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1
Balcom, Dennis A. "Absent Fathers: Effects on Abandoned Sons." Journal of Men’s Studies 6, no. 3 (June 1998): 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106082659800600302.
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Absent fathers are pervasive in American culture. Father absence is pathological and severely affects the abandoned son's capacity for self-esteem and intimacy. The reason for and type of father absence is important in determining the effects on the adult son. This article discusses the impact of a father's absence on his abandoned son's struggle with self-esteem and intimacy and proposes a treatment model for abandoned sons.
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Ashari, Yulinda. "Fatherless in indonesia and its impact on children’s psychological development." Psikoislamika : Jurnal Psikologi dan Psikologi Islam 15, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/psi.v15i1.6661.
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<p>The power of the child's personality is the result of good parenting and handling by both of parents. If one is absent, there will be an imbalance to child psychological development. The fatherless concept itself can be interpreted as the absence of a father figure in the nurturing process. Then known the "fatherless", "father absence", "father loss" or "father hunger". The fatherless issue has become an international problem, including in Indonesia. Most cases in Western countries are the absence of fathers due to unmarried fathers and mothers, it’s different with Indonesia's problems, the fathers and mothers are married, but the execution of the parenting tasks is neglected or unfulfilled. Many children have a physical father but at the same time fatherless psychologically. It seems the traditional parenting pattern in Indonesia that the role of mother is taking care of the child at home and father is working to earn a living is still believed without further meaning. Father contributes importantly to the development of the child, the experience with father will affect a child to adulthood later. Father has influences in some special areas of child development, which teaches freedom, expands children's view, firm discipline, and role models of male. It is hypothesized that fatherless will give negative impact to psychological development of children. The literature reviews is used to support the hypothesized in this paper.</p>
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Zirima, Herbert. "Father absence and sexual partner preference amongst women in Masvingo urban, Zimbabwe." Global Journal of Psychology Research: New Trends and Issues 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjpr.v10i1.4116.
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Father absence is a trend that has been on the surge globally and locally, and its effects can be felt in children’s lives up to adulthood. This study sought to explore how father absence mediates sexual partner preference amongst women who would have grown without their biological fathers. This was achieved by comparing the sexual partner preferences of women who grew up without fathers against those who grew up with their fathers. A quantitative approach was taken, particularly employing an ex post facto research design. A one-stage cluster sampling strategy was used to select 392 women, who participated in this study. Of the 392 participants, 168 were women who had grown up in father-absent homes, whereas the remaining 224 had grown up with a resident father. A standardised instrument, the mate preference questionnaire, was used to collect data. This study revealed that father absence influences the preference of a sexual partner, particularly the age gap with the preferred romantic partner, physical aspects of the sexual partner and values about chastity. Women who grew up in fatherless homes showed a preference for good looks and masculinity in a romantic over issues such as good financial prospect and ambitiousness and industriousness. The most preferred characteristic expressed by women who emerged from father-absent homes was that the romantic partner should be a father figure. This study recommends that voluntary organisations that promote fatherhood programs should be set up to raise awareness on the importance of fathering. Moreover, future research should explore the impact of father absence amongst married women so as to ascertain if father absence affects relationships within a marriage.
Keywords: Partner preference, father absence, romantic partner, women, relationship.
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Penboon, Benjamas, Aree Jampaklay, Patama Vapattanawong, and Zachary Zimmer. "Migration and absent fathers: Impacts on the mental health of left-behind family members in Thailand." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 28, no. 3 (September 2019): 271–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196819876361.
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This paper examines whether children and main caregivers of overseas migrant fathers have fewer or more mental health symptoms compared to those of non-migrant fathers. The sample includes 997 households from the 2008 Child Health and Migrant Parents in South-East Asia project. The mental health measurements are the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire. Compared to children of non-migrant fathers, those of migrant fathers are more likely to demonstrate conduct problems and hyperactivity/inattention. Factors which appear to impact a caregiver's mental health include the physical health status of children, caregiver's education level and household economic status. To reduce the risk of mental health problems on left-behind children, our findings imply the importance of encouraging and educating left-behind families to monitor the children's psychological well-being, especially those in father-migrant families.
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Makhovskaya, O. I. "The Impact of Media on the Formation of Generations of ‘Hamlets’ and ‘Don Quixotes’ in Russia." Cultural-Historical Psychology 15, no. 2 (2019): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/chp.2019150213.
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The article is devoted to the cultural specifics of the formation and succession of generations in Russia, starting with the literary circles of the XIX century and ending with the network groups of the XXI cen tury. The literary tradition of describing the phenomenon of conflict between “fathers” and “sons” was laid by the novelist Ivan Turgenev (1860) who argued that generations of “hamlets”, old-fashioned individuals, alternate generations of “don quixotes”, pioneers, rebels. The images of foreign heroes not only remain popular in cinema and theater, but are used by Russian scholars as scientific metaphors for the analysis of the history of generations. The thesis of Lev Vygotsky was devoted to the analysis of the image of Hamlet (1917). It is argued that the change of generations is determined by the disharmonious structure of family in two versions. A strong father with absolute authority, a strong identification with an ideal father in children leads to a generation with a focus on the state ideology and the “father” of peoples, to the generation of “hamlets”. Absent or subdominant father, weak identification with him in children leads to the search for ideals outside the traditional family and moral precepts, to the generation of “don quixotes”. The article provides research data on network interactions that reveals the inertia of the archetypes; the cultural resistance towards the technologies; the reproduction of the generation gap between “hamlets” and “donquixotes”; communication barriers and misunderstandings.
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Monteiro, Lígia, Marília Fernandes, Nuno Torres, and Carolina Santos. "Father’s involvement and parenting styles in Portuguese families. The role of education and working hours." Análise Psicológica 35, no. 4 (December 20, 2018): 513–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14417/ap.1451.
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Early studies on fathers focused mainly on his presence in or absence from children’s lives, and the amount of time they spent with them. More recently, several authors have stated the importance of understanding the quality of father involvement to comprehend fully its impact on child development. However, studies have also reported that socio-demographic variables, namely, father educational levels and employment status affect parenting and children outcomes. The aims of this study were to analyze a sample of 465 Portuguese two-parent families with pre-school age children, looking for associations between father involvement in care/socialization activities and paternal parenting styles while testing for the moderating effect of father educational levels and working hours. Fathers reported on their own parenting styles and mothers described the father’s involvement. Fathers’ working hours moderated the relation between his authoritative parenting style and involvement in teaching/discipline and play activities. In addition, fathers’ education moderated the relation between his authoritative style and involvement in direct care and teaching/discipline. Given the different roles that fathers can assume in their children’s lives, it is important to understand the mechanisms of paternal participation, and identify the factors which explain the differences in effective care so that we can promote higher positive involvement.
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Botha, Lettie, and Lukas Meyer. "The possible impact of an absent father on a child's development — a teacher's perspective." Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe 59, no. 1 (2019): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2224-7912/2019/v59n1a4.
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Sheppard, Paula, and Rebecca Sear. "Father absence predicts age at sexual maturity and reproductive timing in British men." Biology Letters 8, no. 2 (September 7, 2011): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0747.
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Despite the widespread assumption that paternal investment is substantial in our species, previous studies have shown mixed results in relation to the impact of fathers on both offspring survival and reproductive outcomes. Using data from a large representative sample of British men, we tested whether father absence is associated with the timing of reproduction-related events among boys, while controlling for various cues denoting early childhood adversity. We further tested whether the loss of the father at different childhood stages matters, so as to assess whether early life is the most important period or if effects can be seen during later childhood. The results show that father absence before age seven is associated with early reproduction, while father absence between ages 11 and 16 only is associated with delayed voice-breaking (a proxy for puberty), even after adjusting for other factors denoting childhood adversity. We conclude that fathers do exert an influence on male reproductive outcomes, independently of other childhood adversities and that these effects are sensitive to the timing of father absence.
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Oliveira, Camile, and Erin Baines. "Children ‘born of war’: a role for fathers?" International Affairs 96, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 439–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa007.
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Abstract In this article, we examine exceptional circumstances in which men who father children born as the result of conflict-related sexual violence assume full or partial responsibility for their child's well-being. Children ‘born of war’ are increasingly recognized as a particular victim group in relevant international policy frameworks. Their social status falls somewhere between the victimization of their mother and perpetration of their father. Given the circumstances of their birth, they often experience social rejection and loss of identity with a long-term impact on their well-being. Previous scholarship has primarily documented the challenges faced by their mothers as caregivers and as victims of wartime sexual violence. A discussion on fathers to children ‘born of war’ is absent, attributable not only to their perpetrator status, but also to the assumption that their identity is unknown or that a relationship between father and child is undesired. The article demonstrates this is not always the case. Based on research in northern Uganda between 2016 and 2019 which included interviews and focus group discussions with former male combatants in the rebel group the Lord's Resistance Army, we explore how some fathers seek to maintain a relationship with children born as the result of ‘forced marriage’ and assume partial or full responsibility for their well-being and care.
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Corcoran, Mary P. "Portrait of the ‘Absent’ Father: The Impact of Non-Residency on Developing and Maintaining a Fathering Role." Irish Journal of Sociology 14, no. 2 (December 2005): 134–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/079160350501400208.
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This paper reports on an exploratory study conducted with non-resident fathers, to elucidate the key issues affecting the development and maintenance of a fathering role after a relationship has ended. In particular, the paper focuses on the contingent nature of fatherhood for young marginalised men in Dublin. The extent to which fathers identify with a fathering role is explored and comparisons are drawn between the experiences of estranged, committed and activist fathers. Key factors that militate against fathers maintaining an active role in their children's lives are identified. The paper concludes that while the experiences of fatherhood vary across different categories of fathers, the majority of them aspire toward and value their fathering role. However, their capacity to adopt a positive fathering role is affected by a range of institutional, economic and social barriers.
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Fowler, Cathrine, Chris Rossiter, Angela Dawson, Debra Jackson, and Tamara Power. "Becoming a “Better” Father: Supporting the Needs of Incarcerated Fathers." Prison Journal 97, no. 6 (October 3, 2017): 692–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885517734495.
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Given the importance of fathering to the well-being and development of children, paternal incarceration has a major impact on children and families. Drawing on interviews with 64 incarcerated fathers in New South Wales, Australia, this article explores their experiences. The men’s childhood familial separation and disconnection is frequently repeated in adulthood, with limited contact with their own families even when not in custody. Despite barriers to connection, the interviewees express strong aspirations to be “good” fathers and to achieve a “better life” for their children. The absence of stable models of responsive fathering in early life is a common theme that has implications for the development of education and support programs for imprisoned fathers.
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Merklinger-Gruchala, Anna, and Maria Kapiszewska. "The Effect of Prenatal Stress, Proxied by Marital and Paternity Status, on the Risk of Preterm Birth." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 2 (January 18, 2019): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020273.
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Uncertainty and insecurity in the relationship between the mother and father of a child are responsible for heightened maternal stress, which can lead to preterm birth (PTB). Different intensities of prenatal stress (proxied by four levels of marital status linked with the presence or absence of paternal data on birth records) were defined as the Marital-Father Data index. We assessed the impact of those varying intensities of prenatal stress on PTB with respect to parity among a group of Polish mothers residing in Krakow (N = 87,916). We found a pattern across the adjusted risk ratios (RR) of preterm birth that ordered these estimates in an increasing trend towards higher risk, beginning with the group of married mothers with father data present (baseline), through the groups of legitimizing marriages—married after conception with father data present (RR = 1.1; 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) 1.0–1.2) and unmarried mothers with father data present (RR = 1.3; 95% CI 1.2–1.5) to the group of unmarried mothers with father data absent (RR = 1.9; 95% CI 1.7–2.2). The adjusted p for the linear trend between Marital-Father Data index and PTB was less than 0.001. The adjusted effect of perceived prenatal stress differed with respect to parity (confirmed by statistically significant interactions between Marital-Father Data index levels and parity), with a higher magnitude of this effect noted among multiparous versus primiparous women. Low paternal involvement and support during pregnancy may negatively affect PTB risk and this effect may differ in relation to parity status. More attention should be paid to maternal pregnancy stress, especially of multiparous mothers, to decrease the risk of unfavorable birth outcomes.
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Ellis, Bruce J., Gabriel L. Schlomer, Elizabeth H. Tilley, and Emily A. Butler. "Impact of fathers on risky sexual behavior in daughters: A genetically and environmentally controlled sibling study." Development and Psychopathology 24, no. 1 (January 31, 2012): 317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457941100085x.
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AbstractGirls receiving lower quality paternal investment tend to engage in more risky sexual behavior (RSB) than peers. Whereas paternal investment theory posits that this effect is causal, it could arise from environmental or genetic confounds. To distinguish between these competing explanations, the current authors employed a genetically and environmentally controlled sibling design (N = 101 sister pairs; ages 18–36), which retrospectively examined the effects of differential sibling exposure to family disruption/father absence and quality of fathering. Consistent with a causal explanation, differences between older and younger sisters in the effects of quality of fathering on RSB were greatest in biologically disrupted families when there was a large age gap between the sisters (thus maximizing differential exposure to fathers), with greater exposure within families to higher quality fathering serving as a protective factor against RSB. Further, variation around the lower end of fathering quality appeared to have the most influence on RSB. In contrast, differential sibling exposure to family disruption/father absence (irrespective of quality of fathering) was not associated with RSB. The differential sibling-exposure design affords a new quasi-experimental method for evaluating the causal effects of fathers within families.
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SHENK, MARY K., and BROOKE A. SCELZA. "PATERNAL INVESTMENT AND STATUS-RELATED CHILD OUTCOMES: TIMING OF FATHER'S DEATH AFFECTS OFFSPRING SUCCESS." Journal of Biosocial Science 44, no. 5 (March 20, 2012): 549–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932012000053.
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SummaryRecent work in human behavioural ecology has suggested that analyses focusing on early childhood may underestimate the importance of paternal investment to child outcomes since such investment may not become crucial until adolescence or beyond. This may be especially important in societies with a heritable component to status, as later investment by fathers may be more strongly related to a child's adult status than early forms of parental investment that affect child survival and child health. In such circumstances, the death or absence of a father may have profoundly negative effects on the adult outcomes of his children that cannot be easily compensated for by the investment of mothers or other relatives. This proposition is tested using a multigenerational dataset from Bangalore, India, containing information on paternal mortality as well as several child outcomes dependent on parental investment during adolescence and young adulthood. The paper examines the effects of paternal death, and the timing of paternal death, on a child's education, adult income, age at marriage and the amount spent on his or her marriage, along with similar characteristics of spouses. Results indicate that a father's death has a negative impact on child outcomes, and that, in contrast to some findings in the literature on father absence, the effects of paternal death are strongest for children who lose their father in late childhood or adolescence.
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Jones, Kim A. "Assessing the Impact of Father-Absence from a Psychoanalytic Perspective." Psychoanalytic Social Work 14, no. 1 (March 29, 2007): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j032v14n01_03.
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Guardia, Amanda C. La, Judith A. Nelson, and Ian M. Lertora. "The Impact of Father Absence on Daughter Sexual Development and Behaviors." Family Journal 22, no. 3 (April 3, 2014): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066480714529887.
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Farooqi, Rabia, and Ayesha Khan. "Exploring the Impact of Father’s Demise among Female Adolescents." NUST Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 7, no. 1 (May 25, 2021): 121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.51732/njssh.v7i1.70.
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The present study is intended to explore the impact brought about by parental demise among female adolescents. Moreover, examining the societal role, particularly the part played by the family system, after the death of a father and its effect on an adolescent’s life perception. Data was collected through in-depth interviews from 4 adolescents aged between 17-19 years, accumulated by a purposive sampling method and analyzed through interpretative phenomenological analysis. Findings demonstrated that adolescents who encountered the loss of their fathers face numerous problems impacting their emotional, cognitive, and behavioural well-being. The absence of parents brings a drastic change in an entire life affecting their mental health leading to low self-esteem, depression, anxiety as well as emotional sufferings. The major issues highlighted during the study were life disruption, financial crisis, lack of support in terms of both financial and emotional aspects from extended family. Moreover, the family system played a detrimental role in the adversities encountered. Furthermore, participants stressed that children having both parents attained support, attention, emotional bonding, and encountered fewer social, psychological, and emotional issues. They constantly grieved the parental loss and faced a lack of care, that significantly affected their well-being. These findings help in understanding the problems associated with lack of parental bonding in connection with father’s loss, whereas its long-lasting impact spread throughout one's life.
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Jamil, Nida. "The Impact of Remittances Versus Parental Absence on Children’s Wellbeing: Evidence from Rural Punjab." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 22, no. 2 (January 1, 2017): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2017.v22.i2.a1.
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This study examines the impact of migration on children left behind in terms of schooling and child labor by quantifying two aspects of migration: remittances and parental absence, in cases where the father is the migrant. The study is based on a panel analysis of data drawn from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey for 2007 and the Privatization in Education Research Initiative survey for 2011. The sample comprises 820 households with children aged 5–14 years. The study uses the instrumental variable (IV) approach due to endogeneity. Exogenous variation in parental absence and remittances sent by migrants from a given kinship network are employed as IVs. This, combined with household fixed effects and random effects, increases the reliability of the results. While remittances benefit the children, father’s absence has adverse consequences for them. However, mother’s presence in the house appears to compensate for the father’s absence, making the migration beneficial on net for the child. The father’s absence has worse consequences for girls in terms of increased child labor, where the money coming in through remittances has a larger impact on boys’ schooling.
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Edelblute, Heather B., and Claire E. Altman. "The Interaction and Impact of Social Support and Father Absence on Breastfeeding." Breastfeeding Medicine 16, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 629–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2020.0202.
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Wooldridge, Tom. "The Paternal Function in Anorexia Nervosa." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 69, no. 1 (February 2021): 7–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003065121993810.
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The role of the father, both flesh-and-blood and symbolic, is explored in a subset of families of patients with anorexia nervosa. In these families the mother’s narcissistic investment in her child makes separation-individuation difficult. A factor potentially influencing whether the child goes on to develop anorexia nervosa is the strength of the paternal function, which optimally helps the child learn how to appropriately deploy his aggression in the service of separation-individuation and as a means of developing “the experience of agency”: the phenomenological experience of oneself as having an intentional impact. The role of the paternal function in developing the experience of agency is illuminated by the metaphor of rough-and-tumble play, which encapsulates the kind of experience with early objects that facilitates or forecloses the child’s capacity for experiencing agency. In the families of these patients, the father is frequently described as passive or absent and the paternal function as compromised, which arguably leads the anorexic-to-be to relegate his experience of agency to his body, which he subjugates through omnipotent control.
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Salmon, Catherine, John M. Townsend, and Jessica Hehman. "Casual Sex and College Students: Sex Differences and the Impact of Father Absence." Evolutionary Psychological Science 2, no. 4 (July 1, 2016): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40806-016-0061-9.
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Avramaki, Elissavet, and Charalambos Tsekeris. "The role of the father in the development of psychosis." Filozofija i drustvo 22, no. 4 (2011): 183–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid1104183a.
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In psychoanalysis, fathering has not received much analytical at?tention and only little is known about the actual impact of paternity on the development of certain psychopathology. This paper seeks to carefully examine and critically discuss the impact of fathering on psychotic individuals. It elaborates on the importance of the father in the healthy development of the children, as well as on the consequences that his absence entails for their psyche. Drawing on a Lacanian analytical framework, it is argued that, nowadays, the paternal figure has significantly lost its previous status. The gradual extinction of the paternal function, within the contemporary cultural environment, is mainly because of important social and legal changes in the familial structure, such as the increase of single-parent families and the legalization of the adoption of children by gay couples.
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Musil, Carol, Elizabeth Tracy, Rashon Braxton, McKenzie Wallace, and Alexandra Jeanblanc. "Experiences and Implications on Family Relationships for Grandmothers Raising Their Grandchildren." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1108.
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Abstract In the U.S., over 2.7 million grandparents are primary caregivers to grandchildren. It is critical to understand the experiences of grandparent caregivers to design tailored, supportive programs. Our aim was to analyze written journals of 129 grandmothers with respect to the impact of raising grandchildren on relationships with family members. As part of a national RCT study of grandmother caregivers, participants completed daily journals for 4 weeks. Employing thematic data analysis, three members of the research team coded using NVIVO 12 Plus. The research team met regularly to compare and resolve discrepancies in coding. Percent agreement was > 80%. Relationships with the grandchild’s mother were characterized by anger/tension, resentment, and the realization that the mother was incapable of parenting while at the same time expressing worry/concern for her. Relationships with the grandchild’s father mirrored these dynamics while also depicting the father as a distant figure, inconsistent, and financially absent. Spousal relationships were marked by challenges faced by the spouse, their shared role/influence as a grandparent, and the quality of their time spent together. The other relationships described were often focused on their other adult children, as well as their own adult siblings. Grandmother caregivers expressed stress or strain and frustration within these relationships. Caregivers also verbalized gratitude for support from family members within the context of familial and financial stress. Grandmother caregivers may need support in managing familial relationships and stress within these relationships, which may be a target for future interventions.
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Richardson, Joseph B. "Men Do Matter." Journal of Family Issues 30, no. 8 (February 19, 2009): 1041–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x08330930.
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This article examines the role of the African American uncle as a vital yet overlooked form of social support and social capital in the lives of adolescent African American male sons living in single-female-headed households. Research rarely examines the affective roles and functions of men in Black families; moreover, poor urban Black male youth are typically portrayed as a monolithic and homogeneous group who lack positive relationships with their biological fathers. The absence of these relationships has been correlated to numerous social problems for Black male youth—specifically, delinquency and violent behavior. Although much of the work on African American fatherhood has focused on the role of the biological father (and, to some extent, the stepfather), minimal attention has been given to men within extended familial networks and their impact on successful adolescent development among young African American males.
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Wibiharto, Bunga Maharani Yasmin, Rianti Setiadi, and Yekti Widyaningsih. "Relationship Pattern of Fatherless Impacts to Internet Addiction, the Tendency to Suicide and Learning Difficulties for Students at SMAN ABC Jakarta." Society 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 264–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/society.v9i1.275.
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Fatherless is the absence of a father figure. Some impacts of fatherlessness are loneliness, openness, depression, self-control, and self-esteem. These factors can influence internet addiction and suicidal tendencies. It also can cause difficulty in the learning process for students. This study aims to determine the significant impacts caused by fatherlessness and the relation to internet addiction, suicidal tendencies, and learning difficulties. The method used is Partial Least Square. The results showed that the significant impacts caused by fatherlessness are loneliness, depression, and self-esteem. The impacts of fatherless that influence internet addiction are loneliness and depression. The impact of fatherlessness that influences suicidal tendencies is depression. Internet addiction and suicidal tendencies influence learning difficulties.
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Jenkins, Ron. "Dante, fatherhood, and starvation behind bars." Forum Italicum: A Journal of Italian Studies 55, no. 2 (June 18, 2021): 568–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00145858211022645.
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This article documents the responses of incarcerated men to Dante’s story of Ugolino in canto 33 of Inferno. Reading Dante’s poem in prison theater workshops the men are inspired to write about the ways in which their own children, like Ugolino’s, have suffered because of the incarceration of their father. Interweaving fragments of Dante’s text into their stories the incarcerated readers generate narratives that explore the multiple meanings of starvation. While Ugolino’s children die starving for food, the children of incarcerated fathers are starving for love, family, and community. Like the majority of men in American prisons the participants in these Dante theater workshops are people of color and their writing highlights the impact of mass incarceration on black and brown communities in America at the same time that it demonstrates the continuing relevance of Dante’s poem to readers confronting issues related to justice and its absence in the twenty-first century.
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Kashif, Muhammad, Mubashir Ayyaz, and Sara Basharat. "TV food advertising aimed at children: qualitative study of Pakistani fathers’ views." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 26, no. 4 (September 2, 2014): 647–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-04-2014-0063.
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Purpose – There is plethora of advertising research that has highlighted the mothers’ perspective to TV food advertising. However, the fathers’ perspective on children food advertising in societies that score high on masculinity is important but absent from literature. The purpose of this paper is to present opinions of respondents as fathers, concerning the impact of TV food advertisements on children buying and consumption habits. Design/methodology/approach – The qualitative data through semi-structured interviews has been collected from 32 males having at least one child between the ages of seven and 14 years. The respondents were purposefully selected from a private sector university located in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. The collected data have been analysed through thematic analysis. Findings – Thematic analysis revealed six themes; quantity of ads, negative impact of TV food ads, changing buying patterns, positive/productive impact on children, father's perceptions of TV advertising, and advertising changes to be incorporated. The findings have some social, cultural, and managerial implications for core advertising stakeholders. Practical implications – This study is useful for marketing managers whose job is to persuade children and their families into buying their products. They can benefit from the findings of this study to customize the brand communication strategies as per the expectations of respondents as fathers. Furthermore, the study proposes useful insights that will help in devising consumer-led advertising policies in Pakistan. Originality/value – The gender role of males while influencing family decision making with regards to food products marketing has been a new area of research. The study is pioneer in the field of consumer socialization in that it focuses upon the fathers’ perspective on TV advertising to children.
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Strauss, David. "Will you leave me too?: The impact of father absence on the treatment of a 10-year-old girl." Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health 25, no. 2 (December 2013): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2013.790823.
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Salihu, Hamisu M., Euna M. August, Alfred K. Mbah, Amina P. Alio, Estrellita Lo Berry, and Muktar H. Aliyu. "Impact of a Federal Healthy Start Program on Feto-infant Morbidity Associated with Absent Fathers: A Quasi-experimental Study." Maternal and Child Health Journal 18, no. 9 (February 19, 2014): 2054–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-014-1451-x.
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Hewett, Ivan, and W. Dean Sutcliffe. "Absent Father." Musical Times 140, no. 1868 (1999): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1004497.
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Mills, Gordon. "Absent Father." Anthurium A Caribbean Studies Journal 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33596/anth.167.
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Kassim, Saba, Hala Bakeer, Shahad Alghazy, Yara Almaghraby, Wael Sabbah, and Alla Alsharif. "Socio-Demographic Variation, Perceived Oral Impairment and Oral Impact on Daily Performance among Children in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 14 (July 10, 2019): 2450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142450.
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Background: This study aimed to describe the oral impact (estimate, severity, frequency) on daily performance (e.g., eating, speaking) and identify the potential perceived oral impairment(s) and socio-behavioral factors associated with oral impact, namely presence or absence of oral impact, among children aged 9–12 years old in Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional convenience sample of 186 children aged 9–12 years old was recruited. Sociodemographic characteristics, oral health-related behaviors, and perceived oral impairments (e.g., caries, toothache) were obtained from participants. The validated Arabic Child Oral Impact on Daily Performance (C-OIDP) inventory was used to assess oral impacts. Sample descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regressions modeling the association between C-OIDP and explanatory variables were performed. Results: The mean (±SD) age of the children was 10.29 ± 1.24 years, 66.4% were from public schools, and 52% were females. At least one C-OIDP was reported by 78% of the participants. The mean C-OIDP score was 2.27 ± 1.99. Toothache was reported as a perceived impairment for almost all oral impacts and was the strongest predictor of C-OIDP. Low father income was negatively associated with C-OIDP (odds ratio (OR) = 0.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.10–0.62). Females had significantly higher odds of reporting C-OIDP than males. Conclusions: In this convenience sample, a high percentage of children aged 9–12 years old reported C-OIDP, which was linked to oral impairment and socio-demographic factors. Further studies, however, are required to explore the clinical, behavioral, and sociodemographic factors in relationship to C-OIDP among Saudi children in a representative sample.
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Klimiankou, Maksim, Siarhei Kandabarau, Marlene Reuter, Anna-Lena Hagemann, Cornelia Zeidler, Karl Welte, and Julia Skokowa. "Identification of New Leukemia Associated Gene Mutations by Whole Genome Sequencing of DNA From Two Siblings with Congenital Neutropenia and Secondary AML." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.12.12.
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Abstract Abstract 12 To identify the pattern of genetic aberrations, which may promote leukemia development in patients with severe congenital neutropenia (CN), we have performed a whole genome sequencing (WGS) of DNA samples from myeloid leukemic cells of two affected siblings suffering from CN. Both children harbored ELANE gene mutations. The father of the children demonstrates somatic mosaicism for the ELANE mutation and has no severe neutropenia. For WGS we used Complete Genomics technology (Complete Genomics. Inc, Mountain View, CA.). More than 90 % of genomes were sequenced at high quality with minimum coverage of at least 20-fold. As an example, 3.355.399 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were identified in DNA isolated from leukemia blasts of one CN patient. The following filters were used to identify mutations in the leukemic cells from the two patients: 1) Non-synonymous SNVs in coding sequences only (9288 SNVs), 2) 54 healthy individuals sequenced by Complete Genomics (557 SNVs), 4) five members of one family from the same ethnic area (healthy parents, one cyclic neutropenia patient and her healthy brother, 471 SNVs), 5) five family members of the affected two children: parents and three healthy siblings (two healthy sisters and one heatlthy brother). Remaining SNVs presented in the two affected children were subsequently analysed using in silico prediction software Polyphen 2, which predicts possible impact of an amino acid substitution on the structure and function of human proteins. Fourteen SNVs with predicted damaging effects on the protein function were used for further analysis. All candidate SNVs were validated by Sanger sequencing. We detected nine inherited candidate SNVs presented in the two affected children but not in healthy siblings. The SNV in the ELANE gene (c.452G>A p.C151Y, dbsnp.129:rs57246956) was inherited from the father. Novel SNVs inherited from the father were as follows: in the TCTE1, FAM135A, M6PR, C20orf144 and PTPN23 genes. Only three SNVs were inherited from the healthy mother (in BLOC1S1, DUS3L and KIAA1543 genes). All SNVs were heterozygous. We also found 5 sporadic SNVs presented in leukemia sample of one CN patient only, but absent in his DNA sample from an earlier time point of CN diagnosis. These are heterozygous SNVs in the CSF3R, ACAP2, GRM1, LASS3, and RUNX1 gene. All five gene mutations might be involved in leukemogenesis. Interestingly, both affected patients had somatic mutation in the RUNX1 gene at the same nucleotide position (c.415C>G, p.R139G in sick brother and c.415C>T, p.R139* in sick sister). In summary, we identified candidate genes that may be relevant for leukemogenesis in CN patients. Our study also establishes WGS as an unbiased method for discovering leukemia-initiating mutations in previously unidentified genes that may respond to targeted therapies Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Stock, Nicola Marie, Bruna Costa, Paul White, and Nichola Rumsey. "Risk and Protective Factors for Psychological Distress in Families Following a Diagnosis of Cleft Lip and/or Palate." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 57, no. 1 (August 4, 2019): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665619862457.
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Objectives: Despite the potential psychological impact of a diagnosis of cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) on parents, few large-scale studies currently exist. Utilizing data extracted from The Cleft Collective Birth Cohort Study, the current study aimed to examine the psychological impact of the diagnosis on parent and family functioning and to identify risk and/or protective factors contributing to parental adjustment in order to inform future psychological intervention. Methods: Parent-reported questionnaire data were extracted for 1163 parents (644 mothers and 519 fathers). Outcome measures included the PedsQL-Family Impact Module, the Perceived Stress Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and a condition-specific tool designed by the Psychology Clinical Excellence Network. Results: Overall, findings suggest that parents adjust well to the diagnosis. Factors found to be protective against psychological distress for both mothers and fathers included a positive life orientation, satisfaction with health care, and relationship satisfaction. Close friendships were also protective against depression in mothers. Risk factors for mothers included the presence of a prior mental health condition, and stressful life events during pregnancy. Risk factors for fathers included being older at the time of conception, and recently being absent from work. Conclusions: Findings suggest a need for appropriate psychological screening of both parents following a diagnosis of CL/P and emphasize the importance of coordinated multidisciplinary care for psychological health. Preventative models of intervention to strengthen familial relationships and build resilience require further investigation.
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Adler, Rachel H. "The Nexus of Homelessness and Incarceration: The Case of Homeless Men in Trenton, NJ." Journal of Men’s Studies 29, no. 3 (March 25, 2021): 335–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10608265211005084.
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This article explores the nuanced connections between homelessness and incarceration as told through life stories of homeless men in Trenton, New Jersey. A recurrent theme in the stories was the experience of incarceration. This cycle of male homelessness and incarceration has its origins in the structural conditions of poverty, discrimination, and unemployment in Trenton. It is self-replicating because of a cultural process in which people learn and repeat how to engage with the world. Men copy other men; this is how they learn gender. If fathers or other positive male role models are absent, men are prone to learn gender from idealized, hypermasculine images that feed into the cycle of male homelessness and incarceration. When incarcerated men leave prison and return home to fatherless families and impoverished inner city neighborhoods, this has an adverse impact on them, which has an impact on the dynamics of those families and neighborhoods.
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Kousar, Shazia, Dr Sumaira Rehman, and Dr Ch Abdul Rehman. "Male migration and problems face by the family left behind." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 2, no. 7 (July 31, 2014): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol2.iss7.209.
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Migration can bring financial prosperity but it causes the absence of traditional and cultural figure from family, which ultimately brings a change in the lives of left behinds, the wives and children. This research aims to explore the economic, social and psychological perspectives of an effected family. Qualitative nature of inquiry has been used. Study found that migrant’s children enjoy greater opportunities of education and health. Migration have positive relationship with budget allocation for educational and health requirements. But the psychological disturbances become the part of the personality of the children left behind because they miss the shelter of father. Similarly women feel economically well-established but they also feel emotional stress, loneliness and sadness. My research will helps the policy makers and stakeholders to frame the evidence based social policies which minimize the negative impact of migration on family left behind.
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Schot, M. J. C., A. R. J. Dekker, C. H. van Werkhoven, A. W. van der Velden, J. W. L. Cals, B. D. L. Broekhuizen, R. M. Hopstaken, N. J. de Wit, and T. J. M. Verheij. "Burden of disease in children with respiratory tract infections in primary care: diary-based cohort study." Family Practice 36, no. 6 (June 5, 2019): 723–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmz024.
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Abstract Background Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a common reason for children to consult in general practice. Antibiotics are often prescribed, in part due to miscommunication between parents and GPs. The duration of specific respiratory symptoms has been widely studied. Less is known about illness-related symptoms and the impact of these symptoms on family life, including parental production loss. Better understanding of the natural course of illness-related symptoms in RTI in children and impact on family life may improve GP–parent communication during RTI consultations. Objective To describe the general impact of RTI on children and parents regarding illness-related symptoms, absenteeism from childcare, school and work, use of health care facilities, and the use of over-the-counter (OTC) medication. Methods Prospectively collected diary data from two randomized clinical trials in children with RTI in primary care (n = 149). Duration of symptoms was analysed using survival analysis. Results Disturbed sleep, decreased intake of food and/or fluid, feeling ill and/or disturbance at play or other daily activities are very common during RTI episodes, with disturbed sleep lasting longest. Fifty-two percent of the children were absent for one or more days from childcare or school, and 28% of mothers and 20% of fathers reported absence from work the first week after GP consultation. Re-consultation occurred in 48% of the children. OTC medication was given frequently, particularly paracetamol and nasal sprays. Conclusion Appreciation of, and communication about the general burden of disease on children and their parents, may improve understanding between GPs and parents consulting with their child.
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Mann, David. "The Absent Father in Psychotic Phantasy." British Journal of Psychotherapy 9, no. 3 (March 1993): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0118.1993.tb01229.x.
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Ott, Bernard J. "An Absent Father and His Son." Journal of Analytic Social Work 4, no. 4 (August 6, 1997): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j408v04n04_03.
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Robinson, Jacob E., David Huskey, Jonathan Schwartz, and Meaghann S. Weaver. "The Many Roles of the Rock: A Qualitative Inquiry into the Roles and Responsibilities of Fathers of Children with Brain Tumors." Children 6, no. 10 (October 11, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children6100113.
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A pediatric brain tumor diagnosis impacts an entire family unit, from diagnosis through curative treatment, and into survivorship or bereavement. Paternal caregiver experience has been significantly underexplored in pediatric neuro-oncology research as compared to maternal experience. This case series study explores the paternal roles, responsibilities, strengths, challenges, personal growth, and support needs of fathers of children with brain tumors receiving new palliative care consultations. In the study setting, a neuro-oncology diagnosis results in an automatic referral to the palliative care team, and thus, a convenience sampling model was employed based on consecutive palliative care consults for new childhood brain tumor diagnoses. In this study, four fathers of pediatric brain tumor patients receiving palliative care consultations responded to eight open-ended questions. Individual, voice-recorded interviews were transcribed for semantic content qualitative analysis. Analysis followed Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) guidelines. Participants completed quantitative surveys of their information preferences and support needs. Participants defined their father role as: being a team parent, an adaptable father, supporter, provider, a present father, and protector. Role conflict due to paternal responsibilities were recognized, such as the absence from the hospital to provide financial security for the family, and yet a desire to be physically present for the child. Fathers prioritized their knowledge needs about their child’s diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment above emotional needs. Fathers shared experiences of their personal growth through their child’s brain tumor diagnosis and advised on preferred support formats to include both verbal and written information. Understanding how paternal caregivers of children with cancer define their roles and goals has potential to improve the care and communication delivered to families of pediatric neuro-oncology patients.
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Chahid, N., Radouani, Benkirane, Mrabet, Aguenaou, and Barkat. "STRESS MOTHER EXPERIENCE FOR PREMATURE BIRTH." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 6 (June 30, 2016): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i6.2016.2653.
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The main objective of this study is to approach the experience of these mothers in our Moroccan context by focusing on the analysis of the socio-cultural impact. The secondary objective is to determine the risk factors associated with feelings of psychological difficulties.
This study was conducted at the Souissi Maternity Hospital in Rabat over the six months. We chose to conduct a survey of Moroccan women who gave birth to premature alive. Preterm birth was defined as any birth prior to 37 weeks of amenorrhea (SA). This is a prospective, descriptive and analytical study. 100 parturients were included in our study.
The collection of information has been on the second day of delivery. Two groups of women were subsequently identified:
group A with one or two light feelings (absent or mild psychological difficulty)
group B with 3 or 4 medium or strong feelings (medium to strong psychological difficulty).
We analyzed two groups to determine the risk factors associated with psychological difficulties.
In univariate analysis, we examined the association of each of maternal and neonatal characteristics with both groups A and B.
Nine factors were significantly associated with moderate or intense psychological difficulty.
A high level of instruction, well-monitored pregnancy, presence of a pathological obstetrical history and cesarean delivery, all these factors accentuate the intensity of the feelings experienced.
In parallel, a weight greater than or equal to 1500 g birth of the child, transfer the baby in neonatal medicine lessen these feelings.
In multivariate analysis and after adjusting for factors studied, only the presence of pathological factors obstetrical history and the place of the child in the parental project are significant and therefore correlated with average or intense psychological difficulty.
We have indeed found that prematurity inscribed the child and his mother in a difficult context. This would affect preterm rupture of the mother / child bond. After that other questions have emerged. Given that self-efficacy is rooted in the failures and successes encountered previously, it would have been interesting to consider primiparity of the mother, and the support of the father at birth and after, when returning home because it would play a leading role and would have a positive impact on the mother's psyche.
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Kirshner, Lewis A. "The Absence of the Father." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 40, no. 4 (December 1992): 1117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000306519204000407.
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The author discusses the role of the father in early development through the concept of triangulation. Three male patients are presented who seemed to lack images and memories of their fathers and experienced them as absent, despite their physical presence during childhood. In these men, the oedipal phase appeared skewed and a dyadic relationship with the mother dominated the material. They reported a lack of a sense of masculinity and a phobic concern about the dangers of male violence, along with feelings of specialness and grandiosity. Analytic data suggested that the image of an absent father reflected a process akin to splitting of the ego, in which the significance of the father was disavowed and the patients fantasied a special role with their mothers; via projection, the fathers reappeared as dangerous intruders. It is proposed that this structure derives from a specific developmental situation in which a disturbed parental relationship has impaired the father's position as a “third” in the early triangle. The child's sexual and aggressive tensions cannot be contained in his fantasies of the couple and must be projected outside. The absent father returns in the transference, where the analyst is reexperienced as useless and absent and as a threat to the specialness of the dyad, thereby recapitulating the predicament of the child.
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Miller, David R. "Sensitizing New Teachers about Father-absent Boys." Action in Teacher Education 8, no. 3 (September 1986): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01626620.1986.10519307.
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TenEyck, Michael F., Sarah A. El Sayed, and J. C. Barnes. "The Effect of Absent Biological Father on Female Biological Maturity: Results From a Nationally Representative Sample of Adolescents." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 35, no. 1 (November 8, 2018): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986218810612.
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Belsky, Steinberg, and Draper’s sociobiological theory suggests that early family context influences an individual’s developmental trajectory in adolescence. A key hypothesis derived from the developmental model is that females growing up in a home without a father will have an earlier onset of puberty and may reach pubertal maturity sooner than their peers who grow up in homes with a father present. The current study uses a nationally representative sample of American youth (Add Health) to examine the association between having an absent biological father and female biological maturity, controlling for additional theoretically informed covariates. The current study contributes to the literature by utilizing a lifetime measure of absent biological father and a biological maturity scale (measured in adolescence) that taps into multiple aspects of pubertal development. Results from multivariate regression analysis revealed no significant association between absent biological father and female biological development. This finding suggests that, contrary to the sociobiological model, having an absent biological father in childhood is not predictive of advanced pubertal development among female adolescents.
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de Mesquita, Shirley Pereira, and Wallace Patrick Santos de Farias Souza. "Child labor and family structure: the role of divorce." International Journal of Social Economics 45, no. 10 (October 8, 2018): 1453–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-07-2017-0287.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of family structure on child labor by comparing children of nuclear families headed by the father with children of single-mother families headed by the divorced mother. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses data from Brazilian urban areas provided by the Brazilian Demographic Census of 2010. The empirical approach consists of the estimation of three treatment effect models: the Average Treatment Effect, IV Treatment Effect and Two-Stage Estimator proposed by Lewbel (2012). Findings The main findings show that children of single-mother families headed by divorced mothers are more likely to work, compared to children living with both parents. This paper found evidence of a direct effect of family structure parents’ determinant on child participation in labor. The main hypothesis is that the absence of the father paired with exposure to family stress arising from marital dissolution is an indicator toward child labor. Practical implications This study implies that in order to combat child labor effectively, it is important to understand deeply its several causes and consider ruptures in family structure, such as divorce, as one of these factors. In addition, location and family’s characteristics also play a role on the decision of child labor. For instance, boys living at metropolis areas have less chance to work. Family’s head education and non-work income affects positively the child well-being by reducing the probability of child labor. On the other hand, the number of siblings increases the chance of child labor. Finally, the results of this study suggest policies to raise awareness among parents about the negative effects of child labor on children during both childhood and adulthood, and that social policies need to act beyond legislation and enforcement, but including family mobilization. Originality/value This paper estimates the impact of family structure on child labor using an empirical approach to deal with the endogeneity problem of the treatment.
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Downs, William R., and Barb Rindels. "Adulthood Depression, Anxiety, and Trauma Symptoms: A Comparison of Women With Nonabusive, Abusive, and Absent Father Figures in Childhood." Violence and Victims 19, no. 6 (December 2004): 659–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.19.6.659.66346.
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We collected data from 447 women (aged 18 or higher) from seven domestic violence programs and five substance use disorder treatment programs in a midwestern state. Women who reported a nonabusive natural/adoptive father or stepfather (N= 185), abusive natural/adoptive father or stepfather (N= 200), or absent father figure (N= 40) were compared on a series of mental health measures with multivariate analysis of variance and pairwise post hoc comparisons using the Bonferroni test. Women with absent father figures were found to have significantly lower mean scores on the Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and Trauma Symptom Checklist-40 (TSC-40) than women with abusive fathers. There were no significant differences between women with absent father figures and women with nonabusive father figures on the Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and TSC-40. Implications for research, practice, and policy are discussed.
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A. Kusuma, Bayu Mitra, and Theresia Octastefani. "Rezim Baru Monarki Thailand: Antara Darurat Militer Dan Kesejahteraan Sosial Di Wilayah Selatan." Jurnal Inovasi Ilmu Sosial dan Politik 1, no. 2 (October 19, 2019): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.33474/jisop.v1i2.4799.
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Muslim communities in Southern Thailand have experienced in discrimination among in economic, social, and politics. This condition has even occurred in the last seven decades under King Bhumibol Adulyadej, who was known to be wise king. Basically, King Bhumibol as the head of state always stated that social welfare approace is the best way to solve the problem, but almost every Thai Prime Minister as the head of government unfortunately always uses a militaristic approach that triggers social resistance. Since King Bhumibol died, Thailand has faced with the potential crisis for two reasons. First, Maha Vajiralongkorn as a successor, he is considered have different charisma with his father because he is very glamorous and have controversial lifestyle. Secondly, the absence of King Bhumibol, who has been a counterweight to the state made the Thai military more often coups. This conditions give impact to Muslim communities in the South who always live with uncertainty condition with two possibilities. First, Muslim communities have a better life under the new monarchy regime with social welfare and humanity approaches. Secondly, the condition of the Muslim communities will remains stagnant under the controversial king with continued by martial law.
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Tomgorova, Galina Nikolaevna. "Perspectives about Family Roles in Intergenerational Relationship in Full and Incomplete Families." Общество: социология, психология, педагогика, no. 11 (November 27, 2020): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/spp.2020.11.14.
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The paper reveals the problem of intergenerational relationship in the context of transgenerational factors that affect the behavior patterns of women of three generations in the same family. When studying the role structure of a family, you can see the causes of role clashes between family members that affect the choice of a model for building intra-family relationships. Thus, studying the role of the child will help you understand what exactly is invested in this understanding and how the heavy role of the child, in incomplete extended families, the responsibilities of adult family members affects the relationship with a partner in adulthood. Moreover, It is not less significant to understand the role of a grandmother, who is also involved in the upbringing of the child, in the absence of the father, and how the roles are distributed in “grandmother–mother–daughter” triad. Based on the study of two groups of respondents- unmarried women whose mothers are not married, and unmarried women whose mothers are married, the features of social perceptions of the distribution of intra-family roles and their impact on intergenerational relationships among women, leading to undesirable female loneliness in adult life, were revealed.
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Franséhn, Mona, and Margareta Bäck-Wiklund. "The presence of the absent father: how lone mothers with sons construct and animate the absent father through narratives." European Journal of Social Work 11, no. 4 (December 2008): 369–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691450802075006.
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Mott, Frank L. "When Is a Father Really Gone? Paternal--Child Contact in Father-Absent Homes." Demography 27, no. 4 (November 1990): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2061567.
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