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1

Ibrar Shehzad, Muhammad Haris, Faiza Jamal, and Mairaj ul Hamid. "Impact of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) on dynamics of the Kashmir Conflict between India and Pakistan." Social Science Review Archives 3, no. 1 (2025): 1884–89. https://doi.org/10.70670/sra.v3i1.496.

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The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is an umbrella project under China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). It has immense importance and strategic impacts on regional geopolitics, most importantly the outstanding issue of Jammu and Kashmir between India and Pakistan. This study articulates and examines different dimensions of the Kashmir conflict. The improving economic and strategic capabilities of Pakistan through CPEC has altered the regional power equilibrium and are impacting both the diplomatic and military relations between Pakistan and India. Gilgit-Baltistan; a region claimed by
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Iqbal, Nayyer, and Umbreen Javaid. "CPEC: The U.S. Stance and its Impact on Pakistan-U.S. Relations." Global Political Review V, no. I (2020): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2020(v-i).17.

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China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a cluster of infrastructure-build-up projects for Pakistan with Chinese assistance was signed in 2013. The Rise of China had kept the U.S. perturbed for the last two decades, however its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) added salt to injury. The U.S. expressed its displeasure over CPEC, its policy makers gradually started bracketing Pakistan with China. At a juncture, when the U.S. was already unhappy with Pakistan due to numerous Afghanistan- related developments, its serious discomfort with CPEC impacted the bilateral relations considerably. The U.S. ha
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3

Gul, Noman, Fareed Ullah, and Azmat Ali Shah. "Sino-US Global Competitive Dynamics Post 9/11 and its Impacts on Pakistan's Security." Global Strategic & Securities Studies Review VI, no. II (2021): 162–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(vi-ii).16.

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In this paper we examine the security implications for Pakistan after the engagement of two powerful states, China and United States. After the incident of September 11, 2001 (9/11) and their security impacts in the capacity of Pakistan's domestic and peripheral front. Their rivalry in the 21st century at the geo strategic, geopolitical and geo-economic level have been explained on the basis of realism, neo-realism and complex interdependence philosophies of international relations. The drastic political and strategic change in the status of Kashmir propelled Pakistan and China to review their
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Khan, Kamran, Muhammad Ayub, and Shahabuddin. "Impact of China Pakistan Ecnomic Corridor (CPEC) on Indo-Pak Rivalary." Summer 2023 4, no. 3 (2023): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.55737/qjssh.199903970.

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As a matter of fact, both China and Pakistan have greatly been/will be benefiting/ benefited from the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, but at the same time, it is being thought of by the neighboring country, India, as a threat to her. India, a hegemonic power in the region, has always been mindful of Chinese interference in this region and has been considering the greater cooperation of China with Pakistan as a threat to their regional power and, thus, in a way, interference in the cause of Kashmir particularly Pakistan’s claim to it. In order to balance the power in the region, India has bee
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Nadar Shah, Syed Imdad Ullah, and Dr. Abdul Wadood. "Indo-US Relations during Trump's Presidency and its Impact on Pakistan." Annual Methodological Archive Research Review 3, no. 3 (2025): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.63075/5skzen95.

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During President Donald Trump’s tenure (2017–2021), Indo-US relations witnessed unprecedented growth, marked by deeper strategic and economic cooperation. The Trump administration considered India as a crucial partner in its Indo-Pacific policy, boosting bilateral defense accords, intelligence-sharing systems, and military collaboration. India was classified as a Major Defense Partner, permitting high-end military purchases and bilateral military exercises, such as the Malabar Naval Exercise. This alignment was not merely limited to security; economic collaborations also expanded, with both na
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Jahangir, Javeria. "Pak-China Defense Cooperation and Evolving International Relations." Forman Journal of Social Sciences 02, no. 01 (2022): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32368/fjss.20220207.

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This study is about the impact of different global and regional changes resulting from PakistanChina’s defense cooperation and further examines the increasing range of diplomatic cooperation in the social, tactical, and economic realms. The paper focuses on three events: (i) the 1978 transformation of China and its opening-up policies; (ii) disbanding of the U.S.S.R (1991); and (iii) the event of 9/11 in the United States. These events had a significant influence on Pak-China ties. This study is a literature review and contributes to a better understanding of the evolving international systems
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Bukhari, Syed Rizwan Haider, Haider Ali Khan, Amir Ullah Khan, Inam Ul Haq, and Ejaz Hussian. "Assessing the Impact of the Taliban's Return to Power in Afghanistan on Pakistan's National Security and Foreign Policy." Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences 5, no. 4 (2024): 350–63. https://doi.org/10.55737/qjss.v-iv.24276.

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The Taliban's takeover of Afghanistan in August 2021 caused major shifts in the region, particularly impacting Pakistan's security and diplomacy. The rapid collapse of the Afghan government and the Taliban's return to power led to an oppressive regime with strict interpretations of Islamic law, limited rights for women and minorities, and a worsening humanitarian crisis. The country faced poverty, starvation, and human rights abuses, while the economy deteriorated due to the loss of foreign aid. For Pakistan, the Taliban's return led to increased militancy and cross-border terrorism, particula
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8

Rida Noor. "Russia-Ukraine Crises and its Impact on Pakistan." Social Science Review Archives 3, no. 1 (2025): 818–28. https://doi.org/10.70670/sra.v3i1.366.

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The ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine has sent shockwaves across the globe, with far-reaching implications for international relations, global economy, and regional stability. This article delves into the impact of the Russian-Ukraine crisis on Pakistan, exploring the economic, geopolitical, and geostrategic dimensions of this complex issue. The crisis has dealt a significant blow to Pakistan's economy, which is already grappling with inflation, trade deficits, and economic instability. The war has disrupted global supply chains, leading to shortages and price hikes in essential comm
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9

Anwar ul Mustafa Shah, Tufail Asghar, and Dr Farhana kousar. "The Role of Regional Geopolitics in Shaping Pakistan-Bangladesh Relations in The 21st Century." Social Science Review Archives 3, no. 1 (2025): 1332–41. https://doi.org/10.70670/sra.v3i1.434.

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The relationship between Pakistan and Bangladesh in the 21st century is deeply shaped by evolving regional geopolitical dynamics. Historically strained due to the events surrounding Bangladesh’s independence in 1971, relations between the two nations remain complex, characterized by lingering distrust and historical grievances. However, the shifting balance of power in South Asia, driven by strategic alliances and regional competition, continues to redefine this bilateral relationship. Pakistan, keen on expanding its regional influence, views Bangladesh’s growing partnership with India as a st
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10

Shakeel Ahmad, Muhammad, and Fahmeda Naheed. "India-Pakistan Relations in the Prism of ‘Realist School’ of International Relations." Politeja 16, no. 2(59) (2019): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.16.2019.59.02.

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The India-Pakistan relationship is shaped by internal and external variables – which form very complex interactions between the two. Externally, both countries are influenced by multiple factors which shape their foreign policies – the geopolitics of South Asia is the major one. However, another important factor in the relationship between the two nations and a source of great tension between the two of them is the persistence influence of the ‘realist school’. This school of thought, holds that nations are rivals and will only seek their own interests at the costs of those of their neighbors.
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11

Minhas Majeed Khan and Mirwais Kasi. "Pakistan-China Relations: Developments in Economic and Security Areas in the 21st Century." Strategic Studies 37, no. 3 (2017): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.037.03.00209.

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Considering new trends in global politics, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan appreciates the peaceful rise of the Peoples Republic of China. The well-established Pak-China camaraderie entered the 21st century with the new hopes of exploring innovative economic opportunities. The paper examines this relationship based on the interest of both the countries to be vigilant of the emerging regional and global scenario and to come up with appropriate economic and security strategy to meet their common challenges. The prospects of Pak-China relations reveal its significant impact on the global politic
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12

Memon, Naheed, Faiza Rehman, and Fazal Rabbi. "Should Pakistan Liberalize Trade With India Against the Backdrop of the FTA with China? A Comparative Advantage Analysis for the Manufacturing Sector." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 19, Special Edition (2014): 327–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2014.v19.isp.a14.

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Pakistan and India have not yet normalized trade relations and gained the full benefits of bilateral trade despite significant developments to this end since 2011. Pakistan has yet to reciprocate the most-favored-nation status granted by India. This study investigates the benefits of trade liberalization between the two countries by studying the global competitiveness of Pakistan’s industrial sector from a policy perspective. We construct a revealed comparative advantage index for manufacturing products (HS 2-digit level) for Pakistan, India, and China for the period 2003–12, and then identify
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13

Bhatti, Gul-i.-Ayesha. "Great Power Rivalry in the Indian Ocean and its impact on Pakistan." Journal of Nautical Eye and Strategic Studies 2, no. 2 (2023): 113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.58932/mulg0008.

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Over the past 20 years, the Indian Ocean's (IO) strategic maritime environment has seen significant change. As a result of defense and security measures, regional emphasis has abruptly switched from territorial to maritime borders, having a significant impact on transnational ties. This study addresses the historical context of the strategic maritime environment of the Indian Ocean as well as evolving patterns of the US, China, and Indian presence as main competitors. The US is using its counterbalancing policy against China by improving its relations with India in the Indian Ocean. China thro
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14

Imran, Muhammad, Muhammad Ramzan, and Hina Adeeb. "Maritime Security Issues and Geostrategic Competition in Indian Ocean Region: Prospects and Challenges for Pakistan." Global Political Review X, no. I (2025): 37–52. https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2025(x-i).04.

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The strategic maritime environment of the Indian Ocean (IO) has undergone significant transformation over the past two decades. The shift in regional focus from territorial to maritime borders has had a profound impact on international relations, driven by evolving defense and security dynamics. This paper explores the historical context of maritime geopolitics in the Indian Ocean and examines the growing presence and competition among the United States, China, and India as the primary strategic players. The United States, in strengthening its partnership with India, seeks to counterbalance Ch
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15

Aslam, Muhammad, Uzma Naz, Zakir Hussain, and Muhammad Irfan Ahamad. "Pakistan-China Relations and its Implication for India (2008-2018)." Journal of South Asian Studies 10, no. 2 (2022): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/jsas.010.02.4091.

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This paper has described a chief question that “What are the impacts of Pak-China relations on India and its regional implications during the period of 2008-18”? Within this framework, the paper has endeavored to examine ongoing progression in economic, strategic and political domains of bilateral kindreds amongst both countries China and Pakistan. 1978 reforms of China and initial strategy, breakdown of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and mainly the incident of 9/11 at world trade center were the key changes that categorized the South Asian, global and the regional politics. If we
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16

Ali, Muhammad. "Impact of Trump Administration Policies on Pakistan-United States Bilateral Relations: A Comprehensive Appraisal." Advance Social Science Archive Journal 3, no. 2 (2025): 927–36. https://doi.org/10.55966/assaj.2025.3.2.014.

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The bilateral relationship between Pakistan and the United States underwent significant transformations during the Trump administration (2017–2021), marked by a shift toward transactional diplomacy and conditional cooperation. This article provides a comprehensive appraisal of how President Donald J. Trump’s "America First" policy redefined engagement with Pakistan, emphasizing burden-sharing in counterterrorism and conditioning military and economic aid on measurable outcomes. Key policy shifts included the suspension of nearly $2 billion in security assistance, the termination of trade benef
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17

Khan, Sameer Ullah, Inam Ullah Shah, Khansa Shah, and Muhammad Jawed Iqbal. "The Role of China-Pakistan Relations in the Global Tech Competition, Especially in Areas like 5G, AI, and Cybersecurity." Review of Education, Administration & Law 8, no. 1 (2025): 73–85. https://doi.org/10.47067/real.v8i1.404.

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This study reviews the increasing technological cooperation between China and Pakistan with a focus on influence in their cooperation within 5G, AI, and cybersecurity domains and examines their implications against the background of global tech competition. It will underscore, through systematic literature review, both opportunities and challenges presented by such cooperation. China's technology investment, especially in companies such as Huawei, has significantly pushed the digitization of the infrastructure of the country, which improves the telecommunication network of that country and giv
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18

Sharma, Shalendra. "India in 2009: Global Financial Crisis and Congress Revival." Asian Survey 50, no. 1 (2010): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2010.50.1.139.

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The past year was a momentous one for India. The country navigated through the shoals of an unprecedented global financial crisis with only modest negative impact, and successfully continued the world's largest exercise in democracy. The 15th general election in April-May 2009 saw the venerable Congress Party return to power with a large mandate. On the external front, although ties between India and the Obama administration have been friendly, real concerns remain about the future trajectory of Indo-U.S. relations. Relations with Pakistan and China also remain testy.
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19

Silky, Gupta. "Impact of Trade and Commerce on the Politicos Economic Development of India." International Journal of Advance Study and Research Work 3, no. 1 (2020): 17–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3628199.

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<strong><em>India has trade relations with the rest of the world namely the United States, China, Australia, Canada, Japan, Great Britain, and the European Union. One nation bought and sold the goods in the International market as all are interdependent. When any change takes place in one country, some of the changes occur in other countries.&nbsp; (Grewal, Sharma 2013). Trade among nations is not free. One has to give money to exchange goods and services between the nations. In the International market, the domestic currency is not accepted. Thus, the concept of exchange rate came into existe
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20

Khan, Muhammad Zubair. "Competitiveness and Exportability of Pakistani Products in the context of Export Policy and Trade Relations with Central Asian Republics: Challenges, Impacts and Way-forward." Indus Journal of Law and Social Sciences II, no. II (2023): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.70540/ijlss.2023(ii-ii).05.

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Pakistan's geographic location holds immense strategic significance, making it a vital player in regional and global trade. Situated at the crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East, Pakistan serves as a crucial gateway for trade and connectivity. Its proximity to major maritime routes and its land border with Iran, Afghanistan, China, and India further enhance its geo-economic significance. By leveraging its geographical position, Pakistan can unlock substantial economic benefits by becoming a reliable and efficient trade corridor for the land-locked Central Asian Republics
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21

Dałek, Przemysław. "Why do «neighbouring» powers help? India, China, Russia, and their approaches to development in 2001–2021 Afghanistan." Stosunki Międzynarodowe – International Relations 3 (May 7, 2025): 9. https://doi.org/10.12688/stomiedintrelat.17703.2.

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The paper identifies the development approaches of China, India, and Russia towards 2001–2021 Afghanistan, and investigates the complex mechanism of their impact on international relations in the region of wider Central Asia. The main finding is that only India has tried to incorporate Afghanistan into its regional economic initiatives. For China and Russia, Afghanistan has been a ‘troubled neighbour’, and they acted as free riders benefiting from the US security and economic presence there, regardless of their claims. Despite its minor activity in Afghanistan, China is becoming the most domin
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22

Ara, Yasmeena. "India-Iran Relations and the Global World." Asian Review of Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (2019): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2019.8.2.1576.

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India and Iran being neighbours have been historically and culturally connected. Both share a long tradition of ideas since civilizations. Both countries had linkages since the pre-historic times. Various historical leftovers found in India resemble those with those found in Dejleh and Forat rivers in Iran show that both nations had cordial interactions with each other. However with the passage of time different factors erupted in between the two, particularly after end of Cold War. U.S. and Israel have affected ties between the two. India-Iran relations have been subject to several factors; b
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23

Shahzad, Faisal. "The Indo-US Strategic Partnership: An Analysis of the Trump Era." Journalism, Politics and Society 1, no. 4 (2023): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.63067/exv0da34.

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The United States, as a superpower, after the collapse of the former Soviet Union, plays a significant role in shaping international politics. Its actions and decisions have a major impact on global and regional events. It establishes strategic partnerships with regional allies and powers to maintain its hegemony across the world. The United States has recently established partnerships with India to keep its influence in the region and counter emerging forces like China and Pakistan. This study examines the impact of the Indo-US strategic partnership since the Trump era and its impact on Pakis
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McMahon, Robert J. "U.S. Policy toward South Asia and Tibet during the Early Cold War." Journal of Cold War Studies 8, no. 3 (2006): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2006.8.3.131.

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Events in South Asia in the 1950s and early 1960s had a long-term impact on the Cold War and on relations among the countries involved—China, India, Pakistan, the United States, and the Soviet Union. This article provides an overview of U.S. relations with South Asian countries during the early Cold War. It highlights the connections between U.S. policy priorities and commitments in South Asia on the one hand and developments in Tibet on the other. The article considers how U.S. policy priorities and actions in South Asia shaped, and were shaped by, China's reassertion of control over Tibet in
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25

Siddique, Muhammad, Muhammad Abdul Quddus, and Asim Iqbal. "Pakistan’s Global Trade Potential with Selected Trading Partners: A Gravity Model Approach Using Static and Dynamic Panel Data." iRASD Journal of Economics 4, no. 1 (2022): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.52131/joe.2022.0401.0058.

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This research study employs a gravity model to explore Pakistan's trade potential from 2000 to 2020. China, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Saudi Arabia (KSA), Kuwait, United States (USA), Malaysia, Japan, India, Singapore, Afghanistan, Iran, Spain, Germany, United Kingdom (UK) and Belgium are among our significant trading partners. The study uses both static and dynamic econometric techniques to capture the trade potential of Pakistan. The findings from both methodologies are comparable, indicating that economic size and distance have a significant effect on bilateral trade. Furthermore, througho
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Wafa, Noorani, and Fayaz Gul Mazloum Yar. "Geopolitical Influence of Afghanistan’s Neighbors on the Country's Domestic and Foreign Policies." Devotion : Journal of Research and Community Service 5, no. 12 (2024): 1524–37. https://doi.org/10.59188/devotion.v5i12.25392.

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This paper examines the impact of Afghanistan’s neighbors on the country’s domestic and foreign policies. Afghanistan shares borders with Pakistan, Iran, China, India, and the Central Asian republics, and its unique geographical location has made it a focal point in regional and global geopolitics. Using a mixed-methods research approach that incorporates both quantitative and qualitative data, this study analyzes the economic, cultural, security, and political effects of Afghanistan’s neighboring countries on its policies. The findings reveal that economic and trade cooperation with China and
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Тихоненко, Ірина, and Ілля Берділа. "GEOPOLITICAL AND LOGISTICAL DIMENSIONS OF THE CHINA-PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR." КОНСЕНСУС, no. 1 (2025): 266–80. https://doi.org/10.31110/consensus/2025-01/266-280.

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The article attempts to analyze the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) from the perspective of the geopolitical and logistical dimensions of its implementation. The goal of the article is to study the impact of CPEC on China’s foreign policy initiatives, Beijing’s bilateral relations with Islamabad, and the level of influence of the project’s geopolitical and logistical components on the regional and global levels of international relations. The research methodology is based on the principles of scientificity, systematicity, and objectivity with an appeal to the method of geopolitical ana
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28

Shahid, Tanweer, and Adam Saud. "CONTEMPORARY GEOPOLITICS IN CENTRAL ASIA: IMPEDIMENTS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 02 (2022): 717–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i2.524.

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Central Asia and Pakistan embrace distant neighbourhood and cordial relations. However, affluent potential of their relationship remained untapped and almost stagnant. This soaring state undergoes a pull and push of geopolitical contest of great and rising powers - ‘the new great game’, in Central Asia. The United States, Russia, China, India and their antagonism share convergence and divergence of interests. This interplay casts their positive and negative impacts on the future relations of Pakistan with Central Asia. This qualitative research, based on inductive reasoning, analyses impedimen
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Maimoona, Rasool, Mariam Asif Dr, and Munawar Hussain Dr. "Balancing Acts: Afghanistan, India and Strategiesb for Managing Pakistan- Russia Engagement in the region." Al-Qantara 10, no. 03 (2024): 172–88. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13711449.

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<strong><em>Abstract:</em></strong><em> The period from 2001 to 2021 saw India establishing robust ties with Afghanistan through significant economic aid and infrastructure development, with a recorded cost of $3 billion, claimed at ensuring Afghan stability. Pakistan, however, viewed these growing India-Afghanistan relations with suspicion, fearing encirclement and increased Indian influence in the region, specifically against its national interests. In response, Pakistan, with support from Russia, engaged with the Taliban to restore their government in Afghanistan by sponsoring peace dialogu
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30

Shafeeq, Maheen. "India’s Strategic Autonomy and the US-India Strategic Partnership: Implications on Pakistan." Journal of Security & Strategic Analyses 11, no. 1 (2025): 05–28. https://doi.org/10.57169/jssa.0011.01.0344.

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The paper examines Indo-US strategic partnership through a structural realist lens, and analyses how India’s long-standing policy of non-alignment has always had some inclination. Since the 1950s, India has depended on the policy of non-alignment to strengthen ties with the opposing major powers, the US and Russia, and to secure national interests without binding itself to commitment of reciprocity. While Indo-US relations developed diplomatic relation in 1947, closer strategic relations only emerged in post-2000 era, which have now transformed into Global Comprehensive Strategic Partnership.
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Acxir, Abdul, and Shams RahmanZai. "Review of Opportunities and Challenges in China-Afghanistan Relations Post-U.S. Withdrawal." Journal of Political Science and International Relations 7, no. 4 (2024): 114–27. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jpsir.20240704.14.

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The relationship between China and Afghanistan has witnessed significant changes over the years, encompassing various political, economic, and security dimensions. Afghanistan&amp;apos;s strategic location as a bridge between Central and South Asia holds particular significance for China, serving as a key transit route for infrastructure projects like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), and others. Additionally, Afghanistan&amp;apos;s rich mineral reserves, including copper, oil, and lithium, are particularly attractive to China, especially for its
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Shah, Zahir, Sahil Shah, Jamal Shah, and Abbas Khan. "Indian Revocation of Kashmir’s Special Status: Causes and Implications." Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) 12, no. 4 (2023): 755–61. https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00565.

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Conflict and enmity between Pakistan and India began in 1947, immediately following their independence, and have since led to three wars between them. Their relations have always been strained mainly because of the Kashmir issue. Kashmir issue is the unfinished agenda of third June 1947 formula. According to the 3rd June 1947 plan, Kashmir was to be a part of Pakistan but due to the various unjustified means, India kept it under her occupation. Till August 5th, 2019 Kashmir was enjoying a special status under the Article 370 of Indian constitution but on August 5, 2019 its special status was r
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Malik, Ramsha Nazir. "Comparative Analysis of Historical and Cultural Trajectories: Imperial China and the Indian Subcontinent." Culture and History 4, no. 1 (2024): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/ch.v4n1p1.

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This research article presents a comparative analysis of the historical development of Imperial China and the Indian Subcontinent, spanning from the Qin Dynasty (221 BC) to the Qing Dynasty (1912) in China, and covering the corresponding period in present-day Pakistan and India. While geographically close, the two regions experienced distinct trajectories shaped by internal dynamics and external influences. The study examines how these regions evolved through processes of internal consolidation, foreign invasions, and religious transformations. It highlights the contrasting historical paths an
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Marwat, Safi Ullah Khan, and Muhammad Abdullah. "CONSOLIDATION OF US NATIONAL INTERESTS IN ASIA THROUGH ECONOMIC AND MILITARY AID AND ITS IMPACTS: CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN, 1947-71." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 03, no. 03 (2021): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v3i3.250.

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After 1945, the United States of America (USA) was worried about any possible harm to its interests within the Continent of Asia due to the ongoing rapid expansion of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and Peoples Republic of China (PRC) after 1917 and 1949 respectively. Therefore, as a result of its Russo-Sino-phobia, the USA made alliances with the Asian countries based on their mutual national interests. In those relations, the USA was mostly an economic and military aid donor while its allies were recipients of that US-aid. In return, the USA was utilizing the geo-strategic pos
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35

Dałek, Przemysław. "Why do «neighbouring» powers help? India, China, Russia, and their approaches to development in 2001–2021 Afghanistan." Stosunki Międzynarodowe – International Relations 3 (September 21, 2023): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/stomiedintrelat.17703.1.

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The paper identifies the development approaches of China, India, and Russia towards 2001–2021 Afghanistan, and investigates the complex mechanism of their impact on international relations in the region of wider Central Asia. The main finding is that only India has tried to incorporate Afghanistan into its regional economic initiatives. For China and Russia, Afghanistan has been a ‘troubled neighbour’, and they acted as free riders benefiting from the US security and economic presence there, regardless of their claims. Despite its minor activity in Afghanistan, China is becoming the most domin
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36

Jan, Amir, Muhammad Ramzan, and Shahid Hussain Kamboyo. "An Analytical Investigation of Politico-Economic Effects of Gwadar and Chabahar Ports on Pak-Iran Relations." Journal of Asian Development Studies 13, no. 1 (2024): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.62345/jads.2024.13.1.19.

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This paper aims to explore the geostrategic importance and implications of Gwadar and Chabahar ports for the entire region. Drawing upon a multidisciplinary approach, this study integrates political, economic, and geopolitical perspectives to assess the complex dynamics at play. It delves into the historical context of Pak-Iran relations, examining the factors that have shaped their interactions over time. Furthermore, it scrutinizes the geopolitical implications of Gwadar and Chabahar ports in the context of regional power dynamics, considering the interests and interventions of key stakehold
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Rano Tuychiyeva Almamatovna. "Specific aspects of indian foreign policy: stagnation and changes." International Journal on Integrated Education 3, no. 5 (2020): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i5.382.

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This article focuses on how India organized its foreign policy from the time of independence until the beginning of the 21st century and on the basis of which strategies it pursued. The paper also examines in detail the internal and external factors that have helped the country to achieve effective, positive results in foreign policy and, conversely, have had a significant negative impact. In addition, the article pays special attention to India's relations with the United States, China and Russia, which are currently striving for global hegemony, and the competition between these countries in
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Zulfiqar Ali, Usman. "Sino-US Contestation and Its Implications for South Asia." Academic Journal of Social Sciences (AJSS ) 7, no. 1 (2023): 017–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/ajss.2023.07011890.

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The United States and China are facing a contestation across the world as Beijing’s rise and its economic indicators show their emergence in global mainstream. There are apprehensions that it can pose a challenge to the US led liberal world order, formatting alternate mechanism of global governance. China is competing with US in global technological trade along with having flagship projects such as BRI containing 147 countries in it. US and its allies are also doing some counter measures in the form of B3W etc. to contain China yet faces no success. In South Asia, Pakistan and India are having
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Hussain, Ali. "Iran-Pakistan Nexus: A Holistic Perspective on Historical Ties and Future Trajectories." Regional Tribune 1, no. 1 (2022): 47–53. https://doi.org/10.63062/trt/2k22a.14204.

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This study explores the complex historical development of Pakistan-Iran ties, categorizing them into four separate periods from the Cold War to the present day. The alliance endured external obstacles, including sectarian terrorism and geopolitical changes like 9/11, which had a greater influence than internal issues. Nadeem, Hassan, and Zahm, prominent scholars, have thoroughly analyzed the Afghan element and its impact on bilateral relations. The paper examines the changing dynamics affected by Chinese participation in the Belt and Road Initiative, particularly focusing on the China-Pakistan
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Iqbal, Sajid, and Sarwat Rauf. "Afghanistan Imbroglio: Impact on the Central Asian States." Central Asia 83, Winter (2019): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54418/ca-83.29.

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This paper attempts to find the dynamism in Afghanistan’s relations with Central Asian states. It is explained that prosperity without security is not possible and ongoing imbroglio in Afghanistan is directly affecting Central Asian states. The Central Asian states are surrounded by China, Russia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran. These states (with significant influence of India and Turkey) are the key regional players and their socio-economic and political interests are converged on various issues. The political conditions in Afghanistan would directly impact the interests of Central Asian st
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Lokman, Rackmawatie, Sity Daud, and Chiew Ping Hoo. "CPEC and South Asia’s Geopolitical Complex: Powers’ Rivalry." Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 7, no. 9 (2022): e001741. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v7i9.1741.

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South Asia’s international relations dilemma is not mainly about power struggles among the regional states but also includes the significant presence of major powers. This article analyses the factors leading to South Asia’s geopolitical challenges, serving the role of regional powers with their strategic allies, notably the US and China that appear to influence the region’s stability. Based on findings from unstructured interviews with experts and research on China-Pakistan’s extending relations in CPEC, this article contends that the phenomenon may potentially bolster power rivalry in South
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Waqar Fazal, Mahar, and Muhammad Jahanzaib Aslam. "Shaping Public Perception: The Evolution of Government Public Relations in the Digital Age." Society, Law and Policy Review 2, no. 1 (2023): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.62585/slpr.v2i1.33.

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This research examines the historical development of public relations and its role in promoting effective governance, democracy, and communication in diverse states. It highlights the Islamic perspective on mass communication and its influence on contemporary public relations practices. The study also explores the evolution of public relations in the digital age, with a focus on social media and its impact on democracy. Additionally, it examines the historical foundations of public relations in Pakistan, which have been shaped by the country's ethnic and religious diversity. Beyond these key a
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Ali, Hussain. "Iran-Pakistan Nexus: A Holistic Perspective on Historical Ties and Future Trajectories." Regional Tribune 1, no. 1 (2022): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.63062/trt/2k22a.14204.

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Abstract:
This study explores the complex historical development of Pakistan-Iran ties, categorizing them into four separate periods from the Cold War to the present day. The alliance endured external obstacles, including sectarian terrorism and geopolitical changes like 9/11, which had a greater influence than internal issues. Nadeem, Hassan, and Zahm, prominent scholars, have thoroughly analyzed the Afghan element and its impact on bilateral relations. The paper examines the changing dynamics affected by Chinese participation in the Belt and Road Initiative, particularly focusing on the China-Pakistan
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Singh, Kanwal Deepinder Pal. "Strength and Challenges of OBOR Initiative: Indian Perspective." Journal of National Law University Delhi 6, no. 1 (2019): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277401719857865.

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The One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative of China is an attempt to ‘remake’ or recreate the ancient Silk Road or Silk Route, symbolising not only trade network but more importantly cultural interaction. It is an ambitious Eurasian strategy with large financial support, which aims to draw linkages from China to various regions of the world. The connectivity and cooperation presented by China between itself and the rest of Eurasia has two main components: the land-based ‘Silk Road Economic Belt’ (SREB) and ocean-going ‘Maritime Silk Road’ (MSR). The ‘Belt’ includes countries geographically situat
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Koyyana Mahesh. "Balancing Act: India's 'Look West' Policy in the Context of Saudi-Iran Rivalry." International Journal for Research Publication and Seminar 15, no. 2 (2024): 336–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36676/jrps.v15.i2.1604.

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India's Look West policy was initiated by Manmohan Singh, but Narendra Modi successfully implemented it in 2014. To establish friendly relations with Middle Eastern countries of oil-rich nations. During the Cold War period, India and Arab countries did not have a good relationship because India was part of the non-aligned countries and another problem was the Kashmiri issue and Pakistan Arab countries were diversifying their economy and finding new opportunities and challenges which impacted their foreign policy India and west Asia had cultural roots and trade linkages from ancient times The m
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Hanif, Saiqa, Sultan Mubariz Khan, and Shafqat Rasool. "Growth of Religious Extremism in Pakistan: Implications for State and Society (1980-2020)." Global Political Review V, no. III (2020): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2020(v-iii).12.

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This paper investigates the major trends and developments that are considered responsible for the rise of religious militancy in Pakistan. It also analyzes the impacts of this phenomenon. The research focuses on investigating the causes of its expansion and intensity in the recent past and how it has affected the society and state because religious extremism and religiously motivated violence has emerged as a serious challenge for the security and stability of Pakistan. The study is descriptive, and the mode of inquiry is qualitative though supplemented by quantitative data in the form of tabl
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Pechishcheva, Lyudmila A., and Konstantin A. Korneev. "INDIA AND JAPAN. EVOLUTION OF THE STRATEGIC COOPERATION FORMAT." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, no. 1 (2021): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2021-1-139-149.

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In the 21 st century, India–Japan strategic cooperation is gradu- ally reaching a new level. Earlier the relations between countries were more declarative, but the situation has changed since the beginning of the 2000s. New agreements are being concluded, and the y assume practical implemen- tation in addition to the frameworks. On the one hand, for Japan, India is becoming more important not only as an economic partner (a huge market for Japanese industrial products and digital technologies), but also as a like- minded partner in curbing China’s trade and economic expansion. On the other hand
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Hussain, Fakhar, Muhammad Ikramullah Khan, Sarfraz Hussain, and Saadat Nawaz. "CPEC- AN ECONOMIC ENGINE FOR PEACE AND ITS IMPACT ON KASHMIR DISAGREEMENT." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 3 (2021): 724–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9371.

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Purpose of the study: This research explores CPEC as a model of "Economic Interdependence" for being a mega driver of Globalization, which can bring economic equilibrium through development and interconnectivity for resolution of Kashmir dispute by connecting institutional and diplomatic channels to the economic interdependency.&#x0D; Methodology: This research is based on secondary data collected from various sources like academic papers, electronic sources, Newspapers, Periodicals, Journals, organizational reports, and books. For interpretation of data, descriptive and analytical approach ha
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Nandwal, A., and N. Ringo. "Bibliometric analysis of mentions of the BricS block in the context of scientific research in 2015-2024 based on metadata of the DIMENSIONS platform." Economy and nature management in the North, no. 1 (April 3, 2025): 18–36. https://doi.org/10.25587/2587-8778-2025-1-18-36.

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At the current stage of global economic development, international relations are experiencing turbulence due to geopolitical shifts in Europe and Southwest Asia. In this context, BRICS is emerging as a leading force among global economic blocs. A review of articles on BRICS published between 2015 and 2024 in journals indexed on the DIMENSIONS platform revealed a gap in research that systematically analyzes trends and identifies patterns in this field. The number of publications has shown a linear increase over the years, with a significant surge in studies focused on geopolitics and political
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Klare, Michael. "Climate Change, Water Scarcity, and the Potential for Interstate Conflict in South Asia." Journal of Strategic Security 13, no. 4 (2020): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.13.4.1826.

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Ever since American security analysts began to consider the impact of global warming on international security, water has been viewed as an especially critical factor. In many parts of the developing world, water supplies are already insufficient to meet societal requirements, and, by shrinking these supplies further, climate change will cause widespread hardship, unrest, and conflict. But exactly what role water plays in this equation has been the subject of considerable reassessment over time. When analysts first examined warming’s impacts, they largely assumed that climate-related water sca
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