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1
Ochando, Jordi Cano. In vitro studies of the effects of fungal-derived immunosuppressive agents on MCF7 breast cancer cells and MOLT4 leukaemia cells. Leicester: De Montfort University, 2002.
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2
Chen, Xin, and Magdalena Plebanski, eds. The Role of TNF-TNFR2 Signal in Immunosuppressive Cells and its Therapeutic Implications. Frontiers Media SA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88963-306-7.
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3
B, Vogelsang Georgia, and Pavletic Steven, eds. Chronic graft versus host disease: Interdisciplinary management. Cambridge [England] ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
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4
Strasfeld, Lynne. While the T Cells Were Sleeping. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0215.
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These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain the state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlight the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
5
Jean-François, Bach, ed. T-cell-directed immunointervention. Oxford [England]: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993.
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6
David, Naor, ed. Immunosuppression and human malignancy. Clifton, N.J: Humana Press, 1989.
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7
van der Vlag, Johan, and Jo H. M. Berden. The patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0161.
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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease with various clinical manifestations. The hallmark of SLE is the presence of antibodies against nuclear constituents, such as double-stranded (ds)DNA, histones, and nucleosomes. Local deposition of antinuclear antibodies in complex with nuclear autoantigens induces serious inflammatory conditions that can affect several tissues and organs, including the kidney.The levels of antinucleosome and anti-dsDNA antibodies seem to correlate with glomerulonephritis and these autoantibodies can often be detected years before the patient is diagnosed with SLE. Apoptotic debris is present in the extracellular matrix and circulation of patients with SLE due to an aberrant process of apoptosis and/or insufficient clearance of apoptotic cells and apoptotic debris. The non-cleared apoptotic debris in patients with SLE may lead to activation of both the innate (myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells) and adaptive (T and B cells) immune system. In addition to the activation by apoptotic debris and immune complexes, the immune system in SLE may be deregulated at the level of (a) presentation of self-peptides by antigen-presenting cells, (b) selection processes for both B and T cells, and (c) regulatory processes of B- and T-cell responses. Lupus nephritis may be classified in different classes based on histological findings in renal biopsies. The chromatin-containing immune complexes deposit in the capillary filter, most likely due to the interaction of chromatin with the polysaccharide heparan sulphate. A decreased renal expression of the endonuclease DNaseI further contributes to the glomerular persistence of chromatin and the development of glomerulonephritis.Current treatment of lupus nephritis is not specific and aims to reduce the inflammatory response with general immunosuppressive therapies. However, research has revealed novel potential therapeutic candidates at the level of dendritic cells, B cells, and T cells.
8
Cerhan, James R., Claire M. Vajdic, and John J. Spinelli. The Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0040.
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The non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are a heterogeneous group of over forty lymphoid neoplasms that have undergone a major redefinition over the last twenty-five years, in part due to advances in immunology and genetics as well as implementation of the WHO classification system. NHLs are considered clonal tumors of B-cells, T-cells, or natural killer (NK) cells arrested at various stages of differentiation, regardless of whether they present in the blood (lymphoid leukemia) or lymphoid tissues (lymphoma). In the United States, the age-standardized NHL incidence rate (per 100,000) doubled from 1973 (10.2) to 2004 (21.4) and then stabilized, while five-year relative survival rates improved from 42% in 1973 to 70% in 2004. Established risk factors for NHL or specific NHL subtypes include infectious agents (HTLV-1, HIV, EBV, HHV8, HCV, H. pylori), immune dysregulation (primary immunodeficiency, transplantation, autoimmunity, and immunosuppressive drugs), family history of lymphoma, and common genetic variants identified by genome-wide association studies.
9
Kuypers, Dirk R. J., and Maarten Naesens. Immunosuppression. Edited by Jeremy R. Chapman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0281_update_001.
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Combination immunosuppressive therapy produces excellent short-term results after kidney transplantation. Long-term graft survival has improved, but less dramatically. Death with a functioning graft remains the primary cause of graft loss. Dosing of current immunosuppressive therapy balances between careful clinical interpretation of time-driven immunological risk assessments and drug-related toxicity on the one hand, and the use of simple surrogate drug exposure indicators like blood/plasma concentrations on the other. The combined use of calcineurin-inhibitors (CNIs) with mycophenolic acids and corticosteroids has been fine-tuned over the last decade, based on empirically derived observations as well as on the results of large multicentre randomized clinical studies. Corticosteroid withdrawal and avoidance are feasible, at least in patients with a low immunological risk, but CNI-free protocols have had few long-term successes. Some minimization strategies have increased risk of developing acute rejection or (donor-specific) anti-HLA antibodies, with deleterious effects on the graft. Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi) have shown limited benefit in early CNI replacement regimens and their long-term use as primary drug is hampered by intolerance. In the setting of particular malignant disease occurring after transplantation, such as squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and Kaposi’s sarcoma, mTORi seem promising. Induction agents (anti-interleukin 2 receptor monoclonal antibodies, antithymocyte globulins) effectively diminish the risk of early immunological graft loss in recipients with moderate to high immunological risk but at the price of more infectious or malignant complications. While personalized transplantation medicine is only in its early stages of development, attempts are made to quantitatively measure the clinical degree of immunosuppression, to tailor immunosuppressive therapy more specifically to the patient’s individual profile, and to monitor graft status by use of invasive (e.g. surveillance renal biopsies) and non-invasive biomarkers. These scientific endeavours are a necessity to further optimize the current immunosuppressive therapy which will remain for some time to come.
10
Misbah, Siraj. Immunosuppressive therapy and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0302.
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The term immunosuppressive therapy encompasses all forms of treatment that dampens function of the recipient’s immune system, with a view to controlling severe autoimmune, inflammatory, or allergic disease. The predominant targets of these agents are T-lymphocytes with multiple downstream effects, including containment of T-cell activation, inhibition of cytokine production, restriction of clonal expansion, and varying degrees of suppression of B-cell function. This chapter reviews the clinical use of monoclonal antibodies and other immunosuppressive agents, and their mechanisms of action.
11
Smith, Kendall A., ed. The Molecular Mechanisms of Regulatory T cell Immunosuppression. Frontiers Media SA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88919-093-5.
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12
Dey, Ida Dzifa, and David Isenberg. Systemic lupus erythematosus—management. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0118.
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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune rheumatic disease with varied presentation and a disease course characterized by remission and flares. Over the last 50 years, the prognosis of SLE has improved considerably. The introductions of corticosteroids and later of cytotoxic drugs, dialysis, and renal transplantation were the major contributors to this improvement. Nevertheless, the treatment and general management of lupus continues to present a challenge. While lupus may, for some patients, represent a relatively mild set of problems, many others require large doses of immunosuppressive drugs, which carry long-term concerns about side effects. New immunotherapeutic drugs, with actions more closely targeted to the immune cells and molecules involved in the pathogenesis of SLE, are being introduced and the future looks promising. The role of early atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease as a cause of death in patients with SLE is increasingly recognized and will present further challenges in the future.
13
Dey, Ida Dzifa, and David Isenberg. Systemic lupus erythematosus—management. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0118_update_003.
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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune rheumatic disease with varied presentation and a disease course characterized by remission and flares. Over the last 50 years the prognosis of SLE has improved considerably. The introductions of corticosteroids and later of cytotoxic drugs, dialysis, and renal transplantation were the major contributors to this improvement. Nevertheless, the treatment and general management of lupus continues to present a challenge. While lupus may, for some patients, represent a relatively mild set of problems, many others require large doses of immunosuppressive drugs, which carry long-term concerns about side effects. New immunotherapeutic drugs, with actions more closely targeted to the immune cells and molecules involved in the pathogenesis of SLE, are being introduced and the future looks promising. The role of early atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease as a cause of death in patients with SLE is increasingly recognized and will present further challenges in the future.
14
Ugarte-Gil, Manuel F., and Graciela S. Alarcón. History of systemic lupus erythematosus. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739180.003.0001.
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The first description of cutaneous ulcerations consistent with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been attributed to Hippocrates. The term lupus first appeared in English literature in the tenth century. Until the nineteenth century, however, this term was used to describe different conditions. Osler first recognized that organ involvement may occur with or without skin involvement. With the discovery of LE cells and autoantibodies, the use of lupus murine models, and the recognition of familial aggregation and the importance of genetic factors, the pathogenesis of SLE started to be unravelled and allowed the definition of classification criteria. In parallel, the discovery of cortisone, the use of immunosuppressive drugs and antimalarials, the control of hypertension, and the availability of renal replacement therapy improved the prognosis of SLE from a 4-year survival of 51% to a 5-year survival >90%. Advances in genetics and targeted therapies will lead to better intermediate and long-term outcomes.
15
Tyndall, Alan, and Jacob M. van Laar. Stem cell therapies. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0085.
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Since the start of the international project in 1997, over 1500 patients have received a haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), mostly autologous, as treatment for a severe autoimmune disease, with overall 85% 5-year survival and 43% progression-free survival. Around 30% of patients in all disease subgroups had a complete response, often durable despite full immune reconstitution. In many cases, e.g. systemic sclerosis, morphological improvement such as reduction of skin collagen and normalization of microvasculature was documented, beyond any predicted known effects of intense immunosuppression alone. It is hoped that the results of the three running large prospective randomized controlled trials will allow modification of the protocols to reduce the high transplant-related mortality which relates to regimen intensity, age of patient, and comorbidity. Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have been recently tested in various autoimmune diseases, exploiting their immune modulating properties and apparent low acute toxicity. MSC display immune privilege in that the patient requires no immunosuppression prior to allogeneic MSC infusion. Despite encouraging small phase I/II studies, no positive data from randomized prospective studies are as yet available in the peer-reviewed literature.
16
Tyndall, Alan, and Jacob M. van Laar. Stem cell therapies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0085_update_003.
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Since the start of the international project in 1997, over 2000 patients have received a haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), mostly autologous, as treatment for a severe autoimmune disease, with overall 85% 5-year survival and 43% progression-free survival. Around 30% of patients in all disease subgroups had a complete response, often durable despite full immune reconstitution. In many cases, e.g. systemic sclerosis, morphological improvement such as reduction of skin collagen and normalization of microvasculature was documented, beyond any predicted known effects of intense immunosuppression alone. It is hoped that the results of the three running large prospective randomized controlled trials will allow modification of the protocols to reduce the high transplant-related mortality which relates to regimen intensity, age of patient, and comorbidity. Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have been recently tested in various autoimmune diseases, exploiting their immune modulating properties and apparent low acute toxicity. MSC display immune privilege in that the patient requires no immunosuppression prior to allogeneic MSC infusion. Despite encouraging many small phase I/II studies, only 2 prospective controlled trials which achieved their primary endpoints have been published.
17
Cui, Zhao, Neil Turner, and Ming-hui Zhao. Antiglomerular basement membrane disease. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0073_update_001.
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Cyclophosphamide and plasma exchange are the standard of care in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis or lung haemorrhage caused by antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease, and it is unusual to encounter patients at earlier stages. Steroids are universally used in addition. There is some evidence that plasma exchange may not be a critical part of treatment at an earlier stage. There is no more than anecdotal evidence for other therapies. Slower-onset therapies such as antibodies to B cells are rarely appropriate. If untreated, patients with severe anti-GBM disease will not recover renal function and are at risk of pulmonary haemorrhage. Evidence for the pathogenicity of circulating anti-GBM antibodies provides rationale for removal of circulating antibodies as rapidly as possible, whilst simultaneously inhibiting their synthesis. This was behind the introduction of the combination of plasma exchange with immunosuppressive therapy in mid 1970s, which revolutionized outcomes. Plasmapheresis aims to remove circulating pathogenic antibodies against GBM and possibly other mediators; cyclophosphamide prevents further synthesis of autoantibodies; and steroids act as anti-inflammatory agents to attenuate the glomerular inflammatory response initiated by anti-GBM antibodies. It is clear from experimental models and occasional observations in man that the anti-cell mediated effects of current therapies are important too. Outcomes vary, but in general patient survival is now good, while renal survival remains poor, in many series less than 50% at 1 year. Treatment is toxic and after an early peak in deaths due to pulmonary haemorrhage, secondary infections are the next threat. It may therefore be best not to immunosuppress patients with a very poor renal prognosis who appear to be at low risk of pulmonary haemorrhage. Treatment can usually be curtailed after 3 months without recurrence. ANCA and anti-GBM antibodies occur together in some patients. This is typically an older group which often has features of vasculitis, and the anti-GBM response may often be secondary. Longer treatment as for small vessel vasculitis is usually indicated.
18
Rush, David N., and Peter W. Nickerson. Rejection. Edited by Jeremy R. Chapman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0283_update_001.
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Rejection of the transplanted kidney is an important cause of graft loss despite modern cross-matching techniques and immunosuppressive agents. The incidence of acute rejection episodes in the first post-transplant year is down to less than 15% in low-risk recipients, but as many as one-third of allograft losses over 10 years result from alloimmunity. Rejection may occur at any time following transplantation, from minutes—hyperacute, to days—acute, or in the longer term—chronic. Rejection can be predominantly through either T-cell-mediated or antibody-mediated mechanisms. It may present clinically as either abrupt or insidious dysfunction of the graft, or it may be subclinical and thus silent, detected only by protocol biopsy or other technology. The prevention and treatment of T-cell-mediated rejection is usually successful with current immunosuppressive agents. Antibody-mediated rejection, on the other hand, is not easily treated and is the principal cause of late renal allograft loss. This chapter presents the concepts and details of this central issue in clinical transplantation.
19
Pociot, Flemming. CTLA-4 in Autoimmune Disease. Edited by Flemming Pociot. Landes Bioscience, Inc., 2004.
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20
Turner, Neil. Crescentic (rapidly progressive) glomerulonephritis. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0070.
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Crescent formation refers to the appearance of proliferating cells in Bowman’s space in response to severe glomerular inflammation. Any aggressive ‘nephritic’ diseases that cause basement membrane breaks may provoke this. Specific serum proteins appear to be responsible for provoking crescent formation as it is largely abolished by defibrination in animal models. The cells in the crescent are initially mostly hypertrophying and proliferating parietal epithelial cells that normally line Bowman’s capsule. Foci of proliferation of these cells (extracapillary proliferation) are the first steps of crescent formation. Monocytes are frequently seen in established crescents. At this stage recovery of glomerular structure and function is possible in many circumstances. However, if Bowman’s capsule is ruptured, fibroblast ingress followed by fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis are likely. Crescentic nephritis is a histological description, but it fits closely with the clinical picture of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN), in which renal function is lost over days to weeks. The diseases most likely to cause this clinical picture are small vessel vasculitis, anti-GBM disease, lupus nephritis, and post-infectious glomerulonephritis. Any ‘nephritic’ disease may provoke crescent formation, but it is frequently encountered in immunoglobulin A nephropathy/Henoch–Schönlein purpura, and in post-infective glomerulonephritis. Recognizing the clinical picture is important as aggressive immunosuppression can be effective in saving glomerular function in some of the conditions causing it.
21
J, Fairchild Paul, ed. Immunological tolerance: Methods and protocols. Totowa, N.J: Humana Press, 2007.
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22
Retter, Andrew. Management of the bone marrow transplant recipient in ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0375.
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Bone marrow transplants are an exciting and rapidly evolving area of haematology providing life-saving therapy to many patients and the number performed annually is increasing. Transplants are generally not considered as first line therapy due to their inherent toxicity and high rate of complications. The patients tend to have more heavily pre-treated disease with it attendant toxicities and a decreased physiological reserve. Admission rates vary between series from 15 to 30%. It is increasingly important that intensivists are aware of the basic principles of bone marrow transplantation and its’ possible morbidities. There are two types of transplant autologous transplants, where the patient’s own stem cells are returned to them and transplants from a donor. Only allogeneic transplants are associated with graft-versus-host disease. Allograft recipients also require immunosuppression to prevent transplant rejection. It is essential that this immunosuppression is continued when patients are admitted to intensive care. Transplant patients are always severely immunocompromised and prone to prolonged periods of neutropenia. They routinely receive antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial prophylaxis, which must be continued on their admission. They remain vulnerable to unusual infections presenting in an atypical fashion. It is essential to have both a very low clinical threshold of suspicion for infection and detailed local protocols established to guide empirical antimicrobial therapy. Although traditionally poor, the prognosis is slowly improving.
23
Morris, Peter J., and Jeremy R. Chapman. The evolution of kidney transplantation. Edited by Jeremy R. Chapman. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0275.
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The history of kidney transplantation starts in 1902 with Ullman transplanting kidneys between dogs, and Carrel’s development of vascular anastomotic techniques. The developments in the 1950s in Boston, Paris, and the laboratories of Medawar and others demonstrated both proof of the principle and some of the barriers to clinical kidney transplantation. The 1960s laid the groundwork for organ preservation, immunosuppression, and histocompatibility leading to the creation of transplant units in many countries. In the 1970s, there was steady progress in understanding the immunology of allograft rejection and its suppression. The advent of azathioprine used with steroids in the early 1960s resulted in 1-year graft survival rates of around 60% and patient survival of 90% in good units. However, with the introduction of ciclosporin in the early 1980s, renal transplantation became an even more reliable renal replacement option as there was a dramatic reduction in the incidence of irreversible acute rejection. The 1990s saw the introduction of both better immunosuppression and better infection prophylaxis, which further improved patient outcomes. The first decade of the twenty-first century has been characterized by the promise of new technologies in many areas, only some of which have delivered clinical benefit. Molecular human leucocyte antigen (HLA) typing and detection of antibodies to HLA antigens, standardized immunosuppression and anti-infective prophylaxis, surveillance biopsy, and developing systems for increasing donation rates are delivering major benefits. Gene biomarkers, stem cell therapy, and tolerance protocols have yet to make an impact. This chapter describes the historical development of transplantation and how it has yielded the results delivered in clinical practice today.
24
Chandrasekar, Pranatharthi H., ed. Infections in the Immunosuppressed Patient. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.001.0001.
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These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with a specific emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each case highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients who receive immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
25
Pereira, Edwin C. Leg Edema Woes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
26
Tang, Patrick, and R. Gregory Bociek. Doctor, I’m Sick Again and Again. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
27
Nazinitsky, Allison L., and Steven J. Lawrence. What’s Lurking Beyond the Barricade? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
28
Mullane, Kathleen M. Alimentary Antimicrobial Apocalypse. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
29
Neemann, Kari. Not Appendicitis in a Neutropenic Host. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
30
Tang, Patrick, and R. Gregory Bociek. Lung Lesions, Skin Lesions, Brain Lesions … Oh My. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
31
Satlin, Michael J., Stephen Castro, and Thomas J. Walsh. Lung Mass in a Neutropenic Patient With Leukemia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
32
Bruminhent, Jackrapong, Nancy L. Wengenack, and Raymund R. Razonable. When an Uncommon Atypical Bacillus Goes Mainstream. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
33
Seo, Susan K. What’s Wrong With My Right Side, Doc? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
34
Jacobs, Samantha E., Rosemary Soave, Audrey N. Schuetz, and Thomas J. Walsh. A Budding Headache in a Patient with Hematological Malignancy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
35
Beam, Elena, and Raymund R. Razonable. Shocking Revenge of the Weak Gram-Positive Cocci. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
36
Ison, Michael G. Upper Respiratory Symptoms During Febrile Neutropenia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
37
McCarthy, Matthew, Audrey N. Schuetz, and Thomas J. Walsh. Multiple Skin Lesions in a Neutropenic Patient With Leukemia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0013.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
38
Sampath, Rahul, Raymund R. Razonable, and Shawn Vasoo. The New “Red Tide”. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
39
Crockett, David, and Nicole Shonka. Cough and Dyspnea in a Sarcoma Patient. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0015.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
40
Green, Jamie S. Breaking Bad. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0016.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
41
Mosalpuria, Kailash, and Sara Bares. Painful Sores All Over My Body. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0017.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
42
Tandra, Pavan Kumar, and Nicole Shonka. Wounds in Cancer Patients. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0018.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
43
Deziel, Paul J., and Raymund R. Razonable. The Dangers of Dirt. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0019.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
44
Peetz, Robbe, and Alison G. Freifeld. A Red Hot Mess. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0020.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
45
Lease, Erika D. Breathless in Seattle. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0021.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain the state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlight the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
46
Rakita, Robert M. Red Snapper Cough. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0022.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain the state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlight the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
47
Hill, Joshua A. Spots on the Lung. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0023.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain the state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlight the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
48
Misch, Elizabeth Ann. Spots on the Brain. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0024.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain the state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlight the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
49
Durand, Christine M., and Kieren Marr. A Purplish Skin Lump. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0025.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain the state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlight the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.
50
Echenique, Ignacio A., and Michael G. Ison. To Accept or Not To Accept? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0026.
Full textAbstract:
These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain the state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlight the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.