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Academic literature on the topic 'Immunologia veterinària'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Immunologia veterinària"
Baratelli, Massimiliano. "Immunological studies on Swine Influenza Virus in pigs: from gene to epitopes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/377429.
Full textSwine Influenza Virus (SwIV) is an important pathogen in veterinary field with a great zoonotic potential and thus it is considered also a potential threat for public health. Surveillance and control of this pathogen in pigs is therefore crucial. Current methods of control are based on prophylaxis; in particular they are based on vaccines eliciting humoral response. Escaping capacity and high variability of SwIV make that the efficacy of those can be compromised; thus vaccines need to be periodically updated. This problem is shared in human health and thus rationally designed vaccines are being developed. Those are being designed to enhance T cell response against Influenza A Virus (IAV). T cell responses showed to be related with protection against IAV infection, targeting the highly conserved internal protein of the virus. This would solve the problems above cited. T cell epitopes of SwIV in pigs are just few and related to class I Swine Leucocytes Antigens (SLA). Reverse vaccinology is used in human health to identify T cells epitope; however, in pigs this has just recently been introduced and thus just few tools were available. The main aim of this work was to identify T cells epitopes in SwIV to be used in rationally designed vaccines. For this purpose, the following studies were performed. Surveillance of SwIV is fundamental to design a proper control. The epidemiological situation of SwIV in Spain needed to be updated and more genetic data were required to allow the use of reverse vaccinology. The study showed that the epidemiological situation of Spain was similar to other European countries in which circulating strains were closed related and evolving in the same way. However, some exceptions were found; one strain evolved divergently in Spain. Genetic shift has been suggested as a recent event in the evolution of those strains. In vitro assays to determinate binding affinities of epitopes to class I SLA (SLA-I) available were few and based on recombinant molecules. Therefore, in a first instance an in vitro tool based on native forms of SLA-I was attempted. MHC reconstitution assay for SLA-I was designed and almost entirely developed. C1R cells expressing the Babraham pigs allele SLA-1*es11 were generated. Finally, the denaturalization step of the assay was set-up. Reverse vaccinology was then applied to identify T cells epitopes. Epitopes of the virus selected as target were predicted in silico by NetMHCpan on Babraham SLA-I alleles (SLA-1*es11 and SLA-2*es22) and tested by ex vivo functional assays (IFNγ and proliferation responses) using cells from immunised Babraham inbred pigs. Unfortunately, this approach did not give any positive epitope. Additionally, T cells epitopes were empirically identified. Proteins M1 and NP of a human IAV were selected as target and thus dissected by using overlapping peptides and functional methods (IFNγ and proliferation responses) until finding T cells epitopes. The tests were performed using cells from IAV immunised Babraham inbred pigs. Two overlapping SLA-II epitope were found, NP405-416 and NP407-420. In another attempt, a more complex strategy of reverse vaccinology was used. This was previously used by other authors and it is based on a combination of methods: in silico prediction of epitopes by NetMHCpan and validation of results by using in vitro binding preferences of the selected SLA-I allele , an in vitro test binding assay and in vivo test by tetramers. Peptides were identified in animals infected and challenged with two heterologous SwIV. This strategy showed to be highly accurate and thus one immunodominant epitope (NA171-180) was identified. Overall, these data pave the way for rational design of vaccine against SwIV as well as providing new insight into pig responses to infection or immunization with IAV.
Solano, Gallego Laia. "Leishmania infantum and dog: immunological and epidemiological studies about infection and disease." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5719.
Full textEl capítol 2 descriu l'expressió d'anticossos anti-Leishmania IgG, IgG1 i IgG2 en una població de gossos. Els nivells d'immunoglobulines en gossos asimptomàtics van ser molt variables i menors que els dels animals malalts. En els animals malalts, els nivells de IgG i IgG2 van ser molt alts però els nivells d' IgG1 molt variables. Els resultats van mostrar la gran variació en l'expressió de IgG1 tant en gossos asimptomàtics com en simptomàtics, així com la baixa correlació de la IgG1 amb la IgG o IgG2.
El capítol 3 descriu l'avaluació i comparació de l'eficàcia de dues preparacions de leishmanines en la detecció de la resposta cel·lular davant de Leishmania en el gos.
El capítol 4 mostra l'estudi de la resposta humoral i cel·lular en una població de gossos. El 77% dels gossos va mostrar una resposta immunitària específica davant de Leishmania, ja fos humoral o cel·lular. El 80% dels cans eivissencs i el 48% dels gossos d'altres races van presentar resposta cel·lular. Els resultats van mostrar que la taxa d'infecció era molt alta, i que els gossos presentaven un ampli ventall de respostes inmunitàries, des de gossos resistents fins a gossos malalts. El ca eivissenc va manifestar més uniformement resposta cel·lular.
El capítol 5 descriu l'estudi de la prevalença de la malaltia, la seroprevalença i la prevalença de la infecció. Es va analitzar el quadre clínic, la serologia i la presència d'ADN de Leishmania en diferents teixits. La prevalença de la malaltia i seroprevalença van ser, respectivament, d'un 13% i d'un 26%. Els resultats de PCR positives en moll d'ós, conjuntiva i pell van ser respectivament, d'un 18%, 32% i 51%. La prevalença de la infecció va ser d'un 67%. La majoria de gossos de zona endèmica ha estat infectat pel paràsit.
El capítol 6 descriu l'estudi de paràmetres immunològics (serologia, test intradèrmic amb leishmanina, assaig de proliferació de limfòcits i detecció d'IFN-g i TNF-a) en l'avaluació de gossos infectats amb Leishmania. La majoria dels animals infectats sense simptomatologia clínica presentava nivells variables d'anticossos, reacció positiva al test intradèrmic, bona resposta proliferativa al antigen de Leishmania i producció d'IFN-g. La resta va mostrar nivells variables d'anticossos però absència de reacció al test intradèrmic. Abans del tractament, els animals malalts presentaven alts nivells d'anticossos, test intradèrmic negatiu, no producció d'IFN-g i producció de TNF-a. La millora clínica es va associar amb la disminució dels anticossos i amb l'augment del diàmetre del test intradèrmic. La combinació de la serologia, el test intradèrmic i la medició de citocines constitueixen tècniques útils i d'alta rellevància clínica en l'avaluació de la resposta inmunitària d'un pacient individual.
The objective of this thesis was to obtain new knowledge about the immunology and epidemiology of Leishmania infection in dogs living in endemic regions in the Mediterranean basin.
Chapter 2 describes the expression of IgG, IgG1 and IgG2 specific antibodies to L. infantum in a wide population of dogs. The levels of immunoglobulins in asymptomatic dogs were highly variable and lower than those found in ill dogs. In ill dogs, the levels of IgG and IgG2 were very high but the levels of IgG1 were extremely variable. Overall results showed a large variation in the IgG1 expression in asymptomatic and symptomatic dogs and a low IgG1 correlation with IgG or IgG2.
Chapter 3 describes the evaluation and comparison of the efficacy of two leishmanins for detection dog Leishmania cellular immune response.
Chapter 4 describes the study of humoral and cellular responses in a population of dogs. Seventy-seven percent of the dogs demonstrated a specific Leishmania response either humoral or cellular. Eighty percent of ibizian hounds and 48% of dogs of other breeds presented a cellular response. The results showed that the rate of infection was high and that dogs presented a broad range of immune responses from resistant to ill dogs. The Ibizian hound manifested a more uniform cellular response.
Chapter 5 describes the study of the prevalence of Leishmania infection, the seroprevalence and the prevalence of canine leishmaniosis. Clinical exploration for the presence of clinical signs compatible with leishmaniosis, the titre of anti-Leishmania antibodies, and the presence of Leishmania DNA by PCR on several tissues were assessed. The prevalence of the disease was 13% and the seroprevalence was 26%. The results of positive PCR in the bone marrow, the conjunctiva and the skin were 18%, 32% and 51%, respectively. The prevalence of the infection was 67%. The results showed that Leishmania infects the majority of dogs living in an endemic area.
Chapter 6 describes the study of immunological parameters (anti-Leishmania IgG1, IgG2, total IgG antibodies, LST, LPA, and production of IFN-g and TNF-a) in the evaluation of dogs infected by Leishmania. The majority of infected animals without clinically patent disease showed variable titres of anti-Leishmania antibodies, a positive LST, a strong Leishmania antigenic proliferative response, and a high production of IFN-g. The remainder showed positive titres of anti-Leishmania antibodies with a negative positive LST. Before treatment, ill dogs presented high levels of anti-Leishmania antibodies, negative LST, no production of IFN-g but a production of TNF-a. Clinical recovery was associated with a decrease in the titre of antibodies and an increase of the diameter of the LST. The combination of serology, LST, and measurement of cytokines constitutes a useful, clinically relevant method to evaluate the immune response to Leishmania in a single patient.
Vergara, Alert Júlia. "Immune response to influenza infection and vaccination." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/98472.
Full textInfluenza A viruses (IAV) are zoonotic pathogens that can replicate in a wide range of hosts, including birds, pigs and humans, among others. Millions of human infections caused by seasonal influenza virus are reported annually. Influenza pandemics have also a significant health and economic repercussions. Although certain subtypes of IAV are better selected in avian species than in humans, there are reports that evidence cases of human infections with avian influenza viruses (AIV). The susceptibility of pigs to infection with influenza viruses of both avian and human origins is also important for public health. The genome of influenza virus is segmented and consists of eight single-stranded negative-sense ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules encoding 11 or 12 proteins. Thus, if a single cell is simultaneously infected by two distinct influenza viruses, a reassortment can occur resulting in the generation of a novel virus strain. Moreover, mutations in the surface glycoproteins (mainly in the hemagglutinin, HA) are the responsible of the high variability of IAV. Influenza vaccines against seasonal epidemics, although have good efficacy do not elicit immune response against a wide variety of IAV. Thus, seasonal vaccines only confer protection against the circulating viral strains. This, together with the risk of potential pandemics, has highlighted the importance of developing a universal vaccine able to elicit heterosubtypic immunity against multiple viral subtypes. In this thesis the immune response to IAV infection and vaccination was evaluated in the light of the risk of highly pathogenic AIV (HPAIV) A/H5N1 and A/H7N1, and the pandemic IAV A/H1N1. The work is divided into three parts and each one is further divided into chapters. Part I (chapters 1 and 2) contains the general introduction and the objectives of the thesis. The aim of this first part is to give a global overview and to introduce information to understand (i) the influenza infection, (ii) the immune responses elicited after IAV infection and (iii) a brief summary of current vaccines against influenza. Afterwards, the initial objectives to be achieved are exposed. Part II is the body of the thesis and it contains four studies (from chapter 3 to 6) developed during the four-year period comprising the PhD program. All the chapters are published or submitted to publish in international peer-reviewed journals. Thus, each study contains an abstract, a specific introduction, the materials and methods section, the obtained results and a discussion. To study the role of IAV determinants and to characterize the influenza infection in different hosts could be of great importance to direct the efforts to the formulation of more efficient vaccines. The non structural 1 (NS1) protein is known to be a major determinant of virulence in mammals but little is known about its role in avian species. In chapter 3, the involvement of NS1 in viral pathogenicity was evaluated in chickens. Birds were challenged with two reassortant AIV carrying the NS-segment of H5N1 HPAIV in the genetic background of an H7N1 HPAIV. The pathological manifestations, together with the immunological outcome were evaluated. The role of pre-existing immunity during an outbreak is also important and can determine whether the animals succumbed to infection or not. In chapter 4, chickens pre-exposed to H7N2 low pathogenic AIV (LPAIV) were challenged with H7N1 HPAIV and subsequently infected with H5N1 HPAIV. Pre-exposed animals were protected against the lethal H7N1-challenge whereas naïve animals succumbed. However, pre-existing immunity did not provide protection against HA-heterosubtypic virus (H5N1 HPAIV). The presence or absence of H7- and H5-inhibitory antibodies correlate with the protection (or lack of it) afforded. The control of current vaccination programs and their efficacy is useful to plan and design better vaccines. It is well known that wildfowl are the reservoirs of IAV; thus they are extremely important concerning the ecology of the virus. Sera from several avian species from Spanish zoos and wildlife centers were collected during two successive vaccination programs and were tested to evaluate the vaccine-elicited humoral response (chapter 5). The main objective of this work was to determine the efficacy of current vaccines (inactivated water-in-oil) in several avian species and to compare the differences inter- and intra-specie. Finally, and taking into account the potential risk that IAV represent to our society, the efforts were focused on developing a broadly protective influenza vaccine. The 2009 human H1N1 pandemic (pH1N1) is a clear example that pigs can act as a vehicle for mixing and generating new assortments of viruses. In chapter 6 pigs were immunized with HA-derived peptides and subsequently infected with pH1N1 virus. Although the HA-peptides induced broad humoral and cellular responses no neutralization activity was detected and only a partial effect on virus clearance was observed. Part III (chapters 7 and 8) is where the implications of all the findings from the studies are discussed and the major conclusions are listed. A list of all the references used to develop the thesis is listed after the three parts, in an independent section. An appendix section is also included to give further information.
Crisci, Elisa. "Immunogenic properties of calicivirus-like particles as vaccine vectors." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/83962.
Full textNew subunit vaccines are getting a foothold in veterinary vaccinology and virus-like particles (VLPs) are one of the most appealing approaches opening up frontiers in animal vaccines. VLPs are robust protein cages in the nanometer range exhibiting welldefined geometry and remarkable uniformity that mimic the overall structure of the native virions. VLPs have an important advantage in terms of safety; indeed, lacking the genome of the virus avoid any of the risks associated with virus replication, reversion, recombination or re-assortment. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) capsid protein is able to form RHDV-VLPs and these particles showed a strong immunogenicity and protected the natural host after a lethal challenge. Additionally, previous studies described the possibility to use RHDV-VLPs as platform for the insertion of foreign epitopes or for DNA packaging. Nowadays, one study has shown the possibility to use RHDV-VLPs as carrier for improving cancer immunotherapies but no studies have investigated the possibility to use RHDV-VLPs as vaccine vectors carrying epitopes corresponding to viral animal diseases. This thesis is aimed to study the potential immunogenicity of RHDV-VLPs as epitope carriers for viral disease in different animal models. In the first two studies, the immunogenicity of chimeric RHDV-VLPs was investigated in a murine system in vitro and in vivo. Results from these studies demonstrated that the inserted epitope was processed and presented in an MHC-I context by dendritic cells (DCs) and that the different sites of insertion of the epitope influenced the immunogenicity of the VLPs. Chimeric RHDV-VLPs were able to protect mice from a viral challenge. Also, the route of antigen delivery influenced the immunogenicity of the particles. The third study confirmed the initial results but this time in in vitro experiments using porcine cells. Lastly, chimeric RHDV-VLPs were studied as immunogens in pigs. The results showed that the delivery route and adjuvant influenced immune responses after chimeric RHDV-VLP immunization and more importantly that pigs exhibited very good cellular and humoral immune responses against not only RHDV-VLPs but also against the antigenic epitope. Further studies have to be performed to prove protection in pigs. In conclusion, in this thesis we demonstrated the potential of RHDV-VLPs as immunogens in two different animal systems.
Books on the topic "Immunologia veterinària"
Clinical immunology of the dog and cat. 2nd ed. London: Manson/Veterinary Press, 2008.
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