Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Impératif'
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Rivier, Raphaële. "Droit impératif et juridiction internationale." Paris 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA020065.
Full textCandat, Justine. "Les restructurations et l'emploi : un impératif d'anticipation." Paris 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA020081.
Full textCamara, Makha. "Repenser la sécurité, un impératif de développement pour l'Afrique." Montpellier 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON30009.
Full textThe break-up of the notion of security, which started at the end of World War II, has become even more marked since the end of the cold war. The State is no longer the only centre of security stakes, as new doctrines on security appears (on human and global security in this case). In Africa, the end of the cold war has opened a new era in which several factors have inevitably implied rethinking the notion of security, and rethinking the security policies implemented. At the end of the cold war, subsaharan Africa lost its strategic importance for the Western world, which until then had been engaged in a global fight against communism. France, which was a major reference in this area, started to withdraw in the early nineties, and has reinforced this attitude since 1994. It is much less implied in security and cooperation policies. The void left by the French has increased the African powers' need for security, wich tends to be met by private security operators, as much in the civil as in the military area. Moreover, the rise in conflicts within the States, and their tendency to take on a regional dimension, has reduced the control of the State over security matters. Far from being mainly related to security matters, the causes of these atrocious conflicts can be found in the failure of policies and the failure of the idea of development that existed until the early 2000s. All these factors imply that security should be rethought. This entails new policies which mean Africans should take control of their own security (these new policies will thus be African, and based on African instruments) and which should be implemented on a regional level (and not only at the level of the State). In the same way, foreign assistance concerning security should be multilateral (and less and less bilateral, at least in terms of conflict management). But whereas in Western countries, the State is less and less at the centre of security, in Africa nothing can be considered without strengthening the institutions of the State, which alone can guarantee the best conditions of security and thus of development. A new and wider idea of security implies a notion of development which should better take into account the situation of the majority of the population, which is excluded, marginalised or in extreme poverty
Hérique, Emmanuel. "Étude de l'interjection "tiens" : contribution à l'étude du phénomène interjectif." Nancy 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NAN21012.
Full textGuénot, Ludovic. "Le droit impératif général ou La quête d' une démocratie universelle." Toulouse 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU10019.
Full textPeremptory norms are a notion little known from public opinion. Yet it is worth knowing because this notion aims to enhance the value of the legal link between individual, people and States. This "constraining" law can be defined like a process constructing a united humanity but no unique, through common interests. From the sixteen century, the international jus Cogens is a product of a ideological speech ; today, hope in "minorities jus cogens", "humanitarian jus cogens", "social jus cogens" provoke a democratic burst of individuals and people
Bouabdallah, Farouk. "L' impératif de protection des actionnaires et les variations du capital social." Lyon 3, 2009. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/in/theses/2009_in_bouabdallah_f.pdf.
Full textThe changes in social capital are common operations whose goals can be multiple. The increase, reduction and damping can be used as tools to ensure a coherent management of the capital, to allow the release of certain shareholders who desire it, or even to facilitate the adjustment of the company by recapitalization. Changes in capital can also be due to more complex financial transactions such as for example merging, splitting, and the issuance of stock options or preference shares. The recognized benefits of the changes in social capital cannot however eclipse the risk incurred by actual or potential shareholders. In view of this situation, the shareholders are not without mean of action. On the contrary, they are numerous : preferential right of subscription, uttering premium for the most know, and readjusting of the rights at the end for the shareholders. Nevertheless, those means are not infallible since the protection of the shareholders almost always yields when the envisaged operations are carried out in the social interest. This last notion is essential to understand the legitimacy of the violation of the shareholder's rights at the time of variations to the social capital. In this case, a clear distinction is made between the interests of the shareholders and the interests of the company, taken as an independent entity. If the envisages variations to the capital are useful and necessary for the company, the shareholder's interests are then put to the background. Only a eventual and unlikely redefinition of the concept of social interest could reverse this trend. Otherwise, the violation of the rights of the shareholder's through the adverse effects of the changes in capital must be considered as normal hazard required by any activity in company
Moreau-Nechelis, Dominique. "L' impératif de qualité en droit comptable actuel : des apports à systématiser." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05D002.
Full textFinancial information of sufficient quality to satisfy the needs of the world of finance can only be obtained through a pre-defined international process based on accounting standards. This process needs to take place within States Law and to be subject to the accounting information system implementation control. Although an essential prerequisite, the implementation of accepted international accounting standards is still not enough to ensure reliable financial information. Companies must apply these norms to the highest standards. France is an interesting case as it shows a compromise between adopting international standards whilst retaining its own national financial information process. The use of a dual system is however not desirable in the long run. The search for an alternative which protects each party's interest i. E. The companies and the State is a huge challenge
Dupréelle, Karine. "La régionalisation en Afrique orientale : entre impératif de développement et dynamiques politiques." Lille 1, 2001. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2001/50374-2001-5-6.pdf.
Full textPrin, Christian. "Excentration, extimité, hiatus : le réel se situe dans l'intervalle : structure et temps, excentration et extimité." Paris 8, 2004. http://octaviana.fr/document/184660149#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full textA series of apparently homologous formulations are conjoining, which, from philosophy to end of philosophy and to the anti-philosophy closures, leave problematic the always possible superposition of crucial proposals of dialectic (to hear prevalence of the process) and of " structure ". A point of real (réel), like impossibility of the logical modality, introduces the principle of inconsistency in the heart itself of contemporary logics, parallel to the principle of internal contradiction like rational core. It is this gap which is questioned, on the thirty year old spectrum spent, where the dialectical " schema " has to try out an element which denies it : Lacan. The category of time thus in particular is aimed, like that of jouissance [i. E. As distinct from the pleasure]
Perrin, Isabelle. "L'impératif en anglais et les opérations énonciatives." Paris 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA030021.
Full textWithin the framework of culioli's theory of enunciative operations, this study aims at defining a fundamental linguistic operation common to all imperative utterances, in spite of the numerous values they elicit (order, request, advice, condition, etc. ). On the basis of a corpus made of genuine examples, the analysis proceeds from a diachronic and synchronic study which leads to the proposition of a new theoretical hypothesis about the nature of the english imperative -- a hypothesis then corroborated against actual linguistic phenomena
Kerneis, Gabriel. "Continuation-Passing C : Transformations de programmes pour compiler la concurrence dans un langage impératif." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00751444.
Full textKrupa, Renata. "Les injonctions en polonais." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040192.
Full textThe analysis of the injunctions in Polish is carried out within the pragmatic and enunciation theoretical framework. The injunction is defined as an illocutionary directive act which aims at the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of the action by the hearer. The author starts by presupposing that there is no shape of statement which conveys in itself the injunctive value. Only the actualizing of a statement in a given context allows to define the injunctive value which appears as a continuum going from soft injunction to categorical injunction. The actualizing in question asks for combination and interaction between the situation of speaking, the various semantic, syntactic, meta-informative and expressive markers, and the taking into account of the extra-linguistic factors. The concept of injunction allows to notice the supremacy of the functional criterion (the purpose of the injunction) over the purely formal criterion (the structure of the injunction). The notion of honorification offers a frame of description allowing to acknowledge the differences between the not-distant domain and the distant domain, which leads to establishing a hierarchy between diverse injunctive uses
Denizot, Camille. "Les formes de l'injonction en grec ancien : étude linguistique." Rouen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ROUEL621.
Full textThis work aims to describe and explain the different linguistic forms used to express orders and prohibitions in ancient Greek, from a synchronic point of view. The main perspective is a pragmatic one : the notion of command (a binding form of directive act) is the basis of the study, which follows a morpho-syntactic order. The corpus contains literary texts from archaic and classic period (Homeric poems, Hesiod, Aeschylus, Herodotus, Aristophanes, Lysias, and several dialogues of Plato). First, we try to find the linguistic characteristics of every directive act ; then we study the typical verbal forms of orders (imperative, subjunctive and infinitive), which directly express the directive act. The reasons why these different forms are employed are examined from several points of view (syntactic, aspectual, semantic and pragmatic ones). Finally, our work deals with indirect forms of order, which introduce a further factor in the typology of linguistic expression of order, politeness
Charbonnel, David. "Une relecture des lois du service public." Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0049.
Full textReviewing the laws of public service means questioning the foundation of the three principles — equality, continuity, mutability — that have been firmly rooted and widely known, for about a century, as structuring the specific legal regime of all public services. It also means questioning the developments of these general principles in a profoundly renewed context and, through it, the durability of the public service itself, as a legal object. To do so, two review levels are employed. On the one hand, we have to go back over the theoretical set of the laws of equality, continuity and mutability, which have become subsidiary to economic and managerial imperatives and as such no longer seem to be the most important considerations in the legal thought system of public services. However, they continue to ensure the unity of the notion of public service, a notion reduced to its bare bones. On the other hand, we have to reconsider each of the laws separately, in their content. The respective meanings of the three principles have changed and « new principles » are being sought, these being essentially newer variations of those. A tendency to give more consideration to the individuals involved when applying the laws can be observed but must not be exaggerated, as the laws of public service are continuing to express the objectivist spirit of the public service
Guenad, Mohammed. "Sayyid Qutb et son impératif de la rupture au sein du monde musulman contemporain, au nom de l'islam." Paris 10, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA100026.
Full textThe subject of the study relates to Sayyid Qutb one of the Moslem thinkers most influential of the twentieth century, within the fundamentalist movement militant in Egypt and abroad, in its writings in particular, its theories on the jâhiliyya, hâkimiyya. It is a reading in the life and the thought, of the poet, the teacher, the journalist, the literary critic and one of the thinker of the contemporary Islamic movement carried out in 1966 by Nasser for conspiracy against the mode. This study puts the light on the factors of intellectual transformation of Qutb before July 1952 and its appearance like one of the principal ideologists of association of the Moslem brothers. Thus, an overall picture of the career of Qutb is also presented. The results indicate that Qutb was a product of a company which had passed by political and cultural dislocations at one time when the transition from Egypt of a company traditional to a modem society occurred. This study also seeks to analyze the influence of Qutb on the radical groups, say «Qutbistes». This core of ideas «Qutbistes». Which is in the center of current terrorism
Chiribagula, Nyumpa-Bashimba. "Vers une réforme du droit fiscal congolais: rationalisation du système d'imposition et de fiscalisation des activités économiques informelles :un impératif?" Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211311.
Full textFloricic, Franck. "Aspects de la négation en italien : le cas des marqueurs "non" et "nessuno"." Paris 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA030115.
Full textGuerte, Yves. "Dérivation de programmes impératifs à partir de spécifications algébriques." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004992.
Full textFleurent, Catherine. "La phrase impérative en français formel et informel d'un point de vue syntaxique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25918.
Full textFrom a syntactic point of view, the imperative clause presents some salient characteristics. This study tries to reconstitute its structure to understand the mechanics at work. I propose a syntactic tree in which the subject projection is present hosting a phonetically null subject with grammatical and semantic properties. The left periphery of the imperative clause reveals no change. As for the verbal projections, they are morphologically meagre : lack of tense and impoverishment of the person. However, in some languages, the aspectual projection plays an important role. A characteristic of the imperative that many searchers had worked on is the clitic placement. The data shows that the pronominal object clitics take place after the imperative verb (enclitics) as opposed to the declarative clause in which the clitics take place before the verb (proclitics). Finally, the language register acts not only on the clitic placement, but also on their form.
Lhuillier, Vincent. "Liberté et objectivité dans l'économie politique pure de Léon Walras : essai épistémologique sur la conciliation d'un impératif moral et d'une exigence scientifique." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010010.
Full textAlvarez-Pereyre, Michael. "Aspects de la construction du sens de l’impératif anglais." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040130.
Full textThis study analyzes the English imperative in the framework of Pierre Cotte’s textual-gramatical semantics. It hypothesizes that the grammar of imperatives is iconic, i.e. motivated to some degree. The study describes the construction of meaning of requests found in a corpus of contemporary North-American films and isolates the specific contribution of imperatives. The elements verbalized in an imperative clause and those not verbalizedin it are actually both often verbalized in other phases of a request. This suggests that the imperative is a linguistic-cognitive attitude adopted by the speaker: the structure manifests and imposes a relationship of immediacy with the signs and with the action. The imperative command is therefore cognitive first, which explains the cases where an imperativedoes not require the hearer to act. The hypo-semiotic verbalization of the action may also mimic a refusal of the processes that produce connected speech, thus anticipating an exit from talk to action.Keywords: English imperative, iconicity, requests, film corpus, enunciation, textual semantics, grammatical semantics, enunciative linguistics
Marquer, Yoann. "Caractérisation impérative des algorithmes séquentiels en temps quelconque, primitif récursif ou polynomial." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1121/document.
Full textColson and Moschovakis results cast doubt on the ability of the primitive recursive model to compute a value by any means possible : the model may be complete for functions but there is a lack of algorithms. So the Church thesis express more what can be computed than how the computation is done. We use Gurevich thesis to formalize the intuitive idea of sequential algorithm by the Abstract States Machines (ASMs).We formalize the imperative programs by Jones' While language, and a variation LoopC of Meyer and Ritchie's language allowing to exit a loop if some condition is fulfilled. We say that a language characterizes an algorithmic class if the associated models of computations can simulate each other using a temporal dilatation and a bounded number of temporary variables. We prove that the ASMs can simulate While and LoopC, that if the space is primitive recursive then LoopC is primitive recursive in time, and that its restriction LoopC_stat where the bounds of the loops cannot be updated is in polynomial time. Reciprocally, one step of an ASM can be translated into a program without loop, which can be repeated enough times if we insert it onto a program in While for a general complexity, in LoopC for a primitive recursive complexity, and in LoopC_stat for a polynomial complexity.So While characterizes the sequential algorithms, LoopC the algorithms in primitive recursive space and time, and LoopC_stat the polynomial time algorithms
campos, Adriana. "« J’ouïs ! », la soumission au temps des non-dupes : sur le surmoi à notre époque." Thesis, Paris 8, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA080117.
Full textThis thesis approaches the study of contemporary society by the application of the psychoanalytic concept, which was placed by Sigmund Freud at the junction of subjectivity and civilization: the superego. What becomes of the superego when subjects no longer adhere to the father’s or the tradition’s dictates? Which imperatives command at the time of non-dupes?The concept of the superego is not easily definable. As we try to understand what it is, its paradoxical character impedes an unambiguous definition. For that reason we dedicate the first part of this thesis to clarify what the superego is.Once this task is achieved, we apply the concept of the superego to understand two concrete issues. Firstly, a specific clinical aspect of the contemporary era, which we have called "ordinary sadness"; and secondly, a specific social phenomenon that clearly falls within the notion of the "call of pure jouissance”, namely jihadism. To better situate the latter, we go back to the three monotheistic religions that, despite being ancient, are still present today in Western civilization: Judaism, Catholicism and Islam. We try to establish how each of these religions addresses the notion of fault, which is at the essence of the superego
Dufeu, Pierre-Yves. "Le syntagme verbal isolé à l'impératif en français (XIIe-XVIIe siècle) : étude morphologique, sémantique et syntaxique." Paris 4, 2000. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00949399.
Full textBedu, Clémence. "Quand une citadelle technique se (sou)met à l'épreuve de l'"impératif délibératif" : récit et analyse pragmatique d'une procédure de type "mini public" dans le domaine de l'eau potable." Strasbourg, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00593368.
Full textParticipative and deliberative procedures founded upon reliance on the average citizen are seeing an increasing relevance within today’s democracies, characterized by their challenging of the delegation of decision-making to the Representative and the Expert, and by the User’s rising political power in local politics. These instances of "democratising democratcy” have been studied extensively in the academic world. By starting with an analysis of a scheme to democratize drinking water provision within an urban community, conducted within the framework of action research, this study focuses on a few neglected points of view in academic writing: how is a participatory project for citizens received and experienced within an organization that originally requested their participation? How do regular citizens go about thinking and producing a collective report within a “mini-public” framework, and what influences the trajectory of this collective product? How does this initiative in citizen participation impact its protagonists and the local political system, in the absence of controversy? In order to test the hypothesis of technical democracy in detail, an inductive approach has been developed, inspired by pragmatic sociology. On the one hand this work will endeavor to contribute theoretically, by describing deliberative activity, and on the other, operationally, provided that local “mini-public” participative approaches are treated with seriousness and efficiency
Blazy, Sandrine. "Sémantiques formelles." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00336576.
Full textKor, Chahine Irina. "'Esli' et l'expression de la condition en russe moderne." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00452520.
Full textAuger, Cédric. "Compilation certifiée de SCADE/LUSTRE." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00818169.
Full textBain-Thouverez, Justine. "L’intégrité du déchet face aux impératifs environnementaux et économiques." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA111014.
Full textWaste was previously apprehended along the classic summa division of public and private law while concealing its environmental dimension. This traditional distinction has been called into question ever since the notion of waste has gradually expanded in view of economic and environmental issues. The unity of the notion of waste around his inherent parts is now necessary. The ambivalent nature of waste dictates us to go further than this division of law. In order to respect waste’s integrity and its true nature, environmental law must work together with other branches of law towards a co-production that implies mutual constraints. Defining the different ways these legal disciplines collaborate constitutes the study’s objective. These are founded on one hand, on waste management’s integration into market laws, ensuring the meeting of environmental and economical considerations and on the other hand, on the application of competition law to waste management when practices integrate an environmental aspect. Only once the interactions between environmental and economical imperatives are defined can waste’s unity be recognised
Bourdoncle, François Jérôme. "Sémantiques des langages impératifs d'ordre superieur et interprétation abstraite." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992EPXX0023.
Full textIhsen, Saad. "Conception d'un système d'aide à l'ordonnancement tenantcompte des impératifs économiques." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00162379.
Full textPonsini, Olivier. "Des programmes impératifs vers la logique équationnelle pour la vérification." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00090688.
Full textDufeu, Pierre-Yves. "Le syntagme verbal isolé à l'impératif en français (XIIe-XVIIe siècle) - Etude morphologique, lexico-sémantique et syntaxique." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Sorbonne - Paris IV, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00949399.
Full textMakaga, Pea Vivien Patrice. "La souveraineté des Etats africains au 21e siècle : impératifs et menaces." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020027.
Full textColonization then independence require a deep knowledge of Africa in all its geographic, historical, demographic, ethnic, religious and political diversity. Where does Africa stand today as regards economic and political freedom and good governance? Independence has not been given to the people but was rather entrusted to the independence opponents and was maintained in their hands for almost 50 years. Power which is the independence’s concrete expression and sovereignty its symbol have been diverted and given to individuals chosen by the colonial power. Hence, through an intermediary, the colonizer was still in fact managing people’s fate. In order to free itself from dependence, Africa shall supply a tremendous effort by gathering its intellectual, spiritual, moral, material and scientific strengths. Since models cannot be copied, Africa-in order to achieve its goal-will have to build its own patterns from scratch and tailor them to suit various societies. Such models shall be implemented by national and local innovative stakeholders as well as States so-called “nurseryman”. By doing so, the youth will develop themselves through training, funding, organizational and association systems altogether constituent of ecosystem and mutual dependence within African territories. Digital revolution, information technologies and communication have been a game-changer both in Africa and in the rest of the world. Civil society rise in power by the assertion of people’s power is now manifest
Saad, Ihsen. "Conception d'un système d'aide à l'ordonnancement tenant compte des impératifs économiques." Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ECLI0007.
Full textOur works deal with the implementation of methodologies for production resolution and optimization taking into consideration economic imperatives, which are important parts in industrial manufacturing control. For the flexible job-shop problem, five criteria are considered : Makespan, the workload of the critical machine, the total workload of machines, the penalties of earliness/tardiness and the production cost. In this direction, the decision and evaluation problems are introduced and studied, and three integrated approaches, based on genetic algorithms, improving evolutionary approaches which exist in the literature, are presented : static method based on Choquet's integral, approached method based on the Pareto-optimality concept as well as the method based on the concept of ε-dominance Pareto-optimality. The proposed approaches are used to generate a variety of optimal solutions needed to help the decision-maker, when he can not give a particular preference to one of the objective functions. Proposed results, obtained globally for the overall of criteria, are successfully compared with those obtained by other existing approaches on several benchmarks presenting different complexities
Pietrancosta, Alain. "Le droit des sociétés sous l'effet des impératifs financiers et boursiers." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010267.
Full textBurou-Strauser, Joëlle. "Eléments pour une archéologie de la loi." Metz, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2006/Burou.Joelle.LMZ0611.pdf.
Full textThe research intends to go back to the principale of law, from the exploitation of the various meanings of the word "law" and of its diverse uses within several discursive and pratical fields. From the uses of the term to the different concepts and theories of the law, be it in its "descriptives" and / or it "prescriptive" meaning, the path followed enables a way to ask differently the question of its possible foundation, to question the nature of universality and necessity that were conferred to it for a long time, as well as put to light the enigma of the law, to confront it to the rules et to re examine the normative dimension engraved in all human life forms
Rakibi, Amal. "L' utilisation duale des technologies spatiales : entre impératifs sécuritaires et émancipation commerciale." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA111025.
Full textMaingaud, Séverine. "Certification de programmes impératifs en logique dynamique : le cas du lambda-calcul avec références." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077200.
Full textWe present a formal System of software verification, MLDL, dedicated to an untyped S\lambdaS-calculus with higher-order references (MLimp) and call-by-value evaluation. MLDL follows a certification approach which consists in proving the correspondence between a program and its specification. MLDL is based on a second-order dynamic logic which combines purely logical deduction steps with symbolic evaluation. There are three types of modality in MLDL: the box of dynamic logic is adapted to MLimp where each program is an expression, updates represents local modifications of the memory and a specific binder (the v-binder) supports allocation of new memory cell. The thesis consists oftwo parts: a syntactic part devoted to the presentation ofMLDL and a semantic part devoted to the construction of a model of MLDL in order to prove the consistency of the formalism. The model ofMLDL is built on a denotational model of MLimp where congruent (through symbolic evaluation) programs belong to the same équivalence class. This denotational model is built with standard techniques ofsolving equations in the category ofdcpos and the category of cpos with injections- projections. We also develop a theory ofgroup action on the dcpo (especially applied to the group of permutations of addresses) and a notion of domination over programs and stores by a set of addresses. These new tools allow to deal with issues of well-foundness and invariance associated with the manipulation of memory locations
Katakpaou, Toure Moudassirou. "La problèmatique de la coopération du Togo avec ses voisins (impératifs économiques et problèmesinstitutionnels)." Lille 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LIL20001.
Full textThe geographical position of Togo allowed him to dessert the neighbouring countries, particularly the enclaved one of sahel. Despite its small area and a modest economical potential Togo has an important role in commercial and economical relations between west african countries. This situation seems to bring advantages to the economy of Togo, thanks to the development of transit activities towards the neighbouring countries. But we have to keep in mind that this situation prevent to some extent a real cooperation in the region. There are too many cooperation organizations in the region. Their number is to be reduced and their economical policy oriented towards production activities
Vialaron, Laurence. "L'expression de l'interdiction en russe moderne." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3037.
Full textThis thesis is dedicated to prohibitive commands in modern Russian and studies the various speech strategies expressing negative commands. Prohibitive speech acts correspond to compulsory and performative utterances urging the non-accomplishment of an action perceived as undesirable by the speaker. Due to this utterance, the addressee has no other option than compliance, which was not the case before.Prohibitive commands are expressed at various communication levels and by a wide range of linguistic means: pragmatic, syntactic or lexical.Besides performative utterances, prohibition can be expressed by utterances with a prohibitive illocutionary force, including indirect speech acts. Although negative commands can be expressed by various strategies, they are not interchangeable. On the one hand, any negative command cannot be used in all contexts and in addition, the registers are different.On the other hand, the disparities in the illocutionary force of command of the various prohibitive strategies could be established. The illocutionary force of a prohibitive command both results from the selected linguistic strategy, but also from the means of modulation that can be used.This study enabled us to establish a typology of negative commands. The latter can be displayed in three categories: utterances whose prohibitive meaning occurs exceptionally, usually prohibitive utterances and invariably prohibitive utterances. Furthermore, the evolution of the Russian language has to be taken into account, among others by a contamination effect from European languages. This evolution leads to a less frequent resort to the strongest prohibitive commands, as well as to the increasing use of politeness strategies
Delporte, François-Xavier. "La prédominance des impératifs économiques dans la libre circulation des travailleurs de la Communauté européenne." Lille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LIL20023.
Full textThe mobility of the migrant workers meet 2 difficulties. First of all, the free workers circulation is broken down into two elements : the salaried employees and the self-employed whose interests differ. Secondly, there is a broken in the social protection of the migrant workers although the provisions of the 1 408/71 settling. Far from searching for a development of a migrant worker status, the Community law studies the free circulation from the egality of wage between economic agents who act on the same market
Gracia, Alain. "Les impératifs en prothèse adjointe complète : apports des racines sous-prothétiques et des techniques implantaires." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2OC02.
Full textTouzi, Sarra. "La nécessaire évolution des impératifs d'équité et d'efficacité dans la gestion de l'eau potable en Tunisie." Phd thesis, Université Pascal Paoli, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00712585.
Full textViret, Marie-Pierre. "Le principe de bonne foi et le droit des sûretés : essai d'une conciliation entre impératifs contradictoires." Avignon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AVIGXXXX.
Full textFerstler, Sabrina. "Exister dans l'espace humanitaire : Médecins du monde, des impératifs de conformation aux évolutions identitaires (1980-2015)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAG020.
Full textThis PhD originated as a commission from the NGO Doctors of the World, taking the form of a CIFRE fellowship. The organization was trying to boost its recognition domestically and internationally by working on its humanitarian practices, as well as refine its distinctive identity. This research ended up examining the conditions of existence of a NGO in the humanitarian space as one of the main contemporary French NGOs. This status is identified as the outcome of successive adjustments to conform to outside demands (competition-related or from backers) in an organization of volunteer doctors that initially stood out by its refusal to be “professionals of poverty”. These adjustments have had consequences in terms of forms of presentation, of organization, hiring and orientations, characterized by a number of tensions and contradictions. They are explored using a variety of tools (discourse analysis, sociography of actors, observation of mobilizations, etc.), ultimately showing how the organization’s identity has been (re)created and refashioned to fit the ambivalent but inevitable managerialization of the practices and representations of the people who make the NGO exist
Caruana, Nicolas. "La fiscalité environnementale : entre impératifs fiscaux et objectifs environnementaux : une approche conceptuelle de la fiscalité environnementale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1022/document.
Full textAlways mentioned amongst market based-instruments for cost-effective environmental policy, studied by many economists, environmental taxation is ignored by legal opinion and represent only a small amount of tax revenue. This paradox can mostly be explained by the way environnemental taxation is defined.Most of the time seen as exo-taxes, environmental taxation is tackled analytically, through the criteria established prima facie. Using this way of reasoning is not only insufficient to show all the ways the environment can be protected with environmental taxation, but is also preventing the emergence of a real concept of environmental taxation. This concept, that we are trying to define, is multidimensional ; it can be seen from different angles : legal, economic, political and/or scientific.Questioning the foundations of environmental taxation (principles such as the polluter-pay principle, the prevention principle, the precautionary principle...) and the way professors of law define it, will show that a paradigm shift is needed, to bring a concept of environmental taxation into light. Marked by its environmental efficiency, environmental taxation does not actually include the issues, nor has the beneficial consequences that politicians may imagine
Malam, Mamane Sani Ibrahim. "Entre insécurités alimentaires et impératifs culturels au Niger : le cas du département de Gouré en 2005." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA1023.
Full textIn a Sahelian country like Niger, the space dedicated to food is culturally rich for learnings. However, there are a few writings which make this as a valid sociologically subject of study. This reflection gives itself a taskto analyze the scope of cultural determinants in the occurence of famines. Based on socio-anthropological materials, this thesis highlights social governance to explain the salience of subsistence crises. Despite the weight of cultural factors underlying consumption model of the people in Goure, it is intellectually risky to assert that food taboos may constitute serious causes of food shortages in this part of Niger which faces a succession of food production deficit. However, our contribution shows that these taboos remain enhancing element, especially in high-traditional belief backgrounds. The methodology used in this approach is based on qualitative and quantitative methods using the following collection tools : semi-structured interview guides, focus groups and a questionnaire type KAP (knpwledge, attitudes, practices)
Doessant, Benoît. "Le transport maritime d’hydrocarbures. Les compagnies pétrolières françaises entre impératifs économiques et obligation de pavillon (1918-1998)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040227.
Full textThe question of maritime transport is nerve since the beginning of the oil industry in 1859 for an essential reason: the places of production, processing and consumption are distinct and often separated by oceans. It is necessary therefore to carry much of the crude oil from a limited number of producer countries to the rest of the world with specialized vessels - tankers - over long distances. This trend is reinforced throughout the twentieth century with the discovery of large oil reserves in the Middle East and Africa. In general, the development of the world tanker fleet is following loan increased production and consumption of oil. The shipping of oil is still very far from today's form of international trade the most important - a third - with more than two billion tons carried per year to report to 100 million tons in 1935 and 500 million tons in 1960. France, drawing the consequences supply difficulties of petroleum products during the First World War, fixed throughout the twentieth century binding rules to oil companies by imposing the obligation to import two-thirds of their needs under the national flag. Now they are facing the problem of structuring the French merchant navy: the high operating costs of the fleet. This research seeks to understand the strategies used by these companies to deliver the best possible conditions in the oil to France, despite the obligation of French flag. Beyond this is why oil companies have ended up abandoning their naval armaments despite the legislative framework. Total, oil French company, retired in 1993 from the shipping business. Today, ships under the French flag belonging to Belgian or Norwegian shipowners, but in no case French
Protzenko, Jonathan. "Mezzo : a typed language for safe effectful concurrent programs." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077159.
Full textThe present dissertation argues that better programming languages can be designed and implemented, so as to provide greater safety and reliability for computer programs. I sustain my daims through the example of Mezzo, a programming language in the tradition of ML, which I co-designed and implemented. Programs written in Mezzo enjoy stronger properties than programs written in traditional ML languages: they are data-race free; state changes can be tracked by the type system; a central notion of ownership facilitates modular reasoning. Mezzo is not the first attempt at designing a better programming language; hence, a first part strives to position Mezzo relative to other works in the literature. I present landmark results in the field, which served either as sources of inspiration or points of comparison. The subsequent part is about the design of the Mezzo language. Using a variety of examples, I illustrate the language features as well as the safety gains that one obtains by writing their programs in Mezzo. In a subsequent part, I formalize the semantics of the Mezzo language. Mezzo is not just a type system that lives on paper: the fmal part describes the implementation of a type-checker for Mezzo, by formalizing the algorithms that I designed and the various ways the type-checker ensures that a program is valid