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Narinesingh, Veeshan, James F. Booth, Spencer K. Clark, and Yi Ming. "Atmospheric blocking in an aquaplanet and the impact of orography." Weather and Climate Dynamics 1, no. 2 (July 8, 2020): 293–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-293-2020.
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Abstract. Many fundamental questions remain about the roles and effects of stationary forcing on atmospheric blocking. As such, this work utilizes an idealized moist general circulation model (GCM) to investigate atmospheric blocking in terms of dynamics, geographical location, and duration. The model is first configured as an aquaplanet, then orography is added in separate integrations. Block-centered composites of wave activity fluxes and height show that blocks in the aquaplanet undergo a realistic dynamical evolution when compared to reanalysis. Blocks in the aquaplanet are also found to have similar life cycles to blocks in model integrations with orography. These results affirm the usefulness of both zonally symmetric and asymmetric idealized model configurations for studying blocking. Adding orography to the model leads to an increase in blocking. This mirrors what is observed when comparing the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and Southern Hemisphere (SH), where the NH contains more orography and thus more blocking. As the prescribed mountain height increases, so do the magnitude and size of climatological stationary waves, resulting in more blocking overall. Increases in blocking, however, are not spatially uniform. Orography is found to induce regions of enhanced block frequency just upstream of mountains, near high pressure anomalies in the stationary waves, which is poleward of climatological minima in upper-level zonal wind, while block frequency minima and jet maxima occur eastward of the wave trough. This result matches what is observed near the Rocky Mountains. Finally, an analysis of block duration suggests blocks generated near stationary wave maxima last slightly longer than blocks that form far from or without orography. Overall, the results of this work help to explain some of the observed similarities and differences in blocking between the NH and SH and emphasize the importance of general circulation features in setting where blocks most frequently occur.
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Yang, Yunzi, Yuanyuan Ma, and Hongzan Jiao. "Exploring the Correlation between Block Vitality and Block Environment Based on Multisource Big Data: Taking Wuhan City as an Example." Land 10, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10090984.
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Block is the basic unit for studying the urban activities of residents, and block vitality is the concrete expression of urban dynamics at the block level. The quality of the block’s residential environment is a crucial medium to satisfy the residents’ pursuit of high-quality life; good block quality is essential for fostering the block vitality and further enhancing the overall vitality of the city. This study used the distribution density of cellular signaling data to quantify block vitality and constructed a block environment index system covering four dimensions—block accessibility, block function, block development degree, and human perception of block environment—innovatively introducing the elements of block environment from the human perspective. Considering the variability of block vitality between workdays and weekends, and between downtown and suburban blocks, this study used a geographically weighted regression model to show the mechanism of the spatial and temporal influence of indicators on block vitality, as well as to suggest how to enhance block vitality at different times of the day based on the influence mechanism. This study was conducted in Wuhan, China. The findings suggest that block vitality exhibited significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity. A high-vitality block can be created by enhancing the block’s accessibility, increasing the degree of block construction, and enriching the functional density and mix of functions in the block. A pleasantly green environment with a moderate degree of openness exerted a significant impact on promoting human activity and enhancing block vitality. The creation of high-vitality blocks should also consider the differences in the impact of various elements on block vitality between weekend and workday. For example, amid the surge in travel demand for education venues on weekends, enhancing the accessibility of blocks can significantly increase the vitality of blocks on weekends. We can truly realize the people-oriented approach to build a livable and high-vitality city by adapting to local conditions and time.
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Wang, X., C. S. Chin, and J. Xia. "Impact of the Content Variation of the Different Recycled Wastes to the Properties of Concrete Paving Block." MATEC Web of Conferences 206 (2018): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820602004.
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Recycled concrete aggregates have been widely studied and used in concrete products nowadays. However, other recycled wastes, such as glass, have not been involved too much in recycled aggregate concrete studies. This paper aims to study the impact of the content variation of the different recycled wastes to the properties of the concrete paving block. In this paper, not only recycled coarse concrete aggregates, crushed glass are also used as the recycled aggregate in the concrete paving block in different replacement levels. According to test the properties of blocks mixed with different recycled wastes, the experimental results indicate that: (1) adding recycled concrete coarse aggregate (RCCA) in the blocks can decrease the blocks’ strength, and increase the water absorption. The suggested replacement levels for RCCA is 60%; (2) mixing crushed glass (CG) in the concrete paving blocks as a type of coarse aggregates can obviously improve the blocks’ strength and decrease the blocks’ water absorption.
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Zhukov, I. A., and V. V. Molchanov. "Rational Designing Two-Stage Anvil Block of Impact Mechanisms." Advanced Materials Research 1040 (September 2014): 699–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1040.699.
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In the article the solution of the problem of heightening of efficiency of impact systems for the score of selection of rational shapes anvil blocks is reduced. Shape execution of anvil block in the form of two steps is offered - impact and cylindrical piston, which length steal up by "golden section" rule. Results of a finding of shapes of the impact impulses generated at direct blow on rods two-stage anvil blocks are reduced and analyzed.
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Hibert, Clément, Jean-Philippe Malet, Franck Bourrier, Floriane Provost, Frédéric Berger, Pierrick Bornemann, Pascal Tardif, and Eric Mermin. "Single-block rockfall dynamics inferred from seismic signal analysis." Earth Surface Dynamics 5, no. 2 (May 23, 2017): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-283-2017.
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Abstract. Seismic monitoring of mass movements can significantly help to mitigate the associated hazards; however, the link between event dynamics and the seismic signals generated is not completely understood. To better understand these relationships, we conducted controlled releases of single blocks within a soft-rock (black marls) gully of the Rioux-Bourdoux torrent (French Alps). A total of 28 blocks, with masses ranging from 76 to 472 kg, were used for the experiment. An instrumentation combining video cameras and seismometers was deployed along the travelled path. The video cameras allow reconstructing the trajectories of the blocks and estimating their velocities at the time of the different impacts with the slope. These data are compared to the recorded seismic signals. As the distance between the falling block and the seismic sensors at the time of each impact is known, we were able to determine the associated seismic signal amplitude corrected for propagation and attenuation effects. We compared the velocity, the potential energy lost, the kinetic energy and the momentum of the block at each impact to the true amplitude and the radiated seismic energy. Our results suggest that the amplitude of the seismic signal is correlated to the momentum of the block at the impact. We also found relationships between the potential energy lost, the kinetic energy and the seismic energy radiated by the impacts. Thanks to these relationships, we were able to retrieve the mass and the velocity before impact of each block directly from the seismic signal. Despite high uncertainties, the values found are close to the true values of the masses and the velocities of the blocks. These relationships allow for gaining a better understanding of the physical processes that control the source of high-frequency seismic signals generated by rockfalls.
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Eller, Benjamin, and Jean-François Hetet. "Impact of Mounting Blocks on Drivability." IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine 6, no. 3 (September 2011): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2011.941899.
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LUPO, C., S. BOUGEARD, L. BALAINE, V. MICHEL, I. PETETIN, P. COLIN, S. LeBOUQUIN, and C. CHAUVIN. "Risk factors for sanitary condemnation in broiler chickens and their relative impact: application of an original multiblock approach." Epidemiology and Infection 138, no. 3 (August 24, 2009): 364–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268809990549.
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SUMMARYAn innovative and well-adapted statistical method, called multiblock redundancy analysis, is proposed for a complex health-event analysis to account for the thematic block organization of variables. The outcome block contained the condemnation rates of 404 broiler chicken flocks, distinguishing infectious and traumatic condemnation categories. Explanatory variables were organized in blocks related to the different production stages (farm structure and routine husbandry practices; on-farm flock history and characteristics; catching, transport and lairage conditions; slaughterhouse and inspection features). The aim was to determine risk factors for both condemnation categories, and the relative impact of the different production stages on the whole condemnation rate. Results showed that significant factors were either specific to one condemnation category or related to both categories, and each of the explanatory blocks was involved in the explanation of infectious and traumatic condemnation rates. On-farm flock information explained 40% of the overall condemnation process whereas the other explanatory blocks had similar relative impacts.
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Wang, Guoshun, and Rong Fu. "Impact of Brake Pad Structure on Temperature and Stress Fields of Brake Disc." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/872972.
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Utilizing ABAQUS finite element software, the study established the relationship between a brake pad structure and distributions of temperature and thermal stress on brake disc. By introducing radial structure factor and circular structure factor concepts, the research characterized the effect of friction block radial and circumferential arrangement on temperature field of the brake disc. A method was proposed for improving heat flow distribution of the brake disc through optimizing the position of the friction block of the brake pad. Structure optimization was conducted on brake pads composed of 5 or 7 circular friction blocks. The result shows that, with the same overall contact area of friction pair, an appropriate brake pad structure can make the friction energy distribute evenly and therefore lowers peak temperature and stress of the brake disc. Compared with a brake pad of 7 friction blocks, an optimized brake pad of 5 friction blocks lowered the peak temperature of the corresponding brake disc by 4.9% and reduced the highest stress by 10.7%.
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Shinozuka, J., and Toshiyuki Obikawa. "Development of Orthogonal Impact Cutting Testing Machine." Key Engineering Materials 291-292 (August 2005): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.291-292.507.
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FEM cutting simulation predicts that the plastic shock waves are generated that develop the high levels of hydrostatic stress in the shear zone when cutting speed exceeds the plastic wave speeds of the workpiece material. The orthogonal impact cutting testing machine was developed to confirm this phenomenon experimentally. In the testing machine, two guide rails are set up in parallel. The cutting tool and the workpiece are installed on the blocks that slide on the rail. Each block connected with the piston in the air tube by the pushrod is launched by the expansion of compressed air, and is accelerated rapidly. When the two blocks passes each other, cutting is done. This paper describes the details of the developed impact cutting testing machine and experimental results of cutting a pure lead at cutting speed up to 65m/s.
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Taenzer, Andreas H., Brian D. Sites, Roman Kluger, and Michael Barrington. "Settled science or unwarranted variation in local anesthetic dosing? An analysis from an International Registry of Regional Anesthesiology." Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 44, no. 11 (September 6, 2019): 998–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2019-100650.
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BackgroundVariation in clinical practice is often considered unwarranted when it does not reflect patient preference or evidence-based medicine. Complications from regional anesthesia such as nerve injury and systemic toxicity are dose dependent. It is currently unclear if there is significant variation with the dosing of local anesthetics (LA) in the context of the modern practice of peripheral regional anesthesia.MethodsWe analyzed data from the International Registry of Regional Anesthesia that include prospective data on peripheral regional anesthesia procedures from 21 centers located around the world. Using data from years 2011 to 2017, our primary aim was to characterize the degree of variation in dosing of LA for the top 10 most commonly performed single injection peripheral nerve blocks. Our secondary aim was to identify potential drivers of this variation.ResultsAmong the 26 457 peripheral blocks performed, mean (±SD) LA dose per block in ropivacaine equivalents was 125.1±51.2 mg and 1.6±0.7 for mg/kg. There was large variation across all block types, with the highest variation (measured by interdecile range) in axillary blocks (143.8 mg) and lowest in interscalene blocks (83.3 mg). In a regression analysis, dose was primarily associated with the hospital (Cohen’s f=0.37) where the block was administered and block type (f=0.38), less so with age (f=0.02), weight (f=0.12), gender (f=0.05) or LA (f=0.17) used. Hospital site had strong impact on variation in LA dose (f=0.88). Variation was not significantly associated with number of blocks performed by hospital site.ConclusionsLarge variation in dosing for regional blocks exists within and among hospitals, which is unlikely to be warranted. For many blocks, the variation of dosing is larger than the mean dose. Hospital site had strong impact on variation in LA dose and moderate impact on mean LA dose.
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Sandeep, Chitta Sai, Lina Luo, and Kostas Senetakis. "Effect of Grain Size and Surface Roughness on the Normal Coefficient of Restitution of Single Grains." Materials 13, no. 4 (February 11, 2020): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13040814.
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The coefficient of restitution (COR) represents the fraction of pre-collision kinetic energy remained after the collision between two bodies. The COR parameter plays an important role in the discrete numerical analysis of granular flows or the design of protective barriers to reduce flow energy. This work investigated the COR for grain-block type impacts through comprehensive experiments using a custom-built impact loading apparatus. Glass balls of three different sizes were used as grains. The impact experiments were performed on three different types of materials as base blocks, namely brass, granite and rubber. Experiments on the brass block showed a decrease in COR values with increasing grain size. On the contrary, impacts on granite and rubber blocks showed an increase in COR values with increasing grain size. Additionally, the effect of surface roughness on the COR was investigated. It was revealed that the increase in surface roughness of either the grain or the block reduced the COR values due to the increased plastic deformations of surface asperities.
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Zhu, Change, Rong Wei, Yiru Tong, Junjun Liu, Zhaomeng Song, and Saiji Zhang. "Analgesic efficacy and impact of caudal block on surgical complications of hypospadias repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 44, no. 2 (January 30, 2019): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2018-000022.
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Background and objectivesis commonly used for children undergoing hypospadias repair. However, the safety of caudal block for hypospadias repair in children is controversial in terms of surgical complications such as urethrocutaneous fistula and glans dehiscence. We sought to perform a meta-analysis to estimate the analgesic efficacy and relative complications of caudal block for hypospadias repair in children.MethodsWe identified comparative studies of caudal block versus peripheral nerve block or no caudal block; studies were published or presented through 1 January 2018, and reports of analgesic efficacy or surgical complications of hypospadias repair in children were identified. Peripheral nerve block includes dorsal nerve penile block and pudendal nerve block. Data were abstracted from studies comparing caudal block with peripheral nerve block or no caudal block; original source data were used when available. We prespecified separate assessments of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies given the inherent differences between types of study designs. Data from 298 patients in four RCTs and from 1726 patients in seven observational studies were included. RCT and observational data were analyzed separately.ResultsIn RCTs, caudal blocks (compared with peripheral nerve blocks) showed no detectable differences in terms of need for additional analgesia within 24 hours after the surgery (OR 10.49; 95% CI 0.32 to 343.24; p=0.19), but limited data showed lower pain scores 24 hours after the surgery (standardized mean difference (SMD) 1.57; 95% CI 0.29 to 2.84; p=0.02), a significantly shorter duration of analgesia (SMD −3.33; 95% CI −4.18 to −2.48; p<0.0001) and analgesics consumption. No significant differences were observed in terms of postoperative nausea and vomiting (OR 3.08; 95% CI 0.12 to 77.80; p=0.50) or motor weakness (OR 0.01; 95% CI −0.03 to 0.05; p=0.56). Only one randomized study showed that caudal blocks (compared with peripheral nerve blocks) were associated with detectable differences in urethrocutaneous fistula rate (OR 25.27; 95% CI 1.37 to 465.01; p=0.03) and parental satisfaction rate (OR 0.07; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.21; p<0.00001). In observational studies, caudal block was not associated with surgical complications in all types of primary hypospadias repair (OR 1.83; 95% CI 0.80 to 4.16; p=0.15). To adjust for confounding factors and to eliminate potential selection bias involving caudal block indication, we performed subgroup analysis including only patients with distal hypospadias. This analysis revealed similar complication rates in children who received a caudal block and in children not receiving caudal block (OR 1.02; 95% CI, 0.39 to 2.65; p=0.96). This result further confirmed that caudal block was not a risk factor for surgical complications in hypospadias repair. The direction of outcomes in all the other subgroup analyses did not change, suggesting stability of our results.ConclusionsIn RCTs, only limited data showed peripheral nerve blocks providing better analgesic quality compared with caudal blocks. In real-world non-randomized observational studies with greater number of patients (but with admitted the potential for a presence of selection bias and residual confounders), caudal blocks were not associated with postoperative complications including urethrocutaneous fistula and glans dehiscence.
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de Villiers, Danielle, and Simon Collins. "Resistance of a novel ceramic acetabular cup to critical impact loads." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 234, no. 10 (July 7, 2020): 1122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411920941383.
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A novel thin-walled direct-to-bone fixation ceramic cup was tested under critical impact loads simulating lateral fall and car crash scenarios. Three sizes of BIOLOX delta ceramic cups (total hip replacement cup with bearing diameter of 32 mm and two hip resurfacing cups with bearing diameters of 40 and 64mm) were implanted into reamed Sawbones blocks representing acetabulae. Three cups of each size were fully supported by the block and three were implanted with 15° of the cup’s outer diameter unsupported by the block. All testing was conducted with the corresponding bearing diameter heads lateralised by approximately 1 mm to represent worst case subluxed hips and all then subjected to test, replicating a lateral fall impact followed by a car crash impact. All cups passed lateral fall conditions without visible damage, although some movement of the cups was measured and damage to the blocks was observed. Five out of six of each cup size survived the car crash impacts with one fracture per size. In all cases, this was in the fully supported condition representing the highest cup inclination angle. The car crash impact force was equivalent to that reported to fracture the acetabulum and in all simulated cases, the Sawbones block showed signs of damage. Survival of five cups per size suggests the pelvis is much more likely to fracture before the cup. The ability of the cups to withstand these critical impact forces indicates they are unlikely to fracture in normal clinical use and should meet the more challenging demands of active patients likely to receive this device.
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Gu, Jianyu, and Russell G. Congalton. "Analysis of the Impact of Positional Accuracy When Using a Block of Pixels for Thematic Accuracy Assessment." Geographies 1, no. 2 (September 18, 2021): 143–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geographies1020009.
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Pixels, blocks (i.e., grouping of pixels), and polygons are the fundamental choices for use as assessment units for validating per-pixel image classification. Previous research conducted by the authors of this paper focused on the analysis of the impact of positional accuracy when using a single pixel for thematic accuracy assessment. The research described here provided a similar analysis, but the blocks of contiguous pixels were chosen as the assessment unit for thematic validation. The goal of this analysis was to assess the impact of positional errors on the thematic assessment. Factors including the size of a block, labeling threshold, landscape characteristics, spatial scale, and classification schemes were also considered. The results demonstrated that using blocks as an assessment unit reduced the thematic errors caused by positional errors to under 10% for most global land-cover mapping projects and most remote-sensing applications achieving a half-pixel registration. The larger the block size, the more the positional error was reduced. However, there are practical limitations to the size of the block. More classes in a classification scheme and higher heterogeneity increased the positional effect. The choice of labeling threshold depends on the spatial scale and landscape characteristics to balance the number of abandoned units and positional impact. This research suggests using the block of pixels as an assessment unit in the thematic accuracy assessment in future applications.
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Kang, Sonia K., and Michael Inzlicht. "Stigma Building Blocks." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 38, no. 3 (October 31, 2011): 357–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167211426729.
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Gaining an understanding of intergroup relations and outgroup rejection is an important childhood development. Children learn about rejection by outgroups via their own experiences and external instruction. A comparison of the impact of experience and instruction on first-, third-, and fifth-grade children’s evaluations of rejection by outgroups in a minimal-groups paradigm suggests that the relative impact of experience and instruction differs as children age. In Study 1, younger children were more influenced by instruction, and older children were more influenced by what they experienced for themselves. In Study 2, younger children were more influenced by instruction, even when that instruction conflicted with what they experienced; older children were more influenced by their own experiences, even when those experiences contradicted what they were told to expect. These findings suggest that children begin learning about outgroup rejection through instruction but start to rely more on their own experiences as they age.
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Mulyo, Jangkung Handoyo. "REGIONAL TRAE BLOCS : A CASE STUDY OF THE WELFARE IMPACT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ON INDIA AND KENYA." Agro Ekonomi 8, no. 2 (November 29, 2016): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agroekonomi.16812.
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Some countries, including the big player in the world economy, the USA , believe that free trade liberalization based on principles of non discriminatory and multilateral bases as well as an open market will improve the welfare of many countries. However, other countries do not follow the idea of trade liberalization and hence respond by forming regional trading blocs. Therefore, the existence of such trading blocs will be examined, whether they are a 'building blocks' or a 'stumbling blocks, for sustaining the free trade liberalization. And hence, this paper focuses on three main parts: rationalization of the establishment of trading blocs; identification of the critical factors for the success of these blocs; and presentation of empirical evidence for the welfare implications of the trade diverting effects of the European Union through the analysis of two less developed countries, India and Kenya.
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Sandeep, C. S., K. Senetakis, D. Cheung, C. E. Choi, Y. Wang, M. R. Coop, and C. W. W. Ng. "Experimental study on the coefficient of restitution of grain against block interfaces for natural and engineered materials." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 58, no. 1 (January 2021): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0712.
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The coefficient of restitution (COR) is an important input parameter in the numerical simulation of granular flows, as it governs the travel distance, the lateral spreading, and the design of barriers. In this study, a new custom-built micromechanical impact loading apparatus is presented along with impact experiments on engineered and natural materials. The COR and energy loss of various grains and base block combinations are studied, including fairly regular-shaped Leighton Buzzard sand (LBS) grains as a natural soil and granite or rubber as base blocks, apart from the use of engineered materials for the grains (chrome steel balls, glass balls) and blocks (stainless steel, brass). The repeatability of the new micromechanical impact loading apparatus was checked by impacting chrome steel balls on stainless steel block. In all the test combinations, the higher and lower values of the COR are found for granite block (ranging between 0.75 and 0.95) and rubber block (ranging between 0.37 and 0.44) combinations, respectively. For the tested grain–block combinations, lower values of COR were observed for impacts between materials of low values of composite Young’s modulus. However, within the narrow range of composite surface roughness of the tested grain–block interfaces no particular trend was observed in the COR values. Compared to glass balls and chrome steel balls, greater scatter in the COR values is observed for natural sand grains. This is due to the variation of the elastic and morphological characteristics among individual LBS grains.
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Mitsui, Jun, Masato Yamamoto, Satoshi Noboru, and Ichiro Nishiwaki. "IMPACT FORCE ANALYSIS ON WAVE DISSIPATING CONCRETE BLOCKS DURING ROCKING MOTION." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (January 29, 2011): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.structures.44.
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Breakage of wave dissipating concrete blocks occasionally occurs due to collision with other blocks during rocking motion under wave action. Therefore, an understanding of the impact forces induced by rocking blocks is important to solve this problem. The authors formulated impact forces using impact velocity, properties of materials, and dimensionless parameters depending on the shape of blocks to propose a theory to predict the magnitude of impact force. Fundamental drop tests using tetrapods were also conducted to confirm the proposed formula. Various sizes of blocks were used in the drop tests to reveal the scale effects. It is shown that predicted impact forces agree well with measured ones and that no scale effects concerning impact force seem to exist in the range of this study.
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Toe, David, Stéphane Lambert, Franck Bourrier, and Frédéric Berger. "Improving Rebound Models in 3D Rockfall Simulation Codes Used for the Design of Protection Embankments." Applied Mechanics and Materials 566 (June 2014): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.566.185.
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Rockfall propagation simulation models are widely used for assessing rockfall hazards as well as for the design of rockfall protection structures. This research work investigates the relevance of rockfall propagation models to assess rockfall hazard in the vicinity of embankments. In this article, particular focus is placed on the development of engineering oriented rebound models taking into account the shape of the block. Two different block impact modelling approaches are considered and compared. Small scale experiments involving blocks with different shapes impacting a small-scale embankment were conducted to provide data for calibrating the models. The trajectory of the blocks was tracked using a high speed camera (1000 fps) and an image processing algorithm was developed to extract the experimental trajectories. The two different approaches considered for modelling the impact of the block in the embankment vicinity were a probabilistic block impact model and a deterministic approach accounting for the block shape. In this latter case, the impact was calculated using an elasto-plastic contact model between the block and the slope surface. Both approaches succeed in simulating experimental results. Nevertheless the probabilistic model is limited by the introduction of the block shape parameter in the calculation while the deterministic approach seems to be limited in terms of computational efficiency.
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Ernst, H. J., Th Merkel, Th Wolf, and K. Hoog. "High-velocity impact loading of thick GFRP blocks." Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) 110 (September 2003): 633–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:20020764.
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Sun, Yan Qiong, Yu Liu, and Su Ping Cui. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Autoclaved Concrete Blocks and Fired Blocks in China." Materials Science Forum 913 (February 2018): 1018–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.913.1018.
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In this paper, a variety of blocks were grouped into the autoclaved blocks and fired blocks as far as the productive technology is concerned. In order to compare the life cycle impacts of the two kinds of the blocks, a life cycle assessment of two products on the functional unit 1m3 was carried out through the exploitation of mineral stage, transportation stage and the production of the blocks stage on the considering of the resource and energy consumption and the pollutant discharges. The results demonstrated that the fired blocks appeared to have less impact than autoclaved concrete blocks on human health, marine ecotoxicity toxicity and terrestrial ecotoxicity toxicity nearly 30%. The raw coal led to the serious impacts on the fossil depletion through the cement production stage of the autoclaved concrete blocks accounting for 45.86% and the gangue exploitation stage of the fired blocks accounting for 42.5%. Assessment of the data quality that the data was of pretty high or within the permission. The sensitivity analysis and contribution analysis assessment showed that the conclusion were robust.
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Kořenská, Marta, Monika Manychova, Lubos Pazdera, and Libor Topolář. "Monitoring of the Damage in Stone Blocks by Means of Non-Destructive Methods." Key Engineering Materials 592-593 (November 2013): 545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.592-593.545.
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This paper deals with the damage assessment in stone blocks dismantled from a historic bridge construction. Nonlinear ultrasonic spectroscopy and impact echo methods were used for evaluating the stone block integrity structure. Harmonic analysis of the sample response on well defined ultrasonic excitation was used in the case of nonlinear ultrasonic method application. The amplitude dependent spectral changes of the probing signals were measured in the damaged blocks. Measurement results showed that the analysis of amplitude dependent spectral changes is a promising method for the damage assessment in structures. The Impact-Echo method is a technique for detecting defects in material structure such as stone blocks. It is based on monitoring the propagation of elastic waves from a short-duration mechanical impact. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the technique and to discuss the important parameters involved in this type of testing. The impact echo method is used to generate low-frequency stress waves from 500 Hz to 50 kHz that propagate into the structure and are reflected by defects and external surfaces.
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Chung-Fat-Yim, Ashley, Cari Himel, and Ellen Bialystok. "The impact of bilingualism on executive function in adolescents." International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 6 (June 27, 2018): 1278–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006918781059.
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Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: In early childhood and older adulthood, bilinguals generally demonstrate better performance on executive function tasks than their monolingual counterparts, but in the young adult population, these differences are infrequently observed. However, few studies have examined these effects in the adolescent population, so the trajectory of these changes is unclear. The objective of the study was to compare performance on a modified flanker task for monolingual and bilingual adolescents, a time when the executive functions are still developing. Design/methodology/approach: The flanker task was adapted by including a rule-switching component and contained three blocks: (1) rule; (2) flanker; and (3) mixed. In the rule block, a single red or blue arrow (indicated by light grey or medium grey in Figure 1) denoted a response rule; for example, a blue arrow signaled pressing the button indicating the direction the arrow was pointing but a red arrow signaled pressing the button indicating the opposite direction. The flanker block was a standard flanker task consisting of congruent and incongruent trials. The mixed block manipulated both congruency and rule conditions. Data and analysis: Mean reaction times and accuracy from 33 monolingual and 32 bilingual adolescents were analyzed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance with language group as the between-subjects variable and congruency and/or rule-type as the within-subjects variable depending on the block. Findings/conclusions: Bilingual adolescents outperformed monolingual adolescents but only on the block that was most similar to the standard flanker task. The blocks with the rule-switching component yielded equivalent performance. Originality: Unlike previous studies, the current study adapted a simple executive control task to require greater attentional resources by manipulating task demands. Significance/implications: Our findings add to the growing body of literature examining bilingualism and executive control in the adolescent population and fill in the gap in our understanding of the lifespan trajectory of these effects.
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Hall, Matthew, and Maria Krysan. "The Neighborhood Context of Latino Threat." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 3, no. 2 (June 21, 2016): 218–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649216641435.
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In recent years, the size of the Latino immigrant population has swelled in communities throughout the United States. For decades, social scientists have studied how social context, particularly a minority group’s relative size, affects the sentiments of the dominant group. Using a random sample survey of five communities in suburban Chicago, the authors examine the impact of Latino population concentration on native-born white residents’ subjective perceptions of threat from Latino immigrants at two micro-level geographies: the immediate block and the surrounding blocks. After controlling for Latino population size in surrounding blocks, percentage Latino in the immediate block does not influence perceptions of threat from Latino immigrants. The effect of surrounding blocks’ population size is consistent with group threat theories for white residents: the larger the Latino population, the greater the perceived threat.
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Tataranni, Piergiorgio. "Recycled Waste Powders for Alkali-Activated Paving Blocks for Urban Pavements: A Full Laboratory Characterization." Infrastructures 4, no. 4 (November 22, 2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures4040073.
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Paving blocks are today a popular paving solution for urban surfaces. Considering the wide variety of products currently on the market, it is possible to build pavements that differ in terms of functionality, bearing capacity, skid resistance, visual impact, and aesthetic integration with the surrounding landscape. Interlocking concrete paving block is the most common construction technology considering its low cost and its easy installation. Different wastes and second-hand materials have recently been tested in order to completely or partially replace the raw materials used for the production of paving blocks. In this paper, a waste basalt powder is used for the production of alternative paving blocks through the alkali-activation process. Two different synthetic blocks were produced, with and without aggregates. Taking into account the EN 1338 standard for concrete paving blocks, a complete laboratory characterization is proposed for the two experimental blocks. Tests highlighted positive results and downsides that need to be optimized in order to convert the laboratory production to an industrial scale.
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McIsaac, Daniel I., Colin J. L. McCartney, and Carl van Walraven. "Peripheral Nerve Blockade for Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty." Anesthesiology 126, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000001455.
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Abstract Background Although peripheral nerve blocks decrease pain after total knee arthroplasty, the population-level impact of nerve blocks on arthroplasty resource utilization is unknown. Methods We conducted a population-based cohort study using linked administrative data from Ontario, Canada. We identified all adults having their first primary knee arthroplasty between 2002 and 2013. Using propensity scores to adjust for measureable confounders, we matched nerve block patients to a patient who did not receive a block. Within the matched cohort, we estimated the independent association of blocks with outcomes (length of hospital stay [primary]; and readmissions, emergency department visits, and falls [secondary]). Results One hundred seventy-eight thousand two hundred fourteen patients were identified; 61,588 (34.6%) had a block. The mean hospital stay was 4.6 days with a block compared to 4.8 without. After matching, there was a statistically significant decrease in the length of stay in the block group (relative risk, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.97 to 0.99; P < 0.001). Blocks were associated with a significant decrease in readmissions (relative risk, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.79 to 0.88; P < 0.001) but not emergency department visits (relative risk, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.98 to 1.05) or falls (relative risk, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.90 to 2.08). The association of blocks with length of stay after 2008 was inconsistent; overall, they were associated with longer stays; however, single-shot blocks were associated with shorter stays, while continuous techniques prolonged the length of stay. Conclusions Nerve blocks in total knee arthroplasty patients were associated with statistically significant reductions in length of stay and readmissions, but not emergency department visits or falls. The significance of these findings at the patient level and in contemporary practice requires further exploration in prospective randomized studies at low risk of indication bias.
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Zhou, Yang, Hui Ji, Songtian Zhang, Caiyun Qian, and Zixiong Wei. "Empirical Study on the Boundary Space Form of Residential Blocks Oriented Toward Low-Carbon Travel." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 16, 2019): 2812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102812.
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As one of the three major carbon sources in cities, urban mobility has posed severe challenges to the social environment. Promoting low-carbon travel for residents is an important measure for building a low-carbon city and mitigating climate change. However, to date, previous research on residents’ low-carbon travel has been more oriented toward urban planning, while quantitative research on the influence of the boundary space form of residential blocks on residents’ travel modes, which takes residential blocks as the research objects at the meso- and micro-level, is relatively rare. Residential blocks in China, which were built in the late 1990s, mostly have a large and gated spatial form. Individual residential blocks are often gated by fences, commercial buildings, and other forms of interfaces, forming an independent residential group. Long and closed boundary forms will have a certain impact on residents’ choice of low-carbon travel modes, such as walking, riding bikes, and so on. Taking Nanjing as an example, this paper explores the essential factors that impact residents’ travel behaviors from the perspective of the boundary space of residential blocks, combining the socio-economic attributes of residents, land use, and transit facilities, and there are four dimensions to the study, including the boundary block scale, types of boundary interface, density and distribution of accesses, and the slow-travel environment, proposing recommended values of the relevant indicators in a targeted manner. This paper selects 21 residential blocks in the main districts in Nanjing, conducting a related survey on the residents’ socio-economic attributes and travel characteristics, boundary space form, land use, and transit facilities. The data obtained from the survey are analyzed by correlation analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis, so as to screen out the key variables of the boundary space forms of the blocks that affect residents’ low-carbon travel. Meanwhile, on the basis of the appropriate share of low-carbon travel, the unary linear regression model is used to propose ideal recommended values of the key variables of the boundary space forms of the residential blocks. For instance, the block boundary density is recommended to be above 34.38 km/km², the permeability coefficient of the block interface should be above 0.43, the commercial interface ratio should be above 18.16 km/km², the density of accesses of the blocks is recommended to be above 246.71 km/km², and the cross-sectional ratio of the slow-travel roads should be above 0.5.
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Sharp, Lucy. "The building blocks of society." Impact 2020, no. 4 (October 13, 2020): 36–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.4.36.
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Materials research leads to innovative technologies that can help solve societal challenges and, through global collaboration, researchers are driving forward the impact of this seemingly limitless field.
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Annette, Lucy. "The building blocks of society." Impact 2020, no. 6 (November 16, 2020): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.6.38.
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Materials research leads to innovative technologies that can help solve societal challenges and, through global collaboration, researchers are driving forward the impact of this seemingly limitless field.
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Lee, Hoon, Jihoe Kwon, and Heechan Cho. "Simulation of Impact Breakage of Concrete Blocks Using DGB." Geosystem Engineering 10, no. 2 (June 2007): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12269328.2007.10541269.
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Baiden, B. K., and M. M. Tuuli. "Impact of Quality Control Practices in Sandcrete Blocks Production." Journal of Architectural Engineering 10, no. 2 (June 2004): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1076-0431(2004)10:2(53).
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Jayaraman, K. S. "India blocks panel hearings on impact of dam construction." Nature 395, no. 6700 (September 1998): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/26299.
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Moia, Vitor Hugo Galhardo, Frank Breitinger, and Marco Aurélio Amaral Henriques. "The impact of excluding common blocks for approximate matching." Computers & Security 89 (February 2020): 101676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2019.101676.
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Hamilton, Gavin M., Reva Ramlogan, Anne Lui, Colin J. L. McCartney, Faraj Abdallah, Jason McVicar, and Daniel I. McIsaac. "Peripheral Nerve Blocks for Ambulatory Shoulder Surgery." Anesthesiology 131, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 1254–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000002865.
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Abstract Editor’s Perspective What We Already Know about This Topic What This Article Tells Us That Is New Background Nerve blocks improve early pain after ambulatory shoulder surgery; impact on postdischarge outcomes is poorly described. Our objective was to measure the association between nerve blocks and health system outcomes after ambulatory shoulder surgery. Methods We conducted a population-based cohort study using linked administrative data from 118 hospitals in Ontario, Canada. Adults having elective ambulatory shoulder surgery (open or arthroscopic) from April 1, 2009, to December 31, 2016, were included. After validation of physician billing codes to identify nerve blocks, we used multilevel, multivariable regression to estimate the association of nerve blocks with a composite of unplanned admissions, emergency department visits, readmissions or death within 7 days of surgery (primary outcome) and healthcare costs (secondary outcome). Neurology consultations and nerve conduction studies were measured as safety indicators. Results We included 59,644 patients; blocks were placed in 31,073 (52.1%). Billing codes accurately identified blocks (positive likelihood ratio 16.83, negative likelihood ratio 0.03). The composite outcome was not significantly different in patients with a block compared with those without (2,808 [9.0%] vs. 3,424 [12.0%]; adjusted odds ratio 0.96; 95% CI 0.89 to 1.03; P = 0.243). Healthcare costs were greater with a block (adjusted ratio of means 1.06; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.10; absolute increase $325; 95% CI $316 to $333; P = 0.005). Prespecified sensitivity analyses supported these results. Safety indicators were not different between groups. Conclusions In ambulatory shoulder surgery, nerve blocks were not associated with a significant difference in adverse postoperative outcomes. Costs were statistically higher with a block, but this increase is not likely clinically relevant.
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Kvet, Michal, and Karol Matiasko. "Data Block and Tuple Identification Using Master Index." Sensors 20, no. 7 (March 26, 2020): 1848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20071848.
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Relational databases are still very often used as a data storage, even for the sensor oriented data. Each data tuple is logically stored in the table referenced by relationships between individual tables. From the physical point of view, data are stored in the data files delimited by the tablespaces. Files are block-oriented. When retrieving data, particular blocks must be identified and transferred into the memory for the evaluation and processing. This paper deals with storage principles and proposes own methods for effective data block location and identification if no suitable index for the query is present in the system. Thanks to that, the performance of the whole system is optimized, and the processing time and costs are significantly lowered. The proposed solution is based on the master index, which points just to the blocks with relevant data. Thus, no sequential block scanning is necessary for consuming many system resources. The paper analyzes the impact of block size, which can have a significant impact on sensor oriented data, as well.
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IRLIK, Maciej. "TRAIN HEADWAY OPTIMISATION USING VIRTUAL BLOCKS." Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 112 (September 1, 2021): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2021.112.6.
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Although the implementation of a new Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system increases the safety level, it also exerts some impact on the blocking time in block sections, and consequently, on the headway between trains. At the same time, ATP systems introduce a train positioning system based on odometry calculation and reporting back to the trackside system. This paper describes the concept of using virtual blocks based on train position reporting in the ATP system for purposes of non-occupancy determination. Virtual blocks can be used to reduce headways on railway lines without increasing the number of trackside signalling devices. Preliminary capacity assessment was performed to calculate the average headway depending on the signalling system with reference to a case study.
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Scott, Marietta L., Paul Scorer, Nicola Lawson, Marianne J. Ratcliffe, Craig Barker, Marlon Rebelatto, and Jill Walker. "Assessment of heterogeneity of PD-L1 expression in NSCLC, HNSCC, and UC with Ventana SP263 assay." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): e14502-e14502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e14502.
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e14502 Background: Clinical assessment of PD-L1 status relies on the result of testing 1 FFPE section per patient (pt). Heterogeneity of PD-L1 expression within a single tissue block and between paired blocks from the same pt could impact pt classification. This study characterizes the intra-block and intra-case heterogeneity using the VENTANA PD-L1 (SP263) Assay in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and urothelial carcinoma (UC) for tumor cell (TC) and immune cell (IC) staining. Methods: Two blocks from the same tumor for 5 cases of each of 3 indications (30 unique blocks) representing a range of PD-L1 staining were commercially acquired and sectioned serially at 4 μm. Tumor continuity throughout the blocks was confirmed by staining sections 1 and 51 with H&E. Sections 2, 25 and 50 were stained with VENTANA SP263 and scored by a single trained pathologist, using the SP263 scoring algorithm and interpretation guide. Total percentages of PD-L1+ TCs and ICs were determined. Multiple diagnostic cutoffs were applied to TC and IC scores from multiple sections within each block and pair of blocks to establish overall percentage agreement (OPA) within and between blocks at each cutoff. Additional data were available in NSCLC for 200 cases with repeat SP263 staining (minimum separation 70 μm). Results: TC PD-L1 status at all cutoffs showed no intra-block (sections ~100 μm apart) or intra-case heterogeneity (Table). IC PD-L1 status showed limited intra-block and intra-case heterogeneity, with IC % staining in discordant sections varying by no more than 5%. Results are supported by the 200 NSCLC cases, with a minimum TC OPA across cutoffs of 91% (78.5% for ICs). Conclusions: Intra-block and intra-case concordance of TC PD-L1 status is high, and IC PD-L1 agreement is good across cutoffs. This supports the reproducibility of pt PD-L1 status in NSCLC, HNSCC and UC, within and between blocks. [Table: see text]
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Liu, F., M. P. F. Sutcliffe, and W. R. Graham. "Modeling of Tread Block Contact Mechanics Using Linear Viscoelastic Theory3." Tire Science and Technology 36, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2965832.
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Abstract In an effort to understand the dynamic hub forces on road vehicles, an advanced free-rolling tire-model is being developed in which the tread blocks and tire belt are modeled separately. This paper presents the interim results for the tread block modeling. The finite element code ABAQUS/Explicit is used to predict the contact forces on the tread blocks based on a linear viscoelastic material model. Special attention is paid to investigating the forces on the tread blocks during the impact and release motions. A pressure and slip-rate-dependent frictional law is applied in the analysis. A simplified numerical model is also proposed where the tread blocks are discretized into linear viscoelastic spring elements. The results from both models are validated via experiments in a high-speed rolling test rig and found to be in good agreement.
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Canali, Claudia, and Riccardo Lancellotti. "Parameter Tuning for Scalable Multi-Resource Server Consolidation in Cloud Systems." Journal of Communications Software and Systems 11, no. 4 (December 22, 2015): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v11i4.94.
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Infrastructure as a Service cloud providers are increasingly relying on scalable and efficient Virtual Machines (VMs) placement as the main solution for reducing unnecessarycosts and wastes of physical resources. However, thecontinuous growth of the size of cloud data centers posesscalability challenges to find optimal placement solutions. The use of heuristics and simplified server consolidation models that partially discard information about the VMs behavior represents the typical approach to guarantee scalability, but at the expense of suboptimal placement solutions. A recently proposed alternative approach, namely Class-Based Placement (CBP), divides VMs in classes with similar behavior in terms of resource usage, and addresses scalability by considering a small-scale server consolidation problem that is replicated as a building block for the whole data center. However, the server consolidation model exploited by the CBP technique suffers from two main limitations. First, it considers only one VM resource (CPU) for the consolidation problem. Second, it does not analyze the impact of the number (and size) of building blocks to consider. Many small building blocks may reduce the overall VMs placement solution quality due to fragmentation of the physical server resources over blocks. On the other hand, few large building blocks may become computationally expensive to handle and may be unsolvable due to the problem complexity. This paper extends the CBP server consolidation model to take into account multiple resources. Furthermore, we analyze the impact of block size on the performance of the proposed consolidation model, and we present and compare multiple strategies to estimate the best number of blocks. Our proposal is validated through experimental results based on a real cloud computing data center.
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Kim, Susan Y., Jorge Avila, Joshua Lee, Tim Lee, Stephen Macres, Richard L. Applegate, Machelle D. Wilson, and Jon Zhou. "Impact of preoperative pectoralis plane nerve blocks for mastectomy on perioperative opioid consumption: a retrospective study." Pain Management 10, no. 3 (May 2020): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/pmt-2019-0054.
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Aim: To compare perioperative opioid consumption for patients undergoing mastectomy surgery with or without pectoralis nerve (PECS) plane blocks. Patients & methods: Retrospective study evaluating 152 adult females with mastectomies. Demographics, postanesthesia care unit stay duration and opioid consumption data at three time points were collected and analyzed for statistical significance. Results: 98 patients were included in the PECS block group, 54 patients were in the general anesthesia only group. Age and BMI were comparable. Total perioperative intravenous opioid consumption was less in the PECS block group (50.88 mg) compared with the general anesthesia only group (67.83 mg), p < 0.001. Conclusion: Acute pain after mastectomy is often severe. PECS plane block may decrease perioperative opioid consumption after mastectomy surgery compared with general anesthesia alone.
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Cai, Zihan, and Ming Lu. "Social Integration Measurement of Inhabitants in Historic Blocks: The Case of Harbin, China." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 9, 2018): 2825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082825.
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The inhabitants of historic blocks require more social and planning consideration. A basic means to achieve inclusive planning and social sustainability in such areas is to quantitatively study the social integration of their inhabitants. Based on social survey data for the inhabitants of Harbin’s Central Street and DaoWai historic block in China, this paper establishes the measurement factors that affect inhabitant social integration to construct a measurement model. Statistical analysis is performed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The analysis results reveal five dimensions of inhabitant social integration: behavioral integration, cultural integration, industrial integration, spatial integration, and management integration. Subsequently, the statistical scores for social integration and related factors are calculated. The empirical results indicate that the level of the inhabitant social integration has an impact on the vitality and sustainable development of the blocks. The social integration score of the inhabitants of Central Street is higher than that of the inhabitants of the DaoWai historic block. Among the five dimensions, the industrial integration level of Central Street is the highest, whereas the spatial integration level of DaoWai historic block is the highest. The level of management integration is the lowest for both blocks. The difference in the levels of industrial integration between the two blocks is the highest, and cultural integration is the lowest. Comparing the status quo of the two blocks, the paper concludes that the promotion of inhabitant social integration requires enhancing the dimensions with lower measurement scores according to the specific conditions of the block. In this manner, a fundamental theory for a socially inclusive revitalization of historic blocks is established, thus to enhance social sustainability.
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Dada, Olufunke, Alicia Gonzalez Zacarias, Corinna Ongaigui, Marco Echeverria-Villalobos, Michael Kushelev, Sergio D. Bergese, and Kenneth Moran. "Does Rebound Pain after Peripheral Nerve Block for Orthopedic Surgery Impact Postoperative Analgesia and Opioid Consumption? A Narrative Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18 (September 5, 2019): 3257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183257.
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Regional anesthesia has been considered a great tool for maximizing post-operative pain control while minimizing opioid consumption. Post-operative rebound pain, characterized by hyperalgesia after the peripheral nerve block, can however diminish or negate the overall benefit of this modality due to a counter-productive increase in opioid consumption once the block wears off. We reviewed published literature describing pathophysiology and occurrence of rebound pain after peripheral nerve blocks in patients undergoing orthopedic procedures. A search of relevant keywords was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science. Twenty-eight articles (n = 28) were included in our review. Perioperative considerations for peripheral nerve blocks and other alternatives used for postoperative pain management in patients undergoing orthopedic surgeries were discussed. Multimodal strategies including preemptive analgesia before the block wears off, intra-articular or intravenous anti-inflammatory medications, and use of adjuvants in nerve block solutions may reduce the burden of rebound pain. Additionally, patient education regarding the possibility of rebound pain is paramount to ensure appropriate use of prescribed pre-emptive analgesics and establish appropriate expectations of minimized opioid requirements. Understanding the impact of rebound pain and strategies to prevent it is integral to effective utilization of regional anesthesia to reduce negative consequences associated with long-term opioid consumption.
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Adhikari, Jagan Nath, Bishnu Prasad Bhattarai, and Tej Bahadur Thapa. "Factors affecting diversity and distribution of threatened birds in Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 5 (March 26, 2019): 13511–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4137.11.5.13511-13522.
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Factors affecting diversity and distribution of globally threatened birds were studied by dividing Chitwan National Park (CNP) into five study blocks consisting of 17 birding routes. CNP provides major habitats for the feeding and breeding of a large number of migratory birds from many parts of the globe and also plays a vital role in the conservation of threatened species. We recorded a total of 437 individuals of globally threatened birds belonging to 19 species of nine families and eight orders. There was considerable variation (F=2.94, df=44.43, p=0.05) in species diversity of threatened birds in different study blocks: the highest diversity was in Block E (Pithauli, Amaltari, and Narayani Island area; H=2.108), followed by Block C (Kasara to Sukibhar area; H=2.047), Block B (Barandabhar Corridor Forest; H=2.033), Block A (Khagendra Malli, Kathar, Sauraha to Old Padampur; H=1.744), and Block D with the least diversity (Madi area; H=1.69). The higher dominance index was found in blocks A (D=0.2407) and D (0.2361) compared to other blocks. The lower diversity of threatened birds was reported in those blocks (A & D) located nearer to human settlements that experienced higher disturbance. Presence of livestock and people caused significantly negative effects on species richness and abundance of threatened birds, mainly in Block A. Distance from roads and villages also had a negative effect on the diversity and abundance of most of the threatened birds. This study suggests that human disturbance caused a significantly negative impact on the presence, distribution, diversity, and abundance of threatened birds in CNP and adjoining areas.
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Pešta, Jan, Tereza Pavlů, Kristina Fořtová, and Vladimír Kočí. "Sustainable Masonry Made from Recycled Aggregates: LCA Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 1581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041581.
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For a sustainable building industry, reusable construction with a low demand for primary resources is needed. Moreover, if we want to reduce the amount of construction and demolition waste, construction with recycled aggregate should be considered. To investigate the environmental impacts of such concrete construction, life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to compare the following types of concrete construction: Reusable blocks with recycled brick aggregate, reusable blocks with recycled concrete, reusable blocks with natural aggregate, and regular concrete wall. Firstly, the properties of new concrete with recycled aggregate were measured, such as physical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Then, different constructions were designed and assessed using the method of Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML2001) and the method of National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (ReCiPe 2016) as characterization methods. Unsurprisingly, the regular concrete wall had a higher impact on most of the impact categories, e.g., 113 kg CO2 eq. (in the first scenario, using CML2001). In accordance with the circular principles, the reusability of blocks and recycling of aggregate are the main factors that affect the environmental impact of the constructions. Thus, the global warming potential (GWP) of construction with reusable recycled concrete blocks was only 53 kg CO2 eq. (in the second scenario). Moreover, we show differences in the results of CML2001 and ReCiPe 2016, e.g., in the Photochemical Oxidant Creation category.
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Zhou, Wei, Ling Huan Lu, and Zhen Li. "The Study on the Impact of Recycled Fine Aggregate and Powder on the Mechanics and Thermal Performance of Recycled Concrete Hollow Blocks." Key Engineering Materials 509 (April 2012): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.509.119.
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The impact of recycled fine aggregate and powder on the mechanics and thermal performance of recycled concrete hollow blocks was discussed in this paper. The results showed that 30% recycled fine aggregate and powder have slight affect on the strength of recycled concrete hollow blocks. But the strength reduced significantly when the replacement is above 50%. The impact of recycled fine aggregate and powder on the performance of concrete hollow blocks with high strength grade is notable . The heat transfer coefficient of recycled concrete hollow blocks with 30% recycled fine aggregate and powder was equivalently to ordinary concrete hollow blocks.
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Wang, Yao Ting, Qiu Ju Zhang, and Jin Sai Cheng. "An Approach for Continuous Small Line Blocks High Speed Machining of Embedded Systems." Advanced Materials Research 842 (November 2013): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.842.367.
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A key issue of the machining for the small line block is to improve the machining feedrate while keeping the machining precision and satisfying the acceleration constraints. In this paper, a new approach for continuous small line blocks high speed machining is proposed to avoid the impact of Computer Numerical Control (CNC) equipments caused by acceleration gust. This approach uses the small line flag to distinguish whether the path is small line block. While the paths are continuous small line blocks, this approach can automatically adjust the number of look-ahead segments, and predigest the velocity calculation method of the connection point. We first define what a path is small line block. Then we analyze the restrictions for velocity linking of adjacent processing paths, and propose the approach for continuous small line blocks machining. Finally we design a simulation experiment on 30 points processing of the spline track. The result of the simulation shows that this algorithm can obviously shorten the processing time and make control system more harmonious in high speed machining.
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da Cruz, José Alberto, Jefferson José Vilela, Berenice Mendonça Gonzalez, and Dagoberto Brandão Santos. "Effect of Retained Austenite on Impact Toughness of the Multi-Phase Bainitic-Martensitic Steel." Advanced Materials Research 922 (May 2014): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.922.298.
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The new class of bainitic steels can present toughness at room temperature greater than traditional quenched and tempered martensitic steel. This is because the microstructure of steel with high Si content (≈1.5wt%) submitted to bainitic transformation is compose of fine plates of bainitic ferrite separated by retained austenite. The inhibition of cementite precipitation leads to the improvement of toughness. The presence of cementite facilitates the nucleation of cracks. Moreover, the blocks of retained austenite are undesirable. This morphology is rather unstable and tends to transform into hard and brittle untempered martensite under the influence of small stress, contributing to a low toughness. However, it was observed in this work that the greater the volume fraction of retained austenite, the greater is the toughness (10-24 J) for multi-phase steel. The values of toughness were independent whether the retained austenite is present on film or block forms. The decrease of toughness values was observed by the tempered samples after the bainitic transformation (10-14 J). This occurred because the blocks of retained austenite decomposed into carbides, martensite and/or bainite.
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Wang, Yin, Zhi Jian Shi, and Ya Di Hu. "The Impact of Cracks on Different Age of Concrete Small-Sized Hollow Block Masonry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 3303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.3303.
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In the latter part of concrete small-sized hollow block masonry cracks after using many reasons, including the design factors that are not in place, the material factors, construction factors, climate, natural conditions, factors, etc., in which the age of c concrete small-sized hollow block length of cracks in the masonry of the impact is different. Cracks in the masonry structure will cause adverse effects, affecting the use of construction and durability, this paper field test, to identify non-instars of concrete small-sized hollow block masonry cracks on impact. To reduce or prevent age of concrete hollow block the effects of crack, to strictly control the construction of block wall on the age, age as long as possible, especially in areas influenced by temperature, such as wall, the top wall, should pay attention to blocks of age, in a possible, concrete hollow block age should be greater than 42 days, the best age to block more than 56 days is better.
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Cabrera, Santiago Pedro, Yolanda Guadalupe Aranda-Jiménez, Edgardo Jonathan Suárez-Domínguez, and Rodolfo Rotondaro. "Bloques de Tierra Comprimida (BTC) estabilizados con cal y cemento. Evaluación de su impacto ambiental y su resistencia a compresión." Revista Hábitat Sustentable 10, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22320/07190700.2020.10.02.05.
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This work presents the evaluation of the environmental impact and compressive strength of Compressed Earth Blocks (CEB) stabilized with hydrated aerial lime and Portland cement. For this, 12 series of blocks stabilized with different proportions of lime and cement were manufactured and the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodology was used. After conducting these assays and simulations, it could be concluded that, using earth and sand typical of the city of Santa Fe (Argentina), stabilized with certain percentages of Portland cement between 5 and 10% in weight, CEB can be produced with sufficient levels of strength for them to be used in load-bearing walls, in this way minimizing the negative environmental impact associated with their manufacturing. It is also concluded that the stabilization with aerial lime does not increase the CEB’s compressive strength and, on the contrary, significantly increases their negative impact on the environment.
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Cummings, M. L., Chris G. Tsonis, and Andrew A. Rader. "The Impact of Multi-Layered Data-Blocks on Controller Performance." Air Traffic Control Quarterly 16, no. 2 (April 2008): 147–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/atcq.16.2.147.
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