashirians, George Mamberi. "Metalloporphyrin : catalysed chemiluminescence immunoassay." Thesis, City University London, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358939.

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Käppel, Nina Dominique. "Immunoassay-Optimierung für verschiedene Probenmatrices." Berlin Rhombos, 2007. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3064298&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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Morgan, L. A. F. "Respiratory syncytial virus antigen immunoassay." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384012.

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Blincko, Stuart. "Novel luminescent compounds for immunoassay." Thesis, City University London, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.255249.

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French, Martin Thomas. "Fluorescence immunoassay for cyclosporin A." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1991. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/33279.

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Monodansylcadavarine (MDC) was used to synthesise a fluorescent derivative of cyclosporin A and the product of the reaction was isolated by preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) and purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The fluorescent derivative was shown to bind with a polyclonal antibody to cyclosporin A by submitting the derivative for analysis by cyclosporin radioimmunoassay (RIA). However this derivative did not bind with a monoclonal antibody used in a RIA specific for the parent compound. To achieve this fluorescent derivatives were synthesised using cyclosporin-C-hemisuccinate as the staring material with MDC, 4-bromomethyl-7-methoxycoumarin (BMMC), 4-bromomethyl-6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (BMDC) and tetramethyl rhodaminecadavarine (TRC) as the labels. All derivatives were isolated and purified by TLC and HPLC and shown to have antibody binding in the parent compound specific RIA. The fluorescent properties of the derivatives were investigated and the most promising, BMMC and TRC used in the immunoassay development.

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Wilmott, N. J. "Metals as labels in immunoassay." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1985. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/25143.

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The basic principles of immunoassay were first reported by Berson and Yalow (1959) and since then it has become an extremely powerful technique in the determination of a broad spectrum of compounds. The power of the technique lying chiefly in the areas of specificity and versatility. The principles of immunoassay are basically straightforward. If the substance of analytical interest is foreign to an animal, typically a rabbit, sheep or goat, injection of that substance into the animal will cause the production of a glycoprotein, known as an antibody (Ab). The antibody produced will have a specificity for the substance that initiated its production, the antigen (Ag). Antigens are generally naturally occur~ng macromolecules, e.g., proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, etc. Smaller molecules, e.g., drugs, hormones, peptides, etc., do not themselves initiate antibody production, but when coupled to a macromolecular carrier, e.g., a protein or a synthetic polypeptide, antibody production may be initiated. The resultant antibodies will react with the carrier linked molecule and also the small molecule alone. A small molecule of this type is known as a hapten.

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Käppel, Nina. "Immunoassay-Optimierung für verschiedene Probenmatrices /." Berlin : Rhombos, 2008. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3064298&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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Gray, Louise Elizabeth. "A novel electrochemical lateral flow immunoassay." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501682.

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Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) can trigger systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in patients. Pro-inflammatory cytokines lL-6 and IL-8 are reported as particular markers in blood of the inflammatory •espouse to CPB. It would be useful to measure the inflammatory response in the surgical theatre in real/near real time to improve the effectiveness and timings for interventions which may counteract any undesirable inflammatory response. Currently, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) and similar systems are used in the central laboratory to measure inflammatory markers however they do not provide results within the appropriate timescale for rapid intervention. Consequently other approaches to assay provision at point of care must be considered. This thesis is concerned with the design, fabrication and characterisation of a prototype, electrochemical, lateral flow system opening a new approach to rapid, point of care (POC), quantitative monitoring of inflammatory markers.

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THOMAS, JENNIFER HODGES. "APPLICATIONS OF MICROBEAD-BASED ELECTROCHEMICAL IMMUNOASSAY." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1069337644.

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Sellrie, Frank. "Immuntechnologische Verfahren zum Aufbau homogener Immunoassays sowie zur Selektion Antikörper produzierender Zellen." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1598/.

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Homogene Immunoassays sind immunologische Testverfahren, bei deren Durchführung vollständig auf Separations- und Waschschritte verzichtet werden kann. Der Substrate Channeling Immunoassay beruht auf der Weitergabe eines Substrates in einem immunologischen Komplex aus zwei Enzymen. Das Produkt des ersten Enzyms dient dem zweiten Enzym als Substrat zur Generierung eines photometrisch nachweisbaren Produktes. Voraussetzung für diese Weitergabe ist die enge räumliche Nähe beider Enzyme. Diese Nähe wird durch eine Bindung zwischen Analyt und anti-Analyt Antikörper vermittelt. Ein solcher Substrate Channeling Immunoassay wurde unter Verwendung der Enzyme Glucoseoxidase und Peroxidase aufgebaut. Das so etablierte System war funktionstüchtig, jedoch blieb seine Sensitivität hinter der normaler, heterogener Immunoassays zurück. Die Grundlage eines Fluorescence Quenching Immunoassays ist der gegenseitige Ausschluß zweier Antikörper bei der Bindung eines Dihapten-Konjugates. Das Konjugat besteht dabei aus dem Analyten und einem Fluorophor. Die beiden um die Konjugatbindung konkurrierenden Antikörper sind ein anti-Analyt Antikörper und ein anti-Fluorophor Antikörper, der zudem über die Eigenschaft verfügt, bei Bindung des Fluorophors dessen Fluoreszenz zu löschen. Externe Gaben des freien Analyten verschieben das eingestellte Gleichgewicht in Richtung Fluorophor-Bindung und damit Fluoreszenz-Löschung. Die Änderung der Fluoreszenz ist direkt an die Konzentration des freien Analyten gekoppelt und dient zu deren Bestimmung. Ein solcher Fluorescence Quenching Immunoassays wurde für die Konzentrationsbestimmung des Herbizides Diuron etabliert. Die erreichten Sensitivitäten erlauben die praktische, immundiagnostische Anwendung des Systems. Ein Dihapten-Konjugat wurde ebenfalls zum Aufbau eines Verfahrens zur Selektion Antikörper produzierender Zellen eingesetzt. Die Selektion der Antikörper produzierenden Zellen erfolgt unter Verwendung eines Toxinkonjugates. Dieses Konjugat besteht aus einem Liganden und einem Toxin. Die Antikörperbindung des Liganden behindert sterisch die Wechselwirkung der Toxinkomponente im Konjugat mit deren Zielstruktur in oder auf der Zelle. Nur Zellen die einen geeigneten Antikörper sezernieren, überleben die Selektion und reichern sich in der Kultur an. Das Selektionsverfahren wurde erfolgreich für die Selektion von E.coli Zellen eingesetzt, die einen rekombinanten, Fluorescein bindenden Antikörper produzierten. Das hierfür synthetisierte Toxinkonjugat bestand aus Fluorescein (Ligand) und Ampicillin (Toxinkomponente). Eine Ablösung der bisher für diese Aufgabe gebräuchlichen, außerordentlich kostenintensiven, Screening Methoden wird damit möglich.
Homogeneous immunoassays are test systems which do not depend on separation steps. The substrate channeling immunoassay is based on the product/substrate transfer in an immunological complex built up by two enzymes. The product of the first enzyme functions as substrate for the second enzyme. The second enzyme generates a photometrically detectable product. The close proximity of these two enzymes is the basis of the substrate channeling. This proximity is created by antibody binding to the corresponding analyte. The enzymes glucose oxidase and peroxidase were used for the development of such an assay system. The established homogeneous immunoassay was functional. But the sensitivity of the assay was much lower than that of conventional heterogeneous immunoassays. The principle of a fluorescence quenching immunoassay is based on the fact that two antibodies exclude each other from binding to a dihapten conjugate. The conjugate consists of the analyte and the fluorophore. The two antibodies which compete for the conjugate binding are an anti-analyte antibody and an anti-fluorophore antibody. This anti-fluorophore antibody quenches the fluorescence of the fluorophore after binding. The addition of free analyte alters the equilibrium of the system so that the anti-fluorophore antibody is bound to the fluorophore and the fluorescence is quenched. The change in fluorescence is therefore an indicator of the concentration of free analyte added. A homogeneous fluorescence quenching immunoassay was established for the determination of the herbicide diuron. The sensitivities obtained allow the practical immunodiagnostic application of the system. A dihapten conjugate was also employed for the development of a selection method for antibody-producing cells. Toxin conjugates were used in this system. Each conjugate consisted of a ligand and a toxin. Antibody binding to the ligand sterically inhibits the toxin component to interact with its target structure. Only cells secreting a binding antibody will survive the selection and will accumulate in culture. The system was applied to the selection of E.coli cells producing a recombinant fluorescein-binding antibody. The toxin conjugate used in experiment consisted of fluorescein (ligand) and ampicillin (toxin component). This selection procedure allowed the isolation of recombinant antibody-producing E.coli cells. It has the potential to replace the time-consuming and labour-intensive methods used so far.

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Klewitz, Timo M. "Entwicklung eines quantitativen Lateral-Flow-Immunoassays zum Nachweis von Analyten in geringsten Konzentrationen." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=974970360.

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Kourieh, Jacqueline. "Optical immunoassays for pregnancy." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709004.

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Orchard, Robert Graham. "A flow-through enzyme-linked immunoassay for progesterone." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2277.

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Bovine reproductive performance is one of the most important factors influencing dairy farm profitability. Present-day techniques for oestrus- and pregnancy-detection are unreliable and labour-intensive. Although measuring milk-progesterone at regular intervals allows the fertility status of a cow to be determined reliably, the labour cost of collecting and analysing samples is prohibitive. This project aimed to develop a progesterone sensing system that could be automated and integrated with the milking unit, thus minimising labour costs. The proposed system involved mixing the milk sample with an enzyme-antibody conjugate and then passing the sample through a column containing immobilised progesterone. Any progesterone in the milk would inhibit conjugate binding to the column. An enzyme substrate would then flow through the column and bound conjugate would be detected as a colour change at the column's outlet. Periodate-coupling was used to attach horseradish peroxidase enzyme to anti-progesterone antibody, and progesterone-3-carboxymethyloxime was immobilised on the polystyrene bead surface using amine-coupling. Both techniques are widely used. Initial experiments attempted to verify the success of these two reactions simultaneously, whereas later experiments focused on the bead-coating. Beads were suspended in a specially-constructed syringe and the antibody activity of the eluted solution was measured by SPR. However, a combination of non-specific binding and antibody stability and activity issues meant neither reaction was conclusively verified. Many trials were done to investigate how to overcome the problems encountered but a suitable, workable procedure was not developed. Despite poor progress, the problems encountered did not undermine the project's potential. There remains optimism of developing an on-line method if research were to continue.

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Mustan, M. Nabisar. "The development of an integral competitive amperometric immunoassay." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.627494.

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Page, Robin Hunter. "Site specific modification of surfaces for electrochemical immunoassay." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.484816.

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The development of an immunosensor system for the specific measurement of biomarkers will be discussed. Particular focus has been given to specifically immobilise biomolecules for optimum sensing. Formations of immunochemical reactions were reported using impedance spectroscopy with circuit fitting analysis to simulate physical properties at electrode interfaces. Gold and tantalum silicide interdigitated electrodes were used as transducers with an aminosilane polymer layer of controlled thickness as a host matrix for the immobilisation of monoclonal antibodies. Rabbit IgG-anti-rabbit IgG immunochemical reaction was used as a model system with later incorporation of disease marker assays such as S-IOO pp protein, prostate specific antigen and CA125 ovarian cancer. Impedance spectra were recorded in a frequency window from I MHz to 1 Hz. Labeless detection of the imrnunochemical event was carried out in a low conductivity medium by measuring changes in the resistance/capacitance of the polymer layer upon irnmobililisation ofthe antibody and subsequent antigen reaction. A labelled detection scheme based on the use of anti-rabbit IgG-HRP conjugates and amionethyl carbazole enzyme substrate were also performed. The catalytic oxidation of this species generated an insoluble product that deposited on the sensor surface and induced an impedance increase of the system. Results obtained by the different protocols were compared.

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Kirkham, Paul A. "The measurement of a glycated protein by immunoassay." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1989. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/847606/.

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The measurement of glycated proteins, in particular, glycated albumin using specific antibodies offers the much-needed possibility of a (semi) automated method for the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetic control. Glycated proteins would appear to be poor immunogens as is evident by the lack of antibodies successfully raised against them when compared against the number of antibodies recognising reduced-glycated proteins. This study has successfully overcome this problem by synthesing several different glycated compounds as haptens and then using them in conjunction with a carrier protein to raise antisera in sheep. The binding of one of these antisera, with a titre 1:100000 showed considerable displacement when incubated with diabetic plasma at various dilutions. Western blot analysis on human plasma confirmed that the antiserum specifically recognised a continuous epitope on glycated human serum albumin. Affinity purified antibodies were used to develop both an indirect competitive ELISA and later a direct non-competitive ELISA for glycated serum albumin which does not require prior reduction of the glycated protein to the glucitol form. These assays have a dynamic range at 0 to 100 mug/ml and 0 to 50mug/ml of glycated human serum albumin respectively. The competitive ELISA exhibited < 0.15% cross reactivity with both sodium borohydride and sodium periodate treated human serum albumin. Further work was needed to be undertaken to develop a rugged ELISA that could discriminate between diabetics and normals by routinely measuring glycated human serum albumin levels.

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Unterrainer, Angelica [Verfasser]. "Vergleich der Immunoassay-Sensitivität bei Immunthyreopathie / Angelica Unterrainer." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1214325653/34.

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Nilsson, Mats. "Flow injection ELISA a system for immunochemical on-line quantitation of proteins in biotechnological samples /." Lund : Dept. of Biotechnology, Lund University, 1994. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/39116828.html.

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Lei, Zhiqiang, and 雷志强. "Low-frequency noise study of magnetic tunnel junctions and their applications on biomarker immunoassay." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193413.

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The noise performances of Al2O3-based magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) in the low-frequency regime were systematically studied. Conetic alloy Ni77Fe14Cu5Mo4 was deposited as both the MTJ pinned layer and free layer due to its superb magnetically soft properties. The Al2O3-MTJ sensors with Conetic alloy exhibited a linear field response with a relatively small easy-axis coercivity of 3 Oe. A tunneling magneto-resistance (TMR)of 9.5% and Hooge parameter of 3.82 × 〖10〗^(-7)μm^2 were achieved without any hard-axis bias field. The hysteresis was removed by applying an external magnetic field of 8 Oe along the hard axis and the sensor sensitivity was 0.4%/Oe within a linear region at room temperature. The relation between the Hooge parameter and hard-axis field was investigated and the result illustrated that the 1/f noise could be suppressed by an optimized hard-axis bias field. Additionally, a rotating magnetic field was employed to investigate the angular dependence of the MTJ low-frequency noise. Measurement results indicated that the Hooge parameter was angular-dependent and exhibited a linear relation with respect to the angular magneto-resistive susceptibility. Also, it could be inferred that the Hooge parameter possessed a higher value when the Conetic MTJs were in the region of antiparallel state. These studies showed that it was feasible to use Conetic alloy as the soft magnetic layer in MTJ sensor for its small coercivity, and a hard-axis bias field could be used to linearize the sensor response and suppress the 1/f noise induced by the magnetic fluctuation in the MTJ ferromagnetic layers. Besides the study of low-frequency noise in MTJs, the feasibility of biomarker immunoassay with MTJ sensors is investigated. Initially, with the assistance of Al2O3-MTJ sensors with Conetic alloy, 20-nm iron-oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with three different concentrations were successfully detected by the shift of the TMR curve. The maximum resistance deviation was 0.16 Ω for an MNP concentration of 20.0 mg/mL. Based on this study, the detection of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) labeled with 20-nm iron-oxide MNPs together with MTJ sensors by a sandwich-assay configuration was further investigated. AFP is a vital hepatic tumor biomarker and the detection of AFP has significant applications for clinical diagnostics and immunoassay for early-stage liver cancer indication. To further increase the sensitivity, MgO-MTJ sensors with a TMR of 122% and sensitivity of 0.95%/Oe were employed. The target AFP antigens of three concentrations were detected, and experimental data indicated that the resistance variation of the MTJ sensor increased with the AFP concentration ratio proportionally, which was consistent with previous studies. These results conclusively demonstrate that MTJ sensors together with MNPs are a promising bio-sensing platform for biomarker immunoassay.
published_or_final_version
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

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Lawton, Nicola Jane. "Development of a rapid immunoassay for human pathogenic markers." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/1382.

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A demand exists for a fast, sensitive, reliable and economical test for pyogenic sepsis that provides a “real time” bed-side assessment. Detection of significant intra-abdominal sepsis can be particularly problematic in the ICU setting and in patients with multi-system organ failure. Lysozyme, first reported by Fleming (1922), is a bacteriolytic enzyme released during phagocytosis. Previous studies have shown significant correlation between lysozyme levels and the presence of intra-abdominal abscess in both animals and humans. A method which determines and quantifies lysozyme as part of an assessment of an acutely ill patient in whom major sepsis is suspected; would significantly aid diagnosis and prescription of the most effective form of treatment. To date measurement of lysozyme has been by turbidometry, with consequent poor sensitivity and reliability. Other methods of assay include fluorescence, radial immunodiffussion and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This study reports a modified ELISA technique which provides a cheap, sensitive and reliable method of lysozyme determination, producing results in <100 minutes. The ELISA has been tested with ~200 clinical samples provided by the patients at the Great Western Hospital, Swindon. Two ELIFA techniques were also developed for lysozyme and E.coli detection. These techniques also provide a cheap and rapid alternative to the more traditional immunoassays. Results from the ELIFA and mini-ELIFA were obtained qualitatively after only 10 minutes. An SPR detection technique was also devised. The BIAcore 3000 was used to create a biosensor for serum lysozyme using an artificial receptor in the form of an aptamer. This system was tested with clinical serum samples, is reusable and took <80 minutes to immobilise a ligand on a blank sensor and analyse a serum sample for lysozyme. Although further research and development is required on the mini-ELIFA and lysozyme biosensor, the ELISA detection system may prove a useful tool in the diagnosis of sepsis in critically ill patients.

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Kwarta, Karen Marie. "Immunoassay performance recognition elements, equilibrium and mass transfer considerations /." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.

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Brandigampala, Savindra Madhavi. "Label-free electrical immunoassay biosensors for early disease diagnosis." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/5378.

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This thesis focused on developing an inexpensive and user friendly “point- of- care” (POC) device for early disease diagnosis. Proteomics research has elucidated many new proteins as biomarkers that have the potential to greatly improve disease diagnosis. A combination of several biomarkers has been determined to provide the information necessary for robust diagnosis of a disease in any person within a population. This technology was employed in a clinical application to identify two disease states: (i) vulnerable coronary plaque rupture, which is the cause of acute coronary syndromes stroke; and (ii) neurodegenerative diseases, which are some of the leading causes of death and debilitation worldwide. In this thesis, nanomaterials were utilized to generate high surface-area-to-volume structures in developing a biosensor platform for early disease diagnosis. These devices are known as nanomonitors. The protein-specific capacitance measurement method was employed as the basis for protein biomarker detection in a preoperative state. Troponin T and alpha-synuclein were employed as the target protein biomarkers because they have been identified to be clinically relevant in identifying vulnerable coronary vascular plaque rupture and neurodegenerative disease states, respectively. The primary purpose of this thesis was to measure performance parameters such as limit of detection, specificity, dynamic range, and detection speed of nanomonitor devices for protein biomarker-based disease detection with accuracy greater than 95 percent.
Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

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Li, Dongfang. "Development of immunoassay screening methods using long wavelength fluorescence." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2004. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12905.

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The developments of immunoassay methods for the early stage diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) are described. These went through two different routes, one through flow injection analysis (FIA), and the other using immunochromatography methodology. The design of a simple longwavelength fluorescence detector to serve the above purposes has also been described. The FIA immunoassay methods involve immobilising antibodies on to beads, either directly or through protein A based solid phases. The beads are then packed into a micro-column reactor for incorporation into the FIA system. In this case reactor-bound molecules are eluted from the system by a change of pH, thus limiting the available fluorophores to those that are reasonably fluorescent in acid solution. Sandwich (reagent excess) assays have been investigated. A couple of long wavelength (600-800) fluorophores have been studied. The bead injection option has also been investigated. The immunochromatographic method uses a lateral flow system and a sandwich (two-site) immunometric assay. Capture antibodies are immobilised on a coated membrane matrix at a pre-determined position and the antigen is analysed after binding to a fluorescence-labelled antibody. Both fluorescent latex preparations and conventional fluorescent labels have been used and compared. The strips are simply immersed in a small volume of sample to start the analysis. The chromatographic step is rapid and extremely simple. The fluorescence detector is fitted with a motor-driven sample holder to allow the length of the immunochromatographic strip to be scanned. The detector utilises a diode laser light source, optical filters in the emission beam and a miniaturised photomultiplier. It can be easily modified for the FIA, and can readily be adapted to operate from batteries, so is suitable for field use.

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McNair, James. "Application of immunoassay to the bovine acute phase response." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337110.

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Khubieh, J. "Immunoassay of 4-Hydroxyandrostenedione, a new anti-cancer agent." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234454.

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Henderson, Fiona Ann. "The application of polybipyridine ruthenium complexes to immunoassay techniques." Thesis, City University London, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332543.

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Cook, Adrian Gerald. "Bispecific monoclonal antibodies : their potential advantages in immunoassay systems." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295751.

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Karunanithy, Robinson. "MICROPARTICLE IMMUNOASSAY METHODS FOR EARLY DETECTION OF OVARIAN CANCER." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2666.

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Epithelial ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. However, the mortality rate is relatively high, due to in part to the cancer being in an advance stage at diagnosis, since it is often asymptomatic at the early-stage with a ~94% of five-year survival rate if it is diagnosed at a localized stage (stage 1). Early detection of cancer would likely improve the survival rate. Scientists are searching for novel promising methods to detect ovarian cancer at an asymptomatic early stage; also, the method is cheap and user-friendly despite there are various techniques for ovarian cancer detection. Cancer antigen 125 (CA125), a type of serum biomarker that elevates ~50% of women with early-stage and ~80% of women with advanced-stage, is used mostly for screening epithelial ovarian cancer. However, the lack of sensitivity and specificity are known to be the main drawback of CA125. Finding new potential biomarkers that diagnose cancer at a localized stage will significantly reduce the mortality rate. Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is such a biomarker that has a higher sensitivity and specificity compared to all other known biomarkers, and recently it has been approved by food and drug administration (FDA) for clinical applications.In this project, we developed sandwich-type micro particles immunoassay for sensitive detection of HE4 biomarker in plasma. Here, we cross-link elemental particles to a specific functional group of the targeted biomolecules based on a covalent and non-covalent linking chemistry to improve the sensitivity and the selectivity of biomarker detection in which Fe3O4 and SiO2 microparticles were used to conjugate and purify the antibody-antigen in a media. The purified assay with the microparticles was analyzed with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for detection and quantization analysis of the HE4 biomarker. Furthermore, along with LIBS, Raman, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and UV- Vis spectroscopic techniques were utilized to understand the conjugation dynamic and confirm the conjugation process.

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Lam, Suk-fun. "Serological response in SARS patients /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3149450X.

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Ghalib, Sara, Daniel Holmberg, Mattias Lundén, Karin Rudström, and Jana Zachrisson. "Nya lysande detektionstekniker : Undersökning hur Gyros känsliga instrument kan bli ännu känsligare." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-155988.

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Immunoassayer är en väldigt vanlig metod för koncentrationsbestämning av biomolekyler. Denna metod nyttjar antikroppars affinitet för vissa analyter. I detta projekt har det undersökts om Gyros AB:s detektionsinstrument kan göras känsligare. Flera förslag har tagits fram genom efterforskning i artiklar och intervjuer med personer insatta inom området. De metoder som projektgruppen valt att presentera för företaget är enzymbaserad immunoassay med fluorescerande substrat samt multipel inmärkning av antikroppar, vilket vi tror kommer bidra till att försärka den fluorescerande signalen. Immobilisering av antikroppar med hjälp av traptavidin är ytterligare ett framtaget förbättringsförslag som syftar till att bidra med starkare och förlängd immobilisering av antikroppar till den fasta fasen i immunoassay. Flertalet andra metoder har undersökts såsom detektion med hjälp av radioaktivitet och kemiluminiscens. Inga fortsatta studier gjordes på grund av svårigheter att anpassa metoderna till de nuvarande instrumenten. Vi tror att de förslag på metodförbättringar som vi föreslår kan förbättra känsligheten på Gyros mätningar om de implementeras på den nuvarande plattformen.

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Lönnberg, Maria. "Membrane-assisted isoform immunoassay : separation and determination of protein isoforms /." Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2002. http://publications.uu.se/theses/91-554-5250-7/.

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Hintemann, Therese. "Entwicklung, Optimierung, Validierung und Automatisierung eines Immunoassays zur sensitiven Detektion des endokrinen Disruptors 17[beta]-Östradiol [17-Beta-Östradiol] im Wasserkreislauf /." Bonn : Inst. für Nutzpflanzenwiss. und Ressourcenschutz, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016669810&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Schaupt, Isabel. "Entwicklung von immunanalytischen Methoden (ELISA und Immunaffinitätsanreicherung) für die Bestimmung von Microcystinen auf der Basis von monoklonalen Antikörpern." München Hieronymus, 2007. http://d-nb.info/989523322/04.

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Hu, Si Jung. "Development and application of a compact long wavelength fluorescence detection system." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2000. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12300.

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Long wavelength (>600nm) fluorescence has many advantages in analysis, including the presenting possibility of building compact, robust, yet sensitive instrumentation, where measurements can be made with minimal autofluorescence and scattered light from biological samples. With the requirement for high sensitivity in immunoassays, e.g., for environmental monitoring, clinical analysis and therapeutic drug monitoring, a novel, compact, fluorescence detection system (NFDS) was successfully constructed using several pulsed diode lasers as excitation sources, and a photodiode as optoelectronic sensor. It has the following characteristics: 1. Excitation source range: 600 nm- 900 run, and emission wavelength range: 650 run -1000 run. 2. Utilisation of various cut-off filters to eliminate undesirable background radiation and to define the fluorescence wavelength band. 3. Emission beam detection by means of an efficient, high speed and large area silicon photodiode. 4. An adjustable laser pulse frequency and linear optoelectronic amplification. 5. Digital display, output for a digital multimeter or a chart recorder, and analogue to digital converter (ADC) for connecting to a PC with a suitable data handling package. A 635 run-laser diode with the output power of 2 m Wand a 650 nm cut-off filter were used to test the detection limit of the naphthofluorescein fluorescence dye (NF) in 0.50 M Tris buffer (PH 8.8), containing 2.5% (w/v) 3-[(3-cholamidopropy)dimethylammonio ]-l-propanesulfonate (CHAPS). A 645 nm laser diode with the output power of 2m Wand a 665 nm cut-off filter were used to test the detection limit of Cy5 monofunctional dye (Cy5) in 0.50 M Tris buffer (pH8.8). A 670 nm laser diode with the output power of 2mW and a 690 nm cut-off filter were used to test the detection limit of Cy5.5 bisfuncational dye (Cy5.5) in 0.50 M Tris buffer (PH 8.8). A comparative test was carried out to assess the detection limit of Cy5 in 0.50 M Tris buffer (PH 8.8), using the NFDS with the RACALL-DANA 4009 digital multimeter and the Hitachi F-4500 commercial research grade fluorescence spectrometer. A flow injection immunoassay was developed using the a-Interferon as the analyte and Cy5 as the label. A calibration curve was obtained using the NFDS with the FlowTEK data capture software. The potential of this novel fluorescence detector has been demonstrated through hardware experimentation and practical investigation of detection limits and a flow injection immunoassay (FIlA). Its application could be extended by the use of superluminescent light emitting diodes (SLEDs) at shorter wavelengths (450 nm - 600 nm); a microprocessor based electronic system, and the LabVIEW 5.0 software for data capture.

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歐建平 and Jianping Ou. "An investigation on capillary electrophoresis-based immunoassay with laser induced fluorescence detection." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31221555.

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Eddeb, Fadel. "Stabilisation and activation of horseradish peroxidase." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294853.

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Hooper, Claire Elizabeth. "Ultra-sensitive quantitative imaging of luminescent immunoassays and cellular assays using image intensifier and CCD detectors." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308784.

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Richardson, Julie. "The use of coated paramagnetic particles as a physical label in ligand binding assays." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323620.

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Boone, James Hunter M. S. "Evaluation of a Monoclonal-based EIA for the Detection of Giardia lamblia and the Identification of the Antigen." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36676.

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I. A number of commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) tests are available for the diagnosis of giardiasis. In a time of rising health-care costs, there is a need for diagnostic tests that are rapid, specific, sensitive and inexpensive. In the first phase of this study, I developed a monoclonal-based EIA, the GIARDIA TEST, with these qualities in mind. This assay's performance characteristics were determined by a comparison study using conventional ova and parasite examination, immunofluorescence antibody test (IFA) and other commercial EIA tests. Studies were done in-house at TechLab, Inc. and at various U.S. medical facilities. Results were statistically analyzed to determine sensitivity (ability of the assay to detect a positive result), specificity (amount of crossreactivity), predictive positive value (the confidence in a positive result), predictive negative value (the confidence in a negative result) and overall correlation with the reference assay.

II. There remain many questions to be answered about the various antigens produced by Giardia lamblia and how they can be utilized as diagnostic markers. In the second phase of this study, I identified and partially characterized the antigen (Ct7 Ag) that reacts with the Ct7 monoclonal antibody (MAb). This MAb is an IgM class mouse immunoglobin that is utilized by the GIARDIA TEST and by an immunofluorence antibody test (IFA) which detects Giardia cysts in water and feces. The results of this study will provide physicians and researchers with detailed information about the Ct7 Ag and why it is a useful marker for giardiasis.
Master of Science

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Ou, Jianping. "An investigation on capillary electrophoresis-based immunoassay with laser induced fluorescence detection /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20720944.

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Ripoll, Pastor Greta 1989. "Chimeric synthetic peptides as diagnostic tools : a novel IgM-specific immunoassay for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis : Driving innovation towards next-generation IgM immunoassays." Doctoral thesis, TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671697.

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Serologic tests detecting anti- T. gondii IgM are the gold standard for the diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis. Nevertheless, most commercial kits are based on lysate antigens obtained from tachyzoites grown in mice or tissue culture which present inherent limitations in terms of performance, providing erroneous results to the physicians thus hindering patient management and requiring stringent regulation. In this context, peptide-based antigens have emerged as an attractive alternative to overcome several of such issues. In this thesis we focused on designing and synthetizing a novel T. gondii IgM-specific chimeric peptide that was used to develop a chemiluminescent immunoassay for the detection of anti-T. gondii IgMs. Additionally, we aimed to assess mouse monoclonal humanized chimeric antibodies as an alternative source to the human positive plasma-derived samples that are currently used to produce reference materials, such as calibrators and controls. Along with its specific results, this thesis provides a set of innovative technologies to discover IgM-specific sequences translating them into robust antigens, to optimize immunoassay formulations, and to replace the current supply-chain of reference materials.
Les proves serològiques que detecten IgMs contra T. gondii són referents en el diagnòstic de la toxoplasmosi aguda. No obstant, la majoria de kits comercials es basen en lisats antigènics obtinguts de taquizoïts cultivats en ratolins o cultius tissulars, els quals presenten limitacions inherents en termes de rendiment, proporcionant resultats erronis als metges, dificultant per tant el maneig dels pacients i exigint una rigorosa regulació. En aquest context, els antígens basats en pèptids resulten una alternativa atractiva per a superar alguns d’aquests problemes. En aquesta tesi ens hem centrat en el disseny i síntesi d’un nou pèptid quimèric específic per la detecció de IgM contra T. gondii, que hem utilitzat per a desenvolupar un immunoassaig quimioluminescent per a la detecció d’IgMs contra T. gondii. A més, la tesi ha tingut com a objectiu avaluar una font alternativa a les mostres positives derivades del plasma humà que actualment s’utilitzen per produir materials de referència com són els calibradors i controls. Més enllà dels resultats, aquesta tesi proporciona un compendi de tecnologies innovadores per descobrir seqüències IgM específiques, traduint-les en antígens fiables, optimitzar la formulació dels immunoassaigs, substituir l’actual cadena de subministrament de materials de referència.

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Huang, Wenhu. "Extracellular glutathione peroxidase purification, immunoassay, nutritional regulation and clinical aspects /." Lund : Lund University Dept. of Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, 1996. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/38100668.html.

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Lönnberg, Maria. "Membrane-Assisted Isoform ImmunoAssay : Separation and determination of protein isoforms." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Surface Biotechnology, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-1861.

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Proteins exist in a variety of isoforms with minor differences, mostly due to their glycosylation patterns, which can modulate their biological functions. It seems to be of clinical relevance to measure the isoform-distribution.

Thesis describes a novel technology named Membrane-Assisted Isoform ImmunoAssay (MAIIA). This technique allows rapid (< 15 min.) isoform determination. It is based on a chromatographic separation combined with immunoassay detection. These steps are performed along a thin, disposable micro-porous chip in which capillary forces maintain the flow. By using anion-exchange as a chromatographic principle the technology has been utilized for the determination of transferrin isoforms in ten minutes. In one variant (the one-dimensional), selected isoforms (carbohydrate-deficient transferrin) are quantified. In a more elaborate variant (the two-dimensional) it was possible to determine the entire isoform profile of transferrin. Isoforms differing by only 0.1 pH unit in isoelectric point could be distinguished.

The chromatography along the microporous bed of nitrocellulose showed very good separation performance with plate heights of 10-20 µm and only minor flow rate variations between individual devices.

The quantitative determination of antibody-captured molecules was performed by using antibodies labelled with carbon black particles. Combined with a detection procedure by means of a flatbed scanner, a highly sensitive and specific immunoassay with a detection limit of 0.13 pM was obtained upon using IgE as a model analyte.

This technology can thus be used to rapidly distinguish proteins with minor structure differences and specifically determine protein isoforms in complex environments, e.g., blood, down in the pM (10^-12 M) concentration range.

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Palmer, Derek Adeyemi. "Sensing of theophylline by enzyme immunoassay coupled with electrochemical detection." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1991. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/26872.

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The voltammetry of several substrates and their hydrolysis products for the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.1.) were investigated and theophylline-alkaline phosphatase (TH-AP) conjugates were synthesized in order to develop a flow injection electrochemical enzyme immunoassay (FIEEIA) for the antiasthmatic therapeutic drug theophylline.

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Posthuma-Trumpie, Geertruida Afina. "Toward a dry reagent immunoassay of progesterone in bovine milk." [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 2008. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn.

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El, Fighi Abdul Baset Abdussalam M. "Studies on the immunoassay of human growth hormone in urine." Thesis, University of Salford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244870.

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Jönsson, Jennifer. "Development of immunoassay for C-reactive protein with chronoamperometric detection." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-281264.

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Ramchandra, Desai Suchita. "Development of an immunoassay panel to predict aseptic implant loosening." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-16285.

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During our lifetime, our bones constantly go through remodelling to maintain the skeletal system. This is done by osteoblasts that deposit new bone tissue, osteoclasts that remove the bone matrix and mechanosensing osteocytes. In case of bone implants, increased resorption by osteoclasts due to inflammation (inflammatory osteolysis) leads to aseptic implant loosening. This study focuses on how to detect these inflammatory resorbing cells at an early stage and prevent their activity with appropriate medication. To achieve this, we differentiated classical monocytes into macrophage-like cells, osteoclasts(OCs) and foreign body giant cells (FBGC) and their secretome was studied to identify specific biomarkers. Previously, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) was studied as an important biomarker for OCs and macrophages. An ELISA to separate and quantitate the two TRAP isoforms was used to distinguish the resorbing OCs from inflammatory FBGCs on the basis of the isoform ratio. This assay gave high levels of 5b isoform for osteoclastic stimulation and high 5a levels for the inflammatory stimulation. Also, different aminothiazole inhibitors were tested which were shown to be efficient drugs in inhibiting inflammatory osteolysis by reducing osteoclast formation and resorption in sub-micromolar concentration. Further to apply this study to patient samples, an immunoassay panel can be developed which will help detect TRAP and multiple biomarkers like CTX specific to aseptic loosening simultaneously. This will help in early, efficient and accurate diagnosis of inflammatory osteolytic bone loss and provide us with an accurate diagnosis and sufficient time for appropriate treatment.

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Schob, Stefan, Donald Lobsien, Benjamin Friedrich, Matthias K. Bernhard, Corinna Gebauer, Julia Dieckow, Matthias Gawlitza, et al. "The cerebral surfactant system and its alteration in hydrocephalic conditions." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-213883.

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Introduction: Pulmonary Surfactant reduces surface tension in the terminal airways thus facilitating breathing and contributes to host's innate immunity. Surfactant Proteins (SP) A, B, C and D were recently identified as inherent proteins of the CNS. Aim of the study was to investigate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) SP levels in hydrocephalus patients compared to normal subjects. Patients and methods: CSF SP A-D levels were quantified using commercially available ELISA kits in 126 patients (0±84 years, mean 39 years). 60 patients without CNS pathologies served as a control group. Hydrocephalus patients were separated in aqueductal stenosis (AQS, n = 24), acute hydrocephalus without aqueductal stenosis (acute HC w/o AQS, n = 16) and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH, n = 20). Furthermore, six patients with pseudotumor cerebri were investigated. Results: SP AÐD are present under physiological conditions in human CSF. SP-A is elevated in diseases accompanied by ventricular enlargement (AQS, acute HC w/o AQS) in a significant manner (0.67, 1.21 vs 0.38 ng/ml in control, p<0.001). SP-C is also elevated in hydrocephalic conditions (AQS, acute HC w/o AQS; 0.87, 1.71 vs. 0.48 ng/ml in controls, p<0.001) and in Pseudotumor cerebri (1.26 vs. 0.48 ng/ml in controls, p<0.01). SP-B and SP-D did not show significant alterations. Conclusion: The present study confirms the presence of SPs in human CSF. There are significant changes of SP-A and SP-C levels in diseases affecting brain water circulation and elevation of intracranial pressure. Cause of the alterations, underlying regulatory mechanisms, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic consequences of cerebral SP's requires further thorough investigations.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Immunoassay'

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