Journal articles: 'Impala – Tanzania – Genetics'

1

Obiero, Joshua M., Seif Shekalaghe, Cornelus C. Hermsen, Maxmillian Mpina, Else M. Bijker, Meta Roestenberg, Karina Teelen, et al. "Impact of Malaria Preexposure on Antiparasite Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses after Controlled Human Malaria Infection." Infection and Immunity 83, no. 5 (March 16, 2015): 2185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.03069-14.

Full text

Abstract:

To understand the effect of previous malaria exposure on antiparasite immune responses is important for developing successful immunization strategies. Controlled human malaria infections (CHMIs) using cryopreservedPlasmodium falciparumsporozoites provide a unique opportunity to study differences in acquisition or recall of antimalaria immune responses in individuals from different transmission settings and genetic backgrounds. In this study, we compared antiparasite humoral and cellular immune responses in two cohorts of malaria-naive Dutch volunteers and Tanzanians from an area of low malarial endemicity, who were subjected to the identical CHMI protocol by intradermal injection ofP. falciparumsporozoites. Samples from both trials were analyzed in parallel in a single center to ensure direct comparability of immunological outcomes. Within the Tanzanian cohort, we distinguished one group with moderate levels of preexisting antibodies to asexualP. falciparumlysate and another that, based onP. falciparumserology, resembled the malaria-naive Dutch cohort. PositiveP. falciparumserology at baseline was associated with a lower parasite density at first detection by quantitative PCR (qPCR) after CHMI than that for Tanzanian volunteers with negative serology. Post-CHMI, both Tanzanian groups showed a stronger increase in anti-P. falciparumantibody titers than Dutch volunteers, indicating similar levels of B-cell memory independent of serology. In contrast to the Dutch, Tanzanians failed to increaseP. falciparum-specificin vitrorecall gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production after CHMI, and innate IFN-γ responses were lower inP. falciparumlysate-seropositive individuals than in seronegative individuals. In conclusion, positiveP. falciparumlysate serology can be used to identify individuals with better parasite control but weaker IFN-γ responses in circulating lymphocytes, which may help to stratify volunteers in future CHMI trials in areas where malaria is endemic.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Malakalinga, Joseph J., Gerald Misinzo, George M. Msalya, and Rudovick R. Kazwala. "Rotavirus Burden, Genetic Diversity and Impact of Vaccine in Children under Five in Tanzania." Pathogens 8, no. 4 (October 29, 2019): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040210.

Full text

Abstract:

In Tanzania, rotavirus infections are responsible for 72% of diarrhea deaths in children under five. The Rotarix vaccine was introduced in early 2013 to mitigate rotavirus infections. Understanding the disease burden and virus genotype trends over time is important for assessing the impact of rotavirus vaccine in Tanzania. When assessing the data for this review, we found that deaths of children under five declined after vaccine introduction, from 8171/11,391 (72% of diarrhea deaths) in 2008 to 2552/7087 (36% of diarrhea deaths) in 2013. Prior to vaccination, the prevalence of rotavirus infections in children under five was 18.1–43.4%, 9.8–51%, and 29–41% in Dar es Salaam, Mwanza and Tanga, respectively, and after the introduction of vaccines, these percentages declined to 17.4–23.5%, 16–19%, and 10–29%, respectively. Rotaviruses in Tanzania are highly diverse, and include genotypes of animal origin in children under five. Of the genotypes, 10%, 28%, and 7% of the strains are untypable in Dar es Salaam, Tanga, and Zanzibar, respectively. Mixed rotavirus genotype infection accounts for 31%, 29%, and 12% of genotypes in Mwanza, Tanga and Zanzibar, respectively. The vaccine effectiveness ranges between 53% and 75% in Mwanza, Manyara and Zanzibar. Rotavirus vaccination has successfully reduced the rotavirus burden in Tanzania; however, further studies are needed to better understand the relationship between the wildtype strain and the vaccine strain as well as the zoonotic potential of rotavirus in the post-vaccine era.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Suvi, William Titus, Hussein Shimelis, Mark Laing, Isack Mathew, and Admire I. T. Shayanowako. "Variation among Tanzania Rice Germplasm Collections Based on Agronomic Traits and Resistance to Rice Yellow Mottle Virus." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020391.

Full text

Abstract:

Rice (Oryza species) is a commercial crop worldwide. Across Africa, the potential yield and quality of rice is diminished by a lack of high performance, locally adapted varieties, and the impact of rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV). The objective of this study was to assess the performance of a diverse collection of rice germplasm for RYMV resistance and agronomic traits, and to select promising lines for breeding for Tanzanian conditions. Fifty-four rice genotypes were field evaluated in two important rice production sites (Ifakara and Mkindo) in Tanzania, which are recognized as RYMV hotspots, using a 6 × 9 alpha lattice design with two replications. There was significant (p < 0.05) genotypic variation for agronomic traits and RYMV susceptibility in the tested germplasm. Seven genotypes with moderate to high RYMV resistance were identified, including Salama M-57, SSD1, IRAT 256, Salama M-55, Mwangaza, Lunyuki, and Salama M-19, which were identified as new sources of resistance genes. Positive and significant correlations were detected between grain yield and number of panicles per plant (NPP), panicle length (PL), number of grains per panicle (NGP), percentage-filled grains (PFG), and thousand-grain weight (TGW), which are useful traits for simultaneous selection for rice yield improvement. A principal component analysis allocated five principal components, accounting for 79.88% of the total variation present in the assessed germplasm collection. Traits that contributed most to variability included NPP, number of tillers/plant (NT), PL, grain yield (GY), and days to 50% flowering (DFL). The genotypes Rangimbili, Gigante, and SARO possess complementary agronomic traits and RYMV resistance, and can be recommended for further evaluation, genetic analysis, and breeding.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Makani, Julie, Stephan Menzel, Siana Nkya, Sharon E. Cox, Emma Drasar, Deogratius Soka, Albert N. Komba, et al. "Genetics of fetal hemoglobin in Tanzanian and British patients with sickle cell anemia." Blood 117, no. 4 (January 27, 2011): 1390–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-08-302703.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Fetal hemoglobin (HbF, α2γ2) is a major contributor to the remarkable phenotypic heterogeneity of sickle cell anemia (SCA). Genetic variation at 3 principal loci (HBB cluster on chromosome 11p, HBS1L-MYB region on chromosome 6q, and BCL11A on chromosome 2p) have been shown to influence HbF levels and disease severity in β-thalassemia and SCA. Previous studies in SCA, however, have been restricted to populations from the African diaspora, which include multiple genealogies. We have investigated the influence of these 3 loci on HbF levels in sickle cell patients from Tanzania and in a small group of African British sickle patients. All 3 loci have a significant impact on the trait in both patient groups. The results suggest the presence of HBS1L-MYB variants affecting HbF in patients who are not tracked well by European-derived markers, such as rs9399137. Additional loci may be identified through independent genome-wide association studies in African populations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Langa, Neema, and Tirth Bhatta. "The rural-urban divide in Tanzania: Residential context and socioeconomic inequalities in maternal health care utilization." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 9, 2020): e0241746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241746.

Full text

Abstract:

Background Existing studies in Tanzania, based mostly on rural samples, have primarily focused on individual behaviors responsible for the lower utilization of maternal health care. Relatively less attention had been paid to inequalities in structural circumstances that contribute to reduced utilization of maternal health care. More importantly, scholarship concerning the impact of the rural-urban divide on socioeconomic disparities in the utilization of maternal health care is virtually nonexistent in Tanzania. Methods Drawing from the Demographic Health Survey (2015–2016) conducted in Tanzania, our study includes a total of 3,595 women aged between 15–49 years old, who had given birth in five years before the month of the interview and living in both rural and urban Tanzania. The maternal health care utilization was assessed by four variables (i.e., antenatal care, skilled delivery assistance, the before and after discharging postnatal care). The independent variables were wealth, education, residence, parity, occupation, age, and the head of the household’s sex. We used bivariate statistics and logistic regression to examine the rural-urban differences in the influence of education and wealth on maternal health care utilization. Results Significantly lower use of maternal health care in rural than urban areas demonstrated a stark rural-urban divide in Tanzania. We documented socioeconomic inequalities in maternal health care utilization in the form of lower odds of the utilization of such services among women with lower levels of education and household wealth. The educational inequalities in the utilization of skilled delivery assistance (or = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.86; p = 0.021) and (before discharge) postnatal care (or = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.38, 0.95; p = 0.030) were significantly wider in rural than urban areas. The differences in the odds of the utilization of skilled delivery assistance between women in poorer wealth quintile and women in richer household wealth quintile were also significantly wider in rural areas than in urban areas. However, the statistically significant rural-urban divides in the impacts of socioeconomic status on antenatal care and (after discharge) postnatal care were not observed. Conclusion This study establishes the need for consideration of the rural-urban context in the formulation of policies to reduce disparities in maternal health care utilization in Tanzania.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

M. Sosovele, Eva, and Ken M. Hosea. "Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Genetic Variability of Yeasts inhabiting Mangrove sediments of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Journal of Environment and Ecology 4, no. 1 (June 24, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jee.v4i1.3902.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Homewood, Katherine, W. A. Rodgers, and K. Arhem. "Ecology of pastoralism in Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania." Journal of Agricultural Science 108, no. 1 (February 1987): 47–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600064133.

Full text

Abstract:

SummaryThis management-oriented study of range, livestock and Maasai ecology in the wildlife conservation and pastoralist land use Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) quantifies spatial and temporal variation in range resources for three main study sites over a 2-year period. Livestock response is analysed in terms of biomass densities, habitat and pasture utilization, activity, herd size, composition and dynamics. Milk production is investigated together with the main ecological factors influencing yields. A household survey of the Maasai food system suggests that pastoral products now provide an annual average of 40% dietary energy intake, the remainder being supplied by grain. These findings form the basis of our analysis of the growing friction between the Conservation Authority and the pastoralists. Pastoralist livestock closely resemble wild ungulate utilization of NCA range resources. A combination of disease interactions and administrative restrictions allow wildlife to establish preferential access to critical grazing resources. Our results in the context of other work suggest that contrary to popular opinion pastoralist land use is an ecologically appropriate and efficient form of livestock management. There is no adverse impact on the conservation values of NCA. Despite average fertility and mortality levels pastoralist herds show progressive decline due to offtake for grain purchase. Imposed policies restrict grazing, ban cultivation and maintain poor conditions for livestock trade and grain supply. Possible interventions and their potential impacts are considered and management compromises which could benefit both pastoralists and wildlife are proposed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Damian, Donath, Modester Damas, Jonas Johansson Wensman, and Mikael Berg. "Molecular Diversity of Hard Tick Species from Selected Areas of a Wildlife-Livestock Interface Ecosystem at Mikumi National Park, Morogoro Region, Tanzania." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 3 (February 24, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8030036.

Full text

Abstract:

Ticks are one of the most important arthropod vectors and reservoirs as they harbor a wide variety of viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and nematodes, which can cause diseases in human and livestock. Due to their impact on human, livestock, and wild animal health, increased knowledge of ticks is needed. So far, the published data on the molecular diversity between hard ticks species collected in Tanzania is scarce. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity between hard tick species collected in the wildlife-livestock interface ecosystem at Mikumi National Park, Tanzania using the mitochondrion 16S rRNA gene sequences. Adult ticks were collected from cattle (632 ticks), goats (187 ticks), and environment (28 ticks) in the wards which lie at the border of Mikumi National Park. Morphological identification of ticks was performed to genus level. To identify ticks to species level, molecular analysis based on mitochondrion 16S rRNA gene was performed. Ticks representing the two genera (Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus) were identified using morphological characters. Six species were confirmed based on mitochondrion 16S rRNA gene, including Rhipicephalus microplus, Rhipicephalus evertsi, Hyalomma rufipes, Hyalomma truncatum, Hyalomma marginatum, and Hhyalomma turanicum. The presence of different clusters of tick species reflects the possible biological diversity of the hard ticks present in the study region. Further studies are however required to quantify species of hard ticks present in the study region and the country in general over a larger scale.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Murdoch, Ian, Andrew F. Smith, Helen Baker, Bernadetha Shilio, and Kazim Dhalla. "The cost and quality of life impact of glaucoma in Tanzania: An observational study." PLOS ONE 15, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): e0232796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232796.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Müller-Graf, C. D. M., D. A. Collins, and M. E. J. Woolhouse. "Intestinal parasite burden in five troops of olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania." Parasitology 112, no. 5 (May 1996): 489–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000076952.

Full text

Abstract:

SUMMARYA cross-sectional parasitological study of a population of wild olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis), consisting of 5 troops, was conducted in Gombe Stream National Park. Baboons were individually recognizable. Information on age, sex, troop membership, reproductive status, social rank and life-history of each individual baboon could be related to parasite infection. Seven helminth taxa and 2 protozoan taxa were found. All baboons were parasitized by at least 1 taxon. Distributions of helminths were aggregated among hosts. There were significant differences among troops in the prevalence of all but 2 of the recorded helminths. Age had a significant impact on the prevalence and intensity of Strongyloides sp. No significant effect of sex on the prevalence of infection could be detected. There was some indication that female reproductive status was related to Trichuris egg output. In contrast to a previous study, no significant correlations between parasite infection and social rank could be found. Troop membership constituted the predominant factor contributing to heterogeneity of prevalence of infection. This suggests that spatial location and/or genetics may be important in determining levels of parasite infection.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Gélin, P., H. Magalon, C. Drakeley, C. Maxwell, S. Magesa, W. Takken, and C. Boëte. "The fine-scale genetic structure of the malaria vectors Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) in the north-eastern part of Tanzania." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 36, no. 04 (August 17, 2016): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758416000175.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractUnderstanding the impact of altitude and ecological heterogeneity at a fine scale on the populations of malaria vectors is essential to better understand and anticipate eventual epidemiological changes. It could help to evaluate the spread of alleles conferring resistance to insecticides and also determine any increased entomological risk of transmission in highlands due to global warming. We used microsatellite markers to measure the effect of altitude and distance on the population genetic structure ofAnopheles funestusandAnopheles gambiae s.s. in the Muheza area in the north-eastern part of Tanzania (seven loci for each species). Our analysis reveals strong gene flow between the different populations ofAn. funestusfrom lowland and highland areas, as well as between populations ofAn. gambiaesampled in the lowland area. These results highlight forAn. funestusthe absence of a significant spatial subpopulation structuring at small-scale, despite a steep ecological and altitudinal cline. Our findings are important in the understanding of the possible spread of alleles conferring insecticide resistance through mosquito populations. Such information is essential for vector control programmes to avoid the rapid spread and fixation of resistance in mosquito populations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Venkatas, J., and M. A. Adeleke. "Emerging threat of Eimeria operational taxonomic units (OTUs) on poultry production." Parasitology 146, no. 13 (September 10, 2019): 1615–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182019001100.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractCoccidiosis is an antagonistic poultry disease which negatively impacts animal welfare and productivity. The disease is caused by an obligate, intracellular protozoon known as Eimeria. Several Eimeria species known to infect chickens have been well documented. However, recent studies have elucidated the emergence of three novel genetic variants or operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The discovery of OTUx, OTUy and OTUz complicates the identification and diagnosis of coccidiosis. OTUs are clusters of unknown or uncultivated organisms that are grouped according to a similarity in DNA sequence to a set of specific gene markers. OTUs have been reported in the Earth's Southern Hemisphere, including Australia, Venezuela, India, Zambia, Uganda, Tanzania, China and Ghana. Elucidating their impact on the poultry industry is fundamental in preventing anticoccidial resistance and to access the potential of OTUs as vaccine candidates to provide cross-protection against similar Eimeria species. The identification of OTUs further decreases the risk of false negative coccidial diagnosis. Therefore, this article reviews the importance and risk imposed by OTUs, coupled with their prevalence and geographical distribution in chickens globally.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Reynolds, Teri Ann, Stas Amato, Irene Kulola, Chuan-Jay Jeffrey Chen, Juma Mfinanga, and Hendry Robert Sawe. "Impact of point-of-care ultrasound on clinical decision-making at an urban emergency department in Tanzania." PLOS ONE 13, no. 4 (April 25, 2018): e0194774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194774.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Runge, Manuela, Robert W. Snow, Fabrizio Molteni, Sumaiyya Thawer, Ally Mohamed, Renata Mandike, Emanuele Giorgi, et al. "Simulating the council-specific impact of anti-malaria interventions: A tool to support malaria strategic planning in Tanzania." PLOS ONE 15, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): e0228469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228469.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Mpondo, Bonaventura C. T., Samuel E. Kalluvya, Robert N. Peck, Rodrick Kabangila, Benson R. Kidenya, Lucheri Ephraim, Daniel W. Fitzgerald, and Jennifer A. Downs. "Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Renal Function among HIV-Infected Tanzanian Adults: A Retrospective Cohort Study." PLoS ONE 9, no. 2 (February 26, 2014): e89573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089573.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Stoilova, Tsvetelina, Maarten van Zonneveld, Ralph Roothaert, and Pepijn Schreinemachers. "Connecting genebanks to farmers in East Africa through the distribution of vegetable seed kits." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 17, no. 03 (February 15, 2019): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262119000017.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractGenebanks explore new partnerships with farmers and other user groups to provide smallholder farmers in Africa better access to crop diversity for improved nutrition, climate change adaptation and agricultural diversification. This paper shows how the World Vegetable Center (WorldVeg) genebank of traditional African vegetables and its partners distributed over 42,000 seed kits containing over 183,000 vegetable seed samples from 2013 to 2017 to smallholder farmers in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. The seed kits contained seed samples of promising accessions and open-pollinated breeding lines of traditional African vegetables, and to a lower degree of tomato,Capsicumpepper and soybean, usually enough to plant in a home garden. We identified four research questions to better understand the role of vegetable seed kits in strengthening local seed systems, impact on local vegetable diversity, improving human nutrition and supporting climate-resilient agriculture. As formal seed systems expand their reach, the genebank's role to supply vegetable diversity to public and private breeding programmes becomes more important. To optimize supply of vegetable diversity, the WorldVeg genebank of traditional African vegetables continues working with partners in both formal and local seed systems.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Lyimo, Issa N., Daniel T. Haydon, Tanya L. Russell, Kasian F. Mbina, Ally A. Daraja, Edgar M. Mbehela, Richard Reeve, and Heather M. Ferguson. "The impact of host species and vector control measures on the fitness of African malaria vectors." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1754 (March 7, 2013): 20122823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2823.

Full text

Abstract:

Many malaria vector mosquitoes in Africa have an extreme preference for feeding on humans. This specialization allows them to sustain much higher levels of transmission than elsewhere, but there is little understanding of the evolutionary forces that drive this behaviour. In Tanzania, we used a semi-field system to test whether the well-documented preferences of the vectors, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) for cattle and humans, respectively, are predicted by the fitness they obtain from host-seeking on these species relative to other available hosts. Mosquito fitness was contrasted, when humans were fully exposed and when they were protected by a typical bednet. The fitness of both vectors varied between host species. The predicted relationship between host preference and fitness was confirmed in An. arabiensis , but not in An. gambiae s.s., whose fitness was similar on humans and other mammals. Use of typical, imperfect bednets generated only minor reductions in An. gambiae s.s. feeding success and fitness on humans, but was predicted to generate a significant reduction in the lifetime reproductive success of An. arabiensis on humans relative to cows. This supports the hypothesis that such human-protective measures could additionally benefit malaria control by increasing selection for zoophily in vectors.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Hall, Michaela T., Megan A. Smith, Kate T. Simms, Ruanne V. Barnabas, Karen Canfell, and John M. Murray. "The past, present and future impact of HIV prevention and control on HPV and cervical disease in Tanzania: A modelling study." PLOS ONE 15, no. 5 (May 6, 2020): e0231388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231388.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Makata, Kenneth, Safari Kinung’hi, Christian Hansen, Philip Ayieko, Simon Sichalwe, Onike Mcharo, Jeroen Ensink, et al. "Hand hygiene intervention to optimize helminth infection control: Design and baseline results of Mikono Safi–An ongoing school-based cluster-randomised controlled trial in NW Tanzania." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 9, 2020): e0242240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242240.

Full text

Abstract:

Introduction Soil transmitted helminths (STH) can affect over 50% of children in some parts of Tanzania. Control measures involve annual deworming campaigns in schools, but re-infection is rapid. This paper presents the design and baseline survey results of an ongoing school-based cluster-randomised controlled trial in Kagera region, NW Tanzania. The trial aims to determine whether the effect of routine deworming on the prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections among school aged children can be sustained when combined with a behaviour change intervention promoting handwashing with water and soap. Methods As part of the trial, a total of 16 schools were randomised to receive the intervention (N = 8) or as controls (N = 8). Randomisation was stratified per district and restricted to ensure pre-trial STH prevalence was balanced between study arms. The combination intervention to be tested comprises class-room based teacher-led health education, improvement of handwash stations, coloured nudges to facilitate handwashing and parental engagement sessions. The impact evaluation involves two cross-sectional surveys conducted at baseline and endline. The objectives of the baseline survey were: (i) to confirm whether the deworming campaign was successful, and identify and treat students still infected about 2 weeks after deworming, (ii) to document any baseline differences in STH prevalence between trial arms, and (iii) to assess handwashing behaviours, and access to water and sanitation at school and home. We randomly sampled 35 students per class in Grades 1–6 (an average of 200 children per school), stratified to ensure equal representation between genders. Assenting students were interviewed using a structured questionnaire and asked to provide a stool specimen. Results Results of the baseline survey conducted about 2 weeks after deworming shows balanced demographic and STH prevalence data across trial arms. We observed a low prevalence of ascariasis (< 5%) as expected; however, the prevalence of trichuriasis was still about 35% in both arms. Conclusion The randomisation procedure was successful in achieving a balanced distribution of demographic characteristics and helminth infections between trial arms. The intervention is being rolled out. The current deworming treatment regimen may need to be revised with regards to the treatment of trichuriasis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

McCutchan, F. E., M. Hoelscher, S. Tovanabutra, S. Piyasirisilp, E. Sanders-Buell, G. Ramos, L. Jagodzinski, et al. "In-Depth Analysis of a Heterosexually Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Superinfection: Evolution, Temporal Fluctuation, and Intercompartment Dynamics from the Seronegative Window Period through 30 Months Postinfection." Journal of Virology 79, no. 18 (September 15, 2005): 11693–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.18.11693-11704.2005.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) superinfection refers to the acquisition of another strain by an already infected individual. Here we report a comprehensive genetic analysis of an HIV-1 superinfection acquired heterosexually. The infected individual was in a high-risk cohort in Tanzania, was exposed to multiple subtypes, and was systematically evaluated every 3 months with a fluorescent multiregion genotyping assay. The subject was identified in the window period and was first infected with a complex ACD recombinant strain, became superinfected 6 to 9 months later with an AC recombinant, and was monitored for >2.5 years. The plasma viral load exceeded 400,000 copies/ml during the first 9 months of infection but resolved to the set point of 67,000 copies/ml by 3 months after superinfection; the CD4 cell count was 377 cells/μl at 30 months. Viral diversity was evaluated with techniques designed to fully sample the quasispecies, permitting direct observation of the evolution, temporal fluctuation, and intercompartment dynamics of the initial and superinfecting strains and recombinants derived from them. Within 3 months of superinfection, seven different molecular forms were detected in gag and six were detected in env. The proportions of forms fluctuated widely over time in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, illustrating how challenging the detection of dually infected individuals can be. Strain-specific nested PCR confirmed that the superinfecting strain was not present until the 9 month follow-up. This study further defines the parameters and dynamics of superinfection and will foster appropriate studies and approaches to gain a more complete understanding of risk factors for superinfection and its impact on clinical progression, epidemiology, and vaccine design.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Melita, Asantael Williams. "Tourism and the Target of the Convention on Biological Diversity: Community Acceptance for Involvement —A Case Study of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania." World Journal of Social Science Research 2, no. 1 (December 12, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v2n1p1.

Full text

Abstract:

There is a growing demand of Biological diversities uses in the world as a global asset of tremendous value to the present and future generations. This demand has raised threats to species and ecosystems existences. The Convention for the Biodiversity forum for Aichi Biodiversity identified about 5 strategies and 20 targets for the conservation of the biodiversity of the protected areas. The Community Based Diversity is the main goals that promoted by the Aichi targets as to protect biodiversity; to use biodiversity without destroying it; and, to share any benefits from genetic diversity equally. Tourism in Tanzania is basically based on biological diversity for about 69% in protected areas in Mainland and 31% at beaches in Zanzibar. All those biological diversities needs clear programs for the conservation and protection of flora, fauna and the environment to facilitate jobs and wealth creation for the indigenous population who often pay a cost in lost land usage for conservation and tourism. The Ngorongoro Conservation area with its uniqueness has about 87,851 people living within and a growing tourism population of about 647,733 visitors by the year 2013, and highly diversity of wildlife respectively. Community in the Ngorongoro counts tourism as an alternative activity that supports their livelihood. For the purposes of this study a survey of 100 local Maasai and oral interviews of 60 employees of the NCA’s and Pastoral Council (PC), examines whether tourism revenue sharing to the Maasai communities within the area has a positive support impact on conservation of biological diversity of the area as stipulated in the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). I found that members of the Maasai community within the area of Ngorongoro are benefiting from Tourism and support the conservation strategies of the Authority positively. Nevertheless the benefits to communities within the protected areas like the Ngorongoro should properly structured as may reduce the natural resources existence basing on the nature and its driving forces that accelerate the population increases within and around the protected areas.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Means, Arianna R., Kathryn A. Risher, Eva L. Ujeneza, Innocent Maposa, Joseph Nondi, and Steven E. Bellan. "Impact of Age and Sex on CD4+ Cell Count Trajectories following Treatment Initiation: An Analysis of the Tanzanian HIV Treatment Database." PLOS ONE 11, no. 10 (October 7, 2016): e0164148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164148.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Wagner, Claire M., Fidel Rubagumya, Miriam Mutebi, David Mutiibwa, Louis Ngendahayo, Sarah K. Nyagabona, Seriano Oromo, Paul E. Farmer, Agnes Binagwaho, and Dan A. Milner. "Access to Breast Cancer Diagnostic Devices in the East African Community: Moving the Needle." JCO Global Oncology 6, Supplement_1 (July 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.11000.

Full text

Abstract:

PURPOSE Globally, two million women develop breast cancer each year. Low-income countries bear a disproportionate burden as a result of systems strapped by limited resources. Inadequate access to diagnostic services is widely recognized as a driver of unfavorable outcomes, yet baseline data on supply, use, and pricing for breast cancer diagnostic devices are scant. The purpose of this study was to assess access to cancer biopsy devices in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda, and to ascertain related pricing, procurement, and payment models. METHODS We conducted an observational online survey to capture institution-based data that address demographics, facility capacity, human capital, pathology systems, device sourcing and pricing, supply chains, and workarounds. Additional manufacturer information was obtained through public sources and communication with industry. RESULTS We received 58 survey responses from the 6 East African Community countries, most representing urban public hospitals (68%). Pathology laboratory capacity varied drastically: Although basic histopathology was consistently performed (92% of respondents), hormone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, and genetic studies were not (63%, 53%, and 11%, respectively). Training varied among practitioners performing biopsies—for example, surgeons or nurses—and most practitioners did not have ultrasound guidance (80%). Both disposable and reusable core needle devices were in use, and stockouts were reported by most respondents (69%). Workarounds included reuse of disposable devices, alternative procedures (eg, surgical excision or fine-needle aspiration), patient rescheduling, and referral. Most patients received results at follow up, but one fifth of all respondents reported that some patients never received results. Of importance, there was no observable pattern to procurement channels or pricing. CONCLUSION Reliable, accurate, and timely diagnosis is vital to improving outcomes for patients with breast cancer in low-income countries. Significant variation related to operations, human capital management, product mix, procurement methods, and pricing was observed between and within the East African Community countries. Additional investigation is needed to identify opportunities for applying best practices and leveraging regional synergies for impact.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Notenbaert, An, Jeroen C. J. Groot, Mario Herrero, Celine Birnholz, Birthe K. Paul, Catherine Pfeifer, Simon Fraval, et al. "Towards environmentally sound intensification pathways for dairy development in the Tanga region of Tanzania." Regional Environmental Change 20, no. 4 (November 23, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01723-5.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThe gap between milk demand and domestic supply in Tanzania is large and projected to widen. Meeting such demand through local production of affordable milk presents an opportunity to improve the welfare of producers and market agents through the income and employment generated along the value chain (VC). Efforts to maximize milk yields, production and profitability need to be balanced with long-term sustainability. We combined environmental and economic ex-ante impact assessments of four intervention scenarios for two production systems in the Tanzanian dairy VC using the CLEANED model and an economic feasibility analysis. Intervention scenarios propose increases in milk production through (i) animal genetic improvement, (ii) improved feed, (iii) improved animal health and (iv) a package combining all interventions. Results show that economically feasible farm-level productivity increases of up to 140% go hand-in-hand with increased resource-use efficiency and up to 50% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission intensities. Absolute increases in water, land and nitrogen requirements in mixed crop-livestock systems call for careful management of stocks and quality of these resources. An overall rise in GHG emissions is expected, with a maximum of 53% increase associated with an 89% increase in milk supply at VC level. The CLEANED tool proved effective to evaluate livestock interventions that improve incomes and food security with minimal environmental footprint. Here, our simulations suggest that due to current low productivity, the greatest efficiency gains in combination with relatively low increases in total GHG emissions can be made in the extensive agro-pastoral dairy systems, which represent the majority of herds.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Reimer-Kirkham, Sheryl, Barbara Astle, Ikponwosa Ero, Elvis Imafidon, and Emma Strobell. "Mothering, Albinism and Human Rights: The Disproportionate Impact of Health-Related Stigma in Tanzania." Foundations of Science, October 8, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10699-020-09701-0.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract In many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, mothers impacted by the genetic condition of albinism, whether as mothers of children with albinism or themselves with albinism, are disproportionately impacted by a constellation of health-related stigma, social determinants of health (SDH), and human rights violations. In a critical ethnographic study in Tanzania, we engaged with the voices of mothers impacted by albinism and key stakeholders to elucidate experiences of stigma. Their narratives revealed internalized subjective stigma, social stigma such as being ostracized by family and community, and structural stigma on account of lack of access to SDH. An analysis of health systems as SDH revealed stigmatizing attitudes and behaviours of healthcare providers, especially at the time of birth; a lack of access to timely quality health services, in particular skin and eye care; and a lack of health-related education about the cause and care of albinism. Gender inequality as another SDH featured prominently as an amplifier of stigma. The findings pose implications for research, policy, and practice. A concrete avenue to de-stigmatization of mothers impacted by albinism exists by the application of principles of human rights, particularly equality and non-discrimination; contextual analysis of cultural dynamics including relevant ontology; meaningful participation of rights-claimants, such as peer groups of mothers; and accountability of governments and their obligation to ensure access to health information as a key social determinant of the right to health.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Allan, Fiona K., Siddharth Jayaraman, Edith Paxton, Emmanuel Sindoya, Tito Kibona, Robert Fyumagwa, Furaha Mramba, et al. "Antigenic Diversity in Theileria parva Populations From Sympatric Cattle and African Buffalo Analyzed Using Long Read Sequencing." Frontiers in Genetics 12 (July 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.684127.

Full text

Abstract:

East Coast fever (ECF) in cattle is caused by the Apicomplexan protozoan parasite Theileria parva, transmitted by the three-host tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is the natural host for T. parva but does not suffer disease, whereas ECF is often fatal in cattle. The genetic relationship between T. parva populations circulating in cattle and buffalo is poorly understood, and has not been studied in sympatric buffalo and cattle. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of T. parva populations in cattle and buffalo, in an area where livestock co-exist with buffalo adjacent to the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Three T. parva antigens (Tp1, Tp4, and Tp16), known to be recognized by CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in immunized cattle, were used to characterize genetic diversity of T. parva in cattle (n = 126) and buffalo samples (n = 22). Long read (PacBio) sequencing was used to generate full or near-full length allelic sequences. Patterns of diversity were similar across all three antigens, with allelic diversity being significantly greater in buffalo-derived parasites compared to cattle-derived (e.g., for Tp1 median cattle allele count was 9, and 81.5 for buffalo), with very few alleles shared between species (8 of 651 alleles were shared for Tp1). Most alleles were unique to buffalo with a smaller proportion unique to cattle (412 buffalo unique vs. 231 cattle-unique for Tp1). There were indications of population substructuring, with one allelic cluster of Tp1 representing alleles found in both cattle and buffalo (including the TpM reference genome allele), and another containing predominantly only alleles deriving from buffalo. These data illustrate the complex interplay between T. parva populations in buffalo and cattle, revealing the significant genetic diversity in the buffalo T. parva population, the limited sharing of parasite genotypes between the host species, and highlight that a subpopulation of T. parva is maintained by transmission within cattle. The data indicate that fuller understanding of buffalo T. parva population dynamics is needed, as only a comprehensive appreciation of the population genetics of T. parva populations will enable assessment of buffalo-derived infection risk in cattle, and how this may impact upon control measures such as vaccination.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Muganyizi, Projestine Selestine, Edward Maswanya, Stella Kilima, and Ahmad Makuwani. "Migration for obstetric care: the impact of regional Obstetric Care Facility Density disparities in Tanzania." BMC Research Notes 11, no. 1 (September 21, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3780-0.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Rakau, Kebareng G., Martin M. Nyaga, Maemu P. Gededzha, Jason M. Mwenda, M. Jeffrey Mphahlele, L. Mapaseka Seheri, and A. Duncan Steele. "Genetic characterization of G12P[6] and G12P[8] rotavirus strains collected in six African countries between 2010 and 2014." BMC Infectious Diseases 21, no. 1 (January 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05745-6.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Background G12 rotaviruses were first observed in sub-Saharan Africa in 2004 and since then have continued to emerge and spread across the continent and are reported as a significant human rotavirus genotype in several African countries, both prior to and after rotavirus vaccine introduction. This study investigated the genetic variability of 15 G12 rotavirus strains associated with either P[6] or P[8] identified between 2010 and 2014 from Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Togo and Zambia. Methods The investigation was carried out by comparing partial VP7 and partial VP4 sequences of the African G12P[6] and G12P[8] strains with the available GenBank sequences and exploring the recognized neutralization epitopes of these strains. Additionally, Bayesian evolutionary analysis was carried out using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) implemented in BEAST to estimate the time to the most recent ancestor and evolutionary rate for these G12 rotavirus strains. Results The findings suggested that the VP7 and VP4 nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the G12 strains circulating in African countries are closely related, irrespective of country of origin and year of detection, with the exception of the Ethiopian strains that clustered distinctly. Neutralization epitope analysis revealed that rotavirus VP4 P[8] genes associated with G12 had amino acid sequences similar to those reported globally including the vaccine strains in RotaTeq and Rotarix. The estimated evolutionary rate of the G12 strains was 1.016 × 10− 3 substitutions/site/year and was comparable to what has been previously reported. Three sub-clusters formed within the current circulating lineage III shows the diversification of G12 from three independent ancestries within a similar time frame in the late 1990s. Conclusions At present it appears to be unlikely that widespread vaccine use has driven the molecular evolution and sustainability of G12 strains in Africa. Continuous monitoring of rotavirus genotypes is recommended to assess the long-term impact of rotavirus vaccination on the dynamic nature of rotavirus evolution on the continent.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Stražar, Martin, Godfrey S. Temba, Hera Vlamakis, Vesla I. Kullaya, Furaha Lyamuya, Blandina T. Mmbaga, Leo A. B. Joosten, et al. "Gut microbiome-mediated metabolism effects on immunity in rural and urban African populations." Nature Communications 12, no. 1 (August 11, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25213-2.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThe human gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as an important factor in modulating innate and adaptive immunity through release of ligands and metabolites that translocate into circulation. Urbanizing African populations harbor large intestinal diversity due to a range of lifestyles, providing the necessary variation to gauge immunomodulatory factors. Here, we uncover a gradient of intestinal microbial compositions from rural through urban Tanzanian, towards European samples, manifested both in relative abundance and genomic variation observed in stool metagenomics. The rural population shows increased Bacteroidetes, led by Prevotella copri, but also presence of fungi. Measured ex vivo cytokine responses were significantly associated with 34 immunomodulatory microbes, which have a larger impact on circulating metabolites than non-significant microbes. Pathway effects on cytokines, notably TNF-α and IFN-γ, differential metabolome analysis and enzyme copy number enrichment converge on histidine and arginine metabolism as potential immunomodulatory pathways mediated by Bifidobacterium longum and Akkermansia muciniphila.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Zhu, Xue, Jiyue Qin, Chongyang Tan, and Kang Ning. "The seasonal changes of the gut microbiome of the population living in traditional lifestyles are represented by characteristic species-level and functional-level SNP enrichment patterns." BMC Genomics 22, no. 1 (January 28, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-021-07372-0.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Background Most studies investigating human gut microbiome dynamics are conducted on humans living in an urban setting. However, few studies have researched the gut microbiome of the populations living traditional lifestyles. These understudied populations are arguably better subjects in answering human-gut microbiome evolution because of their lower exposure to antibiotics and higher dependence on natural resources. Hadza hunter-gatherers in Tanzania have exhibited high biodiversity and seasonal patterns in their gut microbiome composition at the family level, where some taxa disappear in one season and reappear later. Such seasonal changes have been profiled, but the nucleotide changes remain unexplored at the genome level. Thus, it is still elusive how microbial communities change with seasonal changes at the genome level. Results In this study, we performed a strain-level single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis on 40 Hadza fecal metagenome samples spanning three seasons. With more SNP presented in the wet season, eight prevalent species have significant SNP enrichment with the increasing number of SNP calling by VarScan2, among which only three species have relatively high abundances. Eighty-three genes have the most SNP distributions between the wet season and dry season. Many of these genes are derived from Ruminococcus obeum, and mainly participated in metabolic pathways including carbon metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, and glycolysis. Conclusions Eight prevalent species have significant SNP enrichments with the increasing number of SNP, among which only Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium hallii and Ruminococcus obeum have relatively high species abundances. Many genes in the microbiomes also presented characteristic SNP distributions between the wet season and the dry season. This implies that the seasonal changes might indirectly impact the mutation patterns for specific species and functions for the gut microbiome of the population that lives in traditional lifestyles through changing the diet in wet and dry seasons, indicating the role of these variants in these species’ adaptation to the changing environment and diets.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Impala – Tanzania – Genetics'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles