Academic literature on the topic 'Immunosuppressive agents Economic aspects'
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Journal articles on the topic "Immunosuppressive agents Economic aspects"
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Grbovic, Leposava, and Miroslav Radenkovic. "Therapeutic use of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 133, Suppl. 1 (2005): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh05s1067g.
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Pharmacotherapy of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is complex. Apart from the replacement hormone therapy, antithyroid agents, beta adrenoceptor blockers and other drugs, in regard to the present symptoms, it also includes the administration of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents. Physiological actions of glucocorticoids are significant in number, well known and described in details. The most prominent pharmacological properties of glucocorticoids, that are important for their clinical use, are antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive actions. In this article, the most notable clinical pharmacology aspects of glucocorticoids have been presented, including the basic principles of their therapeutic use, as well as the most important indications with the examples of dosing regiments (rheumatic disorders, renal diseases, allergic reactions, bronchial asthma, gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases, thrombocytopenia, organ transplantation, and Graves? ophthalmopathy). In addition, adverse and toxic effects of glucocorticoids as well as their interactions with other drugs have been described. Immunosuppressive agents have important role in treatment of immune disorders, including the reduction of immune response in autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation. Apart from glucocorticoids, immunosuppressive agents consist of calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine, tacrolimus), antiproliferative and antimetabolic agents (sirolimus, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide), monoclonal antibodies: anti-CD3 antibody (muromonab-CD3), anti- CD25 antibody (daclizumab), anti-TNF-alpha antibody (infliximab). In this part, the most updated facts about mechanism of action, rational therapeutic use, as well as adverse and toxic effects of immunosuppressive agents have been reviewed.
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Stübgen, Joerg-Patrick. "Biological Agents for Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy." US Neurology 10, no. 01 (2014): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/usn.2014.10.01.38.
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Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is a term for a group of acquired, immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disorders of the peripheral nervous system. Most patients with CIDP respond to first-line therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), plasmapheresis, and/or corticosteroids. Conventional immunosuppressive drugs are of no proven benefit. Biological agents directed at key aspects of the CIDP immunopathogenic pathway have gained increasing attention due to the unpredictable efficacy and overall health risks of non-targeted immunosuppressive drugs. Presently, there exists insufficient clinical experience with biological therapy to allow specific treatment recommendations for CIDP. The challenge remains to identify drug-naïve or treatment-resistant CIDP patients who will most likely respond to targeted immunotherapy.
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Stübgen, Joerg-Patrick. "Biological Agents for Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy." European Neurological Review 8, no. 1 (2012): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/enr.2013.08.01.57.
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Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is a term for a group of acquired, immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disorders of the peripheral nervous system. Most patients with CIDP respond to ‘first-line’ therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), plasmapheresis and/or corticosteroids. ‘Conventional’ immunosuppressive drugs are of no proven benefit. Biological agents directed at key aspects of the CIDP immunopathogenic pathway have gained increasing attention due to the unpredictable efficacy and overall health risks of non-targeted immunosuppressive drugs. Presently, there exists insufficient clinical experience with biological therapy to allow specific treatment recommendations for CIDP. The challenge remains to identify drug-naïve or treatment-resistant CIDP patients who will most likely respond to targeted immunotherapy.
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Shabanova, M. "Sociostructural Aspects of Socio-Economic Development:The role of Economic approach." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 3 (March 20, 2014): 86–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2014-3-86-105.
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The author discusses the importance of studying socio-structural factors of socio-economic development through a broader application of the economic approach. The resources of status positions of economic agents are in the spotlight. A possible platform for interdisciplinary interactions is proposed which allows to increase the contribution of both economics and sociology in improving governance at all levels.
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Rеsаnоvic, Rаdmilа. "Clinical aspects of immunosuppression in poultry." Veterinarski glasnik 69, no. 1-2 (2015): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1502091r.
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Immunity is ability to stop an infection. Immunosupression is a status where the immunity is reduced. Humoral (antibodies) and/or cell immunity may be depressed. Immunosupression can be caused by infectious agents, improper feeding balance (deficiencies), lack of biosecurity, management failures, stress or by a combination of these factors. Each of these possible causes must be seriously worked out to prevent the consequences of immunosupression on profitability. Environmental factors and numerous infectious pathogens have been identified as a multi-factorial cause of various degrees of immunosupression. Mainly subclinical character and coinfections make the diagnosis of the primary immunosuppressive agents difficult. On the other hand, early diagnosis and identification of contributing factors are important to develop strategies to fight immunosupression in birds successfully. A combination of biosecurity measures, optimized housing condition and stress reduction together with appropriate vaccination strategies is necessary for the successful control of immunosupression in commercial poultry.
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Shamsutdinova, Marina, Nadezhda Zhilina, and Vladimir Ignatiev. "Methodological aspects of assessing the social capital of economic agents." Russian Journal of Management 7, no. 4 (January 28, 2020): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2409-6024-2019-7-4-166-170.
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The Article is devoted to the problem of assessing the social capital of economic agents. To maintain a stable financial condition of an economic agent, it is necessary to be able to increase and use social capital. Social capital is a factor of sustainable development of production. Without an analysis of social capital, it is impossible to give a clear description of the activity of an economic agent. Social capital generates cooperation, while cooperation generates social capital. Social capital integrates all other types of capital and is one of the most important components of the economy of economic agents, regions, and countries. Social capital arises from relationships with other people and facilitates their joint activities.
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Gorce, Philippe, and Jean-Louis Pourriat. "(Part 1) Economic aspects of concentration-oriented anaesthesia: intravenous agents." Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology 15, no. 1 (March 2001): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/bean.2001.0141.
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Feiss, Pierre. "(Part 2) Economic aspects of concentration-oriented anaesthesia: halogenated agents." Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology 15, no. 1 (March 2001): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/bean.2001.0142.
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Snowsill, Tristan M., Jason Moore, Ruben E. Mujica Mota, Jaime L. Peters, Tracey L. Jones-Hughes, Nicola J. Huxley, Helen F. Coelho, et al. "Immunosuppressive agents in adult kidney transplantation in the National Health Service: a model-based economic evaluation." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 32, no. 7 (June 1, 2017): 1251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfx074.
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Bauer, Andrea C., Rodrigo F. Franco, and Roberto C. Manfro. "Immunosuppression in Kidney Transplantation: State of the Art and Current Protocols." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 28 (August 31, 2020): 3440–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200521142448.
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Currently, kidney transplantation is the best treatment option for kidney failure for a majority of eligible patients. It is associated with a better quality of life and reduced mortality as compared to staying on dialysis. Many of the improvements in kidney transplant outcomes, observed in recent decades, are due to more efficient immunosuppression strategies. Therefore, developing expertise in the management of immunosuppressive drugs is key to the success of kidney transplantation. In this review, the historical aspects of organ transplant immunosuppression are briefly addressed and the basis of the allograft immune response to contextualize the main topic is provided, which is a deeper view of the immunosuppressive agents, including their known mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, interactions, toxicities, and clinical use. The most commonly used immunosuppressive protocols employed based on patients' and donors' characteristics are also presented here.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Immunosuppressive agents Economic aspects"
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Jones, Terence Edward. "Economically beneficial drug interactions with cyclosporin and tacroliumus : clinical studies in recipients of kidney and liver transplants." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phj79.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 234-257. Three separate clinical studies in organ transplant recipients are presented. The aims are to examine fundamental questions regarding the clinically and economically important pharmokinetic interaction between diltiazem and cyclosporin, an interaction widely utilised in organ transplantation. The data contained should assist the development of soundly based policies that will ensure a benefit exists before a sparing agent is coprescribed, and that the lowest effective dose of sparing agent is used.
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Pattison, James Michael. "Aspects of the function and regulation of the human chemokine RANTES." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308849.
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Guo, Hong, and 郭紅. "Effects of anti-DNA antibodies on pleural mesothelial cells: in vitro studies to explore thepathogenetic mechanism of pulmonary lupus." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B26631945.
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The Best M.Phil Thesis in the Faculties of Dentistry, Engineering, Medicine and Science (University of Hong Kong), Li Ka Shing Prize, 2001-2003.<br>published_or_final_version<br>abstract<br>toc<br>Medicine<br>Master<br>Master of Philosophy
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Tai, Lin-hay, and 戴連喜. "Competitiveness and survival of Hong Kong real estate agencies." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3125682X.
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莊崇秉 and Shung-ping Charles Chong. "A new era for the Hong Kong real estate agency industry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31256788.
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Khong, Andrea. "Effect of murine cytomegalovirus infection on haematopoiesis and myeloid cell differentiation and function." University of Western Australia. School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0260.
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen affecting over 95% of the worlds population. While infection is typically asymptomatic in healthy individuals, the virus persists life-long in its host and can be reactivated following withdrawal of immune control. As such, it remains a serious clinical concern in individuals who are immunocompromised, such as newborns and neonates, transplant and/or chemotherapy recipients, and HIV/AIDS patients. CMV also has the ability to cause immunosuppression, the mechanisms of which include defective antigen presentation to T cells and interference with haematopoiesis in the bone marrow (BM). Due to strict species specificity, murine CMV (MCMV) provides a relevant model for the study of CMV modulation of the immune system in vivo in its natural host. The type I interferons (IFNs) represent a major family of cytokines involved in the early response to MCMV infection. Their anti-viral activity and regulation of NK cell activation and cytotoxicity are of significant interest in the context of MCMV infection, as genetic resistance to MCMV is mediated by the ability of Ly49H+ NK cells to directly recognise and lyse infected cells. Chapter 2 comprises an analysis of acute MCMV infection in the absence of type I IFN activity. These studies were conducted in IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 deficient mice, which lack components of the type I IFN receptor. Data obtained from these studies confirmed the essential requirement for type I IFN in controlling viral titres, promoting expansion of splenic Ly49H+ NK cells, and inducing early activation of NK cell cytotoxicity. In addition, our data depicted an accumulation of infected myeloid cells in the absence of effective NK cell-mediated control. This was paralleled by a significant increase in the level of serum TNF-a and IFN-¿, an effect which in some cases has been linked to serious pathological disease. Thus, the data described in this chapter provide an insight into the consequences arising from delayed NK cell responses to MCMV infection in the absence of type I IFN. vii Type I IFN can also potentially affect BM haematopoiesis. BM atrophy and impairment of myelopoiesis are serious consequences of CMV infection. During acute MCMV infection we consistently observed a profound loss of splenic dendritic cells (DCs) in BALB/c mice. Since all DC subsets are derived from BM haematopoietic progenitor cells, the possibility that MCMV might interfere with BM haematopoiesis and DC differentiation was explored. Chapters 3 and 4 describe the impact of acute MCMV infection on BM progenitors, with particular emphasis on the differentiation capabilities of these cells in ex vivo culture systems. Chapter 3 focuses on the effect of MCMV infection on BM cellularity and frequency of specific BM progenitor populations. A thorough analysis of contributing factors, such as viral infection of BM cells, involvement of type I and II IFNs, progenitor cell trafficking and NK cell activity in the BM compartment, was conducted. Our results showed that a severe loss of BM cellularity occurs in MCMV-infected mice. Furthermore, when BM cells from MCMV-infected mice were cultured ex vivo in granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), there was an impairment in their ability to differentiate into DCs.
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Pohlmann, Corinne. "The restructuring of the Montreal tourism industry : a sectoral analysis." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26310.
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Despite its growing importance in industrialized nations, the service sector has received relatively little attention from economic geographers in recent debates over the nature and significance of the current processes of change affecting contemporary capitalism. This lack of attention means that we have little detailed knowledge about how the various industries that comprise the service sector are restructuring their operations and how these processes, in turn, influence broader economic change. This thesis goes some way toward redressing this imbalance by studying the evolving structure of two key sectors of the Montreal tourism industry--hotels and travel agencies.<br>I begin with an overview of past attempts to understand the changing role of the service sector in developed economies. Despite their weaknesses new political economy frameworks are shown to perhaps provide the best starting point for the development of a more 'services informed' approach to understanding current economic change.<br>In an attempt to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of applying such approaches to the study of services I first review their ability to explain and predict changes currently taking place in the tourism industry as a whole. This is followed by a discussion of the empirical findings of the thesis based on 103 interviews with managers and owners of Montreal hotels and travel agencies. I focus on the following key areas: the evolving competitive environment, changes in corporate organization, the adoption of new technologies and shifts in labour use. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Ludick, Christopher Vernon. "Assessing the micro-economic impact of HIV/AIDS on a South African pharmaceutical manufacturer as well as evaluating their policy on HIV/AIDS." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49857.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: HIV infection has increased sharply in SA over the past decade, from almost zero to a
level where between 4-6 million citizens are estimated to be HIV positive (i.e. around Il
percent of the total population). Given the considerable lag and link between the HIV and
AIDS epidemic, the mortality consequences of this exponential increase in HIV infection
over the 1990s are more or less matter-of-fact over the coming decade; even drastic
interventions can do little to avoid this reality, albeit possibly impactingfurther beyond.
The health care industry, and more specifically the pharmaceutical industry, is the only
industry that can have a direct impact on the outcome of the epidemic in terms of
provision of antiretroviral drugs. More importantly, the decision by multinational
companies to provide voluntary licensing to local SA pharmaceutical manufacturers for
the manufacturing of generic ARVs has gone a long way into achieving the World Health
Organisations' objective of providing an ARV cocktail for less than $1,00 per day.
The mam aim of the study is to establish and study the micro-economic effect of
HIV/AIDS on a South African pharmaceutical manufacturer and to evaluate their
HIV/AIDS Policy with the framework of the mV/AIDS & SID Strategie Plan for South
Africa 2000-2005.
Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to obtain data from various key
informants, manufacturers and market survey companies. The analysis of quantitative
data was done using Excel software and a descriptive analysis method was used to
interpret the data.
The key findings from the study are that Aspen Pharmacare will experience a 20,8 %
HIV prevalence rate in 2005, which will progressively increase to a 25,6 % level in 2015.
This prevalence level will be severely experienced in the skilled, semi-skilled and
unskilled employment of the company during the 2010 period and will start to stabilise in
the latter part of 2015. The AIDS prevalence in the company will increase from a 2,0 %
level in 2005 to a 4,4 % level in 2015. This increase is largely due to the increase in the
prevalence rates in the semi-skilled and unskilled employees. At a senior management level the forecasted number of employees that will have clinical AIDS after 2010 is
between 6 and 8. This clearly indicates that mv/AIDS prevalence at this level is
independent of race and is lifestyle dependent.
If the company were to have the full responsibility for the provision of benefits, based on
the current expected employee benefit structures, the direct cost to company would add
10 % to salary and wages by 2005 and around 20 % by 2010. Indirect costs to company,
such as recruitment and training, increased labour turnover, lost skills and intellectual
property, etc. are estimated to be 2,5 % by 2005 and 5 % by 2010.
With the high HIV/AIDS prevalence rates, especially amongst the unemployed,
companies will have to carry the costs of their mv/AIDS patients for longer and register
then with Aid for AIDS when it becomes too costly. More importantly employers will
have to investigate the cost implication of assisting employee dependents, as this will
have a direct impact on the morale of the employees.
Aspen Pharmacares' mv/AIDS Policy goes beyond the requirements of the mv/AIDS
Strategic Plan for SA in terms of the legal and social requirements. The company also has
a Corporate Social Investment division that assists many NGOs, clinics, hospitals and
communities.
Based on the intellectual property, the pharmaceutical competencies and the continuous
dialogue that exists between the pharmaceutical industry and the department of health,
the researcher concludes, that pharmaceutical companies have an advantage over nonpharmaceutical
companies in dealing with the mv/AIDS issues.
The paper concludes by suggesting recommendations that companies can adopt to ensure
that their mv/AIDS policy can form a significant component of their skills retention
strategy.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: MIV infeksie het skerp gestyg in SA oor die laaste dekade, vanaf amper geen tot 'n vlak
waar tussen 4-6 miljoen inwoners beraam word om MIV positiefte wees (minstens 11%
van die totale bevolking). Gegee die aansienlike vertraging en skakel tussen die MIV en
VIGS epidemie, word die eksponensiële toename in die sterfte syfer as gevolg van MIV
infeksies gedurende die jare negentig as vanselfsprekend aanvaar in die komende dekade.
Selfs ingrypende veranderinge kan min doen om hierdie katastrofe te keer.
Die gesondheidsorg industrie, en meer spesifiek die farmaseutiese industrie is die enigste
industrie wat 'n direkte slag kan slaan om die uitkoms van die epidemie te beinvloed, in
terme van voorsiening van antiretrovirale medisyne. Die besluit van die multinasionale
maatskappye om vrywillige lisensiëring aan plaaslike farmaseutiese maatskappye te bied,
vir die vervaardiging van generiese antiretrovirale medisyne, is een stap vorentoe om by
die doelwit van die Wereld Gesondheidsorg Organisasie se doelwit van die voorsiening
van 'n daaglikse toediening van antiretrovirale medisyne van minder as $1.00 per dag.
Die primêre doelwit van hierdie projek is om te bepaal wat die mikro-ekonomiese effek
van MIV/VIGS op 'n Suid Afriakaanse farmaseutiese vervaardiger is en hul MIV/VIGS
beleid te evalueer binne die raamwerk van die MIV/VIGS en SOS Strategiese Plan vir
SA 2000-2005.
Beide kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe metodes is gebruik om data te verkry vanaf verskeie
bronne, vervaardigers en marknavorsings maatskappye. Die kwantitatiewe inligting was
geanaliseer deur gebruik te maak van "Excel" sagteware en 'n beskrywende analitiese
metode was gebruik om die data te interpreteer.
Die hoof bevindinge van die studie is dat Aspen Pharmacare 'n MIV infeksie vlak van
20.8 % in 2005 sal ondervind, wat progressief sal toeneem tot 25,6 % in 2015. Hierdie
infeksie vlak sal in die geskoolde, semi-geskoolde en ongeskoolde arbeid die ergste
voorkom gedurende die 2010 periode en sal dan stabiliseer in die latere gedeelte van
2015. Die VIGS infeksie vlak in die maatskappy sal toeneem vanaf 2,0 % in 2005 tot 'n 4,4 % in
2015. Hierdie toename kan toegeskryf word aan die toename in die infeksie vlakke van
die semi-geskoolde and ongeskoolde arbeid. Op die senior bestuurs vlak word beraam dat
tussen 6 en 8 werknemers VIGS onder lede sal hê na 2010. Hierdie beraming toon
duidelik aan dat MIV/VIGS op hierdie vlak onafhankilik van kleurgroup is en direk
leefstyl verwant is.
Gebaseer op die huidige verwagte werknemer voordele struktuur, en die feit dat die
maatskappy volle verantwoordelikheid sou aanvaar vir die voorsiening van voordele,
word beraam dat die direkte koste as gevolg van MIV/VIGS 'n toename van 10 % in
2005 en 20 % in 2010 by salarisse en lone sal voeg. 'n Toename van 2,5 % in 2005 en 5
% in 2010 word beraam vir indirekte koste (werwing van personeel, opleiding, ens.)as
gevolg van MIV/VIGS.
Met die hoë MIV/VIGS infeksievlakke, veral onder werkloses, sal maatskappye die
kostes vebonde aan hul MIV/VIGS werknemers vir langer moet verduur en dan later
sulke werknemers registreer by "Aid for AIDS" indien dit onbekostigbaar word.
Belangriker is die feit dat werknemers die koste implikasie bepaal in die verband, omdat
dit 'n direkte invloed sal hê op werknemer selfvertroue.
Aspen Pharmacare se MIV/VIGS beleid bied meer as die wettige en sosiale vereistes
soos uiteengesit in die MIV/VIGS en SOS Strategiese Plan vir SA 2000-2005. Die
maatskappy het ook 'n Korporatiewe Maatskaplike Beleggings afdeling wat 'n bydra
lewer by NGOs, klinieke,hospitale en gemeenskappe.
Gebaseer op die intelligensie eiendom, die farmaseutiese bekwaamheid en die
aanhoudende gesprekvoering wat bestaan tussen die farmaseutiese bedryf en die
department van gesondheid, oortuig die navorser dat farmaseutiese maatskappye 'n
voordeel het bo nie-farmaseutiese maatskappye in die hantering van die MIV/VIGS
strydvraag.
Hierdie studie sluit af met aanbevelings wat maatskappye kan toepas om te verseker dat
hul MIV/VIGS beleid 'n betekenisvolle komponent van hul bekwaanheids retensie
strategie is.
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易偉文 and Wai-man Winson Yick. "Franchise: a survival kit for the small real estate agency practice." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31256764.
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Gumede, Halalisani. "The development of a putative microbial product for use in crop production." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1352/.
Full textBooks on the topic "Immunosuppressive agents Economic aspects"
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Material markets: How economic agents are constructed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
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Provenzano, George. Economic considerations in regulating neurotoxic substances. [Washington, D.C.?: Office of Technology Assessment, 1989.
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Ribeiro, Gustavo Lins. Other globalizations: Alter-native transnational processes and agents. Brasília: Departamento de Antropologia, Universidade de Brasília, 2006.
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Tella, Rafael Di. Choosing agents and monitoring consumption: A note on wealth as a corruption-controlling device. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.
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Weaver, David B. Not just surviving, but thriving: Identifying the strengths of highly successful American travel agencies. [Columbia, S.C.?]: University of South Carolina Press, 2006.
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Thirumurthy, Harsha. The economic impact of AIDS treatment: Labor supply in western Kenya. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.
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Cockburn, Iain. Hedonic analysis of arthritis drugs. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998.
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Stiernberg, John. Succeeding in music: A business handbook for performers, songwriters, agents, managers, & promoters / [John Stiernberg]. San Francisco: Backbeat Books, 2001.
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Veldhuisen, D. R. van. Technical and economic aspects of measures to reduce water pollution from the textile finishing industry. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1994.
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Ball, Richard J. Michigan agriculture and its linkages to developing nations.: A guide for extension agents and other discussion leaders. East Lansing, Mich: Michigan Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University, 1988.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Immunosuppressive agents Economic aspects"
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Bell, Clive, and T. N. Srinivasan. "Some Aspects of Linked Product and Credit Market Contracts Among Risk‐Neutral Agents." In The Economic Theory of Agrarian Institutions, 221–36. Oxford University Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0198287623.003.0011.
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Riddell, Anna, and Marta Gonzalez Sanz. "Infections in the Immunocompromised Host." In Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0050.
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An understanding of the main aspects and functions of the immune system is important, i.e. physical barriers, innate, humoral, and cell-mediated immunity (see Chapter 6, Basic Immunology), when caring for the immunocompromised patient. In adults, secondary immunodeficiency is much more common than primary, and is most often due to iatrogenic immunosuppression with drugs, e.g. corticosteroids, chemotherapy agents, immunosuppressive agents, ‘biological’ therapies. For example, treatment with corticosteroids for more than one month is enough to increase the risk of some fungal infections such as Candida and Pneumocystis jirovecii, such that PCP prophylaxis should be considered in patients receiving ≤ 20mg/day prednisolone for four or more weeks. Chemotherapy and immunosuppressive agents may cause profound immunosuppression. The degree and duration of immunosuppression following a transplant, and the conditioning regimen used before the transplant varies with respect to the type of transplant: heart and lung transplant recipients typically receive more significant immunosuppression, and so are at increased risk of opportunistic infection compared to other solid-organ transplant recipients. Infections (e.g. HIV), cancer, and autoimmune disorders and the treatment of these conditions can also affect the immune system. Other diseases are also considered immunosuppressive although the exact nature of this is less well defined, for example, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus increases the risk of candidal infections and common bacterial infections. Cirrhosis is also considered to be a relatively immunosuppressed state. Understanding the nature of immune defects in both primary and secondary immunodeficiency allows more accurate prediction of overall infection risk and risk of specific pathogens, allowing a rational approach to infection prevention and investigation when patients become unwell. The initial assessment of the immunocompromised host should be to identify why the patient is immunocompromised, how long they have been immunocompromised (is it a congenital or acquired immunodeficiency?), and whether there is potential for immune recovery. Clearly, a person with a congenital immunodeficiency will have lifelong susceptibility to specific infections, unlike an acquired deficiency due to chemotherapy or transplantation which may be transient. If the immunosuppression is due to a drug, is it possible to reduce or change the immunosuppression? If an infection is suspected, pre-immunosuppression infection screening results can help identify whether the current presentation represents reactivation of a latent infection or primary infection.
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Singh, Danny. "The political, economic and cultural drivers of police corruption." In Investigating Corruption in the Afghan Police Force, 73–94. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447354666.003.0005.
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This is another theoretical chapter that generates a framework to thread through the context of Afghan policing. Theories related to a political economy approach to examine the interrelationship between bureaucratic agents and economic elites and the coping strategies of poorly waged public officials and police officers. This theoretical basis informs some aspects of the political and economic drivers of corruption. The political drivers specifically cover systemic corruption which is when corruption becomes institutionally embedded from the top to the lower levels. In addition, patronage, nepotism and ethnic favouritism forms a ‘moral economy’ to deter meritocratic recruitment. Moreover, state capture occurs when main parts of the state are infiltrated by narrow criminal and affiliated political interests for profit making, usually with illicit markets. The economic drivers are focused on corruption as a means of economic necessity, namely low pay, and opportunities to engage in corruption due to weak oversight or limited sanctions if detected for malpractice. The cultural drivers cover culture, motivation and the socialisation of behaviour within police forces and specific anti-corruption training that can help to mitigate police corruption.
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Balasko, Yves. "Goods and Prices." In General Equilibrium Theory of Value. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691146799.003.0001.
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This chapter develops the main aspects of the economic environment in which economic agents operate. There are two categories of economic agents, consumers and firms. Consumers buy and sell goods with the ultimate goal of consuming those goods. Firms buy goods that they transform into other goods that they later sell. An economy is made up of these consumers and firms. After having developed models of the consumers and firms, these are combined into a model of an economy with private ownership of production. But before developing these models, it is necessary to be somewhat more explicit about the economic goods and their prices that define the economic environment.
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Rahman, Hakikur. "Open Innovation." In Advances in Human and Social Aspects of Technology, 273–307. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0556-3.ch012.
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While talking about successful entrepreneurship and value addition within an enterprise through innovation, one could realize that the innovation paradigm has been shifted from simple introduction of new ideas and products to accumulation of diversified actions, actors and agents along the process. Furthermore, when the innovation process is not being restricted within the closed nature of it, the process takes many forms during its evolution. Innovations have been seen as closed innovation or open innovation, depending on its nature of action, but contemporary world may have seen many forms of innovation, such as technological innovation, products/service innovation, process/production innovation, operational/management/organizational innovation, business model innovation or disruptive innovation, though often they are strongly interrelated. Definition of innovation has also adopted many transformations along the path, incorporating innovations within the products, process or service of an enterprise to organizational, marketing, or external entities and relations. Nature and scope of agents and actors even varies widely within the innovation dynamics, when the open innovation techniques are being applied to enterprises, designated as the small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Researching in this paradigm, one has to look for some underlying issues that should be attended through responding to research questions as the research continues. Among many of the fundamental questions on innovation advancement for SMEs development there are a few, how to acquire precise information on the flow-chart of their business operations, gain knowledge on specific parameters of their business processes, utilize existing potential capacities to extend their knowledge towards successful innovation acquisition and dissemination, and extend their knowledge platform through various capacity development initiatives. They aggregate further, when issues of opportunities and challenges are being researched along the path of SME development through open innovation. Rationale of this research is to ascertain diverse aspects of opportunities and challenges surrounding the open innovation processes, and design action plans to empower SMEs in reaching out to the grass roots communities utilizing open innovation strategies. Primary focus of this research is to enable SMEs in finding out their innovation potentiality and empower them through various capacity development initiatives. However, the specific focus will adhere to adaptable technology transfer through open innovation. Along the route to justify the research potential and validate the research hypotheses (whether this research will add any economic value or knowledge gain), this study will conduct extensive literature review on various patterns of open innovation (crowdsourcing or collaborative), investigate case studies to learn about intricate issues surrounding their operational strategies (conducted by European Commission, OECD and similar institutions) and conduct surveys among selected SMEs (email, web based, egroups) in several phases. Research design includes formulation of strategies to resolve acquired research questions; collection and recording of the evidences obtained from the literature review or case studies or surveys; processing and analyzing gathered data and their appropriate interpretations; and publication of results. Analysis will include both qualitative (descriptive and exploratory) and quantitative (inferential statistics) methods.
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Alves da Veiga, Pedro, Mirian Tavares, and Heitor Alvelos. "Toward a B-Society Model." In User Innovation and the Entrepreneurship Phenomenon in the Digital Economy, 194–216. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2826-5.ch010.
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This chapter seeks to legitimize the biological ecosystem concept as an expanded analogy for representing relationships between agents of the social, cultural and artistic systems involved in the creation, research, exhibition, enjoyment, experimentation and education of digital media art, including organisational, participatory and socio-economic integration aspects. It also aims at demonstrating the virtual/material dichotomy anachronism, proposing as an alternative the blended reality concept. By exploring the mechanisms of individual artistic and intellectual emancipation of the digital media art universe, it seeks to demonstrate how the relationships between the various ecosystem agents are becoming increasingly blended, leading to the creation of b-ecosystems, in short, a b-society.
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Poznyak, Sergiy, and Yurii Kolyada. "FORECASTING THE POTENTIAL OF THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM ON THE BASIS OF THE EXOGENIC GROWTH MODEL." In Integration of traditional and innovation processes of development of modern science. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-021-6-20.
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The paper considers models of economic growth and the possibility of modifying a suitable model to find the potential for economic growth for the economy of society. The world global economy is studied, presented in terms of societies of the world, in monetary terms and the growth potential of gross domestic product in relation to capital, labor, technological progress, population and other macroeconomic indicators that affect it. Theoretical and methodological significance lies in the description of a fundamentally new method of modeling, which can be used to assess the potential of economic development, proving the dynamics of the coefficients of elasticity of production factors, and proving the hypothesis of declining economic growth. The developed model effectively estimates the potential for economic growth for any country and can be used as a basis for forecasting indicators of potential capital intensity of production and potential gross domestic product. Regarding the practical significance of the obtained results, it should be noted that all changes and numerical values are supported by real data and are a consequence of economic, political or social phenomena in the economy of the country under consideration. In the further research it is possible to develop this model, adding to it new variables which influence economic growth, to update methodology of finding of coefficients as a result of actions of economic agents, instead of only their exogenous influence on economy. The work has three main sections. The first section contains theoretical aspects of estimating the evolutionary economy in the one-dimensional case, it describes the basic theoretical information about the Solow model and other neoclassical and endogenous models of economic growth. The second section describes the possibilities of the Solow model for estimating economic growth potential and theoretical aspects and derives the mathematical basis for estimating economic growth potential. Also in this section describes the implementation of the mathematical base. The third section comments on the results of modeling, based on which detailed conclusions are formed, which summarize the economic, mathematical, analytical and technical work. The simulation results well illustrate the degree of use of economic potential, as well as the impact of capital, technological progress, investment, natural population movement on the efficiency of the economy in terms of many countries. The developed software (as a product of the digital economy) can be used to further improve the model, taking into account more factors.
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Paz-Gil, Iria, Alberto Prado Román, and Miguel Prado Román. "Is the COVID-19 Pandemic Shifting the Social-Business Paradigm?" In Advances in Human Resources Management and Organizational Development, 254–71. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6713-5.ch012.
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Crises show all the aspects that surround a society, demonstrating whether society is equal to the demands or not. The current COVID-19 pandemic is creating a challenge for all market agents, be they politicians, entrepreneurs, or individuals, where the difficulties are presented every day from different perspectives: social, economic, educational. Therefore, both companies and individuals are implementing numerous solidarity strategies to help society and combat the effects of the health crisis. The question contemplated in this research is if this is the beginning of a new social-business paradigm, in which the results do not take precedence over the social aspects around the business market. And it is in this framework where this research focuses on studying this paradigm shift, analysing the future impact that these solidarity measures of companies will have on society, and therefore on consumer behaviour.
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Ralha, Celia G., and Carolina G. Abreu. "Mase." In Advances in Computational Intelligence and Robotics, 106–27. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1756-6.ch005.
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This chapter presents research carried out under the MASE project, including the definition of a conceptual model to characterize the behavior of individuals that interact in the dynamics of land-use and cover change. A computational tool for analyzing environmental scenarios of land change was developed, called MASE - Multi-Agent System for Environmental Simulation. MASE enables agent-based simulation scenarios and integrates the influence of socio-economic and political dynamics through the interaction of agents with rules of land-use and planning policies and the environmental physical and spatial variables. MASE simulator was extended to implement the Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) model, called MASE-BDI. MASE and MASE-BDI are discussed including the conceptual model complexity and statistical techniques of map comparison to land change models. Two real cases of the Brazilian Cerrado validate quantitative and qualitative aspects of MASE and MASE-BDI simulators. Finally, the authors present some auto-tuning aspects of adjusting simulation parameters of MASE-BDI.
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Gómez-Ullate, Martín, Javier Barra Sanz, and Manuel Rodríguez Palacios. "Music and Musical Heritage as Factors for Rural Development." In Challenges and New Opportunities for Tourism in Inland Territories, 207–22. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7339-6.ch012.
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This chapter reflects on the understanding and measurement of development and rural development and on how music can influence it. Now more than ever, sustainability must direct development, and life quality indicators must be taken into consideration rather than income, growth, etc. From fieldwork, deep knowledge of different European contexts and a thorough state-of-the-art research, the chapter analyses cases and projects that have had relevant impact in their territories or may be considered for different reasons good practice cases. The aim of the chapter is to analyze those factors that may be considered to evaluate the quality and impact of a case. Researching, safeguarding, and recreating musical heritage produce impacts that go far beyond the economic aspects. Some of these aspects will be highlighted in this chapter. Results and conclusions will serve therefor to advance in research lines related to music tourism, musical heritage, and rural development, but will also be useful for managers, rural agents, local governments.
Conference papers on the topic "Immunosuppressive agents Economic aspects"
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Tepecik, Filiz. "Economic and Legal Aspects of Trafficking in Human Beings." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00780.
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In the next decade, trafficking in human beings is expected to be the largest part of the illegal markets such as drug and arms trafficking. Trafficking in human beings can be done in many different purposes which includes the sexual exploitation, the practices similar to slavery or servitude. The problem is becoming visible both for the Eurasian countries and for Turkey. Despite being an inhuman trade, all parties of the trafficking in human beings are rational economic agents and they are acting according to the rules of supply and demand. Therefore in this paper, this economic structure that nourish the illegal market is primarily be discussed. It is focused on the push and pull factors to this market members and this is tried to shown in a quantitative dimension of the market. Secondly, in order to combat trafficking in human beings, legal and social measures are being taken. These regulations generally aim to find and punish perpetrators, and /or protect victims of trafficking. But these regulations always cause a change of the benefits and the costs of the parties involved in trafficking in human beings. Thus the economic perspective are convenient to analyze these results. Finally, with this paper it is aimed to produce a common ground for people who want to work in this academic field.
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Prymek, M., A. Horak, and T. Sikora. "Smart power network reliability modelling using intelligent agents: Exploring economic aspects of the power distribution network reliability." In Expo on Emerging Technologies for a Smarter World (CEWIT 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cewit.2011.6135860.
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Sushkov, N. "Reengineering of business processes of a trucking company." In International Conference "Computing for Physics and Technology - CPT2020". ANO «Scientific and Research Center for Information in Physics and Technique», 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/conferencearticle_5fd755bff31bf4.67804364.
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As part of the domestic policy pursued in our country, state support for business contributes to the penetration of innovative activities into industrial enterprises. But, as practice shows, for an enterprise this is not a guarantee of increasing efficiency in the economic and social environment, despite the fact that the innovative projects being implemented have high potential. Often this is due to the fact that reengineering of business processes is not carried out or is not carried out effectively when introducing innovations. Innovations are superimposed on an unadopted and unprepared system of business processes, as a result of which a negative result is obtained.
 The reasons for the development of such events at the enterprise are the following aspects:
 an ambiguous understanding of the theoretical foundations of business process reengineering, innovation and innovation, and their features;
 the lack of an algorithm that allows efficient and effective reengineering of business processes when introducing innovations.
 In most organizations, as a rule, leaders use an intuitive approach when reengineering business processes and, as a result, this does not always end with success.
 Thus, there is a certain discrepancy between the need of economic agents for effective methods of reengineering business processes when introducing innovative technologies and an insufficient level of theoretical study of this issue. Also, issues of reengineering of business processes and issues of innovation, innovation in an unrelated context, separately relative to each other, are considered and studied.
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Widmer, L. K., M. Th Widmer, E. Zemp, F. Duckert, G. Marbet, H. E. Schmitt, E. Brandenberg, and R. Voëlin. "LONG-TERM MORBIDITY AFTER DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT)." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1642969.
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5 yr follow-up of 341 patients with special consideration of post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) and methodolo-cigal difficulties.INTRODUCTIONMethodological difficulties responsable for lacking unité de doctrine: (a) Acute phase: random allocation taking into account DVT of different extent; assessment of effect of treatment (b) Follow-up: drop out definition of parameters of success esp. PTS, comparison of truely comparable groups, limited information about economic aspects.5 yr FOLLOW-UP PTS-INCIDENCE after ANTICOAGULATION (AC) or THROMBOLYSIS (TL)Method: 341 non-randomized, consecutive patients; unilateral DVT documented by initial and control-phlebo-gramm (<14 d) , treated by AC or thrombolytic agents. 226 men, 115 women, 51.9 ± 16 yr at entry. DVT: left 193, right 148; limited 35 %, extended 65 %. Treatment effect by analysis “vein per vein”. Re-examination: “blind technique” by 2 observers; definition of PTS considering corona phlebectatica, cyanosis, edema, cirumference difference, trophic changes; Score > 10= PTSResults:1. Group with unchanged initial and control phlebogrammCorrelation between DVT-extent at entry and PTS-incidence (table). Consequently comparison of AC and TL must be made between subgroups with similar DVT-extent at entry.2. Subgroups with clearance ( + ) vs. non-clearance ( - ):Figures white PTS without ulcera, black leg ulcer