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Journal articles on the topic 'Impact-echo testing'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Gucunski, Nenad, Greg Slabaugh, Zhe Wang, Tong Fang, and Ali Maher. "Impact Echo Data from Bridge Deck Testing." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2050, no. 1 (January 2008): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2050-11.

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2

Kee, Seong-Hoon, and Nenad Gucunski. "Interpretation of Flexural Vibration Modes from Impact-Echo Testing." Journal of Infrastructure Systems 22, no. 3 (September 2016): 04016009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)is.1943-555x.0000291.

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3

Zhou, Chang Sheng, Ping Wang, Zhi Peng Hu, and Hao Zhu. "Numerical Simulation of Impact-Echo Method Identify the Depth of Honeycomb Damage in Unballasted Track." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 2060–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.2060.

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Through the honeycomb damage that is appear in unballasted track will affect the safe operation of high-speed train, accurate detection of honeycomb damage is very important. Impact-echo method is a non-destructive testing method. Based on the principle of impact echo, author using the finite element software ANSYS LS-DYNA3D to simulate the impact-echo, testing and verifying the feasibility and accuracy of impact-echo method in discerning unballasted track damage. By analyzing the calculated result of honeycomb damage in slab track and double-block ballastless track, it is shows that: according to back calculate the depth of damage base on the peak value in acceleration spectrum graph, the honeycomb damage in different depth can be accurate located.

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4

Carbol, Ladislav, Jan Martinek, and Daniela Štefková. "Correct Choice of Maximum Length Sequence in Nondestructive Testing." Advanced Materials Research 1124 (September 2015): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1124.280.

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Maximum Length Sequence has great potential as testing signal in non-destructive testing. Because its autocorrelation is almost a delta function, the sequence can be used for speed of sound assessment. Resulting Impulse response contains very similar data as Impact-echo. Unlike Impact-echo, where strike energy is limited by nonlinear effects, Maximum Length Sequence can deliver virtually unlimited energy over time. Length of the sequence and also signal generation rate is a curtail choice in order to achieve the best results.

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5

Hill, Martyn, John McHugh, and John D. Turner. "Cross-Sectional Modes in Impact-Echo Testing of Concrete Structures." Journal of Structural Engineering 126, no. 2 (February 2000): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2000)126:2(228).

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6

Kesner, Keith, Martyn Hill, John McHugh, and John D. Turner. "Cross-Sectional Modes in Impact-Echo Testing of Concrete Structures." Journal of Structural Engineering 127, no. 5 (May 2001): 595–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2001)127:5(595).

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7

Igual, Jorge. "Hierarchical Clustering of Materials With Defects Using Impact-Echo Testing." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 69, no. 8 (August 2020): 5316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2020.2964911.

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8

Zhang, Ying, Xiangmin Wei, Yi-Te Tsai, Jinying Zhu, Farhad A. Fetrat, and Nenad Gucunski. "Multisensor data fusion for impact-echo testing of concrete structures." Smart Materials and Structures 21, no. 7 (June 14, 2012): 075021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/21/7/075021.

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9

Lin, Yiching, Chiafeng Chang, Shih-Fang Kuo, and Han-Chieh Liou. "A simple device for detecting impact time in impact-echo testing of concrete." NDT & E International 37, no. 1 (January 2004): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2003.08.004.

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10

Liu, Jing, Jun Xie, Xiao Yu He, Yu Shan He, and Jia Hui Zhong. "Detecting the Defects in Concrete Components with Impact-Echo Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 577 (July 2014): 1114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.577.1114.

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With the large-scale application of the prestressed concrete structure, the quality of the concrete component defects and pipeline grouting has increasingly become the focus of attention. The impact-echo scanner uses the nature of wave, which pass though different media at different velocities, to distinguish internal defects of concrete, pipe filling density and so on. In this paper, using the impact-echo method to detect the concrete block with prefabricated defects of shape, location, and size explores the effect of defect properties, parameter settings and detection environment to impact-echo preliminarily and also explores the relationship of pipeline filling status and impact-echo image. Based on this study, the article raised the problem met during this non-destructive testing methods applied to engineering, and accumulated a certain amount of available engineering data. The experiment results show that using the impact-echo method to identify the defects of concrete components and to test the quality of pipeline grouting is a more convenient and effective non-destructive testing method. Especially, with the radar method in the pipeline grouting quality inspection which complement each other to make up for the shortcomings the lightning wave in case of the metal medium total reflection phenomenon, cannot detect metal pipe grouting plumpness.

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11

Montiel-Zafra, V., F. Canadas-Quesada, M. J. Campos-Suñol, P. Vera-Candeas, and N. Ruiz-Reyes. "Monitoring the internal quality of ornamental stone using impact-echo testing." Applied Acoustics 155 (December 2019): 180–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2019.05.026.

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12

Trauernicht, Christoph Jan, Farhana Moosa, Garth Blassoples, Emmanuel Okwori, Bukhosi Raphael Nyoni, Pilate Moyo, and Hester Burger. "Concrete density estimation of linac bunker walls using impact-echo testing." Physica Medica 77 (September 2020): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.08.001.

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13

Yao, Fei, and Abula Abulikemu. "Effect of impact source on detection quality in impact echo testing of sleeve grouting." Materials Testing 62, no. 9 (September 7, 2020): 927–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/120.111566.

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14

Pazdera, Lubos, Libor Topolar, Jaroslav Smutny, and Kristyna Timcakova. "Nondestructive Testing of Advanced Concrete Structure during Lifetime." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/286469.

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The paper reports on measurements and analysis of the measurements during hardening and drying of specimens using selected acoustic nondestructive testing techniques. An integrated approach was created for better understanding of the relations between the lifetime cycle and the development of the mechanical properties of concrete. Acoustic emission, impact echo, and ultrasonic techniques were applied simultaneously to the same mixtures. These techniques and results are presented on alkali-activated slag mortars. The acoustic emission method detects transient elastic waves within the material, caused by the release of cumulated stress energy, which can be mechanical, thermal, or chemical. Hence, the cause is a phenomenon which releases elastic energy into the material, which then spreads in the form of an elastic wave. The impact echo method is based on physical laws of elastic stress wave propagation in solids generated by mechanical impulse. Ultrasonic testing is commonly used to find flaws in materials or to assess wave velocity spreading.

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15

Hong, Seong Uk, Yong Taeg Lee, Seung Hun Kim, and J. H. Na. "Estimation of Thickness of Concrete Slab Members Using Impact Echo Method." Key Engineering Materials 605 (April 2014): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.605.139.

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Recently, the interest in maintenance and repair of existing concrete structures have increased, and it is typical to use non-destructive testing methods such as rebound hardness test or ultrasonic pulse velocity method to execute maintenance and repair of structures efficiently. Many non-destructive testing methods are being used in practice such as at construction sites, but verification for site applications are quite inadequate. Thus, this study intends to evaluate the applicability of Impact Echo Method which is one of the non-destructive testing methods using stress wave. Total of four specimens were planned and produced. The thickness of concrete slab members was estimated using I.E(OLSENs Freedom Data PC with Win.TFS Software Version 2.5.2). The estimated materials of concrete members by IE was found to be IE-1 specimen 178mm, IE-2 specimen 197mm, IE-3 specimen 191mm, and IE-4 specimen 263mm, and the error rate was found to be 4.22%~18.67% (average 9.6%), showing that they are relatively well in agreement. In this study, the experiments were executed with the objective of estimating the thickness of concrete slab members using Impact Echo Method. Through this study, the applicability of thickness estimation in concrete slab members using impact echo method could be confirmed.

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16

Plšková, Iveta, Michal Matysík, and Zdeněk Chobola. "Monitoring of Thermal Damage Evolution in Concrete Parts by Acoustic NDT Methods." Key Engineering Materials 808 (June 2019): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.808.159.

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The paper presents the results of the experimental work which was focused on the use of the Impact-echo method for testing of concrete specimens damaged by high-temperature. The test specimens were heated to 600 and 800 °C for sixty, one hundred twenty and three hundred minutes. After heating, the samples were continuously cooled to room temperature and tested by Impact-echo method.

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17

Zhang, Ying, and Zhenhua Xie. "Ensemble empirical mode decomposition of impact-echo data for testing concrete structures." NDT & E International 51 (October 2012): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2012.05.008.

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18

Kee, Seong-Hoon, Taekeun Oh, John S. Popovics, Ralf W. Arndt, and Jinying Zhu. "Nondestructive Bridge Deck Testing with Air-Coupled Impact-Echo and Infrared Thermography." Journal of Bridge Engineering 17, no. 6 (November 2012): 928–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)be.1943-5592.0000350.

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19

Xie, Zhenhua, Ying Zhang, and H. Felix Wu. "Automated Data Fusion and Visualization for Impact-Echo Testing of Concrete Structures." IEEE Sensors Journal 12, no. 12 (December 2012): 3446–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2012.2210705.

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20

Nowotarski, Piotr, Sebastian Dubas, and Roman Milwicz. "Review of the Air-Coupled Impact-Echo Method for Non-Destructive Testing." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 245 (October 2017): 032098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/245/3/032098.

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21

Chaudhary, Muhammad Tariq A. "Effectiveness of Impact Echo testing in detecting flaws in prestressed concrete slabs." Construction and Building Materials 47 (October 2013): 753–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.021.

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22

Dvořák, Richard, and Libor Topolář. "Effect of Hammer Type on Generated Mechanical Signals in Impact-Echo Testing." Materials 14, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14030606.

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The impact-echo diagnostic method is a well-known nondestructive pulse compression test method, which can be relatively easily used for the testing of concrete and reinforced concrete elements. The evaluation of the measurement with this method is based on the analysis of the signal itself in the time and frequency domains. This allows acquisition of information on the velocity of the mechanical wave, the resonant frequency of the specimen or on the presence of internal defects. The ability to interpret these measurements depends on the experience of the diagnostic technician. The advent of classification algorithms in the field of machine learning has brought an increasing number of applications where the entire interpretation phase can be considerably simplified with the help of classification models. However, this automated evaluation procedure must be provided with the information of whether the signal acquired by the test equipment has actually been measured under optimally set conditions. This paper proposes a procedure for the mutual comparison of different measuring setups with a variable tip type, hammer handle and impact force. These three variables were used for a series of measurements which were subsequently compared with each other using multi-criteria evaluation. This offers a tool for the evaluation of measured data and their filtering. As an output of the designed method, each measurement is marked by a score value, which represents how well the acquired signal fit the weight demands for each observed feature of the signal. The method allows the adjustment of selected demands for a specific application by means of set thresholds. This approach enables the understanding of characteristics of the signal in the automated pre-processing of measured data, where computing power is limited. Thus, this solution is potentially suitable for remote long-term observations with sensor arrays or for acoustic emission signals pre-processing.

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23

Mahedi, Masrur, Sahadat Hossain, Mohammad Faysal, and Mohammad Sadik Khan. "Potential Applicability of Impact Echo Method on Pavement Base Materials as a Nondestructive Testing Technique." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2657, no. 1 (January 2017): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2657-06.

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The use of both recycled asphalt pavement and recycled concrete aggregates is increasing considerably in pavement construction. These materials are relatively weak and have to be stabilized with cement or other stabilizers. However, because of product variability and lack of strength and stiffness, their applicability has to be evaluated extensively. Traditionally practiced methods of evaluation might be unreasonable in terms of time, cost, reliability, and applicability. Rapid nondestructive methods, such as the spectral analysis of surface wave, impact echo, pulse velocity, and so forth, have the potential to be inexpensive and less time-consuming, as well as offering low variability of the test results. The objective of the study was to assess the potential applicability of the impact echo method in evaluating recycled pavement base materials. Six combinations (0%–100%, 10%–90%, 30%–70%, 50%–50%, 70%–30%, and 100%–0%) of recycled asphalt pavement and recycled concrete aggregates, respectively, treated by four amounts of portland cement (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%), were evaluated by impact echo, unconfined compression, and repeated-load triaxial test. From the test results, the range of P-wave velocity was between 5,500 in./s and 18,000 in./s, the compressive strength varied from 10 pounds per square inch (psi) and 415 psi, and the tangent modulus range was from 2.8 kips per square inch (ksi) to 41 ksi. Statistical models based on P-wave velocity data were derived for predicting elastic modulus, compressive strength, and resilient modulus. It was found that impact echo has significant potential in characterizing the strength and stiffness properties of cement-treated recycled base materials, which confirms the effectiveness of recycled materials in pavement applications.

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24

Sawicki, Bartłomiej, Tomasz Piotrowski, and Andrzej Garbacz. "Development of Impact-Echo Multitransducer Device for Automated Concrete Homogeneity Assessment." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 2144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092144.

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A combination of multiple nondestructive testing (NDT) methods speeds up the assessment of concrete and increases the precision. This is why the UIR-Scanner was developed at Warsaw University of Technology. The scanner uses an Impact-Echo (IE) method with a unique arrangement of multiple transducers. This paper presents the development of the IE module using numerical models validated with experimental testing. It was found that rectangular arrangement of four transducers with the impactor in the middle is optimal for quick scanning of area for faults and discontinuities, changing the method from punctual to volumetric. A numerical study of void detectability depending on its position with respect to the IE module is discussed as well. After confirmation of the findings of models using experimental tests, the module was implemented into the scanner.

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25

Naik, H. Rama Murthy, J. Jerald, and N. Rajesh Mathivanan. "Impact Damage Detection in GFRP Laminates through Ultrasonic Imaging." Advanced Materials Research 585 (November 2012): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.585.337.

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Composite materials are increasingly used in aerospace, naval and automotive vehicles due to their high specific strength and stiffness. In the area of Non destructive testing, ultrasonic C-scans are used frequently to detect defects in composite components caused during fabrication and damage resulting from service conditions. Ultrasonic testing uses transmission of high frequency sound waves into a material to detect imperfections or to locate changes in material properties. The most commonly used ultrasonic testing technique is pulse echo and through transmission wherein sound is introduced into a test object and reflections (echoes) are returned to a receiver from internal imperfections. Under low-velocity impact loading delaminating is observed to be a major failure mode. This report presents the use of above two techniques to detect the damage in glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) laminates. Pulse echo is used to locate the exact position of damage and through transmission is used to know the magnitude of damage in composite. This paper work will be carried out on two different thicknesses and at impact energy levels varying from 7 to 53J. The ensuring delamination damage will be determined by ultrasonic C-scans using the pulse-echo immersion method for through transmission. Delamination areas were quantified accurately by processing the raw image data using a digital image processing technique. Based on the data obtained, correlation will be established between the delamination area and the impact energy.

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26

Alhawat, Musab, Amir Khan, and Ashraf Ashour. "Evaluation of Steel Corrosion in Concrete Structures Using Impact-Echo Method." Advanced Materials Research 1158 (April 2020): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1158.147.

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The impact-echo method is commonly used for detection of flaws in concrete elements based on the shift in the thickness frequency of a plate-like member. However, there is a need to develop this efficient technique for other applications. This paper investigates the feasibility of using the impact echo-method for identifying corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete structures. For this purpose, 180 reinforced concrete cubes were cast and tested. The main parameters studied were the amount of recycled aggregate (i.e. 0%, 25%, 50% and 100%), nanosilica (1.5% and 3%) and the steel bar diameter (12 and 20mm). Different levels of corrosion were electrochemically induced by applying impressed voltage technique for 2, 5, 10 and 15 days. The impact-echo results were correlated against the actual corrosion levels obtained by the mass loss method. The experimental results showed that the response of impact echo in terms of frequency peaks is found to be sensitive to the high and moderate levels of corrosion. However, no clear trend was observed at the initial stage of corrosion. It is demonstrated that the impact-echo testing can be effectively used to qualitatively detect the damage caused by corrosion phenomenon in reinforced concrete structures.

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27

Colla, C. "Influence of source frequency on impact-echo data quality for testing concrete structures." NDT & E International 36, no. 4 (June 2003): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0963-8695(02)00062-2.

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28

Salazar, Addisson, Luis Vergara, Jorge Igual, and Jorge Gosalbez. "Blind source separation for classification and detection of flaws in impact-echo testing." Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 19, no. 6 (November 2005): 1312–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2005.08.014.

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29

Norinah, A. R., F. N. Adnan, and R. Hamid. "2D finite element simulation of air-coupled impact echo testing on concrete slab." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 513 (April 25, 2019): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/513/1/012016.

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30

Carbol, Ladislav, Jan Martinek, and Ivo Kusák. "Influence of Water Content on Fundamental Frequency of Mortar Sample." Advanced Materials Research 1124 (September 2015): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1124.273.

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Ultrasonic non-destructive testing methods such as Impact-echo are often conducted under different conditions. Such results might be distorted by ambient temperature or by water content of the tested sample. Tested mortar sample displayed shift of the fundamental frequency by 3.7 %. This article confirms necessity of standardized conditions during ultrasonic testing for both laboratory and in-situ testing.

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31

Shi, Xiao Min, Qiang Gao, Jian Jun Liu, Jian Guo Zhang, Da Bing Cheng, and Nai Long Zhang. "Study on the Mechanism of Detecting Flaws in the Transmission Tower Foundation by the Finite Element Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 596 (July 2014): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.596.12.

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Power transmission towers are major equipment of State Grid,the safety of the tower foundation is very important to the power system,nondestructive testing to foundations is necessary when excavation is impossible.In this paper, the dynamic response analysis of the impact-echo method for power transmission tower foundation with flaws is solved based on finite element method; the result of numerical analysis is consistent with the depth of the setting flaw, which shows the feasibility of detecting flaws in transmission tower foundations with the impact-echo method.

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32

Safont, Gonzalo, Addisson Salazar, Luis Vergara, Antonio Vidal, and Alberto Gonzalez. "Assessment of Historic Structures Based on GPR, Ultrasound, and Impact-Echo Data Fusion." Key Engineering Materials 569-570 (July 2013): 1210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.569-570.1210.

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This paper presents a method for assessment of historic structures based on the fusion of data from ground-penetrating radar (GPR), ultrasound, and impact-echo testing. The method consists of the following steps: measuring, feature extraction, fusion, representation, and evaluation. The employed techniques for an application in scale models of historical walls are described. Thus, experimental deployment; signal feature processing; fusion operators (including order statistics digital filters); 2D non-destructive testing images, and figures of merits of the fused results are explained in detail. The deformation of different imperfections in the material structure related to the application of weight load increments applied on the wall is analyzed by using different kinds of fusion configurations.

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33

Dvořák, Richard, Zdeněk Chobola, Rudolf Hela, and Lenka Bodnárová. "Non-Destructive Testing of High Temperature Degraded Concrete Composite of Portland Cement CEM I 42.5 R and Gravel Aggregate 11/22 by Transverse Waves." Applied Mechanics and Materials 865 (June 2017): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.865.270.

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This paper study applicability of non-destructive method of impact echo for diagnosis of high temperature degraded plain concrete. Impact echo method is often used for detection of defects, cracks, and non-homogeneity in constructions. It's based on impact-generated mechanical wave that propagate through the mass of testing specimen and is reflected and partially absorbed by voids and surface. In this paper, we present results of an experiment where test specimens of dimension 0.1 x 0.1 x 0.4 m were created with usage of coarse aggregate 11/22 mm. Specimens has been divided to 7 sets. First set of test specimens were kept at laboratory conditions as a reference. Next six sets were heated up to 1200 ° C. After this heating, the specimens were cooled spontaneously and then tested by impact echo method. We used a steel hammer as an exciter of mechanical wave, which has been transferred to signal by the piezoelectric sensor. Then we analyzed this signal and we focused on transverse waves. Results from non-destructive tests were compared with results from destructive tests.

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34

Kim, Seung Hun, Seong Uk Hong, Yong Taeg Lee, and Seung Ho Lee. "Estimation of Depth of Concrete Column Members Using Impact Echo Method." Key Engineering Materials 605 (April 2014): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.605.194.

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In order to maintain the existing concrete structures in a safe and usable state, an overall maintenance management is necessary regarding structure aging from quality management of new construction. Thus, non-destructive testing is needed to estimate the structure damage, defect, or proper construction without damaging the structure. In U.S., there is a standard for non-destructive test (ACI 228.2R-98), and also in Japan, the non-destructive test method and compressive strength estimation manual was prepared by the Architectural Institute of Japan in 1983, and there are active researches in the ground field, but it lacks verification in architecture field. Thus, in this study, a technique that can estimate the depth of concrete column member using the Impact Echo method which is one of the non-destructive test methods shall be reviewed and evaluated for applicability to the architecture field. The specimen was mixed with design strength of 30MPa. The equipment used in testing is Freedom Date Pc Platform Win.TFS 2.5.2 by company Olson of U.S., and the experiment involved leveling the top surface of the concrete member, installing the equipment and applying impact 9 times, and taking the average of the reverberation values obtained. The estimated average depth of concrete column member using Impact Echo method was 304mm for IEC-300, 398mm for IEC-400, and 484mm for IEC-500, and the relative error rate compared to the actual size was 1%~3%. Through this study, the applicability of estimation of depth in concrete column members using impact echo method could be confirmed.

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35

Štefková, Daniela, Kristýna Timcakova, and Zdeněk Chobola. "Impact-Echo Method for Non-Destructive Testing of High-Temperature-Degraded Cement-Based Composite." Advanced Materials Research 1124 (September 2015): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1124.301.

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Non-destructive acoustic analysis method Impact-echo method as a traditional method for civil engineering was used for this experiment. The paper deals with the applicability of Impactecho acoustic method to testing of cement-based composites prepared from a mix of cement mortar and quartz sand, which were intentionally degraded by high-temperature treatment (in the temperatures range from 200°C to 1200°C). The aim of this paper is introduce the effect of high-temperature degradation. An understanding of microstructure performance relationships is the key to true understanding of material behaviors. The results of non-destructive testing confirmed the different structure of mortar specimens. The subjected to high-temperatures led to absorption of lower frequencies as compared to the reference specimens. A significant decrease of the absorbed frequencies was observed, depending on temperature. The largest decrease occurred after the specimens exposure at 400-600 °C. The effect of heat exposure to the decrease of frequencies was mitigated to the temperature degradation 1200 °C.

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36

Han, Qingbang, Jin Cheng, Honghui Fan, Cheng Yin, and Changping Zhu. "Ultrasonic Nondestructive Testing of Cement Grouting Quality in Corrugated Pipes Based on Impact-echo." Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology 12, no. 11 (November 26, 2014): 503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3151/jact.12.503.

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37

Dai, Xiaowei, Jinying Zhu, Yi-Te Tsai, and Michael R. Haberman. "Use of parabolic reflector to amplify in-air signals generated during impact-echo testing." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 130, no. 4 (October 2011): EL167—EL172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3632106.

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38

Hong, Seong Uk, Seung Hun Kim, and Yong Taeg Lee. "Estimation of Steel Rebar Position and Thickness in Concrete Members Using Impact Echo Method." Key Engineering Materials 605 (April 2014): 420–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.605.420.

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Non-destructive testing methods, unlike typical destructive testing methods that deconstruct or cut the building in case of issues such as pores, heterogeneous material, cracks or any such equivalent issues inside/outside the building. And refer to the testing methods for pores, heterogeneous material, or defectiveness occurring in the specimen without changes or destruction of internal structure using ultrasound, radiation, electromagnetism, fluid, heat, or light. In this study, among such non-destructive testing methods, the impact echo method was used for an experiment to estimate the steel rebar location and thickness in the concrete mock member. The mix was made with design standard strength of 30MPa, and for the steel rebar, diameter 22mm was used on the specimen of 300×370×200 to install spacer on the ground surface, and after separating by 40mm, it was arranged with 130mm and 150mm from the top of the specimen to the top of the rebar in 1 column and 3 rows. The specimen for thickness estimation was manufactured with total length of 1800×300 and 6 varying thicknesses of 150mm, 180mm, 210mm, 240mm, 270mm, and 300mm. As the result of rebar location estimation, the maximum resonant frequency was found to be 11269Hz, 9453Hz,and the rebar location estimates were 127.8mm and 151.8mm, which was relatively accurate with error rate of 1.72% and 1.19% from the actual value. In case of thickness estimation specimen, the error rates comparing actually measured thickness and the average value were 2.2%, 2.2%, 4.6%, 0.9%, 3.8%, and 4.7%, which were relatively accurate with average of 3.1%. Through this study, the applicability of steel rebar location and thickness estimation in concrete members using impact echo method could be confirmed.

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Kořenská, Marta, Monika Manychova, Lubos Pazdera, and Libor Topolář. "Monitoring of the Damage in Stone Blocks by Means of Non-Destructive Methods." Key Engineering Materials 592-593 (November 2013): 545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.592-593.545.

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This paper deals with the damage assessment in stone blocks dismantled from a historic bridge construction. Nonlinear ultrasonic spectroscopy and impact echo methods were used for evaluating the stone block integrity structure. Harmonic analysis of the sample response on well defined ultrasonic excitation was used in the case of nonlinear ultrasonic method application. The amplitude dependent spectral changes of the probing signals were measured in the damaged blocks. Measurement results showed that the analysis of amplitude dependent spectral changes is a promising method for the damage assessment in structures. The Impact-Echo method is a technique for detecting defects in material structure such as stone blocks. It is based on monitoring the propagation of elastic waves from a short-duration mechanical impact. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the technique and to discuss the important parameters involved in this type of testing. The impact echo method is used to generate low-frequency stress waves from 500 Hz to 50 kHz that propagate into the structure and are reflected by defects and external surfaces.

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Moosa, F., H. Burger, C. Trauernicht, G. Blassoplesc, E. Okwori, B. Nyoni, and P. Moyo. "Concrete density estimation of Groote Schuur Hospital linear accelerator bunker walls using impact echo testing." Physica Medica 31 (September 2015): S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2015.07.069.

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Tupý, Michael, Daniela Štefková, Konstantinos Sotiriadis, Lukáš Krmíček, Ladislav Carbol, and Vít Petranek. "Recycled Poly(Vinyl Butyral) Used as a Barrier to Prevent Mortar Carbonation." Advanced Materials Research 1000 (August 2014): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1000.28.

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The paper deals with testing of CO2 diffusivity through poly (vinyl butyral) (PVB) layers and their efficiency to serve as barriers against cement mortar carbonation. Two different types of PVB were tested; PVB sheet made from original extruded PVB polymer and PVB sheet made from PVB dispersion obtained from recycled windshields. The first part of the work was focused on testing CO2 diffusion when polymer sheets were exposed to a CO2 atmosphere (10% v/v CO2) with 0% RH. The excellent barrier capability against CO2 permeability of both types of polymer layers was observed. In the second part, mortar specimens were exposed for 23 days to two different carbonation regimes (laboratory conditions and chamber with CO2 atmosphere (1% v/v CO2) and 60% RH), having been coated or not with recycled PVB dispersion. Compressive strength tests, carbonation depth measurements and acoustic measurements (impact-echo method) were performed. The results showed the alternation of the compressive strength values depending on whether PVB coating was used or not. Both phenolphthalein test and impact-echo method confirmed the protective effect of PVB layer against mortar carbonation.

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Chobola, Zdeněk, Daniela Štefková, and Kristýna Šamárková. "The Use of Acoustic Methods for Non-Destructive Testing of High-Temperature-Degraded Cement-Based Composite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 1395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.1395.

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The present paper deals with the applicability of Impact-echo acoustic method to testing of cement-based composites prepared from a mix of cement mortar and quartz sand, which were intentionally degraded by high-temperature treatment (in the temperatures range from 200°C to 1200°C). Changes in the the bulk density and the flexural tensile strength were monitored during the degradation for comparison.

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Maierhofer, Christiane, Martin Krause, Frank Mielentz, Doreen Streicher, Boris Milmann, Andre Gardei, Christoph Kohl, and Herbert Wiggenhauser. "Complementary Application of Radar, Impact-Echo, and Ultrasonics for Testing Concrete Structures and Metallic Tendon Ducts." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1892, no. 1 (January 2004): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1892-18.

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Cho, Mi Ra, Hyun Suk Lee, Hyun Ho Kim, and Ki Bong Kim. "Finite element analysis of the impact-echo testing at a concrete slab with complex boundary conditions." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 9, no. 2 (March 2005): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02829064.

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Kachanov, V. K., I. V. Sokolov, A. A. Samokrutov, V. G. Shevaldykin, S. A. Fedorenko, S. G. Alekhin, A. V. Kozlov, and N. K. Pichugin. "Constructing Dispersion Characteristic of Adjustment Factor When Testing Compact Square-Section Products Using Impact Echo Method." Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing 57, no. 1 (January 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1061830921010071.

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Topolář, Libor, Peter Rypák, Kristýna Šamárková, and Pavel Rovnaník. "Non-Destructive Testing during the Hardening of Alkali-Activated Slag." Applied Mechanics and Materials 732 (February 2015): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.732.329.

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Non-destructive acoustic analysis methods, Impact-echo method as a traditional and the Acoustic Emission method as nontraditional method for civil engineering, were used for experiment. This paper reports the experiment during hardening and drying of specimens of alkali activated slag mortars. Alkali activated slag is a material having a great potential to be used in practice. The main drawback of this material is a high level of autogenous and especially drying shrinkage, which causes a deterioration of the mechanical properties. The aim of this paper is introduce the effect of method used and time curing on the microstructure of alkali activated slag mortars. An understanding of microstructure–performance relationships is the key to true understanding of material behaviours.

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Dvořák, Richard, Zdeněk Chobola, and Ivo Kusák. "Acoustic non-destructive testing of high temperature degraded concrete with comparison of acoustic impedance." MATEC Web of Conferences 219 (2018): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821903003.

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The paper is focused on non-destructive measurement of high temperature degraded concrete test specimens of three mixtures different by the use of coarse aggregate. Testing is done by ultrasonicpulse velocitymethod and Impact-Echo method. Non-destructive results are compared with destructive tests. Ultrasonic pulse velocity, dominant resonance frequency and acoustic impedance are discussed and compared with changes in density, cubic compressive strength, and tensile strength of concrete. The paper suggests possible assessment of degraded concrete by the change in acoustic impedance dependent on residual tensile strength.

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Kireev, A. N., Y. K. Sklifus, and M. A. Kireeva. "Validity and informativity enhancement of ultrasonic testing of cast parts of railway rolling stock." Vestnik of Don State Technical University 19, no. 4 (January 3, 2020): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/1992-5980-2019-19-4-335-341.

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Introduction. Due to the process reasons, the structure of cast parts of the railway rolling stock (RRS) often has embedded flaws that affect drastically their strength. The degree of impact depends on many factors including the shape and location of defects in the product. The shape of the defect has the greatest effect under alternating loads. This often refers to dynamically loaded parts of the RRS underframe. The defect oriented perpendicularly to the direction of tensile loads reduces the component life to the maximum. To identify embedded flaws, the parts are subjected to ultrasonic testing by the classical pulse-echo technique. However, such methods require increased validity and informativity. For example, they do not provide the determination of the type and orientation of the defect. Materials and Methods. Features, advantages and disadvantages of the classical pulse-echo technique of the ultrasonic non-destructive testing, which is based on the registration of the following echo signals, are considered: sent; reflected from the opposite surface (bottom) of the object; reflected from the defect (if any). The pulse arrival time is proportional to the thickness of the part. If there is a defect, this time is proportional to the distance from the pulse input surface to the defect. This method can determine the presence of a defect, but it cannot determine its type. Research Results. To determine the shape of a defect, a dualfrequency defectometry method is proposed. Its principle, algorithm and implemented analytical dependencies are described. When an echo signal from a defect is detected in the monitoring object, the amplitudes of the bottom signals and the amplitudes of the echo signals from the defect are measured at the ultrasonic wave frequencies of 2.5 MHz and 5.0 MHz. The defect shape factor is calculated from the analytical dependence; and the type of defect is determined. It can be volume (pores, shells, non-metallic inclusions) or planar (cracks, segregations, etc.). Discussion and Conclusions. A dual-frequency defectometry method to determine the type of defect under the manual ultrasonic testing of the RRS cast parts is proposed in the paper. For an express automated use of the proposed method, the software product NDTRT-07.04-L is developed, and its operation algorithm is described. The application of the technique can increase the validity and informativity of the test results

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Karel, O., R. Dvorak, I. Rozsypalova, and P. Schmid. "Properties of concrete intended for further testing measured by the Impact-Echo and the ultrasonic pulse method." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 385 (July 2018): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/385/1/012025.

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Hong, Jinyoung, Hajin Choi, and Tae Keun Oh. "Application of Tooth Gear Impact-Echo System for Repeated and Rapid Data Acquisition." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (July 12, 2020): 4784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144784.

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Developments in air-coupled testing hardware in impact-echo (IE) tests have enabled new levels of scanning tests for concrete bridge decks. A tooth gear IE system has been developed using tooth gears as impactors and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Since the tooth gear moves and generates impacts itself, this system collects a large amount of test data across the field continuously. The contact duration of two different tooth gears is evaluated and the contact mechanism is compared to a conventional steel ball impactor by a high-speed camera. The data measurements were carried out on concrete slabs, where artificial delaminations were embedded at different depths. Based on our IE experiments, reducing the pitch or increasing the number of teeth was required to decrease the contact duration and generate the thickness mode frequency from deep delaminations. Rapidly obtained time domain data were transferred to the frequency-time domain using spectrograms to identify the dominant frequency band of the signal set. The results show that the developed system enabled us to acquire high-quality data during air-coupled IE tests and spectrogram analysis provided meaningful frequency information and verified its repeatability.

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