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Journal articles on the topic 'Impedance characteristic'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Zhao, Hongshan, Weitao Zhang, and Yan Wang. "Characteristic Impedance Analysis of Medium-Voltage Underground Cables with Grounded Shields and Armors for Power Line Communication." Electronics 8, no. 5 (2019): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8050571.

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The characteristic impedance of a power line is an important parameter in power line communication (PLC) technologies. This parameter is helpful for understanding power line impedance characteristics and achieving impedance matching. In this study, we focused on the characteristic impedance matrices (CIMs) of the medium-voltage (MV) cables. The calculation and characteristics of the CIMs were investigated with special consideration of the grounded shields and armors, which are often neglected in current research. The calculation results were validated through the experimental measurements. The

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2

Zhang, Y., and J. L. Liu. "Impedance matching condition analysis of the multi-filar tape-helix Blumlein PFL with discontinuous dielectrics." Laser and Particle Beams 30, no. 4 (2012): 639–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026303461200050x.

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AbstractIn this paper, the characteristic impedance matching of the inner line and outer line of the multi-filar tape-helix Blumlein pulse forming line (BPFL) is analyzed in detail by dispersion theory of tape helix. Analysis of the spatial harmonics of multi-filar tape-helix BPFL shows that the integer harmonic numbers of the excited spatial harmonics are not continuous. In addition, the basic harmonic component still dominates the dispersion characteristics of the multi-filar tape-helix BPFL at low frequency band. The impedance mismatching phenomenon caused by the discontinuity of filling di

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3

Flórez Rodríguez, Juan J., and Luis F. Herrán. "On the Use of Ridge Waveguides to Synthesize Impedances." Electronics 14, no. 6 (2025): 1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14061060.

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This work examines the feasibility of designing an impedance synthesis network based on a double-ridge waveguide (DRW). This design is based on the concept of the stepped-impedance line transformer as a cascade of transmission lines with different characteristic impedances, but using, in this particular case, a stepped-ridge waveguide. It is shown that this structure is able to synthesize not only real impedances but an arbitrary impedance, following some restrictions explained in this paper. An impedance synthesis network based on DRW can have numerous applications, like being used in designi

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4

Nauwelaers, B., and A. van de Capelle. "Characteristic impedance of stripline." Electronics Letters 23, no. 18 (1987): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19870655.

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5

Eser, Martin. "A neural network-augmented two-microphone impedance tube method to estimate sound propagation characterisics." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 267, no. 1 (2023): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/no_2023_0040.

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Two-microphone impedance tubes are a popular method to measure the normal incidence sound absorption coefficient. However, a single measurement with this method does not offer enough information to identify the sound propagation characteristics, i.e. the characteristic impedance and the wave number of absorbent samples. Instead, more elaborate measurement techniques that require more time, more equipment and enhanced user knowledge need to be applied. This contribution presents a technique combining neural networks and the two-microphone impedance tube method to estimate the propagation charac

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6

Krukonis, Audrius, and Šarūnas Mikučionis. "THE FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS OF COUPLED MICROSTRIP LINES / SUSIETŲJŲ MIKROJUOSTELINIŲ LINIJŲ DAŽNINĖS CHARAKTERISTIKOS." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 5, no. 2 (2013): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2013.33.

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The article deals with the use of the finite difference time domain method and uniaxial perfectly matching layer for analysis of frequency characteristics of coupled microstrip transmission lines. It describes calculation techniques for voltage, current, characteristic impedance and effective dielectric constant of each signal conductor. Besides, it analyses the frequency dependencies of characteristic impedance and the effective dielectric constant. Article in Lithuanian. Santrauka Straipsnyje aptariamas baigtinių skirtumų laiko srities metodo taikymas ir absorbuojančio sluoksnio taikymas sus

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7

Torrungrueng, D., P. Y. Chou, and M. Krairiksh. "An extendedZY T-chart for conjugately characteristic-impedance transmission lines with active characteristic impedances." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 49, no. 8 (2007): 1961–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.22626.

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8

Wan, Li Bin, Ya Lin Guan, and Xin Kun Tang. "A Bandpass Filter Based on Novel SCRLH Transmission Line Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 456 (October 2013): 624–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.456.624.

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In this paper, a novel simplified composite right/left handed (SCRLH) transmission line (TL) structure is proposed.The dispersion and impedance characteristics of the novel structure are first analysed based on Bloch-Floquet theory, which shows that the attenuation constant keeps zero with a relatively smooth characteristic impedance distribution within the passband and that the characteristic impedance is purely imaginary with the inhibition of the electromagetic wave propagation outside the passband.

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9

Krukonis, Audrius, and Šarūnas Mikučionis. "EFFECT OF NON-UNIFORMITY OF THE MULTICONDUCTOR LINE CONSTRUCTIONAL PARAMETERS ON THE FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MEANDER MICROSTRIP DELAY LINE / DAUGIALAIDĖS LINIJOS PARAMETRŲ NETOLYGUMŲ ĮTAKA MEANDRINIŲ VĖLINIMO LINIJŲ DAŽNINĖMS CHARAKTERISTIKOMS." Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis 6, no. 2 (2014): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2014.32.

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Inhomogeneities of the electromagnetic field are observed at the edges of the electrodynamic delay systems which are designed based on the concept of infinite periodic multiconductor line. The influence of non-uniformity of characteristic impedance and effective permittivity of the multiconductor microstrip line on the frequency responses and characteristics of meander microstrip delay lines is studied in this paper. It is shown that aligning characteristic impedance and effective permittivity of the multiconductor line the bandwidth of the delay line can be significantly extended. Elektrodina

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10

Wong, George S. K. "Characteristic impedance of humid air." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 80, no. 4 (1986): 1203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.394468.

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11

Bhattacharya, D. "Characteristic impedance of coplanar waveguide." Electronics Letters 21, no. 13 (1985): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19850393.

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12

Brews, J. R. "Characteristic Impedance of Microstrip Lines." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 35, no. 1 (1987): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.1987.1133591.

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13

Yang, Shuqiang, Yiqing Liu, and Fanyong Zeng. "Measured Impedance Characteristic of T-connection Transmission Line with DG." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2565, no. 1 (2023): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2565/1/012036.

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Abstract In Active Distribution Network (ADN), T-connection transmission lines are formed when Distributed Generations (DGs) are connected to transmission lines rather than to buses. In the T-connection transmission line with DG, the pilot current differential protection loses selectivity due to the change of fault current caused by T-type connection DG. Differential current increases to as much as the injected DG current when an external fault occurs, which results in maloperation. The impedance differential protection using measured impedance characteristics can effectively distinguish the f

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14

Huang, Shichun, Liang Yu, and Weikang Jiang. "Measurement of loudspeaker mechanical impedance by changing the sound load at the throat of loudspeaker." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 1 (2021): 5457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-3112.

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A loudspeaker is a device that converts electrical energy into acoustic energy by coupling between electrical impedance, mechanical impedance, and radiation impedance. The loudspeaker electro-mechanical-acoustic coupling model provides the experimental feasibility to measure the characteristic parameters. In this paper, an economical and practical measurement method of loudspeaker mechanical impedance is proposed. First, the mathematical relationship between loudspeaker electrical impedance and mechanical impedance is obtained based on the loudspeaker electro-mechanical-acoustic coupling model

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15

Wang, Yi, Han Tang, Wen Li Chen, Xing Zhe Hou, Hong Liang Sun, and Kai Bo Luo. "Research on the Measurement of Household Appliance Impedance Characteristic." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 1574–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.1574.

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Impedance of power line channel is the most important factor for power line communication. All kinds of household appliances randomly connect or disconnect from the network, which give rise to impedance variation on power line channel. The mismatch of impedance would reduce the performance of the signal transmission. The power network is mixed with lines and loads. In order to investigate the main factors that affect power network impedance, this paper proposed a method to measure the impedance of active household appliances. Some household appliances are measured with this method, and the res

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16

HE, WEI, HANGUANG XIAO, and XINGHUA LIU. "NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF HUMAN SYSTEMIC ARTERIAL HEMODYNAMICS BASED ON A TRANSMISSION LINE MODEL AND RECURSIVE ALGORITHM." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 12, no. 01 (2012): 1250020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519411004587.

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A novel recursive algorithm was proposed to calculate the input impedance of human systemic arterial tree, and to simulate the human systemic arterial hemodynamics with an 55 segment transmission line model. In calculation of input impedance, the structure of the arterial tree was expressed as a single linked list. An infinitesimal constant was used to replace 0 Hz frequency to calculate the DC and AC part of input impedance simultaneously. The input impedance at any point of the arterial tree can obtain easily by the proposed recursive algorithm. The results of input impedance are in accord w

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17

Wang, Chuan Bin, Qiang Shen, Guoqiang Luo, and Lian Meng Zhang. "Characteristic Wave Impedance of Ti-Mo System Composites and FGM." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 1537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.1537.

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In the present paper, the relationship between characteristic wave impedance and compositions was mainly investigated in order to find a suitable theoretical model for predicting the impedance value of Ti-Mo system composites and FGM. At first, dense Ti-Mo composites with different weight fractions of Mo were prepared. Then the transverse and longitudinal wave velocities of the samples were measured and the characteristic wave impedance values were obtained. A mixture model was adopted to estimate the characteristic wave impedance value of Ti-Mo composites. Comparisons between the estimated an

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18

Vudhivorn, K., and D. Torrungrueng. "A modified extended ZY T-chart for conjugately characteristic-impedance transmission lines with active characteristic impedances." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 51, no. 3 (2009): 621–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.24124.

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19

Choo, Jaeyul, Hyo J. Eom, and Dohoon Kim. "Characteristic Impedance of Pyramidal Transmission Line." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 12 (2013): 445–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2013.2254461.

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20

Vandenberghe, S., D. M. M. P. Schreurs, G. Carchon, B. K. J. C. Nauwelaers, and W. De Raedt. "Characteristic impedance extraction using calibration comparison." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 49, no. 12 (2001): 2573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.971652.

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21

Yla-Oijala, Pasi, Joni Lappalainen, and Seppo Jarvenpaa. "Characteristic Mode Equations for Impedance Surfaces." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 66, no. 1 (2018): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2017.2772873.

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22

Bhattacharya, D. "Erratum: Characteristic impedance of coplanar waveguide." Electronics Letters 21, no. 18 (1985): 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19850582.

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23

Ball, J. A. R. "Characteristic impedance of unbalanced TDR probes." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 51, no. 3 (2002): 532–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2002.1017724.

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24

Wang, Bing-Zhong. "Characteristic impedance of meshed-strip line." International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 16, no. 6 (1995): 1109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02068280.

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25

Coetzee, Jacob C., and Johannes A. G. Malherbe. "Characteristic impedance for double-sided slotlines." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 3, no. 3 (1990): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.4650030304.

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26

Johnston, William. "Comparing acoustic prediction methods for additively manufactured porous structures." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 267, no. 1 (2023): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/no_2023_0100.

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While macroscale methods for predicting the acoustic properties of porous structures have been popular in the past, they often require time-consuming manufacturing and testing workflows. Meanwhile, microscale approaches allow the prediction of transport parameters based exclusively on a periodic structure's unit cell geometry. Here, we compare these methods to predict the characteristic impedance of additively manufactured porous structures. We use the microscale approach to estimate the geometry's transport parameters, then predict the characteristic properties using the Johnson-Champoux-Alla

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27

Hyeong Tae Jeong, Ji Eun Kim, Ik Soo Chang, and Chul Dong Kim. "Tunable impedance transformer using a transmission line with variable characteristic impedance." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 53, no. 8 (2005): 2587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2005.852758.

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28

Muhyaddin, J. H. Rawa. "Characteristic and Surge Impedance Variation Impact on Transmission Line Performance." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 4 (2018): 2602–7. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i4.pp2602-2607.

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Modeling of power systems is essential to perform various network analyses. Voltage regulation, line losses and transmission line efficiency are greatly affected by transmission line parameters. Hence, accurate modeling of transmission line is required. The aim of this paper is to study the impact of characteristic and surge impedances on voltage profile, voltage regulation and transmission line efficiency.

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29

Rose, W. C., and A. A. Shoukas. "Two-port analysis of systemic venous and arterial impedances." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 265, no. 5 (1993): H1577—H1587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1993.265.5.h1577.

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Hemodynamic properties of the systemic vasculature were measured in eight anesthetized dogs using two-port impedance analysis. Blood pressures and flows were measured at the aortic root and the caval-atrial junction. Impedances were computed from 0.05 to 20 Hz to characterize the systemic vasculature. Pseudorandom variations in flow were produced with an extracorporeal perfusion system. Impedance measurements were made at carotid baroreceptor pressures of 50, 125, and 200 mmHg. A six-parameter lumped-element model best fitted the measured impedance spectra. At 125 mmHg, the mean parameter valu

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30

Kim, Min Soo, Jin Sang Lee, Pan Kyeom Kim, and Geun Bae Lim. "Electrical Characteristics of Biological Active Point from Three Electrode Method." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 889–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.889.

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We anticipate the development of new real time biological active point (BAP) systems based on skin impedance, since this measurement method has the superior characteristics of noninvasiveness and easy operation. In this paper, we report on the three electrode measure method that has the advantage of measuring the impedance of the BAPs under the skin. This system easily measured the potential difference between the measurement electrodes and reference electrodes. The BAPs have lower impedance at all frequencies and their reactance is much smaller than that of the surrounding skin. The character

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31

Yan, Zheng, and Jianyuan Xu. "Sequence Impedance Modeling and Analysis of Modular Multilevel Converter Considering DC Port Characteristics." Energies 16, no. 23 (2023): 7770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16237770.

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The extensive deployment of Modular Multilevel Converters (MMCs) in AC/DC systems can lead to complex resonance issues. Impedance modeling forms the foundation for analyzing the stability of interconnected system. Existing investigations primarily address resonance concerns on the AC side of MMC. In the process of impedance modeling, the DC system is generally approximated as an ideal voltage source, thereby neglecting its dynamic impact on the impedance characteristic of MMC. Such simplification may result in inaccuracies within stability analysis findings. Based on the multi-harmonic lineari

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32

Zhu, Zhibo, Yang Zhao, Wei Yan, Xingfa Liu, and Ming Ju. "Modeling of line impedance stabilization network impedance characteristic based on genetic algorithm." Microelectronics Journal 113 (July 2021): 105095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2021.105095.

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33

Li, Gen, Jie Chen, Hongze Li, et al. "Diagnosis and Location of Power Cable Faults Based on Characteristic Frequencies of Impedance Spectroscopy." Energies 15, no. 15 (2022): 5617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155617.

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Power cable condition diagnosis and deterioration location rely on signatures of aging characteristics which precede the final breakdown. The purpose of this study was to investigate how to diagnose and locate the aging and/or deterioration of power cables through the analysis of the impedance spectroscopy. The concepts of the reference frequency and characteristic frequency of cable impedance spectroscopy are defined for the first time. Based on the reference frequency, the optimal frequency range for analysis of impedance spectroscopy can be determined, whilst based on characteristic frequen

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34

Jiao, Ruyi, Bingqi Chu, Ping Liu, et al. "Research on Bioimpedance Technology Based on Real Axis Equidistant Method." Journal of Clinical Medicine Research 5, no. 2 (2024): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.32629/jcmr.v5i2.2115.

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Bioimpedance technology (BMI) is a non-invasive detection technology that widely applied in volume measurement, human tissue structure analysis and human body composition analysis. It uses the electrical characteristics, such as impedance, admittance and dielectric constant, and changes of biological tissues and organs to extract biomedical information about human physiological and pathological conditions. This paper analyzes the influence of the distribution of frequency points on the characteristic parameters in the measurement of bio-impedance spectrum. A new method of sampling frequency po

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35

Zhang, Nan, Xiaolong Wang, Chunxi Bao, et al. "A Novel Synthetization Approach for Multi Coupled Line Section Impedance Transformers in Wideband Applications." Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (2022): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020875.

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In this paper, a novel synthetization approach is proposed for filter-integrated wideband impedance transformers (ITs). The original topology consists of N cascaded coupled line sections (CLSs) with 2N characteristic impedance parameters. By analyzing these characteristic impedances, a Chebyshev response can be derived to consume N + 2 design conditions. To optimize the left N − 2 variable parameters, CLSs were newly substituted by transmission lines (TLs) to consume the remaining variable parameters and simplify the circuit topology. Therefore, there are totally 2N − N − 2 substituting possib

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36

Tu, Hua, Chao Peng, Yanyi Chen, Lixing Li, Honglei Deng, and Gang Liu. "Characteristic Impedance Modeling of Nuclear Power Instrumentation and Control Cable Shield Breakage." Energies 18, no. 12 (2025): 3008. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18123008.

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Nuclear Instrumentation and Control (I&C) cables laying in a complex environment are prone to shield damage. And, the traveling wave reflection method can be used to detect and locate damage using the characteristic impedance change caused by I&C cable damage. Therefore, this paper establishes a quasi-coaxial cable shield characteristic impedance calculation model. And, it brings in the defective circumferential angle of the damage coefficient. Then, it builds a quasi-coaxial I&C characteristic impedance model approximation of the multi-core cable structure combined. Finally, the r

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37

Bogatin, A. S., E. V. Andreev, S. A. Kovrigina, and V. N. Bogatina. "Impedance as a characteristic of relaxation polarization." Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics 78, no. 4 (2014): 317–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1062873814040066.

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38

Qureshi, M. Umar, Mitchel J. Colebank, David A. Schreier, et al. "Characteristic impedance: frequency or time domain approach?" Physiological Measurement 39, no. 1 (2018): 014004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/aa9d60.

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39

Williams, D. F., B. K. Alpert, U. Arz, D. K. Walker, and H. Grabinski. "Causal characteristic impedance of planar transmission lines." IEEE Transactions on Advanced Packaging 26, no. 2 (2003): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tadvp.2003.817339.

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40

Williams, D. F., U. Arz, and H. Grabinski. "Characteristic-impedance measurement error on lossy substrates." IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 11, no. 7 (2001): 299–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/7260.933777.

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41

Ren, Qunyan, Yaxiao Mo, Li Ma, Shengming Guo, and Tianjun Liao. "Characteristic Acoustic Impedance for Reliable Environmental Characterization." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Acoustics 27, no. 02 (2019): 1850054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2591728518500548.

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The characteristic acoustic impedance is a favorable observation variable for geoacoustic inversion (GI) owing to its higher sensitivity than that of pressure or particle velocity. However, no theoretical explanations have been provided for it. As an attempt to understand the underlying physical mechanism, interpretations based on the normal mode theory are conducted in this study. Moreover, synthetic Bayesian geoacoustic inversion with two recording scenarios of a vertical line array and single receiver are also performed, both of which proved that the impedance can provide improved estimatio

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42

Ward, Leigh C., and Bruce H. Cornish. "Bioelectrical impedance analysis at the characteristic frequency." Nutrition 23, no. 1 (2007): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2006.09.003.

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43

Torres-Torres, R. "Extracting characteristic impedance in low-loss substrates." Electronics Letters 47, no. 3 (2011): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2010.2532.

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44

Brouaye, F., M. Hélier, and J. Ch Bolomey. "Multisection transmission line with random characteristic impedance." Electronics Letters 35, no. 16 (1999): 1318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19990893.

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45

Komarov, V. V. "Characteristic impedance of inhomogeneous T-septum waveguide." Electronics Letters 36, no. 12 (2000): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20000739.

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46

Marks, R. B., and D. F. Williams. "Characteristic impedance determination using propagation constant measurement." IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters 1, no. 6 (1991): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/75.91092.

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47

Garb, Khona, and Raphael Kastner. "Characteristic impedance of quadruple-ridged square waveguides." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 8, no. 5 (1995): 236–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.4650080505.

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48

Sharma, Rohit, T. Chakravarty, Sunil Bhooshan, and A. B. Bhattacharyya. "Characteristic Impedance of a Microstrip-Like Interconnect Line in Presence of Ground Plane Aperture." International Journal of Microwave Science and Technology 2007 (February 7, 2007): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/41951.

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We propose new empirical expressions for the characteristic impedance of a microstrip-like interconnect line in presence of ground plane aperture. The existing characteristic impedance expressions are modified so as to include the effect of the ground plane aperture. The variation in the characteristic impedance vis-à-vis the aperture size is established. The proposed expressions are general and valid for a range of dielectric materials concerning MICs, RFICs, and PCBs. The results are validated by measurements performed on a vector network analyzer.

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49

Sunagawa, K., W. L. Maughan, and K. Sagawa. "Stroke volume effect of changing arterial input impedance over selected frequency ranges." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 248, no. 4 (1985): H477—H484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1985.248.4.h477.

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We investigated the effect of changing arterial input impedance over three selected frequency ranges on stroke volume (SV) in nine isolated canine left ventricles. The input impedance was simulated with a three-element Windkessel model (i.e., resistance, characteristic impedance, and compliance) and was imposed on the ventricles with a servo-controlled loading system. Under a constant end-diastolic volume [33.1 +/- 1.5 (SE) ml], we changed the modulus of the afterloaded impedance over a low frequency range (below 0.13 Hz) by changing the resistance, over a transitional frequency range (in whic

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50

Lowe, Dermot, Douglas A. Hettrick, Paul S. Pagel, and David C. Warltier. "Propofol Alters Left Ventricular Afterload as Evaluated by Aortic Input Impedance in Dogs." Anesthesiology 84, no. 2 (1996): 368–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199602000-00015.

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Background Systemic vascular resistance incompletely describes left ventricular afterload because of the phasic nature of arterial pressure and blood flow. Aortic input impedance is an experimental description of left ventricular afterload that incorporates the frequency- dependent characteristics and viscoelastic properties of the arterial system. The effects of propofol on aortic input impedance were examined using three variables derived from the three-element Windkessel model: characteristic aortic impedance, total arterial compliance, and total arterial resistance. Methods Eight dogs were

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