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Journal articles on the topic 'Implantable biosensor'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Rodrigues, Daniela, Ana I. Barbosa, Rita Rebelo, Il Keun Kwon, Rui L. Reis, and Vitor M. Correlo. "Skin-Integrated Wearable Systems and Implantable Biosensors: A Comprehensive Review." Biosensors 10, no. 7 (July 21, 2020): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios10070079.

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Biosensors devices have attracted the attention of many researchers across the world. They have the capability to solve a large number of analytical problems and challenges. They are future ubiquitous devices for disease diagnosis, monitoring, treatment and health management. This review presents an overview of the biosensors field, highlighting the current research and development of bio-integrated and implanted biosensors. These devices are micro- and nano-fabricated, according to numerous techniques that are adapted in order to offer a suitable mechanical match of the biosensor to the surrounding tissue, and therefore decrease the body’s biological response. For this, most of the skin-integrated and implanted biosensors use a polymer layer as a versatile and flexible structural support, combined with a functional/active material, to generate, transmit and process the obtained signal. A few challenging issues of implantable biosensor devices, as well as strategies to overcome them, are also discussed in this review, including biological response, power supply, and data communication.

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Puggioni, Giulia, Giammario Calia, Paola Arrigo, Andrea Bacciu, Gianfranco Bazzu, Rossana Migheli, Silvia Fancello, Pier Serra, and Gaia Rocchitta. "Low-Temperature Storage Improves the Over-Time Stability of Implantable Glucose and Lactate Biosensors." Sensors 19, no. 2 (January 21, 2019): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19020422.

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Molecular biomarkers are very important in biology, biotechnology and even in medicine, but it is quite hard to convert biology-related signals into measurable data. For this purpose, amperometric biosensors have proven to be particularly suitable because of their specificity and sensitivity. The operation and shelf stability of the biosensor are quite important features, and storage procedures therefore play an important role in preserving the performance of the biosensors. In the present study two different designs for both glucose and lactate biosensor, differing only in regards to the containment net, represented by polyurethane or glutharaldehyde, were studied under different storage conditions (+4, −20 and −80 °C) and monitored over a period of 120 days, in order to evaluate the variations of kinetic parameters, as VMAX and KM, and LRS as the analytical parameter. Surprisingly, the storage at −80 °C yielded the best results because of an unexpected and, most of all, long-lasting increase of VMAX and LRS, denoting an interesting improvement in enzyme performances and stability over time. The present study aimed to also evaluate the impact of a short-period storage in dry ice on biosensor performances, in order to simulate a hypothetical preparation-conservation-shipment condition.

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3

Acquaroli, Leandro N., Tim Kuchel, and Nicolas H. Voelcker. "Towards implantable porous silicon biosensors." RSC Adv. 4, no. 66 (2014): 34768–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra04184d.

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4

Do Thi Hong, Diep, Duong Le Phuoc, Hoai Nguyen Thi, Serra Pier Andrea, and Rocchitta Gaia. "THE ROLE OF POLYETHYLENIMINE IN ENHANCING PERFORMANCE OF GLUTAMATE BIOSENSORS." Volume 8 Issue 3 8, no. 3 (June 2018): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34071/jmp.2018.3.6.

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Background: The first biosensor was constructed more than fifty years ago. It was composed of the biorecognition element and transducer. The first-generation enzyme biosensors play important role in monitoring neurotransmitter and determine small quantities of substances in complex matrices of the samples Glutamate is important biochemicals involved in energetic metabolism and neurotransmission. Therefore, biosensors requires the development a new approach exhibiting high sensibility, good reproducibility and longterm stability. The first-generation enzyme biosensors play important role in monitoring neurotransmitter and determine small quantities of substances in complex matrices of the samples. The aims of this work: To find out which concentration of polyethylenimine (PEI) exhibiting the most high sensibility, good reproducibility and long-term stability. Methods: We designed and developed glutamate biosensor using different concentration of PEI ranging from 0% to 5% at Day 1 and Day 8. Results: After Glutamate biosensors in-vitro characterization, several PEI concentrations, ranging from 0.5% to 1% seem to be the best in terms of VMAX, the KM; while PEI content ranging from 0.5% to 1% resulted stable, PEI 1% displayed an excellent stability. Conclusions: In the result, PEI 1% perfomed high sensibility, good stability and blocking interference. Furthermore, we expect to develop and characterize an implantable biosensor capable of detecting glutamate, glucose in vivo. Key words: Glutamate biosensors, PEi (Polyethylenimine) enhances glutamate oxidase, glutamate oxidase biosensors

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5

Wisniewski, Natalie, F. Moussy, and W. M. Reichert. "Characterization of implantable biosensor membrane biofouling." Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 366, no. 6-7 (March 30, 2000): 611–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160051556.

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6

Edelberg, Jay M., Jason T. Jacobson, David S. Gidseg, Lilong Tang, and David J. Christini. "Enhanced myocyte-based biosensing of the blood-borne signals regulating chronotropy." Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00672.2001.

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Biosensors play a critical role in the real-time determination of relevant functional physiological needs. However, typical in vivo biosensors only approximate endogenous function via the measurement of surrogate signals and, therefore, may often lack a high degree of dynamic fidelity with physiological requirements. To overcome this limitation, we have developed an excitable tissue-based implantable biosensor approach, which exploits the inherent electropotential input-output relationship of cardiac myocytes to measure the physiological regulatory inputs of chronotropic demand via the detection of blood-borne signals. In this study, we report the improvement of this application through the modulation of host-biosensor communication via the enhancement of vascularization of chronotropic complexes in mice. Moreover, in an effort to further improve translational applicability as well as molecular plasticity, we have advanced this approach by employing stem cell-derived cardiac myocyte aggregates in place of whole cardiac tissue. Overall, these studies demonstrate the potential of biologically based biosensors to predict endogenous physiological dynamics and may facilitate the translation of this approach for in vivo monitoring.

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7

Çağlayan, Zeynep, Yağmur Demircan Yalçın, and Haluk Külah. "A Prominent Cell Manipulation Technique in BioMEMS: Dielectrophoresis." Micromachines 11, no. 11 (November 3, 2020): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11110990.

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BioMEMS, the biological and biomedical applications of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), has attracted considerable attention in recent years and has found widespread applications in disease detection, advanced diagnosis, therapy, drug delivery, implantable devices, and tissue engineering. One of the most essential and leading goals of the BioMEMS and biosensor technologies is to develop point-of-care (POC) testing systems to perform rapid prognostic or diagnostic tests at a patient site with high accuracy. Manipulation of particles in the analyte of interest is a vital task for POC and biosensor platforms. Dielectrophoresis (DEP), the induced movement of particles in a non-uniform electrical field due to polarization effects, is an accurate, fast, low-cost, and marker-free manipulation technique. It has been indicated as a promising method to characterize, isolate, transport, and trap various particles. The aim of this review is to provide fundamental theory and principles of DEP technique, to explain its importance for the BioMEMS and biosensor fields with detailed references to readers, and to identify and exemplify the application areas in biosensors and POC devices. Finally, the challenges faced in DEP-based systems and the future prospects are discussed.

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8

Al-Zu'bi, Muneer M., and Ananda Sanagavarapu Mohan. "Implantable Biosensor Interface Platform for Monitoring of Atherosclerosis." IEEE Sensors Letters 4, no. 2 (February 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lsens.2020.2968122.

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9

Yu, Bazhang,. "Coil-type implantable glucose biosensor with excess enzyme loading." Frontiers in Bioscience 10, no. 1-3 (2005): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/1547.

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10

Yang, Qingling, Plamen Atanasov, and Ebtisam Wilkins. "A novel amperometric transducer design for needle-type implantable biosensor applications." Electroanalysis 9, no. 16 (November 1997): 1252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140091607.

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11

Zhang, Mo, Mohammad R. Haider, Mohammad A. Huque, Mohammad A. Adeeb, Shaela Rahman, and Syed K. Islam. "A low power sensor signal processing circuit for implantable biosensor applications." Smart Materials and Structures 16, no. 2 (March 2, 2007): 525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/16/2/034.

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12

Khadase, Rahul B., Anil Nandgaonkar, Brijesh Iyer, and Abhay E. Wagh. "MULTILAYERED IMPLANTABLE ANTENNA BIOSENSOR FOR CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITORING: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS." Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 114 (2021): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierc21052203.

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13

Zhou, Jin, Zhen Ma, Xiao Hong, Hui-Min Wu, Shu-Yan Ma, Yang Li, Da-Jing Chen, Hai-Yin Yu, and Xiao-Jun Huang. "Top-Down Strategy of Implantable Biosensor Using Adaptable, Porous Hollow Fibrous Membrane." ACS Sensors 4, no. 4 (April 5, 2019): 931–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.9b00035.

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14

Gupta, Sandeep K. S. "A tool for designing high-confidence implantable biosensor networks for medical monitoring." ACM SIGBED Review 6, no. 2 (July 2009): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1859823.1859825.

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15

Maniya, Nalin H. "Recent Advances in Porous Silicon Based Optical Biosensors." REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 49–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rams-2018-0004.

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Abstract PSi structures have unique physical and optical properties, which are being exploited for a numerous biomedical applications including biosensing, bioimaging, tissue engineering, and drug delivery. Different PSi optical structures can be fabricated to improve the sensitivity of the optical measurements. A very high surface area per volume of PSi can be used for the higher loading of target analytes in a small sensor area, which helps in increasing sensitivity and allows the miniaturization of biosensor. The specificity of PSi biosensor to the target analyte can be inferred by immobilizing the corresponding bioreceptor such as DNA, enzyme, or antibody via different conjugation chemistries. Finally, PSi is biocompatible material that offers additional advantage in comparison to other sensing platforms for in vivo implantable biosensing applications. This paper reviews fabrication, surface modification, biofunctionalization, and optical biosensing applications of PSi structures with special emphasis on in vivo and PSi photonic particles biosensing.

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16

Bolomey, L., E. Meurville, and P. Ryser. "Implantable ultra-low power DSP-based system for a miniature chemico-rheological biosensor." Procedia Chemistry 1, no. 1 (September 2009): 1235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2009.07.308.

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17

Yoon, Hyo Sang, Xing Xuan, and Jae Yeong Park. "Semi-Implantable and Flexible Enzyme-Free Electrochemical Biosensor for Detection of Free Cholesterol." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 11 (November 1, 2016): 11417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.13520.

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18

O’Sullivan, Thomas, Elizabeth A. Munro, Natesh Parashurama, Christopher Conca, Sanjiv S. Gambhir, James S. Harris, and Ofer Levi. "Implantable semiconductor biosensor for continuous in vivo sensing of far-red fluorescent molecules." Optics Express 18, no. 12 (May 27, 2010): 12513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.18.012513.

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19

Ogose, Shigeaki, Shintaro Mori, and Takahiro Sekii. "Implantable Device Positioning based on Magnetic Field Detection using Genetic Algorithm in Body Area Biosensor Networks." Open Biomedical Engineering Journal 13, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874120701913010011.

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Background: Minimally invasive medical care by the aid of Information Communication Technology (ICT) has attracted considerable attention. Sensor nodes including implantable devices within the bio-sensor network or Body Area Network (BAN) have been utilized to reduce the burden on patients. To control the operation of devices properly or collect vital data effectively, it is important to obtain accurate information on their position. Methods: This paper provides an effective positioning method based on the detection of magnetic fields generated from implantable devices using the Genetic Algorithm (GA). After providing the principle of the proposed method, some laboratory test measurement results are given to confirm its effectiveness. Results: Magnetic field detection using multiple magnetic field sensors was achieved. From the results of multiple point measurements on the three-dimensional components of the magnetic field strength, the position of the target was obtained with a smaller error. Laboratory test measurement results are in good agreement with the theoretical values. Conclusion: The proposed positioning method is an effective and an economical approach. It is also effective for detecting moving devices such as a capsule endoscope in a human body. With the aid of the GA, high-speed detection is obtained with a low calculation costs. The compressed sensing method reduces the number of measurement points.

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20

Li, Yun, Yong Song, Xianyue Kong, Maoyuan Li, Yufei Zhao, Qun Hao, and Tianxin Gao. "The Simulation of the Recharging Method Based on Solar Radiation for an Implantable Biosensor." Sensors 16, no. 9 (September 10, 2016): 1468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s16091468.

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21

Nawito, M., H. Richter, A. Stett, and J. N. Burghartz. "A programmable energy efficient readout chip for a multiparameter highly integrated implantable biosensor system." Advances in Radio Science 13 (November 3, 2015): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-13-103-2015.

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Abstract. In this work an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) for an implantable electrochemical biosensor system (SMART implant, Stett et al., 2014) is presented. The ASIC drives the measurement electrodes and performs amperometric measurements for determining the oxygen concentration, potentiometric measurements for evaluating the pH-level as well as temperature measurements. A 10-bit pipeline analog to digital (ADC) is used to digitize the acquired analog samples and is implemented as a single stage to reduce power consumption and chip area. For pH measurements, an offset subtraction technique is employed to raise the resolution to 12-bits. Charge integration is utilized for oxygen and temperature measurements with the capability to cover current ranges between 30 nA and 1 μA. In order to achieve good performance over a wide range of supply and process variations, internal reference voltages are generated from a programmable band-gap regulated circuit and biasing currents are supplied from a wide-range bootstrap current reference. To accommodate the limited available electrical power, all components are designed for low power operation. Also a sequential operation approach is applied, in which essential circuit building blocks are time multiplexed between different measurement types. All measurement sequences and parameters are programmable and can be adjusted for different tissues and media. The chip communicates with external unites through a full duplex two-wire Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), which receives operational instructions and at the same time outputs the internally stored measurement data. The circuit has been fabricated in a standard 0.5-μm CMOS process and operates on a supply as low as 2.7 V. Measurement results show good performance and agree with circuit simulation. It consumes a maximum of 500 μA DC current and is clocked between 500 kHz and 4 MHz according to the measurement parameters. Measurement results of the on-chip ADC show a Differential Non Linearity (DNL) lower than 0.5 LSB, an Integral Non Linearity (INL) lower than 1 LSB and a Figure of Merit (FOM) of 6 pJ/conversion.

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22

McMahon, Colm P., Gaia Rocchitta, Pier A. Serra, Sarah M. Kirwan, John P. Lowry, and Robert D. O'Neill. "Control of the Oxygen Dependence of an Implantable Polymer/Enzyme Composite Biosensor for Glutamate." Analytical Chemistry 78, no. 7 (April 2006): 2352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac0518194.

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23

Avula, M., P. Tathireddy, S. Cho, L. Rieth, J. J. Magda, and F. Solzbacher. "Implantable Biosensor Arrays Based On Smart Hydrogels And Piezoresistive Sensors For Continuous Metabolic Monitoring." Procedia Engineering 25 (2011): 1008–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.12.248.

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24

Secchi, Ottavio, Manuel Zinellu, Ylenia Spissu, Marco Pirisinu, Gianfranco Bazzu, Rossana Migheli, Maria Desole, Robert O'Neill, Pier Serra, and Gaia Rocchitta. "Further In-vitro Characterization of an Implantable Biosensor for Ethanol Monitoring in the Brain." Sensors 13, no. 7 (July 23, 2013): 9522–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s130709522.

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25

Rezaul Hasan, S. M. "An Offset Compensated Sampled-Data CMOS Comparator Circuit for Low-Power Implantable Biosensor Applications." Circuits, Systems & Signal Processing 27, no. 3 (May 1, 2008): 351–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00034-008-9031-1.

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26

Iqbal, Jawaid, Arif Iqbal Umar, Noorul Amin, and Abdul Waheed. "Efficient and secure attribute-based heterogeneous online/offline signcryption for body sensor networks based on blockchain." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 15, no. 9 (September 2019): 155014771987565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147719875654.

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In body sensor networks, both wearable and implantable biosensors are deployed in a patient body to monitor and collect patient health record information. The health record information is then transmitted toward the medical server via a base station for analysis, diagnosis, and treatment by medical experts. Advancement in wireless technology although improves the patient health–monitoring mechanism, but still there are some limitations regarding security, privacy, and efficiency due to open wireless channel and limited resources of body sensor networks. To overcome these limitations, we have proposed an efficient and secure heterogeneous scheme for body sensor networks, in which biosensor nodes use a certificate-less cryptography environment to resolve the key escrow and certificate-management problems, while MS uses a public key infrastructure environment to enhance the scalability of the networks. Furthermore, we design an online/offline signcryption method to overcome the burden on biosensor nodes. We split the signcryption process into two phases: offline phase and online phase. In the offline phase, the major operations are computed without prior knowledge of patient data. While in online phase, the minor operations are computed when patient data are known. Besides, we have used a new hybrid blockchain technology approach for the secure transmission of patient information along with attributes stored in the medical server toward the cloud that provides ease of patient data access remotely from anywhere by the authorized users and data backup in case of medical server failure. Moreover, hybrid blockchain provides advantages of interoperability, transparency traceability, and universal access. The formal security analysis of the proposed scheme is proved in the standard model, and informal security assures that our scheme provides resistance against possible attacks. As compared to other existing schemes, our proposed scheme consumes fewer resources and efficient in terms of processing cost, transmission overhead, and energy consumption.

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27

Li, Zhe, Qiang Zheng, Zhong Lin Wang, and Zhou Li. "Nanogenerator-Based Self-Powered Sensors for Wearable and Implantable Electronics." Research 2020 (March 10, 2020): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/8710686.

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Wearable and implantable electronics (WIEs) are more and more important and attractive to the public, and they have had positive influences on all aspects of our lives. As a bridge between wearable electronics and their surrounding environment and users, sensors are core components of WIEs and determine the implementation of their many functions. Although the existing sensor technology has evolved to a very advanced level with the rapid progress of advanced materials and nanotechnology, most of them still need external power supply, like batteries, which could cause problems that are difficult to track, recycle, and miniaturize, as well as possible environmental pollution and health hazards. In the past decades, based upon piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and triboelectric effect, various kinds of nanogenerators (NGs) were proposed which are capable of responding to a variety of mechanical movements, such as breeze, body drive, muscle stretch, sound/ultrasound, noise, mechanical vibration, and blood flow, and they had been widely used as self-powered sensors and micro-nanoenergy and blue energy harvesters. This review focuses on the applications of self-powered generators as implantable and wearable sensors in health monitoring, biosensor, human-computer interaction, and other fields. The existing problems and future prospects are also discussed.

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28

Narayana, V. Lakshman, and A. Peda Gopi. "Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli Detection Using the Design of a Biosensor." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 23, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v23i3.a02.

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The food industry and clinical analysis, among other sectors, require the development of techniques and devices that detect pathogens, while the development of implantable devices needs biocompatible materials with low degradation in biological environment to increase the lifetime of the device. Throughout this work, hydrogenated amorphous silicon-carbon alloy is proposed, obtained, characterized and incorporated into the development of a proposed interdigitated microelectrode array (PIMA) to capture the bacteria of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (E. coli, ETEC). a-SixC1-x:H is obtained by the technique of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) using methane and silane as precursor gases under high hydrogen dilution and low power density in order to improve its biocompatibility. Functionally the PIMA is a transducer based on electrical impedance, namely the capture of E. coli bacteria causes changes in the electrical properties of the medium between and on the microelectrodes of the array, which are associated with changes in electrical impedance. The simulations were made with the purpose of knowing the operation that the PIMA would have under operating conditions (with bacterial environment) and of analyzing the design aspects that could affect or increase the sensitivity of the array.

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29

Ohashi, Eiji, and Isao Karube. "Development of a thin membrane glucose sensor using β-type crystalline chitin for implantable biosensor." Journal of Biotechnology 40, no. 1 (May 1995): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1656(95)00028-o.

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30

McMahon, Colm P., Gaia Rocchitta, Sarah M. Kirwan, Sarah J. Killoran, Pier A. Serra, John P. Lowry, and Robert D. O’Neill. "Oxygen tolerance of an implantable polymer/enzyme composite glutamate biosensor displaying polycation-enhanced substrate sensitivity." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 22, no. 7 (February 2007): 1466–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2006.06.027.

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31

Valdes, T. I., and F. Moussy. "In Vitro and In Vivo Degradation of Glucose Oxidase Enzyme Used for an Implantable Glucose Biosensor." Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 2, no. 3 (October 2000): 367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/15209150050194233.

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32

Yu, Bazhang, Nathan Long, Yvonne Moussy, and Francis Moussy. "A long-term flexible minimally-invasive implantable glucose biosensor based on an epoxy-enhanced polyurethane membrane." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 21, no. 12 (June 2006): 2275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2005.11.002.

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Manzo, Maurizio, Omar Cavazos, Zhenhua Huang, and Liping Cai. "Plasmonic and Hybrid Whispering Gallery Mode–Based Biosensors: Literature Review." JMIR Biomedical Engineering 6, no. 2 (April 12, 2021): e17781. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17781.

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Background The term “plasmonic” describes the relationship between electromagnetic fields and metallic nanostructures. Plasmon-based sensors have been used innovatively to accomplish different biomedical tasks, including detection of cancer. Plasmonic sensors also have been used in biochip applications and biosensors and have the potential to be implemented as implantable point-of-care devices. Many devices and methods discussed in the literature are based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and localized SPR (LSPR). However, the mathematical background can be overwhelming for researchers at times. Objective This review article discusses the theory of SPR, simplifying the underlying physics and bypassing many equations of SPR and LSPR. Moreover, we introduce and discuss the hybrid whispering gallery mode (WGM) sensing theory and its applications. Methods A literature search in ScienceDirect was performed using keywords such as “surface plasmon resonance,” “localized plasmon resonance,” and “whispering gallery mode/plasmonic.” The search results retrieved many articles, among which we selected only those that presented a simple explanation of the SPR phenomena with prominent biomedical examples. Results SPR, LSPR, tilted fiber Bragg grating, and hybrid WGM phenomena were explained and examples on biosensing applications were provided. Conclusions This minireview presents an overview of biosensor applications in the field of biomedicine and is intended for researchers interested in starting to work in this field. The review presents the fundamental notions of plasmonic sensors and hybrid WGM sensors, thereby allowing one to get familiar with the terminology and underlying complex formulations of linear and nonlinear optics.

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Rachim, Vega Pradana, and Sung-Min Park. "Review of 3D-printing technologies for wearable and implantable bio-integrated sensors." Essays in Biochemistry 65, no. 3 (August 2021): 491–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ebc20200131.

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Abstract Thin-film microfabrication-based bio-integrated sensors are widely used for a broad range of applications that require continuous measurements of biophysical and biochemical signals from the human body. Typically, they are fabricated using standard photolithography and etching techniques. This traditional method is capable of producing a precise, thin, and flexible bio-integrated sensor system. However, it has several drawbacks, such as the fact that it can only be used to fabricate sensors on a planar surface, it is highly complex requiring specialized high-end facilities and equipment, and it mostly allows only 2D features to be fabricated. Therefore, developing bio-integrated sensors via 3D-printing technology has attracted particular interest. 3D-printing technology offers the possibility to develop sensors on nonplanar substrates, which is beneficial for noninvasive bio-signal sensing, and to directly print on complex 3D nonplanar organ structures. Moreover, this technology introduces a highly flexible and precisely controlled printing process to realize patient-specific sensor systems for ultimate personalized medicine, with the potential of rapid prototyping and mass customization. This review summarizes the latest advancements in 3D-printed bio-integrated systems, including 3D-printing methods and employed printing materials. Furthermore, two widely used 3D-printing techniques are discussed, namely, ex-situ and in-situ fabrication techniques, which can be utilized in different types of applications, including wearable and smart-implantable biosensor systems.

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35

Scognamiglio, Viviana, Vincenzo Aurilia, Nunzio Cennamo, Paola Ringhieri, Luisa Iozzino, Micaela Tartaglia, Maria Staiano, et al. "D-galactose/D-glucose-binding Protein from Escherichia coli as Probe for a Non-consuming Glucose Implantable Fluorescence Biosensor." Sensors 7, no. 10 (October 24, 2007): 2484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s7102484.

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36

Rocchitta, Gaia, Ottavio Secchi, Maria Domenica Alvau, Rossana Migheli, Giammario Calia, Gianfranco Bazzu, Donatella Farina, Maria Speranza Desole, Robert D. O’Neill, and Pier Andrea Serra. "Development and Characterization of an Implantable Biosensor for Telemetric Monitoring of Ethanol in the Brain of Freely Moving Rats." Analytical Chemistry 84, no. 16 (August 2012): 7072–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac301253h.

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37

Mikhaylov, D. M., V. A. Stupin, V. N. Konev, A. V. Starikovskiy, and A. S. Smirnov. "Technology for Forecasting and Early Detection of Disease Based on Analysis of Human Saliva by Means of Implantable Biosensor." Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 12, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 975–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/1748.

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38

Xu, Jian, and Hyowon Lee. "Anti-Biofouling Strategies for Long-Term Continuous Use of Implantable Biosensors." Chemosensors 8, no. 3 (August 7, 2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors8030066.

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The growing trend for personalized medicine calls for more reliable implantable biosensors that are capable of continuously monitoring target analytes for extended periods (i.e., >30 d). While promising biosensors for various applications are constantly being developed in the laboratories across the world, many struggle to maintain reliable functionality in complex in vivo environments over time. In this review, we explore the impact of various biotic and abiotic failure modes on the reliability of implantable biosensors. We discuss various design considerations for the development of chronically reliable implantable biosensors with a specific focus on strategies to combat biofouling, which is a fundamental challenge for many implantable devices. Briefly, we introduce the process of the foreign body response and compare the in vitro and the in vivo performances of state-of-the-art implantable biosensors. We then discuss the latest development in material science to minimize and delay biofouling including the usage of various hydrophilic, biomimetic, drug-eluting, zwitterionic, and other smart polymer materials. We also explore a number of active anti-biofouling approaches including stimuli-responsive materials and mechanical actuation. Finally, we conclude this topical review with a discussion on future research opportunities towards more reliable implantable biosensors.

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Ryou, Marvin, Alex Nemiroski, Dan Azagury, Sohail N. Shaikh, Michele B. Ryan, Robert M. Westervelt, and Christopher C. Thompson. "An implantable wireless biosensor for the immediate detection of upper GI bleeding: a new fluorescein-based tool for diagnosis and surveillance (with video)." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 74, no. 1 (July 2011): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2011.03.1182.

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Macdonald, Alexander, Lucy A. Hawkes, and Damion K. Corrigan. "Recent advances in biomedical, biosensor and clinical measurement devices for use in humans and the potential application of these technologies for the study of physiology and disease in wild animals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1831 (June 28, 2021): 20200228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0228.

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The goal of achieving enhanced diagnosis and continuous monitoring of human health has led to a vibrant, dynamic and well-funded field of research in medical sensing and biosensor technologies. The field has many sub-disciplines which focus on different aspects of sensor science; engaging engineers, chemists, biochemists and clinicians, often in interdisciplinary teams. The trends which dominate include the efforts to develop effective point of care tests and implantable/wearable technologies for early diagnosis and continuous monitoring. This review will outline the current state of the art in a number of relevant fields, including device engineering, chemistry, nanoscience and biomolecular detection, and suggest how these advances might be employed to develop effective systems for measuring physiology, detecting infection and monitoring biomarker status in wild animals. Special consideration is also given to the emerging threat of antimicrobial resistance and in the light of the current SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, zoonotic infections. Both of these areas involve significant crossover between animal and human health and are therefore well placed to seed technological developments with applicability to both human and animal health and, more generally, the reviewed technologies have significant potential to find use in the measurement of physiology in wild animals. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Measuring physiology in free-living animals (Part II)’.

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Roy, Moumita, Chandreyee Chowdhury, and Nauman Aslam. "Designing Transmission Strategies for Enhancing Communications in Medical IoT Using Markov Decision Process." Sensors 18, no. 12 (December 15, 2018): 4450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124450.

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The introduction of medical Internet of Things (IoT) for biomedical applications has brought about the era of proactive healthcare. Such advanced medical supervision lies on the foundation of a network of energy-constrained wearable or implantable sensors (or things). These miniaturized battery-powered biosensor nodes are placed in, on, or around the human body to measure vital signals to be reported to the sink. This network configuration deployed on a human body is known as the Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). Strategies are required to restrict energy expenditure of the nodes without degrading performance of WBAN to make medical IoT a green (energy-efficient) and effective paradigm. Direct communication from a node to sink in WBAN may often lead to rapid energy depletion of nodes as well as growing thermal effects on the human body. Hence, multi-hop communication from sources to sink in WBAN is often preferred instead of direct communication with high transmission power. Existing research focuses on designing multi-hop protocols addressing the issues in WBAN routing. However, the ideal conditions for multi-hop routing in preference to single-hop direct delivery is rarely investigated. Accordingly, in this paper an optimal transmission policy for WBAN is developed using Markov Decision Process (MDP) subject to various input conditions such as battery level, event occurrence, packet transmission rate and link quality. Thereafter, a multi-hop routing protocol is designed where routing decisions are made following a pre-computed strategy. The algorithm is simulated, and performance is compared with existing multi-hop protocol for WBAN to demonstrate the viability of the proposed scheme.

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Zhang, Mingkuan, Xiaohong Wang, Zhiping Huang, and Wei Rao. "Liquid Metal Based Flexible and Implantable Biosensors." Biosensors 10, no. 11 (November 10, 2020): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios10110170.

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Biosensors are the core elements for obtaining significant physiological information from living organisms. To better sense life information, flexible biosensors and implantable sensors that are highly compatible with organisms are favored by researchers. Moreover, materials for preparing a new generation of flexible sensors have also received attention. Liquid metal is a liquid-state metallic material with a low melting point at or around room temperature. Owing to its high electrical conductivity, low toxicity, and superior fluidity, liquid metal is emerging as a highly desirable candidate in biosensors. This paper is dedicated to reviewing state-of-the-art applications in biosensors that are expounded from seven aspects, including pressure sensor, strain sensor, gas sensor, temperature sensor, electrical sensor, optical sensor, and multifunctional sensor, respectively. The fundamental scientific and technological challenges lying behind these recommendations are outlined. Finally, the perspective of liquid metal-based biosensors is present, which stimulates the upcoming design of biosensors.

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Ju, Young Min, Bazhang Yu, Thomas J. Koob, Yvonne Moussy, and Francis Moussy. "A novel porous collagen scaffold around an implantable biosensor for improving biocompatibility. I.In vitro/in vivostability of the scaffold andin vitrosensitivity of the glucose sensor with scaffold." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 87A, no. 1 (October 2008): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.31756.

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Ziegler, Kirk J. "Developing implantable optical biosensors." Trends in Biotechnology 23, no. 9 (September 2005): 440–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.07.006.

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Kotanen, Christian N., Francis Gabriel Moussy, Sandro Carrara, and Anthony Guiseppi-Elie. "Implantable enzyme amperometric biosensors." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 35, no. 1 (May 2012): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2012.03.016.

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Clark, Jason. "Self-Calibration and Performance Control of MEMS with Applications for IoT." Sensors 18, no. 12 (December 13, 2018): 4411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124411.

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A systemic problem for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) has been the large gap between their predicted and actual performances. Due to process variations, no two MEMS have been able to perform identically. In-factory calibration is often required, which can represent as much as three-fourths of the manufacturing costs. Such issues are challenges for microsensors that require higher accuracy and lower cost. Towards addressing these issues, this paper describes how microscale attributes may be used to enable MEMS to accurately calibrate themselves without external references, or enable actual devices to match their predicted performances. Previously, we validated how MEMS with comb drives can be used to autonomously self-measure their change in geometry in going from layout to manufactured, and we verified how MEMS can be made to increase or decrease their effective mass, damping, and or stiffness in real-time to match desired specifications. Here, we present how self-calibration and performance control may be used to accurately sense and extend the capabilities of a variety of sensing applications for the Internet of things (IoT). Discussions of IoT applications include: (1) measuring absolute temperature due to thermally-induced vibrations; (2) measuring the stiffness of atomic force microscope or biosensor cantilevers; (3) MEMS weighing scales; (4) MEMS gravimeters and altimeters; (5) inertial measurement units that can measure all four non-inertial forces; (6) self-calibrating implantable pressure sensors; (7) diagnostic chips for quality control; (8) closing the gap from experiment to simulation; (9) control of the value of resonance frequency to counter drift or to match modes; (10) control of the value of the quality factor; and (11) low-amplitude Duffing nonlinearity for wideband high-Q resonance.

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Ju, Young Min, Bazhang Yu, Leigh West, Yvonne Moussy, and Francis Moussy. "A novel porous collagen scaffold around an implantable biosensor for improving biocompatibility. II. Long-termin vitro/in vivosensitivity characteristics of sensors with NDGA- or GA-crosslinked collagen scaffolds." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 9999A (2009): NA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.32400.

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Zain, Zainiharyati M., Robert D. O’Neill, John P. Lowry, Kenneth W. Pierce, Mark Tricklebank, Aidiahmad Dewa, and Sulaiman Ab Ghani. "Development of an implantable d-serine biosensor for in vivo monitoring using mammalian d-amino acid oxidase on a poly (o-phenylenediamine) and Nafion-modified platinum–iridium disk electrode." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 25, no. 6 (February 2010): 1454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2009.10.049.

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Bobrowski, Tim, and Wolfgang Schuhmann. "Long-term implantable glucose biosensors." Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 10 (August 2018): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2018.05.004.

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Wang, Yan, Santhisagar Vaddiraju, Bing Gu, Fotios Papadimitrakopoulos, and Diane J. Burgess. "Foreign Body Reaction to Implantable Biosensors." Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 9, no. 5 (August 25, 2015): 966–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932296815601869.

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