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Journal articles on the topic 'Impedance protection'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Nguyen, Thai-Thanh, Woon-Gyu Lee, Hak-Man Kim, and Hyung Yang. "Fault Analysis and Design of a Protection System for a Mesh Power System with a Co-Axial HTS Power Cable." Energies 13, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010220.

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The uses of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) cables pose a challenge of power system protection since the impedance of the HTS cable is varied during fault conditions. The protection systems should be designed properly to ensure the reliability and stability of the whole system. This paper presents a fault analysis of the co-axial HTS cable in the mesh system and proposes a coordinated protection system. In the proposed protection system, the main protection is the differential current relay whereas the backup protections are the overcurrent and directional overcurrent relays. The normal and abnormal relay operations are considered to analyze the transient fault current in the HTS cable and evaluate the performance of the proposed coordinated protection system. Characteristics of cable impedances and temperatures under various fault conditions are presented. The proposed protection scheme is validated by the simulation in the PSCAD/EMTDC program. Simulation results show that the coordinated protection scheme could successfully protect the HTS cables in both normal and abnormal relay operations.

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2

O Donovan, Michael, Noel Barry, Joe Connell, and Eoin Cowhey. "Mutual Coupling Compensation Techniques Used for Distance Protection of Parallel Lines." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 1982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071982.

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When a distance relay protects a transmission line located on a dual circuit tower, a coupling effect will occur between the two circuits. Transposition of the circuits can reduce the mutual impedances, but this does not cater to the zero-sequence mutual coupling impedance during earth faults. As a result, the impedance measured by a distance relay under phase-to-earth fault conditions in these circumstances will not represent the correct impedance to the fault point unless these effects are taken into account. On multi-circuit lines, primarily if they operate in parallel, a zero-sequence mutual coupling should be considered when calculating settings for distance protection function. A 220 kV parallel line sharing the same tower was analysed using DigSilent Power Factory in the simulations. Phase-to-earth faults in different configurations were analysed on this system, and the reach of the protection relay was then estimated for operation. The results confirm how a protection relay can overreach and underreach in a distance protection scheme due to the influence of mutual coupling.

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3

Xu, Qiang Ye, Jin Lian, and Hao Lian. "An Adaptive Protection Method for Power System under Wide Area Networks." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 4189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.4189.

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The grid structure and its operation mood are becoming more complicated with the expansion of China Power Network which have higher requirement for security protection for relay protection network. This article proposes adaptive setting of switch positioner and line fault under wide area networks. Adaptive setting of switch positioner in system operation mode can effectively extend the protection scope of zone 2 impedance relay on the premise of protecting the cooperative relationship which has a better sensibility than traditional setting value of zone 2 impedance relay. Adaptive setting of line fault has high level of adaptation in system operation mode and sensitivity in each adjacent line which has lager protection scope than that of the traditional setting value and switch positioner.

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4

Chen, Guobin, Yiqing Liu, and Qifan Yang. "Impedance Differential Protection for Active Distribution Network." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 35, no. 1 (February 2020): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2019.2919142.

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5

Bolandi, Tohid Ghanizadeh, Heresh Seyedi, Sayyed Mohammad Hashemi, and Peyman Soleiman Nezhad. "Impedance-Differential Protection: A New Approach to Transmission-Line Pilot Protection." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 30, no. 6 (December 2015): 2510–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2014.2387689.

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6

Martynyuk, Valeriy, Michał Liss, and Joanna Wilczarska. "Diagnostics of Corrosion Protection Potential for Electric Water Heaters." MATEC Web of Conferences 302 (2019): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930201014.

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The paper represents the mathematical model for diagnostics of the corrosion protection potential for the electric water heaters (EWH). The research objectives are the problem of determining the EWH corrosion protection technical condition during its operation. The EWH corrosion protection diagnostics is based on the mathematical model of the corrosion protection potential for EWH. The model is based on the nonlinear equivalent circuit which is modelling the nonlinear impedance of the corrosion cathodic protection. In the development of the mathematical model the authors carried out experimental measurements of the impedance for the EWH body fragment. The obtained experimental results show that mathematical model includes the fractional integrating elements. By using of the experimental results the expressions of the impedance, the impulse response is obtained. The methodological approach to increasing the reliability of the EWH corrosion protection diagnostics has been proposed, in terms of the multi-parameter diagnostics, by applying the EWH corrosion protection impedance model.

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7

Li, Zhen Xing, Qiu Li, and Tao Zhang. "Wide-Area Backup Protection Algorithm Based on Earth Impedance Comparison Principle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 858–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.858.

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A novel algorithm is proposed for the purpose of improving the reliability and sensibility of fault component identification of wide area backup protection. The algorithm, called earth impedance comparison protection (EICP), is realized by comparing the ratios of different nodes, and the ratio is obtained by the bus voltage to the differential current. The advantages of EICP are verified in this paper using the measurement function of wide-area measurement system. The results of case studies show that EICP is superior to the current differential protection in terms of the sensitivity and to the directional pilot protection in terms of the dependability. The satisfactory results can be obtained when the EICP method is applied in the event of abnormal operations of protective relays and circuit breakers, measurement error scenarios or substation DC failure.

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8

Liu, Xiaoling, Yawei Shao, Mingshun Liu, Shougang Chen, Fuhui Wang, and Longqiang Wang. "LEIS study of the protection of zinc phosphate/epoxy coatings under cathodic protection." RSC Advances 6, no. 52 (2016): 46479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra06377b.

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The anti-corrosion properties of the defective zinc phosphate/epoxy coatings under cathodic protection (CP) in a 3.5% NaCl solution were evaluated by localized electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (LEIS) and scanning electrochemical microscopy.

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9

Muljono, Agung Budi. "DISTANCE RELAY PROTECTION COORDINATION ANALYSIS OF HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION LINE 150 KV LOMBOK POWER SYSTEM." DIELEKTRIKA 7, no. 1 (February 27, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/dielektrika.v7i1.230.

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Lombok electrical system has been operating a 150kV high voltage transmission line and has been developing continuously. High voltage transmission line construction is an effort to improve electrical system quality and reliability. Thus, good protection is needed to maintain the distribution reliability of electrical power. One of the relays used in the Lombok electrical protection system is a distance relay. Distance relay works as the main protection in the transmission system by measuring fault impedance value based on current and voltage detected by the relay. This study illustrates how to calculate distance relay setting impedance in Z1pri, Z2pri and Z3pri then held a short-circuit simulation in software ETAP 7.5 to examine it. Setting calculation result of distance relay in Ampenan for Ampenan – Jeranjang line protection, with 3,25 Ω (7.543 km)line impedance, is Z1pri = 2.6057 Ω (6.0345 km), t1 = 0 second, Z2pri = 13.7056 Ω (31.7406 km), t2 = 0.4 second, Z3pri = 24.7209 Ω (57.2508 km), t3 = 1.2 second. Relay’s setting impedance is larger than fault impedance detected by the relay, so that distance relay has been able to protect the system. This study may also show graphic of setting impedance and time coordination from distance relay for every protection area section.

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10

Herlender, J., J. Izykowski, and B. Brusilowicz. "INVESTIGATION OF IMPEDANCE-DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION’S ALGORITHM AS A FAULT LOCATOR FOR DOUBLE-CIRCUIT TRANSMISSION LINE." Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika 2020, no. 6 (October 21, 2020): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/techned2020.06.057.

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This paper deals with an analysis of impedance-differential protection algorithm applied to locate faults on a double-circuit transmission line. In particular, the study of fault location accuracy for the case of using the relation between currents for negative-sequence not for zero-sequence, as it was presented so far, is provided. It results from the well-known fact that zero-sequence impedances are in practice considered as quite unreliable data. Therefore, one has to limit usage of zero-sequence impedance parameters as much as possible. Such approach was applied in this paper and therefore the use of the additional relation of currents for negative-sequence is under investigation. The fault signals from ATP-EMTP simulation on the sample double-circuit transmission line was applied for evaluating the fault location accuracy. References 8, figures 4, table 1.

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11

Cai, J. S., C. C. Chen, J. Z. Liu, and L. Shi. "The Protection of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete by Migrating Corrosion Inhibitor." Key Engineering Materials 629-630 (October 2014): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.629-630.136.

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In this paper, the performance of two kinds of migrating corrosion inhibitors on the corrosion behavior of steel in concrete under wet-dry cycle was investigated. The wet-dry cycle duration on the open circuit, current density and impedance of carbon steel imbedded in concrete were analyzed by linear polarization resistance (LPR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results show that two kinds of migrating corrosion inhibitors can restrain corrosion of reinforcing steel, the corrosion efficiency of ZX was less more than MCI. Migrating corrosion inhibitor not only can improve carbon steel impedance, also can improve concrete resistant. Key words: migrating corrosion inhibitor;Cl-;reinforcing steel;linear polarization resistance;electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

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12

Malik, O. P., C. M. Alegria, E. Costa, K. S. Dasgupta, and M. F. Pires. "Impedance and Differential Protection Using Kalman Filter Techniques." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 18, no. 7 (July 1985): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)60454-3.

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13

El-Arroudi, K., G. Joos, and D. McGillis. "Operation of Impedance Protection Relays with the STATCOm." IEEE Power Engineering Review 22, no. 3 (March 2002): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.2002.4312078.

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14

Lönard, D. "Dynamic combination of impedance calculating distance-protection algorithms." European Transactions on Electrical Power 6, no. 1 (September 7, 2007): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etep.4450060104.

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15

El-Arroudi, K., G. Joos, and D. T. McGillis. "Operation of impedance protection relays with the STATCOM." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 17, no. 2 (April 2002): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.997904.

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16

Xia, J., S. Jiale, X. Deng, L. Wang, S. He, and K. Liu. "Enhanced transmission line pilot impedance and pilot protection." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 5, no. 12 (2011): 1240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2010.0628.

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17

Yan-tao, Li, and Hou Bao-rong. "Impedance characteristics of carbon steel under cathodic protection." Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 16, no. 1 (March 1998): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02848218.

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18

Višić, Ivan, Ivan Strnad, and Tihomir Tonković. "Real Time Load Angle Application for Synchronous Generator Protection Purposes." Journal of Energy - Energija 69, no. 1 (February 18, 2020): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/202069134.

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The out-of-step protection function is one of the key functions in generator protection. This function detects the loss of generator synchronism, and when such a fault occurs, it is necessary to disconnect the generator from the rest of the system as soon as possible in order to avoid major damages.The algorithms used in the out-of-step protection functions are based on the measurements of generator impedances and they use the impedance vectors to check if all stability criterions are met. This paper describes a new approach to realizing the out-of-step generator protection function by using the direct load angle measurement. The idea behind applying the real time load angle measurement is to faster detect the loss of synchronism.

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19

Okpura, Nseobong I., E. N. C. Okafor, and Kufre M. Udofia. "Comparative Analysis of Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) And Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) Methods in the Classification and Location of High Impedance Faults on Distribution System." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 8 (August 31, 2020): 966–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.8.1690.

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Unlike low impedance faults, which involve relatively large magnitude of fault currents and are easily detected by conventional over-current protection devices, high impedance faults pose a serious challenge to protection engineers because they can remain on the system without the protective relays being able to detect them. This paper presents an improved method for detection and location of high impedance fault using ANFIS model. The study was conducted on the 33 kV Uyo-Ikot Ekpene power distribution line. The case study power distribution system was modeled using MATLAB software. HIFs were introduced at various locations along the distribution line. The data obtained from the MATLAB/Simulink simulated fault using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) were used to train the ANFIS for the location of HIF points along the distribution system as well as for prediction of the distance of the fault location to the nearest injection substation. The results show that ANFIS model gives 52.5 percentage reduction in error compared with FIS in the location of fault points on the case study power distribution system.

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20

Kolesov, L. M., and V. V. Mozhzhukhina. "Distance backup protection using supply currents on a line with several branches." Vestnik IGEU, no. 6 (2019): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2019.6.049-059.

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The third step of distance protection is used as backup protection against phase-to-phase short circuits on 110–220 kV transmission lines. The main problem when using these protections on a line with several branches is to ensure the effectiveness of distant backup protection in case of phase-to-phase short circuits behind branch transformers of substations. The effective solution to distant backup protection is possible to provide by expanding the information base of protection. Currently, backup protection of lines with branches is being developed with control of currents and their components when using a communication channel, and based on algorithmic models of the facility. In this regard, the urgent task is to develop an algorithm for the distance protection ensuring the required sensibility during short circuits on the lower voltage side of the branch transformers. Analytical methods of determining the impedance measurement and simulation in Simulink and SimPowerSystems of the Matlab modeling system are used. The effectiveness of distant backup protection can be evaluated on the basis of recognition possibility of short circuit modes behind the branch transformers. Analytical expressions have been obtained to determine the impedance measurement during phase-to-phase short-circuits behind a branch transformer and under load conditions. Criteria have been developed to assess the proposed protection possibility to recognize the mode of phase-to-phase short circuits behind the branch transformer. Studies have shown that the main factor determining the possibility of mode recognition is the ratio between the protected transformer power and the total power of the branches loads. The use of several impedance measuring elements with their own response characteristics for branches with transformers of different capacities provides mode recognition for any possible correlation of power of branch substations. The use of the distance protection implementation option developed by the authors allows providing the required sensitivity for short circuits behind branch transformers and to solve the problem of distance backup line protection on a line with several branches. The reliability of the data obtained is confirmed by the correspondence of analytical research and simulation results.

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21

Emhemad Aker, Elhadi, Mohammad Lutfi Othman, Ishak Aris, Noor Izzri Abdul Wahab, Hashim Hizam, and Osaji Emmanuel. "Adverse Impact of STATCOM on the Performance of Distance Relay." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6, no. 3 (June 1, 2017): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v6.i3.pp528-536.

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FACTS devices like the Static synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), are mostly used to enhance the maximum power transfer capability of the transmission Line (TL) system. A Matlab simulation model of Distance Relay protection of TL, with connected STATCOM at the mid-point for optimum power transfer is presented. The STATCOM’s impact on the operation of the relay is assessed with the effects on the relay misoperation in the third zone of protection coverage, during fault conditions, in four different locations.The wrong measured fault impedance by relay resulted to misoperation in zone 3 (under reach phenomena). The simulation result indicates a slight increase in the measured impedance of 1.33 Ω over the actually expected impedance setting (72.02 Ω) of the relay at 220 km protection coverage of zone 3 along the TL. This variation is about 4 km distance outside the expected distance protection coverage for fault in zone 3 as proven.

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22

Mei, Jun, Bin Liu, Jian Yong Zheng, and Lei Yao. "Study on a New Setting Method of Distance Relay with Superconducting Fault Current Limiter Adapt in the Grid." Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (November 2012): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.471.

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Considerable attention is given towards developing Superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) due to increasing short circuit levels in transmission lines, which itself imposes further changes on the measured impendence at the relaying point and causes significant impact on the lines’ relay protection, especially on the distance protection as the single-phase grounding fault occurs. In this paper, resistive superconducting fault current limiter connected to the grid is studied as the model to analysis how SFCL affects the grounded short-circuit impedance relay’s setting, then an new setting method of distance protection for the SFCL-equipped line is proposed. Finally, a power system model is built to analysis the theory by PSCAD / EMTDC simulation software. The results show that in the condition of using the impedance relays’ new setting method, impedance measurement error is greatly reduced, SFCL and line distance protection can work in coordination with each other properly.

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23

Wang, Xiao Bo, Chong Zhan Li, Wei Song, and Gao Ming Liu. "Study on Relay Protection Setting Calculation Fast Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 373-375 (August 2013): 1393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.373-375.1393.

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As the scale of modern smart grid gets larger and larger, fast analysis and calculation of power grid is an important research topic now. Starting with analyzing and comparing the traditional power system block methods, a partition strategy is proposed which contains buffer subsystem in each partition. Mutual impedance element in the node impedance matrix could describe the strength of electrical contact between nodes. The buffer subsystem is obtained which has a greater impact on the internal network setting calculation based on electrical contact. Further more, the general rules of buffer subsystem which is suitable for setting calculation have been put forward. At last, it can widely improve the adaptability of setting calculation block computing.

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24

Li, Zhenxing, Xiaoping Xiong, and Qiujie Wang. "Study on Wide-area Integrated Impedance Protection WIIP Algorithm." Recent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Electrical & Electronic Engineering) 7, no. 2 (December 29, 2014): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2352096507666141010220743.

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25

Rea, S. P., D. Linton, E. Orr, and J. McConnell. "Broadband high-impedance surface design for aircraft HIRF protection." IEE Proceedings - Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation 153, no. 4 (2006): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-map:20050268.

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26

Katsenelenbaum, B. Z. "Antiradar protection of bodies of revolution with impedance surfaces." Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics 59, no. 5 (May 2014): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064226914040068.

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27

Alvarenga, Mardênnia T. S., Priscila L. Vianna, and Kleber M. Silva. "High-Impedance Bus Differential Protection Modeling in ATP/MODELS." Engineering 05, no. 09 (2013): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/eng.2013.59b007.

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28

Sharma, Nikhil Kumar, and Subhransu Ranjan Samantaray. "PMU Assisted Integrated Impedance Angle-Based Microgrid Protection Scheme." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 35, no. 1 (February 2020): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2019.2925887.

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29

Suonan, J., X. Deng, and K. Liu. "Transmission line pilot protection principle based on integrated impedance." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 5, no. 10 (2011): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2011.0224.

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30

Chu, Hui-Yung, Shi-Lin Chen, and Ching-Lien Huang. "Fault impedance calculation algorithms for transmission line distance protection." Electric Power Systems Research 10, no. 1 (January 1986): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7796(86)90051-9.

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31

Xia, Jingde, Suonan Jiale, Guobing Song, Li Wang, Shien He, and Kai Liu. "Transmission line individual phase impedance and related pilot protection." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 33, no. 9 (November 2011): 1563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2011.06.017.

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32

S. Patel, N., S. Jauhari, and G. N. Mehta. "Inhibitive Effect by Acid Extract of Ficus Exasperata Leaves on the Sulphuric Acid Corrosion of Mild Steel." E-Journal of Chemistry 6, s1 (2009): S189—S194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/413421.

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Extract ofFicus exasperataleaves was investigated as corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in 1 N H2SO4using conventional weight loss, electrochemical polarizations, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopic studies. The weight loss results showed that the extract ofFicus exasperatais excellent corrosion inhibitor. Electrochemical polarizations data revealed the mixed mode of inhibition. The results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows that the change in the impedance parameters, charge transfer resistance and double layer capacitance, with the change in concentration of the extract is due to the adsorption of active molecules leading to the formation of a protective layer on the surface of mild steel. Scanning electron microscopic studies provided the confirmatory evidence of improved surface condition, due to the adsorption, for the corrosion protection.

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33

Ashifa, Danu Nur, and Arkhan Subari. "SIMULASI PENENTUAN LOKASI GANGGUAN SATU FASA PADA JARINGAN TEGANGAN MENENGAH 20 KV BERBASIS ARDUINO MEGA 2560 DILENGKAPI DENGAN MONITORING MELALUI VTSCADA." Gema Teknologi 20, no. 2 (May 22, 2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/gt.v20i2.23097.

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Danu Nur Ashifa, Arkhan Subari in this paper explain that in a distribution network of 20 KV, short circuit interference often occurs. Short circuit interference will produce a fault current that is felt by protection equipment. Each fault current will differ depending on the distance of the interference. Determining the distance of interference can not be displayed in SCADA, SCADA will only display the amount of interference and which equipment works. Determination of distance is carried out after analysis by the officer. Based on this matter the compiler makes a simulation tool where the tool can monitor the location of the disturbance from the nearest protective equipment that feels a single phase short circuit interference. The simulation tool consists of Arduino Mega 2560 which functions as a control center. The input used is a potentiometer as a simulator of the impedance magnitude that occurs during a single phase short circuit where the potentiometer will provide input in the form of a signal. And Omron LY2N relay which functions as protection equipment. After the experiment, the results obtained are that the tool can determine the location of interference from the nearest protection equipment based on changes in the bits read by Arduino. The larger the bits read by Arduino, the more distant the interference occurs from the protection equipment. 125 bits will produce an Arduino impedance calculation of 2.6 ohms so that the fault location is 0 km from PMT while 1023 bits will produce an impedance calculation of 21.30 ohms so that the fault location is 4.5 km from SSO.

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34

Ismail, Mohamed M., and M. A. Moustafa Hassan. "Using Positive and Negative Sequence Components of Currents and Voltages for High Impedance Fault Analysis via ANFIS." International Journal of System Dynamics Applications 1, no. 4 (October 2012): 132–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsda.2012100106.

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High Impedance Faults are defined as unwanted electrical contact between an energized conductor and a non-conducting foreign object. Non-conducting foreign object present high impedances to current flow due to their material, so a fault of this type will not appear to the classical protection equipment as abnormal conditions. Presented is an approach for detection, classification, and location of high impedance faults in a distribution system using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) based on positive and negative sequence components of voltages and currents. The proposed scheme was trained by data from simulation of a distribution system under different faults conditions and different distances in a short and long transmission lines. Details of the design procedure and the results of performance using the proposed method are discussed in this paper.

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35

Kasilingam, Thavan, and C. Thangavelu. "Synergistic Effect of Cationic Surfactants in Adsorption." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 83 (August 2019): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.83.31.

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The corrosion behaviour of cationic surfactants, namely: cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB), have been used as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in well water. Protection efficiencies of the studied surfactants were depended on the hydrophobic chain length and concentration of the surfactants. The results shows that the order of protection efficiency is CTAB > DTAB. Tafel curves showed these surfactants are acting as an anodic inhibitors. Nyquist curves revealed that a protective film is formed on the metal surface. FTIR spectra suggest that the tested surfactants protective film consists of Fe2+-CTAB, Fe2+-DTAB and Zn(OH)2. Protection efficiency values and synergism parameters obtained weight loss; potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are consistent.

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36

Katarzyński, Jacek, and Marek Olesz. "Fault Loop Impedance Measurement in Circuits Fed by UPS and Principle of Safety Protection." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (December 4, 2020): 10126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310126.

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This paper indicates a significant problem of uncertainty of fault loop impedance (FLI) measurement in circuits powered from uninterruptible power supply (UPS) (double-conversion AC-DC-AC). The correctly determined value of this impedance, related to the short-circuit current disconnection time and to the reference value, is one of the most important elements that determines the approval of an electrical installation and its receivers for operation. To define the principles of FLI measurement, several hundred measurements of the short-circuit loop impedance in the circuits fed by the UPS, in various UPS operation modes and with various FLI instruments, were made, which allowed for the definition of measurement rules that reduce the error in assessing the effectiveness of protection against electric shock by automatic disconnection of supply. Based on the analysis of voltage and current waveforms recorded during the real short-circuit tests in the circuit fed by the UPS, a proprietary algorithm for determining the short-circuit loop impedance has been proposed.

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37

Duan, Jian Dong, Wen Lu, and Lin An. "Traveling Wave Current Polarity Comparison Protection Using Wavelet Modulus Maxima for HVDC Transmission Lines." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 5327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.5327.

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ABB and SIEMENS schemes based on the voltage change rate are the existing main protection for HVDC transmission lines. But the analysis and simulation tests show that these protection schemes may be unreliable as high impedance faults or as disturbances of above 2% noisy. The paper presents a new protection scheme of traveling wave current polarity comparison for a bipolar HVDC transmission line. The traveling wave current polarity is represented by the wavelet modulus maxima (WMM) of the fault current traveling wave. The traveling wave current polarity comparison protection scheme is evaluated by PSCAD. The extensive simulation studies show that the proposed scheme is reliable to distinguish internal faults from external faults of HVDC transmission lines. And the protection scheme is immune to high impedance faults and able to accurately detect the fault line under the electromagnetic coupling circumstance.

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Tsuru, Tooru, Jeon Dae-Hi, and Shiro Haruyama. "Impedance Characteristics of the Metals under Cathodic Protection and Determination of an Optimum Protection Potential." CORROSION ENGINEERING 34, no. 1 (1985): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3323/jcorr1974.34.1_36.

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39

Babu, K. N. Dinesh, Isaac Ramalla, and Katlakanti Mohan Reddy. "Catenary Wire Protection using Self Cleaning Property Nano Silica Coating and Impedance Protection Relay Technique." i-manager's Journal on Circuits and Systems 2, no. 2 (May 15, 2014): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jcir.2.2.2977.

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40

Dinh, Minh-Chau, Minh-Quan Tran, Jae-In Lee, Seok-Ju Lee, Chur Hee Lee, Jongsu Yoon, and Minwon Park. "Suggestion of a New Protection Scheme for a Transmission System Equipped with a Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor." Energies 12, no. 12 (June 12, 2019): 2250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122250.

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A thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) is employed to a transmission line in order to enhance the usable capacity of the present as well as upgraded lines, improve system stability, reduce losses, and improve power flow control capability. However, in an abnormal situation, the TCSC may transit from the existing operation mode to the other mode according to its control system and protection strategy. There is much difference in the impedance of the TCSC between each mode. This threatens the reliability of the conventional protection system, especially the distance relay, that works based on the measurement of line impedance. In this paper, we suggest a new protection scheme for a distance relay of a transmission line equipped with a TCSC. In the suggested method, in order to mitigate the effect of the TCSC in the fault loop, the TCSC injected voltage is subtracted from the measured phase voltage before supplying the voltage signal to the distance relay. The suggested scheme was verified by a real time digital simulator (RTDS)-based closed-loop test bed of a protective relay. The effect of the TCSC in the fault loop was completely mitigated. The distance relay works properly with the suggested scheme.

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Sučević, Nikola, and Sanja Lukić. "Influence of generator excitation system on generator under-impedance protection." Zbornik radova Elektrotehnicki institut Nikola Tesla 29, no. 29 (2019): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zeint29-23935.

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Lee, Jong-Hweon. "A Study on Protection of Generator Asynchronization by Impedance Relaying." Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 60, no. 11 (November 1, 2011): 2000–2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/kiee.2011.60.11.2000.

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Aguilera, C., E. Orduna, and G. Ratta. "Adaptive Noncommunication Protection Based on Traveling Waves and Impedance Relay." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 21, no. 3 (July 2006): 1154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2005.861336.

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Huang, Wentao, Tai Nengling, Xiaodong Zheng, Chunju Fan, Xia Yang, and Brian J. Kirby. "An Impedance Protection Scheme for Feeders of Active Distribution Networks." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 29, no. 4 (August 2014): 1591–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2014.2322866.

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45

Deflorian, F., L. Fedrizzi, and P. L. Bonora. "Impedance study of the corrosion protection properties of fluoropolymer coatings." Progress in Organic Coatings 23, no. 1 (October 1993): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-0655(93)80005-u.

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46

Yan, Wenjin, Wee Kit Ong, Linda Yongling Wu, and Sudesh L. Wijesinghe. "Investigation of Using Sol-Gel Technology for Corrosion Protection Coating Systems Incorporating Colours and Inhibitors." Coatings 9, no. 1 (January 16, 2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9010052.

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Corrosion protection coatings need frequent developments to cater to different challenges arising from users. In addition to a long lasting corrosion protection, aesthetic requirements and multi-functional properties by the same coating system are prominent demands to be considered. Productivity is another vital factor to be considered, as there is a thriving demand from users to have more productive coating systems, such as a smaller number of layers in a system. Thus, attention to using different coating technologies is an essential step to fulfil these demands. This work investigates the use of sol-gel technology as a topcoat on a zinc rich primer to form a two-coat system. A colored sol-gel topcoat on a zinc primer was developed as a two-coat system to replace the current three or multi-coat systems to improve productivity while maintaining the sacrificial protective capability. The overall corrosion protection performance together with the color retaining capability was evaluated in this development. As another step forward, the development of sol-gel technology as a topcoat with additional inhibitive corrosion protection was investigated. Two corrosion inhibitors, namely molybdate and cerium(III), were loaded onto suitable inorganic oxide carriers and then incorporated into sol-gel coatings to provide an inhibitive protection other than the barrier protection. The corrosion performance of the coatings was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Sol-gel coating with a cerium(III) system attained the highest impedance and proved to be the best candidate. The mechanical and physical properties of the coating systems are tested using international standard methods.

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Liang, Xu, Zha, and Wang. "Adaptability Analysis of Fault Component Distance Protection on Transmission Lines Connected to Photovoltaic Power Stations." Energies 12, no. 8 (April 25, 2019): 1578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081578.

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Photovoltaic (PV) power stations tend to have a relatively weak infeed characteristic, unlike conventional synchronous generators. The limited overcurrent capability of power electronic devices and the controllability of grid-connected inverters mean that PV power stations will cause changes in the characteristics of faults on transmission lines. To analyze the adaptability of fault component distance protection on transmission lines connected to PV power stations, a unified phasor expression for the fault current of a PV power station side under various control strategies was deduced in this paper. This expression is then used to derive the equivalent impedance on the PV power station side and the additional impedance. The equivalent impedance and additional impedance are affected greatly by the active and reactive power commands, control targets, and fault conditions. These aspects of a PV power station may cause malfunctions, which can thereby reduce the reliability of fault component distance protection on transmission lines connected to PV power stations. A simulation model of a PV power station was established in PSCAD/EMTDC and the correctness of theoretical analysis was verified by the simulation results.

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Shah, Pragnesh, and Bhavesh Bhalja. "Anti-islanding Protection of Distributed Generation Using Rate of Change of Impedance." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 14, no. 5 (August 8, 2013): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2012-0064.

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Abstract Distributed Generation (DG), which is interlinked with distribution system, has inevitable effect on distribution system. Integrating DG with the utility network demands an anti-islanding scheme to protect the system. Failure to trip islanded generators can lead to problems such as threats to personnel safety, out-of-phase reclosing, and degradation of power quality. In this article, a new method for anti-islanding protection based on impedance monitoring of distribution network is carried out in presence of DG. The impedance measured between two phases is used to derive the rate of change of impedance (dz/dt), and its peak values are used for final trip decision. Test data are generated using PSCAD/EMTDC software package and the performance of the proposed method is evaluated in MatLab software. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme as it is capable to detect islanding condition accurately. Subsequently, it is also observed that the proposed scheme does not mal-operate during other disturbances such as short circuit and switching event.

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Yang, Ming-Ta, and Li-Feng Chang. "Optimal Protection Coordination for Microgrid under Different Operating Modes." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/404086.

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Significant consequences result when a microgrid is connected to a distribution system. This study discusses the impacts of bolted three-phase faults and bolted single line-to-ground faults on the protection coordination of a distribution system connected by a microgrid which operates in utility-only mode or in grid-connected mode. The power system simulation software is used to build the test system. The linear programming method is applied to optimize the coordination of relays, and the relays coordination simulation software is used to verify if the coordination time intervals (CTIs) of the primary/backup relay pairs are adequate. In addition, this study also proposes a relays protection coordination strategy when the microgrid operates in islanding mode during a utility power outage. Because conventional CO/LCO relays are not capable of detecting high impedance fault, intelligent electrical device (IED) combined with wavelet transformer and neural network is proposed to accurately detect high impedance fault and identify the fault phase.

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Yang, Shuanqiang, Shu Zhu, and Ruoyu Hong. "Graphene Oxide/Polyaniline Nanocomposites Used in Anticorrosive Coatings for Environmental Protection." Coatings 10, no. 12 (December 12, 2020): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10121215.

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In recent years, metal corrosion causes serious threats to the economy of the world and the living environment. Hence, it is very important to seek non-toxic and environmentally friendly materials with metal anti-corrosion properties for the sustainable development of society. The barrier properties of graphene oxide (GO) and the special electrochemical property of polyaniline (PANI) can significantly improve the corrosion resistance of metals. Herein, we developed an in-situ polymerization method to prepare graphene oxide/polyaniline (GO/PANI) nanocomposites with unique anti-corrosion properties. The obtained GO/PANI nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermalgravimetric analysis, UV–vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The as-prepared composite materials were uniformly dispersed in epoxy resin to prepare anticorrosive coatings and coated on the surface of steel. The anti-corrosion performance of the coatings was measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization technique. The EIS results showed that the total impedance of epoxy/GO/PANI coatings is greater than epoxy/PANII coatings, and the impedance module value can reach 8.67 × 108 Ω·cm2. In general, it is concluded that the anti-corrosion performance of GO/PANI coating is significantly higher than PANI coating and pure GO coating.

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