Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Impacts de la pêche'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Impacts de la pêche.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Colléter, Mathieu. "Impacts de la pêche sur le fonctionnement trophique des écosystèmes marins : une approche comparative basée sur des modèles trophodynamiques." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSARH092.
Full textFaced with the global overexploitation of marine resources and the rapid degradation of ecosystems’ integrity, many states agreed to the principle of an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). In fact, overfishing induces strong decrease of targeted species biomass, which impact predators, their competitors, prey, and ultimately the ecosystems’ trophic networks. Thus, it is an important challenge to understand the trophic functioning of marine ecosystems and the related impacts of fisheries. In this spirit, my thesis was developed to address concerns about the potential impacts of fisheries on the underlying trophic functioning, and to better understand this trophic functioning and its variability through ecosystems. Two well-known trophodynamic models were used: Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) and EcoTroph (ET). First, I developed EcoBase, i. E. , an online repository to gather and communicate information from EwE models, which enabled to give a global overview of the applications of the EwE modeling approach. Then, the ET model was corrected and standardized through the creation of a software package in R. A new trophic control, i. E. , foraging arena (FA) trophic control, was integrated to study its impacts on trophic flows and fishing effects on aquatic ecosystem trophic networks. I showed that that making ecosystem behavior more realistic by incorporating FA controls into EcoTroph decreased the resistance and the production of modeled ecosystems facing increasing fishing mortality. An analysis of case studies focusing on marine protected areas (MPAs) was then performed using EwE and ET. I analyzed the potential spillover effect from three MPAs, and showed that their potential exports were at the same order of magnitude as the amount of catch that could have been obtained inside the reserve. Finally, a meta-analysis of marine ecosystem trophic iii functioning was conducted using 127 EwE models, which showed that ecosystem types were distinguished by different biomass trophic spectra and associated trophic indices. These differences were mainly driven by different production, but also kinetic for some ecosystem types. In conclusion, trophodynamic models, as EwE and ET, appeared to be useful tools to better understand the trophic functioning of marine ecosystems, its variability through ecosystems, and the associated impacts of fisheries
Avadí, Tapia Angel Daniel. "Durabilité de la filière d’anchois du Pérou, de la mer aux rayonnages : vers une nouvelle stratégie d’utilisation optimale des ressources." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20025/document.
Full textThe research performed a sustainability assessment of supply chains of the anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) in Peru. The corresponding fisheries lands 6.5 million t per year, of which <2% is rendered into products for direct human consumption (DHC) and 98% reduced into feed ingredients (fishmeal and fish oil, FMFO), for export. Several industries compete for the anchoveta resources, generating local and global impacts. The need for understanding these dynamics, towards sustainability-improving management and policy recommendations, determined the development of a sustainability assessment framework: 1) characterisation and modelling of the systems under study (with Life Cycle Assessment and other tools) including local aquaculture, 2) calculation of sustainability indicators (i.e. energy efficiency, nutritional value, socio-economic performances), and 3) definition and comparison of alternative exploitation scenarios. Future exploitation scenarios were defined by coupling an ecosystem and a material flow models: continuation of the status quo (Scenario 1), shift towards increased proportion of DHC production (Scenario 2), and radical reduction of the anchoveta harvest in order for other fish stocks to recover and be exploited for DHC (Scenario 3). Scenario 2 was identified as the most sustainable.Management and policy recommendations include improving of: controls for compliance with management measures, sanitary conditions for DHC, landing infrastructure for small- and medium-scale (SMS) fisheries; the development of a national refrigerated distribution chain; and the assignation of flexible tolerances for discards from different DHC processes
Habibe-Meisse, Beyahe. "Dynamique des ressources demersales dans l’écosystème marin mauritanien : vulnérabilité des ressources et impacts de la pêche." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSARH087.
Full textThe thesis focuses on the evaluation of the Mauritanian demersal fishery resources and the health of the ecosystem as a whole. The biophysical environment and fisheries of the Exclusive Economic Zone are presented in the first chapter. The too following chapters deal with the implementation of a series of stock assessment methods. These methods are first implemented to assess the stock status of white grouper, and then applied more broadly to 22 demersal species. Combined assessment of all stocks indicate an overall overexploitation of demersal stocks, with a current fishing effort that exceeds EMSY by around 30%, and a biomass that has been divided by about 3 since 1982. This third chapter is also an opportunity to discuss more theoretical aspects based on a comparative ecological approach to analyze factors that explain stocks resiliency. These analyzes show that stocks whose index of vulnerability is high and stocks of larger species are those that support the highest fishing pressure, but also those who are currently the most exploited. The last chapter aims at replacing the demersal resources dynamics into ecosystem global dynamics. It is based on the update of an existing Ecopath model, and the development an EcoTroph model. This approach enables a diagnosis at the ecosystem scale. It also highlights the strong interactions between fisheries, particularly between the small-scale coastal fishery (PAC) and the pelagic fishing industry, but also between CAP and the demersal fishing industry. This analysis is very useful for the construction of fisheries evolution scenarios, and ecosystems diagnosis in the region
Moullec, Fabien. "Impacts du changement global sur la biodiversité en mer Méditerranée : une approche par modélisation End-to-End." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG015/document.
Full textUnder the combined effects of overexploitation of marine resources and climate change the Mediterranean Sea is gradually becoming a hotspot of global change. Despite a large number of models developed locally or regionally in the Mediterranean Sea, no previous studies have addressed changes in species assemblages at the basin scale with an integrated ecosystem modelling from physics to predators and explicitly representing the multi-species, spatial, and trophic dimensions. This thesis work presents a threefold challenge: (i) implementing such a model of the species richness in the Mediterranean Sea based on life history traits and representing the entire life cycle of interacting species; (ii) projecting the consequences of physical and biogeochemical changes induced by climate change on the spatial distribution of species and on the structure and trophic functioning of the Mediterranean ecosystem; (iii) exploring fisheries management scenarios aiming at rebuilding some stocks of commercial interest in a climate change context. To address these challenges, an end-to-end model, OSMOSE-MED, based on the coupling of a high trophic level OSMOSE model with NEMOMED12 and ECO3M-S physical and biogeochemical models, has been developed. With 100 modelled species, representing nearly 95% of the catches made in the Mediterranean Sea, it is the first trophic model of this type to integrate such a large diversity of species, on such a large spatial scale (the Mediterranean Sea as a whole) and at fine resolution (20x20 km²). According to the greenhouse gas emissions scenario RCP8.5, projections made with the OSMOSE-MED model show an overall increase in biomass and catches of 22% and 7% respectively by the end of the century. However, these increases mask large geographical disparities. The eastern basin is characterized by an overall increase in biomass associated with exotic species. With regard to catches, the model projects increase in the eastern basin and a significant decrease in the western part. A change in the species composition of catches could appear during the 21st century with winner (e.g. anchovy) and loser (e.g. hake) species. Winner species would mainly belong to the small pelagics group, are thermophilic and/or exotic, of smaller sizes and of low trophic level while loser species are generally large-sized, some of them of great commercial interest, and could suffer from a spatial mismatch with potential prey subsequent to a contraction or shift of their geographic range. Fisheries management scenario projections highlight the benefits of greater selectivity or reduced fishing mortality for the recovery of certain stocks of commercial interest, particularly among organisms belonging to the demersal, benthic and large pelagic groups. A reduction in fishing mortality could also reverse the projected decline in biomass and total catches in the Western Mediterranean
Langlois, Juliette. "Représentation dans l'Analyse de Cycle de Vie des impacts environnementaux des usages de l'espace marin - illustration sur les activités de pêche et d'algoculture." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0004/document.
Full textLife Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a robust tool often used for eco-design. It allows the assessment of environmental impacts, at a global scale, accounting for all stage of a product life cycle, “from cradle to grave”. There is a methodological gap in this method to account for occupation and transformation impacts in marine ecosystems due to human activities. The task accomplished during this PhD is the development of a methodological framework for a new impact category in LCA in order to overcome this lack: the sea use. As only a few studies have been carried out in this field, the general framework for sea use had to be defined. This framework has been built following the example of land use and integrating the new methods of assessment developed for LCA of seafood. Thus, a bibliographic work has been performed on the topic of land use and of LCA of fisheries and aquaculture. Cause-effect chains, linking human interventions to the potential impacts they can induce on their environment, were precisely defined. We focused on one of these cause-effect chains in particular, with the aim to build an operational impact assessment method. The method has then been made operational for the assessment of occupation and transformation impacts on the ecosystem life support functions. Because impacts of biotic biomass removal are an essential concern in marine ecosystems, the method has first been applied to fisheries. It was also exemplified on the case of offshore cultivated seaweed, as a case-study of ecodesign using LCA for seafood. Thus, a new operational methd of sea use impact assessment is proposed and can be applied to case-studies
Aubin, Maria. "La voix (voie) de la mer : Impacts des changements politiques, sociaux et environnementaux sur les pratiques et les savoirs locaux des pêcheurs de homards de la région sud de la Gaspésie." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29563/29563.pdf.
Full textKantoussan, Justin. "Impacts de la pression de pêche sur l’organisation des peuplements de poissons : Application aux retenues artificielles de Sélingué et de Manantali, Mali, Afrique de l’Ouest." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NSARH070.
Full textThis study aimed at comparing the fish communities of two Malian lakes (Manantali and Sélingué) using small-scale fisheries catch data collected during 13 months (May 2002 to May 2003). The two lakes were quite similar regarding geographical, hydrodynamic and ichtyologie aspects. They slightly differed by their average depth and their trophic structure. The main difference between the two ecosystems was the fishing pressure exerted on fish communities. Fishing pressure was more intense in Sélingué and remained low in Manantali. Effects of fishing on fish communities were analyzed using several indicators of fishing pressure at the population and community levels. Fishing effort based indicators showed that fishing effort per fishing trip and total effort were higher in Sélingué than in Manantali. The total number of fishing trips per month was 6 times higher at Sélingué than in Manantali (29 419 trips month-1 vs 4632 trips month-1). Gears with highest fishing capacity and smallest meshes were used more frequently in Sélingué than in Manantali. Fish diversity in the landings was higher when the fishing pressure was intense. The total number of species recorded in the landed catches was 72 in Sélingué against 45 in Manantali and the average equitability was 0. 83 in Sélingué against 0. 75 in Manantali. The analysis of the structure of the fish assemblages using the K-dominance method showed a stronger dominance in Manantali than in Sélingué. The size structure of the exploited fish communities was very different in the two lakes. Landings in Sélingué were dominated by small-size, low-biomass species. The abundance of large species decreased in the catches of this lake contrary to Manantali. Consequently, the average fish size in the landings was significantly higher in Manantali than in Sélingué (210 mm vs 165 mm). In Sélingué, the strong fishing pressure induced a reduction of the catches-Per-Unit-Effort (CPUE). CPUE hence remained 2 times higher at Mantalli than in Sélingué (9. 5 kg trip-1 vs 17. 0 kg trip-1). In the two lakes, catches of this lake ontrary to Manantali. Consequently, the average fish size in the landings was significantly higher in Manantali than in Sélingué (210 mm vs 165 mm)
Coz, Richard. "Une approche interdisciplinaire de la pertinence et de la faisabilité d'une co-gestion de la pêche récréative sur l'île d'Oléron : l'étrille, Necora puber (Linnaeus, 1767), comme modèle biologique." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LAROS404/document.
Full textAmong several other activities practice on coastal socio-ecological system, recreational fishing ones have significantly increased over the past few years, becoming an issue for sustainable development. In France, the weakness of states governance concerning DPM management, questions the relevancy and feasibility of a co-management policy for these leisure activities. This paradigm, constituting a good substitute for top-down management, recommends an increased participation of local populations for managing environments and improving their outcomes. Oléron Island is thus affected by these observations, which are intensified by societal changes distinguishing island territories. In the current research context, aiming at solving societal problematic, it is relevant to consider an interdisciplinary approach to provide relevant answers. Concerning recreational shellfish gathering targeting the velvet swimming crab, results in biology and ecology highlight some characteristics which should indicate a weak short and long terms potential impact of the disturbances affecting local populations. As regards to societal aspects, the relevancy of co-management is clearly demonstrated by several land-use conflicts, a lack of means to manage the practice and scientific data, the lack of consultation, etc. The territorial dynamic and local initiatives, as well as land-use conflicts, underline the existence of a “political window” which should allow the implementation of a co-management process for recreational fishing in the following years, subject to further efficient communication and a real desire from stakeholders concerned by the management of this practice
Fugère, Martine. "Étude du patron d'invasion des vers de terre exotiques dans le parc national du Mont-Tremblant et de leurs impacts sur le milieu forestier." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8059.
Full textMarquis, Jean-Philippe. "Des hommes et des caribous : Impacts de l'établissement du Programme d'aide pour la chasse, la pêche et le piégeage sur la mémoire et l'identité des Naskapis de Kawawachikamach." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26496/26496.pdf.
Full textDelord, Chrystelle. "Gestion des ressources halieutiques du Haut-Maroni : impacts des pratiques de pêche et des traits d'histoire de vie des espèces sur la diversité génétique intra et inter-populations." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NSARH107.
Full textIn French Guiana, the Maroni watershed represents an essential everyday life support for native human communities. During past decades, upheavals in fishing practices have raised concerns about their impact on fish populations. Using a comparative genetics approach, this thesis focuses on the influence of fishing pressure on genetic diversity of several species with contrasting fishing interest. We developed molecular resources for 18 species sampled across the Maroni through the application of an original protocol combining high throughput sequencing and a bioinformatic pipeline. Comparing 12 sites subject or not to daily fishing pressure, we show that the dendritic spatial structure of the watershed and habitat quality are the main factors explaining local genetic diversity, especially for species with limited dispersal abilities.In most cases, we observe no local genetic erosion associated with fishing pressure, suggesting its impact to be either negligible, too recent to be detected, or counterbalanced by compensatory gene flow at a higher spatial scale. A theoretical approach, based on computer simulations, was initiated to evaluate medium-term influence of a geographically restrained fishing pressure on global patterns of genetic variability in dendritic river networks. Together, these comparative approaches between sites and species highlight the need for vigilance in order to favor a sustainable use of fishing resources
Marquis, Jean-Philippe. "Des hommes et des caribous : impacts de l'établissement du programme d'aide pour la chasse, la pêche et le piégeage sur la mémoire et l'identité des Naskapi de Kawawachikamach." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21185.
Full textNascimento, Joana do. "Pêche récréative ou commerciale : quel impact sur les stocks d'étrilles (Necora puber) européens ? : une approche de génétique de la conservation." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LAROS392/document.
Full textNowadays, population expansion and human growing needs in term of services provided by ecosystems biodiversity has become one of the major issues of conservation biology. Fisheries development and the resulting over-exploitation of marine species are heavily impacting marine resources and can furthermore lead to a genetic diversity tumble undermining species adaptive abilities. The GIPREOL transdisciplinary program, conducted by the University of La Rochelle and IODDE partnership, intends on measuring the consequences of coastal development and providing an accordingly suitable and sustainable management plan for the Marennes-Oléron territory. Our study focuses on the velvet swimming crab (Necora puber), a decapod crustacean highly targeted by both professional and recreational fisheries. In order to assess the impacts of such exploitation on Necora puber populations along the eastern coasts of Europe, we analyse the genetic polymorphism of the COI mitochondrial gene and 10 microsatellites loci from 29 European sites with contrasted degrees of anthropogenic pressures. Our results depicted a clear signature of recent demographic expansion from the last glacial maximum of the Pleistocene era combined with an overall low polymorphism. As for the genetic structure within the zone, microsatellites markers revealed a recent differentiation of populations, raising issues concerning the velvet swimming crab European populations future. Lastly, the dispersal abilities of the species were investigated and showed a significant dispersal potential over large distances
Halouani, Ghassen. "Modélisations de la dynamique trophique d'un écosystème Méditerranéen exploité : le Golfe de Gabès (Tunisie)." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0076/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to improve the understanding of trophic structure and functioning of the gulf of Gabes in Tunisia. In order to reconcile environmental concerns and exploitation of marine resources, different ecosystem models have been developed to study the ecosystem dynamics and contribute to the discussion on the implementation of management plans. A spatial and temporal dynamic model “Ecospace” was built to evaluate the ecosystem consequences of different management measures based on scenarios derived from the current regulation. The results of simulations allowed to investigate the interactions between coastal and benthic trawl fishing and to identify areas where management measures are effective. An end-to-end model has been applied to the gulf of Gabes ecosystem to represent the dynamics of 11 high trophic level species, from climate forcing to fishing.This modelling approach consists in forcing the individual-based model "OSMOSE" by a biogeochemical model "ECO3M-Med". This model allowed to establish a coherent representation of the food web and simulate theoretical management scenarios of spatial fishing closure. The end-to-end model has also been used to study the sensitivity of a set of ecological indicators to fishing pressure. The simulation of different levels of fishing mortality showed that size indicators were the most relevant to monitor the impact of fishing in the gulf of Gabes. Finally, a comparative approach between several Mediterranean ecosystems was applied using the EcoTroph model to compare their trophic structures and explore the effects of different levels of fishing pressure through the analysis of their trophic spectra
Sene, Malick. "Impact de la pêche commerciale sur l'écosystème du parc national de Kouchibouguac, cas de la pêche au gaspareau (alosa pseudoharengus et alosa aestivalis) et des prises accidentelles de bar rayé (morone saxatilis) de truite (salvelinus fontinalis) et de saumon (salmo trutta)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ37864.pdf.
Full textBellanger, Manuel. "Modélisation de mécanismes institutionnels et impacts bio-économiques de systèmes de gestion de quotas : application à la pêcherie de sole du golfe de Gascogne." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0037/document.
Full textIn France, where fishing rights are non-transferable, the management of fishing quotas is essentially delegated to producer organizations (POs). POs are granted collective allocations based on the aggregate fishing rights of their members and are then responsible for managing their fishing opportunities. The goal of this research, which contains theoretical developments as well as empirical analyses applied to the Bay of Biscay sole fishery, is to determine how outcomes of fisheries management are altered by the presence of POs within institutions as compared to alternative governance systems such as individual transferable quotas (ITQs). This dissertation notably brings together bio-economic approaches and institutional analyses to better anticipate the ecological, economic and social impacts of potential governance options. The research questions are the following: (1) What mechanisms could ensure a high level of compliance and what are the potential gains of placing the POs between the regulator and the fishermen? (2) What are the distributional effects of catch share management by POs? (3) What is the added value of integrating institutional arrangements involving POs into bio-economic modelling for the impact assessment of catch share management options? The analyses that were developed establish the ability of institutional design to influence outcomes in catch share systems in terms of compliance, distribution, and ecological-socioeconomic trade-offs achieved by alternative management options
Leleu, Kevin. "Suivi et évaluation de la pêche professionnelle au sein d'une Aire Marine Protégée : protocoles d'enquêtes et indicateurs de pression et d'impact. Application au Parc Marin de la Côte Bleue." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4011.
Full textThe overexploitation of fishery resources has led to a major fisheries crisis. In this context, artisanal fisheries, and in particular small-scale coastal fisheries, appear as relevant alternatives for a sustainable use of coastal resources. But the diversity of fishing gears and targeted species diversity make it difficult to assess this important component of the commercial fishery. Hence, the activity of small-scale artisanal fishing remains poorly known in the Mediterranean Sea and few studies focus on an assessment of this activity at the scale of a Marine Protected Area (MPA). MPAs are yet more and more used as management tools for these fisheries, as protection effects and targeted access regulations may benefit to commercial fishers. As many MPAs are going to be established in the short term, it seems necessary for managers and for scientists, to have indicators to monitor the artisanal small-scale coastal fishing activity within an MPA, and to estimate the effects of MPA management on this activity. A field protocol was defined and implemented between July 2009 and June 2010 within the Parc Marin de la Côte Bleue (PMCB), a French Mediterranean MPA including two marine reserves of different age and size. The collected data allowed identifying seven main métiers within the PMCB, and characterizing them by group of target species, type of gear, fishing grounds and fishing periods. Fishing effort and catch were estimated. In the Côte Bleue area, 3 512 fishing trips and 4645 fishing operations were performed by 30 active boats during the studied period, for a total of 10 300 km of immersed nets
Abdou, Khaled. "Evaluation des impacts environnementaux du chalutage de fond et de l'aquaculture en Tunisie : approche comparative par les Analyses de Cycle Vie (ACV)." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0141/document.
Full textThe main goal of ecology is to place human activities within a framework of sustainable development by enhancing their economic benefits, their social attractiveness and their environmental performances. Ecosystems that support fisheries and aquaculture are subject to several alterations of significant relevance to their functioning and to their abilities to provide goods and services. Therefore, the long-term sustainability of fishing and aquaculture is a major concern from an environmental and ecological viewpoint. Both activities carry risks of negative environmental impacts because of its close relation with the immediate environment. To better understand environmental impacts and ensure the sustainability of fishing and aquaculture, it is necessary to develop an integrative sciencebased approach to impact assessment. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has emerged as a robust method to estimate potential environmental impacts associated with a product. It allows the assessment of environmental impacts “from cradle to grave”, taking into account all stages of a product’s life. This thesis focuses on the adaptation of LCA to demersal trawling and aquaculture in Tunisia. The goal is to explore how LCA improves the environmental evaluation of seafood production systems and how it helps to better understand their links with the environment. Results revealed that rearing practices and fish feed were the greatest contributors to the impacts studied due to the production of fish meal and oil and the low efficiency of feed use. The study also showed that impact intensity of demersal trawling was proportional to the amount of fuel consumed. LCA is a valuable tool for assessing how to improve environmental sustainability of demersal trawling and aquaculture
Beaulaton, Laurent. "Systèmes de suivi des pêches fluvio-estuariennes pour la gestion des espèces : construction des indicateurs halieutiques et évaluation des impacts en Gironde." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7783/1/beaulaton.pdf.
Full textSamba, Alassane, and Francis Laloë. "La pêche artisanale au Sénégal : ressource et stratégie de pêche." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112153.
Full textIn Senegal, waters of the continental shelf are very productive, due to a seasonal upwelling responsible of fish stocks migrations. The progressive setting up of a stratified sampling system (with subsampling in each stratum) for collecting a great number of parameters takes into account the main artisanal fishery characteristics. Data processing gives up results on fishing effort, catch per unit of effort and total landings. Methodological tests are periodically conducted to improve sampling design. The main source of bias is discussed. This enhances the fact that increasing the strata number would lead to a variability of their size, due to the capacity of fishing units to alter their tactics according to circumstances. We deeply study fishing outings and results in Saint-Louis and Kayar by using statistical analysis and considering 3 periods between 1975 and 1987. We notice an important interannual variability in fishing effort characteristics and levels, and in catch per outing. We also show seasonal and annual variations in resource availability and landings related to upwelling dynamics. We then study population dynamics models through their ability to account for the main changes that have been noticed. We pay particular attention to the potential impact of a restricted access to the resource and to the models applying to the dynamics of the fishing fleet. We then suggest a simulation showing the evolution of a fishery similar to the artisanal fishery in Senegal, the fishing units of which have a strategy with a range of available tactics and a selection rule. We then study a fishery that would differ by its lesser adaptability. This finally allows us to deal with the analysis of artisanal fisheries planning problems
Laloë, Francis, and Alassane Samba. "La pêche artisanale au Sénégal : ressource et stratégie de pêche." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112154.
Full textIn Senegal, waters of the continental shelf are very productive, due to a seasonal upwelling responsible of fish stocks migrations. The progressive setting up of a stratified sampling system (with subsampling in each stratum) for collecting a great number of parameters takes into account the main artisanal fishery characteristics. Data processing gives up results on fishing effort, catch per unit of effort and total landings. Methodological tests are periodically conducted to improve sampling design. The main source of bias is discussed. This enhances the fact that increasing the strata number would lead to a variability of their size, due to the capacity of fishing units to alter their tactics according to circumstances. We deeply study fishing outings and results in Saint-Louis and Kayar by using statistical analysis and considering 3 periods between 1975 and 1987. We notice an important interanual variability in fishing effort characteristics and levels, and in catch per outing. We also show seasonal and annual variations in resource availability and landings related to upwelling dynamics. We then study population dynamics models through their ability to account for the main changes that have been noticed. We pay particular attention to the potential impact of a restricted access to the resource and to the models applying to the dynamics of the fishing fleet. We then suggest a simulation showing the evolution of a fishery similar to the artisanal fishery in Senegal, the fishing units of which have a strategy with a range of available tactics and a selection rule. We then study a fishery that would differ by its lesser adaptability. This finally allows us to deal with that analysis of artisanal fisheries planning problems
LE, ROUX Sylvain. "Pêche et territoires au Sénégal." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010547.
Full textLe, Roux Sylvain. "Pêche et territoires au Sénégal." Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT3004.
Full textThe strong socialization of the Senegalese coast can be explained, among others, by the dynamism of dugout-fishing which has evolved from a traditional activity to an artisanal fishing in less than about fifty years. The territorial approach applied to three levels of spatial scale (fishing territories, halieutic poles and coastal territories) offers a better understanding of the relationship between the halieutic societies and the coastal zone. Based on a participative field approach, this work contributes to the thought on the integrated coastal zone management and the identity of the halieutic societies. It brings to the fore the discrepancy between the endogenous dynamics and the exogenous factors and so it raises the issue of the North-South relationship and proves the need for renewing the scientific and political approaches in the field of development
Huot, Michel. "Les "mordus de la pêche"; l'univers des amateurs de pêche à la ligne du Québec." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/294936.
Full textFolly, Ameganvi Marc. "La pêche dans la Bas-Togo." Paris 4, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA040007.
Full textLe, Loc'h François. "Structure, fonctionnement, évolution des communautés benthiques des fonds meubles exploités du plateau continental Nord Gascogne." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009359.
Full textAnoh, Kouassi Paul. "Pêche, aquaculture et développement en Côte d'Ivoire." Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT3001.
Full textPichon, Jacques. "Les zones de pêche des chalutiers bigoudens." Brest, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BRES1001.
Full textThe Bigouden region of Britany has about three hundred and twenty trawlers of which one hundred anf fifty deep-sea trawlers whose fishing areas range from off the west coast of eire down to the south of the bay of biscay. The other one hundred and seventy trawlers are bounding their fisheries to the north of the bay of Biscay. The choice of fishing grounds is determined by the nature of the sea-bed, the desired species of fish, the technical and human means available and the expected results. This choice is the first step in developping a fishing strategy. The location and mapping of the fishing area of each trawler allow different strategies to be described and compared
Bourdaud, Pierre. "Impact of a landing obligation on coupled dynamics ecosystem-fishers : individual-based modelling approach applied to Eastern English Channel." Thesis, Littoral, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018DUNK0474/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis was to anticipate the effects if the EU Landing Obligation (LO) implemented since the beginning of 2015 in the Eastern English Channel (EEC). To achieve these objectives, it was planned to : i) better understand seasonal spatial distribution of commercial species using on-board commercial vessels observation data, ii) compare them with the final scale fishing effort distribution of EEC bottom otter trawlers (OTB), and iii) develop an individual-based model of fleet-dynamics, DSVM, to be integrated within the ecosystem model OSMOSE to simulate a LO. The usefulness of on-board observation data was proved for a main part of a species sample, using validation from the literature and a geostatistical indicator. Then the comparison of fine scale fishing effort provided an improvement of the quantification of effective fishing effort and emphasized the importance of cuttlefish and red mullet for the global distribution of EEC OTB. In addition, the targeting intensity of OTB was quantified in October using a newly-developed indicator, and demonstrated the attractiveness of the same species, but also the constraint of low cod quota for fishers. Results of the OSMOSE-DSVM coupling show that the LO would have short-term negative effects on fishers' revenue, induced by a large reallocation of their fishing effort to avoid quota over-shooting, but would be profitable in the medium-term. However, the LO would induce an increase of the predatory pressure operated by cod and withing on the other species, which would not improve the overall ecosystem health
Thomas, Olivier. "De la pêche-chasse à la pêche-élevage : approches anthropologiques du changement technico-culturel dans le golfe de Gascogne-Biscaye." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR21019.
Full textTitle of the thesis : from fishing-hunting to fishing-breeding : anthropological approaches to technical and cultural change in the gulf of Gascoigne Biscay. This study does not analyze the growth of aquaculture but rather aims to grasp the basis of technical and cultural changes in coastal fishing. In parallel with the phenomenon of internal change, the emergence of a scientific community studying fishing is also observed. Paradoxically, the maritime community, which sees itself as an active counter-power, has gained in strength in this complex context
Moudilou, Herménégilde. "Les potentialités de la pêche artisanale au Congo." Toulouse 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU10018.
Full textThere exist branches, sectors, or activities where traditional artisanal techniques can be "under-developing", this cannot be generalized to include the whole of the economy. Though a certain number of technical improvements, traditional artiesan can become efficient, from both an economic and financial point of view. This is especially true for fisching in the Congo (as well as for all the results of the west African coast). Improved artisan fishing surpasses those of traditional artisan fishing, and moreover, on the seeds where such improved artisan techniques are used, they obtain better results than industrial fishing techniques. Through adjustments at the level of artisanal transformation techniques and commercialisation, the development of a network of fish products can be based on this traditional artisan industry. With regards to this, a metaphore could be created with certain results from the study of complex forms, industrial fishing techniques would have a ro-nucleation threshold superior to the fish product network's ray, when the traditional artisan fishing information is not an organizational force
Guchan, Anne. "Le droit de la pêche en eau douce." Bordeaux 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR1D009.
Full textFishing law in france has been modified by the law of june 29th 1984. The previous rules formed the subject of numerous criticals : maladjustement to the fishes biology, multiplicity of derogations and initial text has no more general statement the administrative management is complicated because it's dispersed between several authorities ; lack of interest from riverside residents and fishers in front of patrimony protection, hegemony from fishing associations. Fluvial fishing law tries to remedy theses problems and endeavours to elaborates not only fishing regulation but also aquatic environnemental protection
Oukhadou, Ali Ait. "Pêche, industrie et vie ouvrière à Agadir (Maroc)." Poitiers, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991POIT5010.
Full textBased on a little portuguese trading post of the 16th century- founty- built during the first years of the frensh protectorate, agadir is to-day a town knowing a developpement economic growth. Its harbour can claim to be the most important fishing-harbour in morocco. The south coast of morocco is famous for having plenty of fish, industrial fishing being the main activity, but the increase of fishing being contemplated, it should promof more distant fishing. The traditional very active industrial kind of fishing has very early involved plants for the conservation of fish. Thirty years after it has been destroyed- an earthquake- agadir has multiplied its activities: tourisme, industries, fishing, agriculture. Its urban landscape reveals an extraordinary diversity, wich leads the population from rural origin to settle on the outskvits of the town, where people can live as they have always donne and keeps in touch with their tradiitonal background
Mavoungou, Valentin. "Le contentieux de la pêche en droit communautaire." Orléans, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ORLE0009.
Full textThe fishing policy is one of the new policies drawn up by the community authorities with a view to reaching an essential objective of the treaty of rome, viz, to organize and develop all the economic sectors of the member-states of the e. E. C. Undeniably there lies behind this new policy a whole new set of problems which are particularly difficult to resolve coherently within the community, due to biological factors, difficulties arising from conflicting national interests and various international concerns. The basic community regulations, 2141 70 and 2142 70, of 20th october 1970, and even more so those of 3rd november 1976 recommended following the extension of com munity waters to 200 miles, have not been sufficient to change the customary behaviour of the member-states with regard to the fisheries. The degree of importance which member-states, being essentially coastal states attach to their national regulations regarding conservation and access to halieutic stocks makes the community "norm" difficult. This obviously creates a conflict of rules on the one hand, and divides the jurisdiction between the member-states and the community, on the other hand. The problem of the validity of conventional agreements made by member-states with third parties, with waters coming under the jurisdiction of such agreements be coming community waters, also poses itself, as does that of the integration and adaptation of the common fishing policy to international maritime law. It is within this legal maze that the problem of fishing disputes is raised in e. E. C law; a problem which the european community court of justice is striving to resolve, with the competence attributed to it by e. E. C treaty
Corlay, Jean-Pierre. "La pêche au Danemark : essai de géographie halieutique." Brest, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BRES1001.
Full textThe force of Danish fishery (1,8 mt, the 3rd world fish products exporter) results from the setting up, during the 50s of a development strategy which aims at meeting the strong worldly demand for marine proteins. The production contrasts two channels : fishing for reduction, mainly catching sand-eel, norway pout and sprat from the north sea, and fishing for human consumption, where cod, plaice, norway lobster and herring are the predominant species. The success of Danish fishery relies on the nearby and abundant biological resources, a powerful halio-industrial complex, the valorization of the fish products, the efficiency of the professional organizations, an incentive aid from the state and synergy between public and private partners. The take-off during the 50s and the 60s has overbalanced the centre of gravity of the halieutic space from east to west, and has been a factor for the expansion of the peripheral areas in jutland. In the face of the difficulties caused by the establisment of the new international halieutic order (EEZ, common European fishery policy), new strategies are beeing tested
Boushaba, Abdelmadjid. "La pêche maritime dans les pays du Maghreb." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR30011.
Full textMaritime fishing is an ancient activity which has experienced a prodigious expansion due to technical progress. However, the three Maghreb countries striving to develop sea fishing do not attach to it the same importance. The ticklish question of maritime law and the establishment of boundaries have been previously disputed; these encounters have somewhat governed its evolution. The classical notions of territorial sea (zone of the national souverainity) and of open sea (free zone) quickly become obsolete. In particular, freedom in open sea allonwing an anarchical and abusive exploitation of the biological resources, is calling into the question "de facto", from the increas in the coast countries and unilateral extensions of sovereignty which appear like an unorganized "sanction" against the situation; however their validity in international law is contestable, the 1982 Convention will sacrifficed the notion of an exclusive economic zone (e. E. Z. ) in which the borderer has an extended sphere regarding biological resources. Use of these resources is regulated by internal and international law provisions. The 1982 Convention laid down the general principles and attenmpted to institute a rational and equitable policy. The Maghreb countries are triying to protect these resources and promot the undher the national development interests. They adhere to the 1976 Convention of Barcelona relative to the war against pollution of the mediterranean sea, and are taking mesures to encourage the practice of fishing. International organization such as the f. A. O. And its committees are organizing a communal arrangment of these resources. On a limited level, the joint ventures society offer views to the Maghreb countries and are a privileged instrument in bilateral cooperation. On a governmental level, specific structures are created, aimed al stimulating the fishing industry
Cisse, Coumba. ""Vivre à l'ombre proche" du barrage de Manantali : les formes de représentations sociales des impacts dans les campements et les villages environnants." Thesis, Paris 8, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA080063/document.
Full textIn 1988 the Senegal River basin in Mali has witnessed the building of a dam by the Organization for the Development of the Senegal River (OMVS) in French. The main objective is the production of electric power shared between: Mali (52%), Senegal (33%) and Mauritania (15%). But the birth of this dam has deeply disrupted the organization and functioning of all the waterside’s areas. The territories around the Bafing, the river where the dam is localized, are now strictlydivided by the reservoir between an upstream and downstream portions. This artificial lake has created new types of spatial organization with the recent settlements of 25 fishing camps.This new economy has created a pull factor for professional fishermen coming from the central regions of Mali, particularly Mopti and Segou. The lake hence becomes a huge fish reserve with larger sizes compared to those caught in the Bafing, the Bakoye or even in the Senegal River. In the upstream areas of the dam, fishing has become the first business activityencouraging local young farmers and herdsmen towards an unlikely professional retraining.Fishermen settlements occupy former site of displaced villages due to the dam construction. Thirty-three villages have been relocated downstream of the dam in the lands of existing hamlets. This cohabitation disruptstraditional land use and leads to social strains
Delaire, Étienne. "Le rôle structurant du froid dans le milieu de la pêche en France 1850-1960." Nantes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NANT2059.
Full textThis thesis describes the cold structuring role in fisheries, primarily in France, for the period between 1900 to 1960 and leads us to study the chain of the processing industries of the fishes products, in all aspects. In all the activities of fishing, catching, transformation and marketing, the product conservation and/or transformation and their properties maintenance like food or as raw material for industry are of primary importance. The fishery products must thus receive the same attentions and precautions as of their capture that if they were intended to be consumed as fresh. The fishing industry uses throughout the studied period the cold to develop the study course, making it possible to reduce the losses after capture and the energy consumption by privileging the catching function compared to the transporting function, imposed by the distance of fishing places in the halieutic system. In the second part, the study of a particular technical course , the tuna fisheries, will show how the cold, by its capacity to abolish the distances concerning the conservation of the catches, was structuring. The specific techniques used in these types of transformation is related within food technology domain, and we will study which incidences had, for fisheries, the industrial cold development in the networks of production, storage, transformation and distribution of fish
Le, Floc'H Pascal. "La mesure des performances économiques des entreprises de pêche." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00440969.
Full textNadraoui, Mustapha. "La pêche maritime sur la façade atlantique du Maroc." Nancy 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NAN21019.
Full textConsidering the world's increase in population, at the present day maritime resources are just as important as agricultural ones. Halieutic resources are becoming essential for countries with a maritime coastline to secure their future and to guarantee their need for food. Morocco benefits by an important strategic position. It opens out into the Atlantic Ocean as well as the Mediterranean and possesses 3000 km of coastline. Because of its position, Morocco must safeguard its halieutic richness and take all necessary measures to present maritime piracy by foreign fishing ships which are not authorized by the Moroccan government. The aim of our present study is to help develop the economical structure of maritime fishing, the technique of industrial changes, the marketing of fishing instruments and to make this sector more profitable for the country
David, Gilbert. "Pêche villageoise et alimentation au Vanuatu : exploration d'un système." Brest, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BRES1002.
Full textThis thesis deals with the relationships between fisheries and food supply studied as a system. A first book deals with the regional, human and physical environnement of the system. The books 2 and 3 deals with an input and output flux analysis on the system's border. The fisheries food supply on 1984 is appraised to 4,322-4,885 t giving 415 t of proteins for the ni-Vanuata population whose yearly proteic needs are 2,332 t. The book 4 deals with the structural and fonctionnal causes of the fisheries product under-consumption. It is divided in three chapters. The first one deals with the distribution and conservation network whose problems are discussed. The second chapter deals with the demand including the family income and expeditures, the food evolution, the competition between the fresh fish and the tinned fish and the prospects for the demand increase. The last chapter deals with the scarcity of the fish supply. The prospects for the supply increase and the constraints on this development are discussed as the problems relative to the fisheries policy. The emphasis is put on the flexibility and the adaptability which should show every fisheries policy
Engouma, Georgette. "La pêche dans la région de l'estuaire (Libreville-Gabon)." Montpellier 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON30043.
Full textIn the context of a certain evolution and some transformations actually occuring in the estuary region, libreville as the capital city of gabon has made fishing a flourishing activity. In the present study we aim at analysing the conditions, the tools and technics involved in fishing, the fishermen as a social group, and the marketing of fishing products in the region and in the whole country as well. Being essentially traditional up to recent years, fishing is actually having a tendancy to modernize itself, managed as it is by associations of some rich natives (mostly members of the ruling power) with some foreign partners. We specially intended to focus on the kind of organization and mechanisms involved, in close keeping with the environment, the local traditions and the mixed population of the country. So the main interest of this study lies in the physical environment, that is, the sea and its management, and in the evolution or the future of the coast as its activities in an underdeveloped country are concerned
Bereau-Duquesne, Martine. "La pêche au sardinal à Collioure : ethnologie d'une disparition." Paris 10, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA100004.
Full textLukomski, Jerzy. "La filière pêche en Pologne : essai de géographie halieutique." Nantes, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NANT3008.
Full textThe main aim of this thesis is to present the current state of the polish fishing industry and its prospects in the new socio-economic conditions in the country and the increasingly restricted access to ocean fishing banks. The author tries to show that under the circumstances the polish fishing industry could gradually lose its oceanic character and become increasingly regional. The fishing industry is a particularly complex and necessarily multidisciplinary domain. Its working mechanisms are subject to the influence, at one and the same time, of many distinct factors. Since it its hardly possible to analyse the fishing industry without first seeing just how it functions, the first part of the study is devoted to the basic bioand socio-economic processes wihich are specific to the field. At the same time, this introduction provides the theoretical basis for reflection on the practical aspects of the polish fishing industry
Hattab, Tarek. "Impacts du changement global sur les assemblages d’espèces exploitées sud méditerranéens, application au golfe de Gabès (Tunisie) : de la modélisation des niches aux conséquences trophiques." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20041/document.
Full textThe Mediterranean Sea is a marine biodiversity hot spot highly affected by several sources of disturbances interacting synergistically: global warming, habitat loss and overfishing threaten marine biodiversity and disrupt the ecosystem balance. To ensure a sustainable management of coastal marine ecosystems according to the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries, it is necessary to study the ecosystem responses to these disturbances. However, despite the variety of global change studies in Mediterranean areas, ecosystems responses to these changes remain poorly understood and particularly at the southern part of the Mediterranean Sea. In this PhD thesis, the Gulf of Gabes was chosen as study area since it is one of the most affected regions by global change which makes it a mesocosm model of more regional patterns that occur in the Mediterranean Sea. In this study, as a first step, we replaced the Gulf of Gabes in its biogeographic and ecosystem regional context. This was achievied through a phylogenetic-based delineation of biogeographical species pools of coastal Mediterranean fishes and using an ecosystem model to describe its structure and functioning in comparison with other Mediterranean ecosystem model properties. We therefore projected potential future geographic ranges and assemblages composition of biogeographical exploited species pool according to global warming and habitat loss scenarios. Then we assessed their effects on food web structure. Taking into account the taxonomy and inter-species evolutionary relationships, we generate a new bioregionalisation of the continental shelf based on the turnover of lineages. Our results showed that climate is the major driver of species distribution and assemblage's composition. In addition, the exploration of phylogenetic dissimilarity across the Tunisian coast highlighted four major biogeographic areas showing a low spatial congruence with zoning used for fisheries management in Tunisia.Projected range shifts of the 60 main exploited species of the Gulf of Gabes through the implementation of a new climate model (NEMOMED8) revealed that, by the end of the century, 34 species could contract their ranges including 12 species that could become locally extinct across the Gulf of Gabes. Furthermore, by combining Posidonia meadows loss scenarios and climate change projections, our results showed that the magnitudes of the changes range induced by climate change are larger than those resulting from the loss of habitat.The Ecopath mass-balance model allowed us to describe the structure and functioning of the ecosystem of the Gulf of Gabes in comparison with other Mediterranean ecosystems. These models encompass the entire trophic spectrum from phytoplankton to higher trophic levels as well as the main fishing activities in the area. The model results showed that, among the fishing activities studied, bottom trawling was identified as the activity having the widest-ranging impacts across the different functional groups and the largest impacts on some commercially-targeted demersal fish species. Finally, to study the effects of species range shift on food web structure, we used a new methodology to infer trophic interactions between species. Based on the robust relationship between the size of prey and predators, we predicted the current food webs and project potential changes in their structures. We found that a significant portion of the Gulf of Gabes would face an increase of connectance and an extension of trophic pathways in parallel with a decrease in the number of prey per predator and the number of predators per prey. This PhD thesis paves the way towards the understanding of the role of biodiversity in maintaining ecosystem functioning
Nurhakim, Subhat. "Biologie et dynamique du Banyar Rastrelliger kanagurta (téléostéen - Scombridae) dans la pêcherie des grands senneurs en mer de Java." Brest, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BRES2018.
Full textPointin, Fabien. "Etude spatiale des données collectées à bord des navires de pêche : en quoi est-elle pertinente pour la gestion des rejets de la pêche ?" Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSARH106/document.
Full textSince 2002, the European Union (EU) Members States collect, manage and supply data forthe management of fisheries and specifically of discards. In this context, at-sea observer programmes collect data on-board fishing vessels on the composition and quantity of catch, including discards. Based on these data, this study aims to analyse the spatio-temporal distribution of landings and discards so as to contribute to their management. In doing so, amapping method based on nested grids has been developed. This method has been designed to produce pluriannual, annual and quarterly maps of landings and discards per species or group of species according to the fishing metier.A platform based on Big Data technologies has then been used with the objectives of refining and automating the mapping method. Using an online storage system and a high-performance computing system, a large number of maps were produced automatically per métier, grouping or not years, quarters and species. Finally, the usefulness of the produced maps for managing discards has been demonstrated, particularly regarding the Landing Obligation (Regulation (UE) n° 1380/2013). Based on fleet cost and revenue data, these maps open up possibilities for identifying fishing zones and/or periods to be avoided (i.e., high bycatch) while minimising the impacts on fleet’s economic performances
Tosello-Bancal, François. "L'évolution de la pêche de la sardine sur le littoral français." Paris 4, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA040010.
Full textThe European pilchard (sardina pilchardus walbaum) was plentifully fished, in France, during the past century; mainly along the coasts of south Brittany and Vendée. In 1910, they counted up to 37 maritime quarters with 84 ports, to fish the pilchard. There were also about 188 canning factories to work the pilchard. Today, there are no more than 13 maritime quarters with 25 ports, to fish this species and 25 canning factories working the pilchard. Atlantic production overtook the Mediterranean one before 1960. Since this date, the tendency reversed. The aim of this thesis is the study of different factors (biology, economy, catching techniques, etc. ) Explaining this evolution, or else, the decline of the pilchard-fishing in France. It also wants to show the real situation of this activity, in France, in this end of the twentieth century
Khaled, Ramez. "Optimisation des engins de pêche en terme d'économie de carburant." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00788335.
Full textMarty, Lise. "Changements adaptatifs induits par la pêche chez les populations halieutiques." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSARH083.
Full textFishing is an important source of mortality in harvested populations and therefore may induce adaptive responses. These responses affect life-history traits in particular, which have consequences for stocks’ dynamics, and thus can alter the demographic direct effect of fishing (i. E. The reduction in stock’s biomass). Fishing-induced adaptive changes depend, nonexclusively, on two processes: evolution and phenotypic plasticity. These two components are observed at the phenotypic level because functional genes coding for the traits undergoing adaptive changes have not yet been identified. These two origins are confounded in individual phenotypes, and the impact of adaptive changes in the long run remains therefore unclear: evolutionary changes are expected to be slowly and/or hardly reversible, whereas plastic ones are in principle reversible in one generation. Furthermore, because it decreases total population size, fishing may also accelerate the rate of genetic drift that affects the neutral and functional genetic composition of harvested populations. This thesis is about adaptive changes in life-history traits induced by fishing, with a special focus on age and size at maturation and a case study on North Sea gadoids. It comprises four parts. Chapter 1 introduces North Sea gadoids from which four species (cod, haddock, whiting, and Norway pout) are used as model species throughout the thesis. The chapter presents briefly their systematics, life history, biology, ecology, and exploitation together with the ecosystem of the North Sea. Chapter 2 is a theoretical study of the evolution of maturation reaction norms under the influence of environmental co-variation in individual somatic growth and mortality due to various types of relationships (positive and negative, linear and nonlinear, deterministic and probabilistic). Results show that evolutionarily optimal age at maturation is the sum of a density-independent and a density-dependent component and that along any growth trajectory, individuals mature earlier when mortality is higher. This result allows to deduce how the shapes of evolutionarily optimal maturation reaction norms depend on the covariation between growth and mortality. This part is published in The American Naturalist (Marty, L. ,U. Dieckmann, M. J. Rochet, and B. Ernande. 2011. Impact of environmental covariation in growth and mortality on evolving maturation reaction norms. The American Naturalist 177:E98-E118). In chapter 3, an empirical case study is proposed, which aims at disentangling plastic and evolutionary changes in temporal trends in age and size at maturation of four species of North Sea gadoids (cod, haddock, Norway pout, and whiting). Data time series spanning from 1971 to 2005 are analysed using probabilistic maturation reaction norms. Our findings support that not all changes in the reaction norm can be explained by environmental factors, and thus that evolution of maturation is plausible in cod and haddock but not in whiting and Norway pout. In agreement with theoretical predictions, the maturation response seems to vary according to species’ life history strategy suggesting a higher sensitivity of fast-growing, late- and largematuring species exhibiting moderate reproductive effort. This part has been submitted to and rejected without prejudice by Evolutionary Applications, with an invitation to resubmit a revised version. Revisions will be made during summer 2011. Chapter 4 theoretically analyses the interplay between neutral and adaptive evolution in the context of fishing, as well as the use of neutral markers to infer population structure properties. This is realized by developing a model accounting for the temporal changes in the - i - distribution of neutral and coding loci together with realistic ecological settings. Results indicate that fishing reduces neutral genetic diversity as measured by effective population size, and that this reduction is linearly related to decreases in many important demographic properties (population size, number of mature individuals, recruitment, spawning stock biomass, and population total fecundity). Furthermore, fishing induces an erosion of adaptive potential through genetic drift alone or in combination with selection, preventing evolutionary recovery of life history traits when fishing pressure is removed. In the synthesis, I compare the theoretical and empirical variations of maturation reaction norms obtained in this thesis. I recall the main results, indicating that fishing-induced maturation evolution is the likeliest hypothesis for North Sea cod and haddock, and that both neutral and functional genetic diversity may have been eroded by fishing. I list the management tools known for their efficacy to mitigate evolutionary effects and discuss their applications for the North Sea gadoids stocks