Academic literature on the topic 'Imperiul Mongol'
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Journal articles on the topic "Imperiul Mongol"
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Tiberiu, Tănase. "Începuturile serviciilor de informații." Intelligence Info 1, no. 1 (2022): 72–75. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8026239.
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Recenzie: Francis Dvornik: Începuturile serviciilor de informații – Orientul Apropiat antic, Persia, Grecia, Roma, Bizanț, Imperiile musulmane arabe, Imperiul Mongol, China, Cnezatul Moscovei, Meteor Press, 2021
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Aigle, Denise. "Le grand jasaq de Gengis-khan, l'empire, la culture mongole et la shari'a." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 47, no. 1 (2004): 31–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852004323069394.
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AbstractMongol law, the jasaq, has provided the basis for a long tradition of studies which were inaugurated by Petis de la Croix in 1710. He was the first to define a list of precepts of the jasaq, but without taking into consideration either the chronology or their origins. Most subsequent scholars dealing with the question revived this same vision of the jasaq. Debate was especially focused on whether or not the Mongols possessed a written code of laws. But, until now, little discussion has taken place concerning what the jasaq represented for the Mongols themselves and how this Mongol law was perceived by Mediaeval authors who, on the whole, confused the imperial edicts (jasaq) with customs (yosun). The present article is an attempt to clarify these issues. The author examines the jasaq in its politico-cultural context and, in particular, the analysis of the precepts takes into consideration shamanism, the Mongol system of representations. Reasons for the lack of understanding by Muslims of certain customs in disharmony with Islam are thereby highlighted, reasons which led them to see, in the jasaq, an equivalent of the sharī'a: a Mongol order imposed on populations which had fallen under their domination. La loi mongole, le jasaq, a donné lieu à une longue tradition d'études qui fut inaugurée par Petis de la Croix au XVIIe siècle. Il fut le premier à dresser une liste des préceptes du jasaq, sans tenir compte de la chronologie des sources et de leur provenance. Les chercheurs qui se sont penchés par la suite sur cette question ont repris, pour la plupart d'entre eux, cette vision du jasaq. Le débat s'est surtout focalisé sur l'existence ou non d'un code de loi écrit chez les Mongols. Mais, jusqu'à présent, il a été peu discuté de ce que le jasaq représentait pour les Mongols eux-mêmes et comment cette loi mongole a été perçue par les auteurs médiévaux qui confondaient, la plupart du temps, les édités impériaux (jasaq) et les coutumes (yosun). Cet article fait le point sur ces questions. L'auteur examine le jasaq dans son contexte politico-culturel et, en particulier, il prend en compte, dans l'analyse des préceptes, le système de représentations des Mongols, le chamanisme. Il met ainsi en lumière les raisons de l'incompréhension, de la part des musulmans, de certaines coutumes en désaccord avec l'islam, ce qui les a conduits à voir dans le jasaq l'équivalent de la sharī'a: un ordre mongol imposé aux populations tombées sous leur domination.
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Biran, Michal. "Introduction." Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques 71, no. 4 (2018): 1051–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asia-2017-0015.
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Abstract The Mongol empire (1206–1368) caused massive transformations in the composition and functioning of elites across Eurasia. While the Mongols themselves obviously became the new Eurasian elite, their small number as compared to the huge territory over which they ruled and their initial inexperience in administrating sedentary realms meant that many of their subjects also became part of the new multi-ethnic imperial elite. Mongol preferences, and the high level of mobility—both spatial and social—that accompanied Mongol conquests and rule, dramatically changed the characteristics of elites in both China and the Muslim world: While noble birth could be instrumental in improving one’s status, early surrender to Chinggis Khan; membership in the Mongol imperial guards (keshig); and especially, qualifications—such as excellence in warfare, administration, writing in Mongolian script or astronomy to name but a few—became the main ways to enter elite circles. The present volume translates and analyzes biographies of ten members of this new elite—from princes through generals, administrators, and vassal kings, to scientists and artists; including Mongols, Koreans, Chinese and Muslims—studied by researchers working at the project “Mobility, Empire and Cross Cultural Contacts in Mongol Eurasia” at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The annotated biographies assembled here not only add new primary sources—translated from Chinese, Persian and Arabic—to the study of the Mongol Empire. They also provide important insights into the social history of the period, illuminating issues such as acculturation (of both the Mongols and their subjects), Islamization, family relations, ethnicity, imperial administration, and scientific exchange.
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Drobyshev, Yuliy. "Reflection of Mongolian imperial ideas in the medieval Byzantium sources." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 1 (2022): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080013354-6.
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The article uses materials of Byzantine historical works of the XIII-XIV centuries to further develop the author’s work in the sphere of Imperial ideology of the medieval Mongols. The special geopolitical position of Byzantium, as well as controversies among descendants of Genghis Khan, have caused peculiarities of its relations with the Mongol Empire, and later with the states of Juchids and Khulaguids, and allowed it to remain independent. Byzantine historians described the Mongols from the position of external observers, so their information is relatively scarce, but important for understanding the goals of the Mongol conquerors in the region and their views on the world order. Analysis of information provided by George Pachymeres, Nicephorus Gregoras, and other Byzantine intellectuals suggests that the Mongol leaders demonstrated considerable flexibility in their foreign policy and did not show any claims to world domination. The sources also reproduce a number of stories concerning the Mongols, which are also known from the Christian historiography of the South Caucasus and the Middle East, in particular, they speak out the idea of nomads who invaded the cultural lands as a “scourge of God”, but they are still far from an eschatological interpretation of the Mongol invasion and do not interpret it in terms of “the whole world”. They do not express thoughts about the need to submit to this inevitable evil. Byzantine authors describe quite accurately the goals of Mongol conquest campaigns and diplomatic activities of the Mongol leaders. It can be assumed that relations between Byzantium and the Mongol states were built on an equal basis, or the Byzantine authors carefully avoided any hints of inequality in their works. The image of Genghis Khan drawn in the analyzed sources does not contain anything messianic or heroic; moreover, not all authors know who exactly was a founder of the Mongol Empire, and they attribute the leadership of Genghis Khan’s military campaigns to his descendants. Thus, the Mongol “imperialism” in the Byzantine sources is very poorly traced, which, however, does not detract from their value in reconstruction of the mental climate of the Mongol Empire and its historical successors.
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Drobyshev, Yuliy. "Reflection of Mongolian Imperial Ideas in Medieval Japanese Sources. Part 1." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 2 (2025): 47. https://doi.org/10.31696/s086919080033989-4.
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Like many other Eurasian countries, Japan also became an object of Mongol aggression in XIII century. The founder of the Mongol Yuan dynasty Qubilai (1215-1294, ruled 1260-1294) tried both diplomatically and militarily to achieve its subjugation, but neither he nor his descendants were able to do so. Apparently, at first Qubilai sought only recognition of his seniority, which he needed to raise his prestige in the eyes of both the Mongols and the already conquered peoples, but later he intended to include Japan in his empire. The article discusses ideological aspects of this confrontation, during which claims of the Mongol ruler to hegemony in East Asia were manifested, modeled on the Chinese foreign policy doctrine and preserving certain elements of the steppe imperial tradition. Despite that Qubilai’s letters written in “world-building” rhetoric, have been preserved in Japanese sources, and he is actually positioned as “Son of Heaven”, for the Japanese, the Mongols and their allies were not carriers of high political ideas, but pirates and robbers. Therefore, the Japanese literature is devoid of any hints that it is necessary to submit to the Mongols world order. On the contrary, the Japanese military government managed to repel both attacks, and the widely-known typhoons were actually of secondary importance. However, a myth of kamikaze was beneficial to both sides: it justified defeat of Yuan warlords and strengthened fighting spirit of Japanese, who even more strongly believed in the divine protection of their country. In Japanese assessment of the conflict Buddhist and Shinto ideas intertwined.
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Seol, Paehwan. "The Warehousing System and the Great Qan’s Financial Geography in the Mongol Empire." Korean Association for Mongolian Studies 76 (February 28, 2024): 121–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17292/kams.2024.76.121.
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This study explores when and how the warehousing system 倉庫制 in the Mongol Empire (1206~1370) had been established, developed, and administered. The warehouse, as an administrative service to accumulate and redistribute treasures, shows the relationship between the procurement of imperial materials and the circulation of commodities as well as the great Qan’s financial geography. The study examines the way in which the Mongol Emperor of Qa’an procured and controlled materials and treasures, and therefore to characterize the Mongol’s development of its own, especially in the fiscal finance.
 The first Mongol warehouses, balaqat in Mongol, were set up by Ögödei Qa’an in Mongolia in 1229. They consist of grain-houses (倉 cang in Chinese, anbār in Persian) and treasuries (庫 ku in Chinese, khazāna in Persian). Since Qubilai Qa’an sat on the throne in 1260, warehouses were increasingly built up. The number of grain-houses increased with the consolidation of the Southern Song in 1279. While land taxes 稅糧 traveled from Jiangnan provinces on the sea route to a capital city of Dadu 大都, the main base of grain supply was moved from Qiansicang 千斯倉 in the northeast to Wansinancang 萬斯南倉 in the south. Four Imperial Treasuries of Trillion 萬億四庫 beside Jishuitan 積水潭 storing valuables such as paper money, jade wares and others, served as the leading treasuries of the Empire.
 The warehouses were located along the middle and lower part of the Yellow River, the streams in Jianghui 江淮, as well as next to the canal in Huabei 華北 area. Geopolitically speaking, they mostly belonged to the central domain of Fuli 腹裏 (qol-un ulus in Mongol), supervised by the Central Secretariat 中書省. The fact that Large grain-houses and state treasuries were intensively stationed in the capital cities of Qara Qorum 和林, Dadu and Shangdu 上都, and their vicinities demonstrates their relevance to the Qa’an’s seasonal journey sites. The Qa’an stood in the center of collection, control, and consumption of imperial materials and treasures.
 In staffing, warehouse officials 倉庫官 (khazāna-chī in Persian) were originated from balaqači 八剌哈赤 and sangči 倉赤 in Mongol respectively. They came from keshig 怯薛, the Mongol imperial guards. Balaqači was appointed as a treasury official 庫官 or a gatekeeper general 封門官員, and sangči as an official of treasuries or grain-houses by the Qa’an in person to the warehouses in Dadu and nearby. This is called belge selection 別里哥選, or imperial appointment 宣授.
 The expansion of warehouses caused shortage of staffing in the Mongols. Considering staff’s personality and richness, the Yüan Dynasty appointed officials such as directors of collection 監納 or commissioners 大使 among Central Asians 色目人 and Chinese 漢人 through the selection process of the Secretarial or Presidential Councils 尙書省, called general selection 常選, or imperial decree appointment 勅授. And Bureau clerks 司吏 with richness, working career, governmental salaries, and mature age could be advanced to lower staffs in charge, or deputies 副使 in district warehouses 各路倉庫.
 Warehouse officials from the Mongols, Central Asians and Chinese show a ratio of 1 to 3 to 6. While more Mongols and Central Asians worked in Qara Qorum, the Chinese staffing grew larger particularly in grain-houses as time went by to the late period of the Empire.
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Agatay, Оtkirbay. "An Analysis of Joči’s Debated Paternity and His Role in the Altan Uruġ Royal Lineage of Činggis Khan." Golden Horde Review 9, no. 4 (2021): 684–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2021-9-4.684-714.
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Research objectives: This article discusses Joči’s military-political role and status in the Mongol Empire (Yeke Mongol Ulus), beginning in the early thirteenth century and within the intra-dynastic relations of Činggis Khan’s chief sons. In particular, the article seeks to answer questions about Joči’s birth. Discrepancies between the Secret History of the Mongols and other written sources cast doubt on whether Joči was even a legitimate son of Činggis Khan, let alone his eldest one. In addition, this article includes an analysis of Joči’s place within the family and the traditional legal system of the medieval Mongols based on the principles of majorat succession outlined in the Mongol Empire. It establishes evidence of his legitimacy within the Činggisid dynasty’s imperial lineage (altan uruġ) – a point of view supported by his military-political career, his pivotal role in the western campaigns, his leadership at the siege of Khwārazm, and the process of division of the ulus of Činggis Khan. Research materials: This article makes use of Russian, English, and Turkic (Kazakh, Tatar, etc.) translations of key primary sources including the Secret History of the Mongols and works of authors from the thirteenth to seventeenth centuries, including Al-Nasawī, Shіhāb al-Dīn al-Nuwayrī, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn ’Aṭā-Malik Juvāynī, Minhāj al-Dīn Jūzjānī, Zhao Hong, Peng Daya, John of Plano Carpini, William of Rubruck, Jamāl al-Qarshī, Rashīd al-Dīn, Ibn Faḍl Allāh al-ʿUmarī, Uluġbeg, Ötämiš Hājī, Lubsan Danzan, Abu’l-Ghāzī, and Saγang Sečen. New secondary works regarding Joči published by modern Kazakh, Russian, Tatar, American, French, Chinese, Korean and other scholars were also consulted. Results and novelty of the research: Taking into consideration certain economic and legal traits of the medieval Mongols, their traditional practices, military-political events, and longterm developments in the Mongol Empire’s history, descriptions of Joči being no more than a “Merkit bastard” are clearly not consistent. The persisting claims can be traced to doubts about Joči’s birth included in the Secret History of the Mongols, the first extensive written record of the medieval Mongols which had a great impact on the work of later historians, including modern scholars. Some researchers suspect this allegation may have been an indirect result of Möngke Khan inserting it into the Secret History. This article argues that the main motivation was Batu’s high military-political position and prestige in the Yeke Mongol Ulus. After Ögödei Khan’s death, sons and grandsons of Ögödei and Ča’adai made various attempts to erode Batu’s significant position in the altan uruġ by raising questions regarding his genealogical origin. This explains why doubts about Joči’s status in the imperial lineage appeared so widely following his death in an intra-dynastic propaganda struggle waged between the houses of Joči and Тolui and the opposing houses of Ča’adai and Ögödei’s sons. This conflict over the narrative was engendered by the struggle for supreme power in the Mongol Empire and the distribution of conquered lands and property.
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Robinson, David. "Controlling Memory and Movement: The Early Ming Court and the Changing Chinggisid World." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 62, no. 2-3 (2019): 503–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341486.
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AbstractThe Mongol imperial enterprise produced memories and spurred migration on a continental scale among the conquerors, the vanquished, and agents of empire. During the 14th and early 15th centuries, the Ming court of China tried to shape the memory of the Mongol empire to enhance Ming political legitimacy, dampen hopes of a Mongolian revival, and facilitate the transfer of allegiance from the Mongol empire to Ming dynasty. The Ming court also integrated former Yuan personnel, including not just Chinese subjects but hundreds of thousands of Mongols and Jurchens, into the Ming polity. In examining these processes, the essay contributes to the wider discussion of how successor polities throughout Eurasia sought to turn the legacy of the Mongol empire to their own advantage, which had the unintended consequence of keeping memory of the Chinggisid age vital long after the empire’s fall.
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Wang, Di. "Heroic Mother and Wise Wife." Inner Asia 23, no. 2 (2021): 212–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340172.
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Abstract Thirteenth-century sources provide us with striking images of Mongol noblewomen, which are not eclipsed by the heroic conquests and military exploits of their men. While recognising the complexity of gender roles in pre-imperial Mongol society, this article aims to explore the specific responsivities carried by Hö’elün and Börte in the narrative of The Secret History of the Mongols. The selective presentation of their characters and duties further reveals the goal of the Secret Historian to create a ruling model, which includes a brave widowed mother and an intelligent wife for the Qan of the empire.
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Drobyshev, Yuliy. "Ideology of the World Domination in “The History of the World-Conqueror” by Ata-Melik Juvaini." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 1 (2023): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080021665-8.
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The subject of this article in the light of the Mongol imperial ideology is the work “History of the World-Conqueror” by the Persian historian and prominent statesman Ata-Melik Juvaini (1226–1283). Juvaini was in the Mongolian service and visited Karakorum, so he was able to capture many facts, as well as legends, reflecting the ideas of Genghis Khan and the Mongolian elite about their “world-building” role assigned to them by their supreme deity – the Eternal Blue Sky. Juvaini outlines some of the rulings of the Great Yasa, from which it becomes obvious that this is not a monument of the customary law of the Mongols, but imperial legislation. He succinctly tells about the life of Genghis Khan and the history of the Mongol Empire formation, and in more detail – about the deeds of his closest descendants: Ogedei, Guyuk, Mongke, Hulagu. Being a courtier, he justifies the military expansion of the Mongols, but ends his narrative on the defeat of the Ismailis and is silent about the fate of the Abbasid caliphate. His reports about the beginning of the conflict between Genghis Khan and Khorezm Shah Muhammad, about the circumstances of the laying out the Mongolian capital, and a number of other reports demonstrating the Mongols’ embodiment of their imperial ideas are extremely interesting. This work, reflecting the views of a representative of a settled civilization, is of interest as one of the first attempts at a systematic presentation of the history of the Mongol conquests, and is also important as a source of information for Abu’l Faraj (1226–1286) [Borbone, 2016] and Rashid al-Din (1247–1318), and the latter has get a detailed description for many points only outlined by Juvaini. Juvaini's work inspired Wassaf (1265–1329) to write its sequel. The author also influenced other historians: Ibn Bibi (?–1272) in Anatolia, Qadi Baidawi (?–1316?) in Fars.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Imperiul Mongol"
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Balabanlilar, Lisa Ann. "Lords of the Auspicious Conjunction Turco-Mongol imperial identity on the subcontinent /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1179937403.
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Li, Chun-tung, and 李俊彤. "Envisioning authority: the Mongol imperium and the Yonglegong mural paintings and architecture." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48079911.
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This thesis addresses the question of how the Mongol imperium’s patronage in combination with Quanzhen Taoist proselytism inspired the mural paintings and architectural forms of the Yonglegong永樂宮. The Taoist temple of Yonglegong was constructed during the Yuan dynasty (1279-1368) on the site of the former residence of the Taoist immortal L? Dongbin呂洞賓. During the period of the temple’s construction from 1244 to 1358, the Quanzhen 全真order, to which the Yonglegong was affiliated, thrived under the Mongol imperium. Previous scholarship has emphasized the Quanzhen order’s autonomous and exclusive role in the formation of Yonglegong. An analysis of the development of the Quanzhen from its establishment in late Jin dynasty (1115-1234) to its rise to prominence during the Yuan suggests that it received significant imperial supports and thus was not wholly autonomous. The Quanzhen order’s development was intertwined with and propounded by imperial patronage. The Yonglegong’s status as one the three holiest patriarch halls of the order ensured its centrality as a showpiece of the Mongol-Quanzhen collaboration.
This study explores the iconographic innovations of Chaoyuantu 朝元圖 (Paying homage to the Origins), a representation of the Taoist universe, a subject that existed in pre-Yuan art; and the Hagiography of L? Dongbin, a new category of Taoist imagery. These two mural painting programs show different modes of appropriation. In the Chaoyuantu, the Mongol imperium altered the scheme of depiction and inserted new iconography in order to register their claims over established traditions of representation. As for the depiction of L? Dongbin, prior to Yonglegong, the immortal was only represented in single scenes, not in a fully developed biographical narrative. The Hagiography of L? Dongbin represents arguably a new genre of narrative depiction that facilitated an alternative ideology. Such alterations are regarded in this thesis as evidence that illustrates the shared interests of the Mongol imperium and the Quanzhen order as they intersected.
In comparison with the mural paintings, the Yuan dynasty architectural structures’ significance has not been adequately recognized in earlier scholarship. This thesis reexamines the implications of the architectural features’ parameters and the unique alignment of structures in the Yonglegong. As such this study acknowledges the Yonglegong’s multiple identities as a complex that serves both the imperial and religious interests. It also evaluates the extent to which the architectural structures directed the organization and presentation of the mural paintings they housed.
Through the reclamation of Yongleong’s historical context, aligned as it was with a Mongol-Quanzhen collaboration, this study recognizes the larger significance of the temple complex. The Mongol imperium in combination with the Quanzhen order have given rise to a new formulation of Taoist mural paintings and architecture with new iconography, themes and modes of representation.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Fine Arts<br>Master<br>Master of Philosophy
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Berry, Dawn Alexandrea. "The North Atlantic Triangle and the genesis and legacy of the American occupation of Greenland during the Second World War." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8dfcb09d-955e-4d43-a43d-6c7c26f5ef1d.
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On April 9, 1940, Germany invaded Denmark. Instantly, the fate and status of Greenland, a Danish colony, was thrust into limbo. During the war, Greenland’s vital mineral resources and location made it significant for the warring parties on both sides of the Atlantic. However, conflicting international corporate and political interests made any act to defend the island on the part of the Allies, or the officially neutral Americans, problematic. Within a year of the Danish occupation, the American government had signed an agreement for the defense of Greenland, extending the protection of both the Monroe Doctrine and the American military to the island. This action was an important step in the formal expansion of American influence in the Western Hemisphere that occurred during the Second World War. This thesis argues that global economic, political, and technological changes led to Greenland’s increased geopolitical significance and set the stage for a shift in the balance of power within the North Atlantic Triangle. It demonstrates how decisions relating to the security of the island came to be made and how conflicting interests within and between governments affected the genesis of the occupation. It explores how Winston Churchill’s decision to mine the North Sea led to the American occupation of Greenland and examines the ways in which the effects of Churchill’s actions raised concerns in Canada about the possibility of a British defeat, which in turn led Mackenzie King, the Canadian Prime Minister, to align his foreign policy closer to that of the United States’ President Roosevelt. This thesis also asserts that Roosevelt successfully used the potential foreign occupation of Greenland to demonstrate to the American public the dangers of foreign conflicts to the United States and to further his hemispheric security objectives both domestically and abroad. These events had a profound and lasting impact on the relationships within the North Atlantic Triangle and on political identity in Greenland, and signalled an important shift in the foreign policy of the United States toward greater American involvement in world affairs.
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Wu, Lan. "Refuge from Empire: Religion and Qing China’s Imperial Formation in the Eighteenth Century." Thesis, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8JS9Q58.
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Following several successful military expeditions against the Mongols in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Manchu rulers of Qing China (1644-1911) met an unprecedented challenge as they incorporated culturally different subjects into their growing empire. After doubling in territory and tripling in population, how did the multicultural Qing operate? How did the new imperial subjects receive and reinterpret Qing state policies? What have been the ramifications of the eighteenth-century political innovations in modern China? In this dissertation, I address these questions by examining the encounters of the expanding Qing empire with Tibetans and Mongols in Inner Asia. Central to the analysis is Tibetan Buddhism, to which Mongols and Tibetans have adhered for centuries. Recent decades have seen a growing volume of research attending to Tibetan Buddhism within the context of the Qing’s imperial policies, but key questions still remain with regards to the perspective of these Inner Asian communities and the reasons for their participation in the imperial enterprise. The inadequate understanding of the Qing’s interaction with Tibetan Buddhism is predicated upon the assumption that Qing emperors propitiated the belligerent Mongols by patronizing their religion. While this premise acknowledges Tibetan Buddhism’s importance in the Qing’s imperial formation, it simultaneously deprives those practicing the religion of agency. The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze how the empire was ruled from the viewpoint of the governed.
The project draws evidence from Tibetan-language biographies and monastic chronicles, letters in the Mongolian language, as well as local gazetteers, artisanal manuals, and court statutes in Chinese and Manchu, the two official languages in the Qing era. These textual sources are supplemented by Tibetan Buddhist artifacts housed in museums and libraries in North America and Asia. Through an examination of the wide array of source materials, I argue that the Qing imperial rulers capitalized on the religious culture of Inner Asian communities, which in turn gave rise to a transnational religious network that was centered on Tibetan Buddhist epistemology. The religious knowledge system remained strong well past the formative eighteenth century. Its enduring impact on Qing political and social history was felt even as the empire worked towards creating a distinctive cosmopolitan Qing culture. The dissertation consists of four chapters, each of which locates a space within the context of the symbiotic growth of the Qing and the Tibetan Buddhist knowledge network. This dissertation revolves around Tibetan Buddhist scholars, institutions, rituals, and objects, as they traveled from Tibet to Qing China’s capital and eastern Mongolia, and finally entered the literary realm of intellectuals in eighteenth-century China. Chapter One brings into focus Tibetan Buddhist reincarnation—a dynamic practice that redefined the institutional genealogy of individual prestige—as the Qing imperial power increased its contact with Inner Asian communities from the 1720s in the strategic border region of Amdo between Tibet and Qing China. I discuss how local hereditary headmen refashioned themselves into religious leaders whose enduring influence could transcend even death so as to preserve their prestige. Yet, their impact reached beyond the imperial margin. Chapter Two traces the role of these religious leaders in transforming an imperial private space into the largest Tibetan Buddhist monastery in the Qing’s imperial capital. This monastery—Beijing’s Lama Temple (Yonghegong 雍和宮)—not only became a site that manifested Qing imperial devotion to Tibetan Buddhism, but also served as an institutional outpost for the increasingly transnational Tibetan Buddhist network to the east. The Lama Temple was not the only outpost of the growing religious network, and Chapter Three explores another major nodal point within this network at a contact zone in southern Mongolia. It was here that two massive Tibetan Buddhist monasteries were constructed, owing to the mutual efforts undertaken by the imperial household and Tibetan Buddhists from Inner Asia. The final chapter returns to the imperial center but shifts its focus to a discursive space formed by Tibetan Buddhist laity who also occupied official posts in the imperial court. Two Manchu princes and one Mongolian Buddhist composed or were commissioned to compile texts in multiple languages on Tibetan Buddhist epistemology. Their writings reveal the fluidity and extent of the religious network, as well as its symbiotic growth with the imperial enterprise as the Qing empire took shape territorially and culturally. This dissertation concludes by addressing the nature of the Qing’s governance and that of the transnational power of the Tibetan Buddhist network, and it aims to deconstruct the dominant discourse associated with imperial policies in the Inner Asian frontier. My findings offer insight into how Tibetan Buddhism had a lasting impact on the Qing’s imperial imagination, during and after the formative eighteenth century.
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Mack, Dustin J. "Cooperation and confederacy : a comparison of indigenous confederacies in relation to imperial polities." 2010. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1607098.
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This study demonstrates the flexible nature of relations between “peripheral” polities imperial “core” polities. The decentralized nature of the Mongol and Iroquois confederacies enabled them to dictate terms during negotiations with the Ming dynasty or British, respectively, giving them a higher degree of agency in their relations. Comparing the experiences of the Mongols and Iroquois provides a better understanding of how indigenous confederacies acted and reacted under similar circumstances. Likewise, this study aims to demonstrate the capacity for “peripheral” confederacies to resist, selectively adapt, and negotiate with “core” empires.<br>Confederacy in action -- Iroquois historiography -- Mongol historiography -- Social structures and foundation myths -- "Relative" relations.<br>Department of History
Books on the topic "Imperiul Mongol"
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Papacostea, Șerban. Românii în secolul al XIII-lea: Între cruciată și Imperiul mongol. Editura Enciclopedică, 1993.
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Jiani, He. Ruling the Mongols of Manchuria. Amsterdam University Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5117/9789463727075.
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At the turn of the twentieth century, the Jirim League witnessed a linguistic struggle between Manchu, Mongol, Chinese, Japanese, and Russian powers. The Qing Empire envisioned a trilingual educational system, with the aim of improving the Jirim Mongols’ ability to read Chinese, Manchu, and Mongolian. Through this policy, the Qing sought to transform loyal imperial subjects into modern patriotic nationals and incorporate them into an integrated and united China under a Manchu constitutional monarchy. The late Qing’s language policy and strategy for ruling the Mongols of Manchuria was an attempt to address the enduring multilingual legacies in Qing administration and people’s everyday life, growing local ethnic tensions, cross-boundary connections, imperial rivalries, and the rise of new ideas concerning nation, modern state, and international relations in East Asia. This book challenges the notion of Chinese language reform as a story of linear progression towards national monolingualism, highlights the power of multilingualism in Chinese nationalist discourse from a peripheral, non-Han Chinese perspective, and questions the extent to which national languages dominate the writing of history.
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B, Muslimov I., ed. Na styke kontinentov i t͡s︡ivilizat͡s︡iĭ--: Iz opyta obrazovanii͡a︡ i raspada imperiĭ X-XVI vv. "INSAN", 1996.
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Nigro, Giampiero, ed. Reti marittime come fattori dell’integrazione europea / Maritime Networks as a Factor in European Integration. Firenze University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-856-3.
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Il tema, di grande respiro, prende come punto di partenza il concetto braudeliano di Mediterraneo. La sua visione di un mare chiuso come una opportunità geografica per una integrazione economica fra popolazioni diverse per religioni, linguaggi ed entità etniche e politiche continua a funzionare come modello per studi applicati ad un ampio raggio di contesti. L’obiettivo che si è posta la 50ª Settimana di studi è stato quello di andare oltre lo studio dei singoli sistemi visti in modo isolato per combinare diverse analisi di mari aperti e chiusi o aree costiere, allo scopo di comprendere il ruolo di integrazione giocato in Europa dalle connessioni marittime. Poiché nelle civiltà preindustriali il trasporto per via d’acqua era più facile di quello via terra, è sembrato giunto il momento di richiamare l’attenzione sul modo in cui queste reti di relazione operavano a livello europeo e con i partner commerciali asiatici e nordafricani. Il volume prende le mosse dalle grandi tradizioni di ricerca su base regionale o tematica, che però sono state raramente integrate su una più ampia scala continentale. Immanuel Wallerstein ha elaborato il concetto braudeliano concettualizzandone le dimensioni interculturali e transnazionali e il ruolo nel sistema di divisione del lavoro. Egli lo chiamò un “sistema mondo”, non perché coinvolgesse il mondo intero, ma perché è più vasto di qualunque unità politica giuridicamente definita. E si tratta di una “economia mondo” perché il legame di base tra le varie parti del sistema è economico. I vari aspetti e le tradizioni regionali di ricerca sono stati collegati tra loro in un approccio coerente che si posto l'obiettivo di valutare: - Sulla base di quali elementi geografici, nautici, tecnici, economici, giuridici, sociali e culturali siano emerse le varie reti regionali, e come funzionavano, - Il carattere e il ruolo dei porti marittimi come punti nodali delle rotte marine e del loro hinterland, attraverso fiumi, canali e strade, - I legami commerciali e personali tra mercanti e armatori in vari porti, - In quale modo le reti regionali si collegavano tra di loro e come, nel corso del tempo, finirono per integrarsi in unità più ampie, - In quale modo le reti private, inizialmente costituite da organizzazioni di mercanti e navigatori, finirono per trattare con le autorità locali e, una volta cresciute, con gli stati e gli imperi, per proteggere i propri interessi
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Elverskog, Johan. Our Great Qing: The Mongols, Buddhism, and the State in Late Imperial China. University of Hawaii Press, 2008.
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Elverskog, Johan. Our Great Qing: The Mongols, Buddhism, and the State in Late Imperial China. University of Hawaii Press, 2008.
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Our Great Qing: The Mongols, Buddhism, And the State in Late Imperial China. University of Hawaii Press, 2006.
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K, Mishra S. Chinese History 9: Yuan Dynasty Culture and Civilization, Imperial China's Mongol Century, a Basic Chinese Reading Book,. Independently Published, 2019.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Imperiul Mongol"
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Munkh-Erdene, Lhamsuren. "Mongol State Formation and Imperial Transformation." In The Mongol World. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315165172-28.
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Paine, S. C. M. "Mongolia: The Last Frontier." In Imperial Rivals. Routledge, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003423492-15.
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Yingsheng, Liu. "The Tribute System and the Dependent States of Mongol-Yuan China." In Tribute System and Rulership in Late Imperial China. V&R unipress, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14220/9783737014021.45.
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Merivirta, Raita, Leila Koivunen, and Timo Särkkä. "Finns in the Colonial World." In Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80610-1_1.
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AbstractUtilizing such concepts as “colonial complicity” and “colonialism without colonies”, this chapter examines the case of Finns and Finland as a nation that was once oppressed but also itself complicit in colonialism. It argues that although the Finnish nation has historically been positioned in Europe between western and eastern empires, Finns were not only passive victims of (Russian) imperial rule but also active participants in the creation of imperial vocabulary in various colonial contexts, including Sápmi in the North.This chapter argues that although Finns never had overseas colonies, they were involved in the colonial world, sending out colonizers and producing images of colonial “others”, when they, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, felt the need to project themselves as white and European (not Russian or non-white, such as Mongols). Finns adopted, adapted, and created common European knowledge about colonized areas, cultures, and people and participated in constructing racial hierarchies. These racialized notions were also applied to the Sámi. Furthermore, Finns benefitted economically from colonialism, sent out missionaries to Owambo in present-day Namibia to spread the ideas of Western/White/Christian superiority and instruct the Owambo in European ways. Finns were also involved in several colonial enterprises of other European colonizing powers, such as in the Belgian Congo or aboard Captain Cook’s vessel on his journey to the Antipodes.
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Broadbridge, Anne F. "Töregene, Imperial Widow in the Mongol Empire in the 1240s: Opposing Her Husband’s Will on Behalf of Her Son." In Historians on Leadership and Strategy. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26090-3_13.
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Jackson, Peter. "Apportioning and Governing an Empire (c. 1221–c. 1260)." In The Mongols and the Islamic World. Yale University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300125337.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the complex layers of the Mongol imperial administration under the qaghans from Ögödei (r. 1229–1241) to Möngke (r. 1251–1259) and the distribution of appanage lands among the members of Chinggis Khan's dynasty. It first provides a background on Chinggis Khan's empire before discussing the succession to Chinggis Khan. It then considers the disputed successions of 1241–1246 and 1248–1251, the distribution of appanages among the imperial family, and the role of elite women under the Mongols and in steppe polities in general. It also describes the administrative structure of the Mongol empire as well as the system of taxation, Mongol law, the centralisation of imperial authority under Möngke, and the rise of the Jochids in Western Asia. The chapter concludes with an assessment of various elements that helped maintain the unity of the Mongol empire.
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Jackson, Peter. "Hülegü’s Campaigns and Imperial Fragmentation (1253–62)." In The Mongols and the Islamic World. Yale University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300125337.003.0006.
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This chapter chronicles Hülegü's campaigns in south-west Asia between 1253 and 1262. It begins with a discussion of the Mongol invasions of Iran and other parts of south-west Asia before considering why some of Hülegü's opponents acted in the way they did and thereby brought down destruction upon themselves. It then examines the question of armaments used by Hülegü and the terms of his commission during Möngke's reign. It also analyses Hülegü's actions in the wake of the conquest of Iraq, the temporary reduction of Syria and the death of Möngke, the Mongols' conflict with the Jochids, and Hülegü's creation of the Ilkhanate. Finally, it looks at the reconstitution of the ulus of Chaghadai and the dissolution of the Mongol empire.
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Jackson, Peter. "Epilogue." In The Mongols and the Islamic World. Yale University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300125337.003.0015.
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This epilogue discusses the impact of infidel Mongol rule on the Islamic world in the longer term, down to the sixteenth through the nineteenth centuries. It begins with an analysis of the more direct legacy of infidel Mongol rule: the survival of what might be termed a ‘Mongol imperial culture’, which involved new Chinggisid concepts of legitimacy, new techniques of government, and a persistent allegiance to Mongol customary law (the Yasa). It then considers other consequences of the Mongol expansion, including the Turkicization of nomadic Mongols and Turks, the strengthening of external Muslim states through immigration from Mongol-occupied territories; the spread of the Islamic faith, and the emergence of new Muslim ethnicities. The chapter also examines the the relationship between the Mongol conquests and the genesis of the Black Death, through the integration of the whole of Eurasia (including the entire Dār al-Islām as far west as Spain) within a single disease zone.
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Wing, Patrick. "Tribes and the Chinggisid Empire." In The Jalayirids. Edinburgh University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474402255.003.0002.
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This chapter provides an overview of scholarship on tribal organization, as well as the relationship of Mongol tribes to Chinggis Qa’an and his family during the formation of the Mongol Empire. This background frames an analysis of the movement of several Jalayir tribal amirs from Mongolia to the Islamic lands as part of the Chinggisid conquests. The purpose here is to illustrate the relationship of the ancestors of the Jalayirid dynasty to the larger Mongol imperial project in the 13<sup>th</sup> century.
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Kim, Hodong. "Mongol Imperial Institutions." In The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire. Cambridge University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316337424.007.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Imperiul Mongol"
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Шацилло, В. К. "The British Empire and the USA: From Imperial Ambitions to Strategic Alliance." In Конференция памяти профессора С.Б. Семёнова ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ИСТОРИИ. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/semconf.2023.3.3.025.
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В статье представлен анализ геополитических последствий международных кризисов в Латинской Америке конца XIX – начала XX в. Первый венесуэльский кризис, в основе которого лежал территориальный спор между Венесуэлой и Британской империи, обострил отношения между Вашингтоном и Лондоном. Американское правительство посчитало, что территориальные претензии Великобритании к одной из латиноамериканских стран угрожают жизненным интересам США и находятся в противоречии с принципами доктрины Монро. Исходя из этого, Белый дом потребовал созыва международного трибунала для решения этого территориального спора. Британское правительство сначала отказалось принимать американское предложение, а затем под давлением международных обстоятельств согласилось на арбитраж и признало доктрину Монро. После этого начался процесс сближения двух стран, ускорившийся после Англо-бурской и Испано-американской войн. В ходе второго венесуэльского кризиса, связанного с финансовыми претензиями ряда европейских стран к венесуэльскому правительству, главным оппонентом США выступила Германская империя, попыталась укрепить свои финансовые и военные позиции в Латинской Америке. Это ухудшило отношения между Вашингтоном и Берлином и привело к ещё более тесному англо-американскому сотрудничеству. The article presents a comparative analysis of the geopolitical consequences of the international crises in the end of XIXth – beginning of the XXth century. The first Venezuelan crisis caused by a territorial dispute between Venezuela and the British Empire, worsen also relations between Washington and London. The government of the USA considered that the territorial claims of Great Britain to one of the Latin American countries threatend the vital interests of the United States and were in contradiction with the principles of the Monroe doctrine. Based on such considerations, the White House demanded the convening of an international tribunal to resolve this territorial dispute. The British government originally refused to accept the American proposal, and then, under the pressure of international circumstances, agreed to arbitration and actually recognized the Monroe doctrine. Afterwards, the process of rapprochement between the two countries began. During the Second Venezuelan crisis, caused by the financial demands of a number of European countries to the Venezuelan government, the main opponent of the United States was the German Empire. The German-American confrontation in Venezuela seriously worsened relations between Washington and Berlin and led to the closer Anglo-American cooperation.