Academic literature on the topic 'Implementer preference'
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Journal articles on the topic "Implementer preference"
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Walden, Brian E., Rauna K. Surr, Mary T. Cord, Ken W. Grant, Van Summers, and Andrew B. Dittberner. "The Robustness of Hearing Aid Microphone Preferences in Everyday Listening Environments." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 18, no. 05 (May 2007): 358–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.18.5.2.
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Automatic directionality algorithms currently implemented in hearing aids assume that hearing-impaired persons with similar hearing losses will prefer the same microphone processing mode in a specific everyday listening environment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the robustness of microphone preferences in everyday listening. Two hearing-impaired persons made microphone preference judgments (omnidirectional preferred, directional preferred, no preference) in a variety of everyday listening situations. Simultaneously, these acoustic environments were recorded through the omnidirectional and directional microphone processing modes. The acoustic recordings were later presented in a laboratory setting for microphone preferences to the original two listeners and other listeners who differed in hearing ability and experience with directional microphone processing. The original two listeners were able to replicate their live microphone preferences in the laboratory with a high degree of accuracy. This suggests that the basis of the original live microphone preferences were largely represented in the acoustic recordings. Other hearing-impaired and normal-hearing participants who listened to the environmental recordings also accurately replicated the original live omnidirectional preferences; however, directional preferences were not as robust across the listeners. When the laboratory rating did not replicate the live directional microphone preference, listeners almost always expressed no preference for either microphone mode. Hence, a preference for omnidirectional processing was rarely expressed by any of the participants to recorded sites where directional processing had been preferred as a live judgment and vice versa. These results are interpreted to provide little basis for customizing automatic directionality algorithms for individual patients. The implications of these findings for hearing aid design are discussed. Los algoritmos automáticos de direccionalidad actualmente implementados en auxiliares auditivos asumen que las personas hipoacúsicas con pérdidas similares preferirán el mismo modo de procesamiento del micrófono en los ambientes cotidianos específicos de escucha. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la firmeza de las preferencias de micrófonos para la audición cotidiana. Dos personas hipoacúsicas establecieron juicios de preferencia en cuanto a los micrófonos (preferencia omnidireccional, preferencia direccional, sin preferencia) en una variedad de situaciones cotidianas de escucha. Simultáneamente, estos ambientes acústicos fueron registrados a través de modos omnidireccionales y direccionales de procesamiento del micrófono. Las grabaciones acústicas fueron luego presentadas en un contexto de laboratorio para preferencias del micrófono a los dos sujetos originales y a dos sujetos que diferían en su habilidad auditiva y en su experiencia con procesamiento direccional de micrófonos. Los dos sujetos originales pudieron replicar en el laboratorio sus preferencias de micrófono en vivo con un alto grado de exactitud. Esto sugiere que las bases para la preferencia original y aquella en vivo de los micrófonos fueron correctamente representadas en los registros acústicos. Otros participantes con hipoacusia y normoyentes que escucharon los registros ambientales también replicaron con exactitud las preferencias omnidireccionales originales en vivo; sin embargo, las preferencias direccionales no fueron tan consistentes entre todos ellos. Cuando la clasificación de laboratorio no replicó la preferencia direccional de micrófono en vivo, los sujetos casi siempre dejaron de expresar preferencia por ningún modo de micrófono. Por lo tanto, la preferencia para procesamiento omnidireccional raramente fue escogida por ninguno de los participantes para situaciones donde se había preferido el registro direccional como un juicio en vivo y viceversa. Se interpreta que estos resultados aportan poco en la búsqueda de adecuar automáticamente los algoritmos de direccionalidad para pacientes individuales. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos hallazgos en el diseño de auxiliares auditivos.
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Ng, SeeHoe, Bridget Kelly, Heather Yeatman, Boyd Swinburn, and Tilakavati Karupaiah. "Policy Inertia on Regulating Food Marketing to Children: A Case Study of Malaysia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 12, 2021): 9607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189607.
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Unhealthy food marketing shapes children’s preference towards obesogenic foods. In Malaysia, policies regulating this food marketing were rated as poor compared to global standards, justifying the need to explore barriers and facilitators during policy development and implementation processes. The case study incorporated qualitative methods, including historical mapping, semi-structured interviews with key informants and a search of cited documents. Nine participants were interviewed, representing the Federal government (n = 5), food industry (n = 2) and civil society (n = 2). Even though the mandatory approach to government-led regulation of food marketing to children was the benchmark, more barriers than facilitators in the policy process led to industry self-regulations in Malaysia. Cited barriers were the lack of political will, industry resistance, complexity of legislation, technical challenges, and lack of resources, particularly professional skills. The adoption of industry self-regulation created further barriers to subsequent policy advancement. These included implementer indifference (industry), lack of monitoring, poor stakeholder relations, and policy characteristics linked to weak criteria and voluntary uptake. These underlying barriers, together with a lack of sustained public health advocacy, exacerbated policy inertia. Key recommendations include strengthening pro-public health stakeholder partnerships, applying sustained efforts in policy advocacy to overcome policy inertia, and conducting monitoring for policy compliance and accountability. These form the key lessons for advocating policy reforms.
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Kalimantari, Ni Luh Ayu, and Ida Bagus Teddy Prianthara. "Merajut Asa Implementasi Food Preference di Rumah Sakit Swasta." Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis 16, no. 3 (July 15, 2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.38043/jmb.v16i3.2233.
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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to find out to find out how the implementation of the food preference in organizing food at Surya Husadha Nusa Dua Badung Hospital and the obstacles that occur in the implementation of a food preference. This research was conducted at Surya Husadha Nusa Dua Hospital, Badung Regency. The design of this study is qualitative, namely to understand the phenomenon of food preference implementation preference in organizing food. Technically, data collection uses interviews with informants. The research informants consisted of elements involved in the mechanism of organizing food at Surya Husadha Nusa Dua and patient. The results of the study showed that the food preference imple- mentation in Surya Husadha Nusa Dua Hospital had 1) effective communication in food preference implementation, 2) inadequate resources in the implementation of food preferences, 3) the attitude of the implementers in the food preference implementation was already underway well and 4) the bureaucratic structure in the implementation of a food preference knows the duties and responsibilities. The organizational structure has gone well. Then the obstacles in the implementation of food preferences include: The semi out-sourcing system that is used in hospitals triggers delays in food distribution and ineffective communication between task implementers, and the lack of human resources causes implementers to be more oriented towards the target time of completion of work rather than on the results or quality of work.
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Hollin, Ilene L., Juan Marcos González, Lisabeth Buelt, Michael Ciarametaro, and Robert W. Dubois. "Do Patient Preferences Align With Value Frameworks? A Discrete-Choice Experiment of Patients With Breast Cancer." MDM Policy & Practice 5, no. 1 (January 2020): 238146832092801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2381468320928012.
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Purpose. Assess patient preferences for aspects of breast cancer treatments to evaluate and inform the usual assumptions in scoring rubrics for value frameworks. Methods. A discrete-choice experiment (DCE) was designed and implemented to collect quantitative evidence on preferences from 100 adult female patients with a self-reported physician diagnosis of stage 3 or stage 4 breast cancer. Respondents were asked to evaluate some of the treatment aspects currently considered in value frameworks. Respondents’ choices were analyzed using logit-based regression models that produced preference weights for each treatment aspect considered. Aggregate- and individual-level preferences were used to assess the relative importance of treatment aspects and their variability across respondents. Results. As expected, better clinical outcomes were associated with higher preference weights. While life extensions with treatment were considered to be most important, respondents assigned great value to out-of-pocket cost of treatment, treatment route of administration, and the availability of reliable tests to help gauge treatment efficacy. Two respondent classes were identified in the sample. Differences in class-specific preferences were primarily associated with route of administration, out-of-pocket treatment cost, and the availability of a test to gauge treatment efficacy. Only patient cancer stage was found to be correlated with class assignment ( P = 0.035). Given the distribution of individual-level preference estimates, preference for survival benefits are unlikely to be adequately described with two sets of preference weights. Conclusions. Although value frameworks are an important step in the systematic evaluation of medications in the context of a complex treatment landscape, the frameworks are still largely driven by expert judgment. Our results illustrate issues with this approach as patient preferences can be heterogeneous and different from the scoring weights currently provided by the frameworks.
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Hasanzadeh, Kamyar, Marketta Kyttä, and Greg Brown. "Beyond Housing Preferences: Urban Structure and Actualisation of Residential Area Preferences." Urban Science 3, no. 1 (February 6, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3010021.
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The concept of residential housing preferences has been studied across multiple disciplines, with extensive literature supporting both stated and revealed preference methods. This study argues that both preference types, stated and revealed, should be assessed concurrently to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of residential housing choices. To provide evidence, this research used findings from a public participation GIS survey that identified the stated housing preferences associated with three categories of urban residents, which were called urban “tribes”. We implemented an analytical framework using fuzzy modelling to relate stated preferences with revealed preferences for the same individuals using empirical data describing the urban structure in Tampere, Finland. Following an analysis of the relationships between residents’ revealed preferences and urban structural variables, we examined the consistency of stated housing preferences with revealed preferences. The results show considerable mismatch between the stated and revealed preferences for the urban tribes that were examined i.e., the preferred housing environment was significantly different from the actual living environment. Further, the stated preferences showed disequilibrium within the current structure of the housing supply in Tampere. The findings can have important implications for housing policy making in Tampere. Further, the use of a novel fuzzy model approach demonstrated a flexible and tolerant method for working with imprecise and variable social data to capture subtle differences. Finally, this study elaborately discusses the remaining limitations and suggests how they should be addressed in future research.
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Manouselis, Nikos, and Andreas M. Maras. "Multi-attribute Services Brokering in Agent-based Virtual Private Networks." Computing Letters 1, no. 3 (March 6, 2005): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1574040054861230.
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This paper presents the development of an agent-based Virtual Private Network (VPN) system that supports multimedia service brokering. The VPN agents employ multi-attribute preference models in order to represent the end-user preferences, and a multi-criteria decision making model to evaluate available services from network providers. A prototype multi-agent system demonstrating the proposed approach has also been implemented.
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Adiyoga, Witono, and Nurmalinda Nurmalinda. "Analisis Konjoin Preferensi Konsumen terhadap Atribut Produk Kentang, Bawang Merah, dan Cabai Merah." Jurnal Hortikultura 22, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jhort.v22n3.2012.p292-302.
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<p>ABSTRAK. Pemahaman tentang preferensi konsumen sangat penting dalam proses pengambilan keputusan pemangku kepentingan utama, termasuk bagi produsen/petani serta berbagai pihak terkait yang beroperasi di dalam subsektor sayuran. Penelitian ini diarahkan untuk menghimpun informasi menyangkut preferensi konsumen atau optimalisasi utilitas atribut produk untuk komoditas prioritas/unggulan sayuran (kentang, bawang merah, dan cabai merah). Kegiatan penelitian dilaksanakan pada Bulan Juni sampai dengan September 2008 di tiga kota besar konsumen sayuran, yaitu Jakarta (DKI Jaya), Bandung (Jawa Barat), dan Padang (Sumatera Barat). Penelitian survai menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur dilaksanakan untuk mewawancarai 335 responden yang dipilih secara acak di ketiga kota tersebut. Atribut produk yang diamati mencakup atribut eksternal, internal, dan organoleptik. Preferensi konsumen diidentifikasi menggunakan analisis konjoin yaitu salah satu modul dalam program SPSS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsumen mengekspresikan preferensinya terhadap kentang yang berukuran 6–8 butir/kg, berkulit mulus, dan memiliki jumlah mata sedikit (<10). Konsumen menganggap ukuran umbi kentang merupakan faktor terpenting dalam menilai atau membeli kentang, dan secara berturut-turut diikuti oleh faktor permukaan kulit serta jumlah mata. Sementara itu, bawang merah yang paling disukai konsumen ialah bawang merah dengan diameter umbi 2,5 cm, berwarna kulit merah-ungu tua, dan beraroma tidak menyengat. Urutan kepentingan atribut bawang merah menurut persepsi konsumen secara berturut-turut yaitu warna kulit, ukuran umbi, serta aroma. Sementara itu, konsumen lebih menyukai cabai merah yang besar, kulit berwarna merah terang, dan memiliki kepedasan agak pedas. Dalam konteks atribut produk cabai merah yang digunakan untuk mengukur preferensi, faktor terpenting yang berpengaruh dalam proses pengambilan keputusan yaitu warna kulit, dan secara berturut-turut diikuti oleh faktor jenis cabai serta tingkat kepedasan.</p><p>ABSTRACT. Adiyoga, W and Nurmalinda 2012. Conjoint Analysis of Consumer Preferences on Potato, Shallots, and Hot Pepper’s Product Attributes. Understanding consumer preferences is important in the context of decision-making of key stakeholders, including producers themselves, as well as development agencies that operate in the vegetable subsector. This study was aimed at collecting information on consumer preference or optimizing the utility of product attributes of vegetable priority crops (potato, shallots, and hot peppers). It was carried out in June-September 2008 in three big vegetable consuming cities, Jakarta (Capital Special-Region of Jakarta), Bandung (West Java), and Padang (West Sumatera). Survey method by using a structured questionnaire was implemented to interview 335 respondents randomly selected in the three cities. Parameters observed were external, internal, and organoleptic attributes. Consumer preferences were identified by using conjoint analysis – a module in Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results showed that consumers express their preference to potato that has some characteristics, such as medium size of tuber (6-8 tubers/kg), smooth-flawless skin, and few numbers of eyes (<10). Tuber size were perceived as the most important factor affecting purchasing decision, and followed by skin and number of eyes. The most preferred shallots was the one that has a diameter of 2.5 cm in size, dark-violet red skin color, and least strong aroma. The rank of shallot’s attributes importance as perceived by consumers were skin color, tuber size, and aroma, consecutively. Meanwhile, consumers prefer hot peppers that has the characteristics of bright-red skin color, big-hot peppers type, and slightly hot. Within the context of measuring preference, the most important hot peppers attribute that influences consumer decision making were skin color, and then followed by hot peppers type, and hotness.<br /><br /></p>
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Rigi, Mohammad Amin, and Farid Khoshalhan. "Eliciting User Preferences in Multi-Agent Meeting Scheduling Problem." International Journal of Intelligent Information Technologies 7, no. 2 (April 2011): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jiit.2011040103.
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Meeting Scheduling Problem (MSP) arranges meetings between a number of participants. Reaching consensus in arranging a meeting is very diffuclt and time-consuming when the number of participants is large. One efficient approach for overcoming this problem is the use of multi-agent systems. In a multi-agent system, agents are deciding on behalf of their users. They must be able to elicite their users’ preferences in an effective way. This paper focuses on the elicitation of users’ preferences. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) - which is known for its ability to determine preferences - is used in this research. Specifically, an adaptive preference modeling technique based on AHP is developed and implemented in a system and the initial validation results are encouraging.
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Desai, Ruchi, and Manali Shah. "Understanding the Learning Styles of Physiotherapy Students." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 11, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20210727.
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Physiotherapy students have wide range of diversity in their learning preferences therefore this has been always a challenged for the teachers to meet their demands. Understanding learning style preference encourages both students and teachers to continuously update themselves resulting in greater educational satisfaction. Study was performed to find out differences of learning preferences from first to final year physiotherapy students of LJ Institute of physiotherapy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Total 220 physiotherapy students from all four years were invited to participate in study, out of which 161 students (male: 49, female: 112) voluntarily participated in study. A web-based survey was implemented in this study which included VARK questionnaire and we found 72.7% students have multimodal learning style and kinaesthetic was the preferred sensory modalities of learning for most of the years but final year also showed more aural learning. Most of the male students in our study showed kinaesthetic learning and previous year academic performance also has influence on learning preference. Key words: VARK, learning style, Physiotherapy.
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Suzuki, Shinsuke, Emily L. S. Jensen, Peter Bossaerts, and John P. O’Doherty. "Behavioral contagion during learning about another agent’s risk-preferences acts on the neural representation of decision-risk." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 14 (March 21, 2016): 3755–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600092113.
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Our attitude toward risk plays a crucial role in influencing our everyday decision-making. Despite its importance, little is known about how human risk-preference can be modulated by observing risky behavior in other agents at either the behavioral or the neural level. Using fMRI combined with computational modeling of behavioral data, we show that human risk-preference can be systematically altered by the act of observing and learning from others’ risk-related decisions. The contagion is driven specifically by brain regions involved in the assessment of risk: the behavioral shift is implemented via a neural representation of risk in the caudate nucleus, whereas the representations of other decision-related variables such as expected value are not affected. Furthermore, we uncover neural computations underlying learning about others’ risk-preferences and describe how these signals interact with the neural representation of risk in the caudate. Updating of the belief about others’ preferences is associated with neural activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Functional coupling between the dlPFC and the caudate correlates with the degree of susceptibility to the contagion effect, suggesting that a frontal–subcortical loop, the so-called dorsolateral prefrontal–striatal circuit, underlies the modulation of risk-preference. Taken together, these findings provide a mechanistic account for how observation of others’ risky behavior can modulate an individual’s own risk-preference.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Implementer preference"
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Chalmers, Andrea Harley. "Teacher Preference for Response Cost and Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior within Token Economies." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2279.
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Previous research on implementer preference for behavioral interventions is limited. This study empirically evaluated teachers’ preference for implementing two types of token economies in a classroom to increase on-task behavior of students. The two types of token economies were response cost and differential reinforcement of alternative behavior implemented using an interdependent group contingency. The results showed both teachers preferred response cost over differential reinforcement of alternative behavior.
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Merkley, Heather M. "Training Staff Members to Conduct and Implement the Multiple Stimulus Without Replacement (MSWO) Preference Assessment Using Video Modeling." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3572.
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For many educators, finding enough time to complete all that is require of them is a daily challenge. Those in special education have the added burden of making sure that their staff members are highly trained in the skills required to work effectively with students. There are many different ways to train staff members, one of which is using a video model. This study looked at the effects of video modeling alone on the training of staff members to use the multiple stimulus without replacement preference assessment. The participants in this study were paraprofessionals who work with preschool students who had a variety of disabilities. Data were collected on how well staff members were able to perform necessary skills to conduct the preference assessment before and after watching a video model. The results of this study showed that staff members could learn a new skill with the use of video modeling as a training tool. Using video modeling as a training tool is an effective way to save educators time while still ensuring that students are benefited.
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Samkange, Tichaona. "An evaluation of the brand campus concept implemented at Mercedes-Benz South Africa : a case study /." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1576/.
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Thesis (M.B.A. (Rhodes Investec Business School)) - Rhodes University, 2009.A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration (MBA)
Books on the topic "Implementer preference"
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Miṣrī, Muḥammad ʻIṣām. al-Munāfasah al-khārijīyah wa-atharuhā ʻalá al-sulūk al-taswīqī fī qiṭāʻ muntajāt al-blāstīk al-manzilīyah: Dirāsah maydānīyah bi-madīnat al-Riyāḍ. [Riyadh]: al-Mamlakah al-ʻArabīyah al-Saʻūdīyah, Jāmiʻat al-Malik S aʻūd, Kullīyat al-ʻUlūm al-Idārīyah, Markaz al-Buḥūth, 1986.
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Mackey, Alison, Tyson B. Mackey, and Jay B. Barney. Senior Management Preferences and Corporate Social Responsibility. Edited by Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten, Abagail McWilliams, Jeremy Moon, and Donald S. Siegel. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199211593.003.0024.
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The purpose of this article is to examine whether or not having senior managers who are personally committed to socially responsible causes is either necessary or sufficient for firms to implement socially responsible activities. While not denying that having such senior managers may increase the probability that a firm will pursue a socially responsible agenda, this article concludes that senior manager commitment to socially responsible causes is neither necessary nor sufficient for a firm to implement socially responsible activities. This article has important practical implications for those seeking to increase the amount of socially responsible corporate behavior in the economy. In particular, the arguments developed here suggest that efforts that focus exclusively on changing the social responsibility preferences of senior managers in firms may be misguided, and at the least should be augmented by efforts focused on different firm stakeholders.
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Bergqvist, A. G. Christina. How Do You Implement the Diet? Edited by Eric H. Kossoff. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.003.0004.
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There is great variability in how the ketogenic diet (KD) is implemented. Most of the differences are preference based. A consensus statement attempted to unify professional practices. The KD can be safely used in all ages, modified for specific dietary needs, and administered as food, formula, or intravenous alimentation. Effectiveness, compliance, and minimal side effects are achieved using a team-based, family-centered support structure. The KD is commonly initiated in an in-patient setting with a gradual advancement of the fat. Some centers still begin the KD with a brief fast. Out-patient initiation with slower advancement to a full diet can be challenging but safely executed. Time to determine response and duration of treatment in responders varies. Side effects are better understood and best managed proactively by monitoring, but cannot always be prevented and must be weighed with the benefit of continuing the therapy.
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The Customer Marketing Method: How To Implement and Profit from Customer Relationship Management. Free Press, 2000.
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Sugita, Yoneyuki. Constrained Rearmament in Japan, 1945–1954. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037894.003.0005.
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This chapter analyzes what made it possible for Japan to implement “constrained rearmament” despite strong pressure domestically and from the United States to carry out rapid rearmament. There are two important factors that led to Japan's establishing firm ground for constrained rearmament from the late 1950s onward. The first of these is the US strategic preference for securing military bases in Japan instead of Japan's rearmament. The second is the implementation of tight-money policies precipitated by the Dodge Line of 1949, which culminated in a one-trillion-yen budget for Japan in 1954. The level and scope of rearmament hinged upon the defense budget or, more generally, Japan's fiscal policy.
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Klingler-Vidra, Robyn. The Venture Capital State. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501723377.001.0001.
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The Venture Capital State investigates the diffusion of the globally acclaimed Silicon Valley venture capital (VC) policy model. The spread of this model has been ubiquitous, with at least 45 states across a range of countries, in terms of geography, culture, and size, attempting to build local VC markets. In contrast to the transcendent exuberance for VC, policymakers in each and every state have implemented a distinct set of policies. Even states of similar population and economic sizes that are geographically and culturally proximate, and at comparable levels of industrialization, have not implemented similar policies. This book explains why: policymakers are “contextually rational” in their learning; their context-rooted norms shape preferences, underpinning their distinct valuations of studied models. The normative context of those learning about the policy – how they see themselves and what they deem as locally appropriate – informs their design. Findings are based upon deep investigations of VC policymaking in an East Asian cluster of states: Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore. These states’ VC successes reflects their ability to effectively adapt the highly-lauded model for their local context, not their policymakers’ approximation of the Silicon Valley policy model.
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1946-, Clinton Bill, and United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means, eds. To implement Title V of the Trade and Development Act of 2000 and to modify the Generalized System of Preferences: Communication from the President of the United States transmitting notification of his intention to modify the list of beneficiary developing countries under the Generalized System of Preferences, changing the designation of "western Samoa" to "Samoa" submitted in accordance with section 502(f) of the Trade act of 1974. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.
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United States. President (1993-2001 : Clinton). To implement Title V of the Trade and Development Act of 2000 and to modify the Generalized System of Preferences: Communication from the President of the United States transmitting notification of his intention to modify the the list of beneficiary developing countries under the Generalized System of Preferences, changing the designation of "western Samoa" to "Samoa" submitted in accordance with section 502(f) of the Trade act of 1974. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.
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Brattebo, Douglas M., and Tom Lansford. The Presidency and Decision Making. Edited by Derek S. Reveron, Nikolas K. Gvosdev, and John A. Cloud. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190680015.013.10.
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Given the wide latitude that the U.S. president has in security policy, successive chief executives have created different structures and systems to develop and implement their foreign and defense agendas. One result has been dramatic differences in how information and options reach the president as each chief executive seeks to construct and maintain an advisory system that reflects his or her personal style and preferences. Among the various approaches, multiple advocacy has emerged as the most effective and efficient decision-making process to ensure that presidents consider a full range of security options and steer a more prudent course according to the advisory system.
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Kennedy, John James, and Yaojiang Shi. Lost and Found. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190917425.001.0001.
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Between 1979 and 2010 local leaders and rural families across China concealed the existence of millions of girls from government officials and the national census. The single child policy (1979–2015) was introduced in 1979, and the central government’s goal was to reduce population growth through strict birth control. Yet, at the same time, many rural parents had strong incentives not to comply with the birth control policy because under economic reforms in the 1980s and 1990s, larger families meant increased labor and income. However, most journalists and scholars reported that the combination of a strictly enforced central policy and a historical preference for sons had led to a stark gender imbalance, with an abnormally higher number of males being born than females. The result was an estimated 20 million “missing girls” in the population from 1980 to 2010. Most demographers have believed that this dearth of girls has been due to widespread sex-selective abortion and infanticide. Yet quantitative analysis of China census data and qualitative interviews with rural parents and local leaders suggest that at least half of the “missing girls” were hidden in China. This was due to two key factors. First was the discretion to implement central policy that street-level bureaucrats and local leaders have. There was mutual noncompliance between rural families and village leaders, such that rural parents did not immediately register additional children and local leaders underreported illegal births to higher authorities. Second is the increasing value of daughters and equal preference for sons and daughters over the last several decades.
Book chapters on the topic "Implementer preference"
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Bartuskova, Aneta, and Ondrej Krejcar. "Evaluation Framework for User Preference Research Implemented as Web Application." In Computational Collective Intelligence. Technologies and Applications, 537–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40495-5_54.
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Schaub, Torsten. "What’s Your Preference? And How to Express and Implement It in Logic Programming!" In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 17. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44652-4_3.
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Heumader, Peter, Klaus Miesenberger, and Tomas Murillo-Morales. "Adaptive User Interfaces for People with Cognitive Disabilities within the Easy Reading Framework." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 53–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58805-2_7.
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AbstractAdaptive user interfaces are user interfaces that dynamically adapt to the users’ preferences and abilities. These user interfaces have great potential to improve accessibility of user interfaces for people with cognitive disabilities. However automatic changes to user interfaces driven by adaptivity are also in contradiction to accessibility guidelines, as consistence of user interfaces is of utmost importance for people with cognitive disabilities. This paper describes how such user interfaces are implemented within the Easy Reading framework, a framework to improve the accessibility of web-pages for people with cognitive disabilities.
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Beleffi, Elena, Paola Mosconi, and Susan Sheridan. "The Patient Journey." In Textbook of Patient Safety and Clinical Risk Management, 117–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59403-9_10.
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AbstractThe wide implementation of patient safety improvement efforts continues to face many barriers including insufficient involvement of all stakeholders in healthcare, lack of individual and organizational learning when medical errors occur and scarce investments in patient safety. The promotion of systems-based approaches offers methods and tools to improve the safety of care. A multidisciplinary perspective must include the involvement of patients and citizens as fundamental contributors to the design, implementation, and delivery of health services.The patient journey is a challenging example of using a systems approach. The inclusion of the patient’s viewpoint and experience about their health journey throughout the time of care and across all the care settings represents a key factor in improving patient safety. Patient engagement ensures that the design of healthcare services are aligned with the values, the preferences, and needs of the patient community and integrates the real-life experience and the skills of the people to enhance patient safety in the patient journey.The utmost priority to implement patient engagement is the training of patients. Therefore, training for both patients/families/advocates and health professionals is the foundation on which to build active engagement of patients and consequently an effective and efficient patient journey.The chapter offers examples of successful training courses designed to foster strategic alliances among healthcare professionals and researchers with patients and their organizations. Training of patients constitutes the first step to develop shared knowledge, co-produced projects, and the achievement of active multilevel participation of patients for the implementation of patient safety in the patient journey.
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Adler, Matthew D. "Extended Preferences and the Valuation of Health." In Measuring the Global Burden of Disease, edited by Nir Eyal, Samia A. Hurst, Christopher J. L. Murray, S. Andrew Schroeder, and Daniel Wikler, 86–106. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190082543.003.0007.
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Measures of health quality used to evaluate governmental policy or to assess a society’s health condition—for example, as an input into cost-effectiveness analysis or the global burden of disease assessment—should take account of the fact that individuals are heterogeneous not only in their health states, but also in their preferences regarding health (the tradeoffs they are willing to make between different health conditions, and between health and longevity). This chapter presents a methodology for measuring health, the “extended preferences” framework, that both defers to individuals’ preferences in the valuation of health, and allows for preference heterogeneity. It is, plausibly, an advance over existing measures (such as quality-adjusted life years and disability-adjusted life years), which as implemented either ignore the preferences of the individuals whose health states are at issue, or assume identical preferences.
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Changchit, Chuleeporn, and Tim Klaus. "Classroom Preferences." In Web-Based Education, 1268–79. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-963-7.ch086.
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Advances in technology have enabled instructors to design online courses that better meet the needs of students. Online courses generally are adaptations of traditional courses; some courses are more suitable for such online instruction. As the trend of online course offerings continues, universities must understand factors that lead to students’ preferences since online courses can be costly to develop and implement and inappropriate online coursescan lead to lower student retention rates. This study focuses on students’ perceptions of online courses. The results identify issues that affect students’ perceptions and this study concludes by suggesting ways for universities to design online programs that better suit the desires of students.
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Rice, Ronnie O'Brien. "Analyzing How Cultural Norms Affect Learner Preferences in Organizational Learning Programs." In Multicultural Andragogy for Transformative Learning, 241–51. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3474-7.ch014.
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Offering organizational learning programs that engage employees within the culture may help them implement strategies learned within the organization. The current theoretical research scope was performed to bring a greater understanding of the effects of cultural norms upon learner preferences in organizational learning programs along with self-leadership strategies and general self-efficacy due to the possible effects of individual characteristics upon the overall organizational performance. Due to the intrinsic motivation and biological makeup of the individual, a learner style may be skewed simply because their perception of the cultural norms and effectiveness of the organizational learning program. Cultural norms may have an effect upon learner preference within organizational learning programs; however, the magnitude and direction affects learner preference may be dependent upon self-leadership strategies and the level general self-efficacy.
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Guan, Sheng-Uei, Chon Seng Ngoo, and Fangming Zhu. "Intelligent Product Brokering and User Preference Tracking." In Wireless Communications and Mobile Commerce, 166–85. IGI Global, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-184-1.ch007.
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One potential application for agent-based systems has been in the area of m-commerce. In most current systems, user-supplied keywords are normally used to generate a profile for the user. In this chapter, a design for an evolutionary ontology-based product-brokering agent for m-commerce applications is proposed. It uses an evaluation function to represent the user’s preference instead of the usual keyword-based profile. By using genetic algorithms, the agent tries to track the user’s preferences for a particular product by tuning some parameters inside. A prototype was implemented in Java, and the results obtained from our experiments look promising.
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Egashira, Ryota, Akihiro Enomoto, and Tatsuya Suda. "Distributed and Adaptive Service Discovery Using Preference." In Handbook of Research on P2P and Grid Systems for Service-Oriented Computing, 396–424. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-686-5.ch017.
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In Service-Oriented Computing, service providers publish their services by deploying service components which implement those services into a network. Since such services are distributed around the network, Service-Oriented Computing requires the functionality to discover the services that meet certain criteria specified by an end user. In order to overcome the scalability issue that the current centralized discovery mechanism inherently has, distributed discovery mechanisms that the P2P research community has developed may be promising alternatives. This chapter outlines existing distributed mechanisms and proposes a novel discovery mechanism that utilizes end users’ preferences. The proposed mechanism allows end users to return their feedback that describes the degree of the preference for discovered services. The returned preference information is stored at nodes and utilized to decide where to forward subsequent queries. The extensive simulation demonstrates that the proposed mechanism meets key requirements such as selectivity, efficiency and adaptability.
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Kumar, Manoj. "A Fuzzy Group Decision-Making Approach to Construction Project Risk Management." In Advances in IT Personnel and Project Management, 266–93. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1790-0.ch013.
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Implementation of the risk management concepts into construction practice may enhance the performance of project by taking appropriate response actions against identified risks. This research proposes a multi-criteria group decision making approach for the evaluation of different alternative response scenarios. To take into account the uncertainties inherent in evaluation process, fuzzy logic is integrated into the revaluation process. To evaluate alternative response scenarios, first the collective group weight of each criterion is calculated considering opinions of a group consisted of five experts. As each expert has its own ideas, attitudes, knowledge and personalities, different experts will give their preferences in different ways. Fuzzy preference relations are used to unify the opinions of different experts. After computation of collective weights, the best alternative response scenario is selected by the use of proposed fuzzy group decision making methodology which aggregates opinions of different experts. To evaluate the performance of the proposed methodology, it is implemented in a real project and the best alternative responses scenario is selected for one of the identified risks.
Conference papers on the topic "Implementer preference"
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Alviano, Mario, Javier Romero, and Torsten Schaub. "On the Integration of CP-nets in ASPRIN." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/207.
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Conditional preference networks (CP-nets) express qualitative preferences over features of interest.A Boolean CP-net can express that a feature is preferable under some conditions, as long as all other features have the same value.This is often a convenient representation, but sometimes one would also like to express a preference for maximizing a set of features, or some other objective function on the features of interest.ASPRIN is a flexible framework for preferences in ASP, where one can mix heterogeneous preference relations, and this paper reports on the integration of Boolean CP-nets.In general, we extend ASPRIN with a preference program for CP-nets in order to compute most preferred answer sets via an iterative algorithm.For the specific case of acyclic CP-nets, we provide an approximation by partially ordered set preferences, which are in turn normalized by ASPRIN to take advantage of several highly optimized algorithms implemented by ASP solvers for computing optimal solutions.Finally, we take advantage of a linear-time computable function to address dominance testing for tree-shaped CP-nets.
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Erlich, Sefi, Noam Hazon, and Sarit Kraus. "Negotiation Strategies for Agents with Ordinal Preferences." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/29.
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Negotiation is a very common interaction between automated agents. Many common negotiation protocols work with cardinal utilities, even though ordinal preferences, which only rank the outcomes, are easier to elicit from humans. In this work we concentrate on negotiation with ordinal preferences over a finite set of outcomes. We study an intuitive protocol for bilateral negotiation, where the two parties make offers alternately. We analyze the negotiation protocol under different settings. First, we assume that each party has full information about the other party's preference order. We provide elegant strategies that specify a sub-game perfect equilibrium for the agents. We further show how the studied negotiation protocol almost completely implements a known bargaining rule. Finally, we analyze the no information setting. We study several solution concepts that are distribution-free, and analyze both the case where neither party knows the preference order of the other party, and the case where only one party is uninformed.
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MIKUŠOVÁ, Beáta, Nikoleta JAKUŠ, and Marián HOLÚBEK. "Voluntary cooperation of citizens in the community model of public service delivery." In Current Trends in Public Sector Research. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9646-2020-9.
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Most of the developed countries have implemented new principles of public sector reform – new approaches to the management of the public sector. A major feature of the new public management (NPM) is the introduction of market type mechanisms (MTM) to the running of public service organizations: the marketization of the public service. The marketization of public services aims at a continuous increase in public expenditure efficiency, continual improvements in public services quality, the implementation of the professional management tools in the public sector, and last but not least, charge for public services. Price of public services in mainstream economics theory is connected with preference revelation problem. Economic models explain the relationship between consumer behavior (revealed preferences) and the value of public goods, and thus determine the value of the goods themselves. The aim of the paper is to determine the success of the community model of public service delivery based on the demonstrated preferences of individuals in the consumption of public services / public goods. The direct way of determining the preferences of individuals was used in this paper (willigness to pay and willigness to accept). These preferences will be identified based on the crowdfunding campaign as an example of community model of public goods provision by using survey experiment method. The willingness of individuals to pay is dependent on the individual's relationship with the organisation, the organisation's employees, or sympathise with those for whom the collection is, for whom the project is designed.
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Zeng, Zhiwei, Zhiqi Shen, Benny Toh Hsiang Tan, Jing Jih Chin, Cyril Leung, Yu Wang, Ying Chi, and Chunyan Miao. "Explainable and Argumentation-based Decision Making with Qualitative Preferences for Diagnostics and Prognostics of Alzheimer's Disease." In 17th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2020}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2020/84.
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Argumentation has gained traction as a formalism to make more transparent decisions and provide formal explanations recently. In this paper, we present an argumentation-based approach to decision making that can support modelling and automated reasoning about complex qualitative preferences and offer dialogical explanations for the decisions made. We first propose Qualitative Preference Decision Frameworks (QPDFs). In a QPDF, we use contextual priority to represent the relative importance of combinations of goals in different contexts and define associated strategies for deriving decision preferences based on prioritized goal combinations. To automate the decision computation, we map QPDFs to Assumption-based Argumentation (ABA) frameworks so that we can utilize existing ABA argumentative engines for our implementation. We implemented our approach for two tasks, diagnostics and prognostics of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and evaluated it with real-world datasets. For each task, one of our models achieves the highest accuracy and good precision and recall for all classes compared to common machine learning models. Moreover, we study how to formalize argumentation dialogues that give contrastive, focused and selected explanations for the most preferred decisions selected in given contexts.
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Stratton, Daniel, Sara Behdad, Kemper Lewis, and Sundar Krishnamurty. "A Multi-Level Approach to Concept Selection in Sustainable Design." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-35195.
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The motivation behind this work is to integrate economic and environmental sustainability into decision making at the early phases of design through the development of a hierarchical concept selection method. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a frequently implemented technique used to assess the environmental impacts of products, but it does not provide a simple means for including preference at different levels that can be used for comparison across design alternatives. A method is proposed to accommodate this issue expanding the Hypothetical Equivalents and Inequivalents Method (HEIM) to handle multi-level and multi-attribute trade-offs. The selection of a coffee maker design is used as an example to illustrate the implementation of the method with actual LCA results. The example provides valuable insights into how preferences may be elicited at different hierarchical levels and then combined to create a single utility score that represents to what extent each design alternative is preferred by the decision maker.
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Qi, Huihui, Euihark Lee, and Hae Chang Gea. "Decision Making Tool in Life Cycle Assessment for Packaging Sustainability." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-13680.
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The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a method to measure the environmental impact of a product’s life stages from the cradle to the grave, and is widely used for packaging sustainability. Although many successful applications using LCA have been reported, the current state of LCA tools still has many limitations. For example, it is difficult to select the best design among the LCA results of design sets. Moreover, the LCA tool cannot implement a decision maker’s preference into the process easily. To overcome these limitations, we developed a decision making tool using LCA for packaging sustainability. First, Pareto Active Set Selection (PASS) method is proposed to find Pareto Front of packaging options. Additionally, Design Preference Function (DPF) is introduced to implement the designer’s preference for selecting the best packaging options. Case studies are presented to demonstrate this decision making tool.
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Stump, Gary M., Mike Yukish, Timothy W. Simpson, and E. Nathan Harris. "Design Space Visualization and Its Application to a Design by Shopping Paradigm." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/dac-48785.
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We have developed a data visualization interface that facilitates a design by shopping paradigm, allowing a decision-maker to form a preference by viewing a rich set of good designs and use this preference to choose an optimal design. Design automation has allowed us to implement this paradigm, since a large number of designs can be synthesized in a short period of time. The interface allows users to visualize complex design spaces by using multi-dimensional visualization techniques that include customizable glyph plots, parallel coordinates, linked views, brushing, and histograms. As is common with data mining tools, the user can specify upper and lower bounds on the design space variables, assign variables to glyph axes and parallel coordinate plots, and dynamically brush variables. Additionally, preference shading for visualizing a user’s preference structure and algorithms for visualizing the Pareto frontier have been incorporated into the interface to help shape a decision-maker’s preference. Use of the interface is demonstrated using a satellite design example by highlighting different preference structures and resulting Pareto frontiers. The capabilities of the design by shopping interface were driven by real industrial customer needs, and the interface was demonstrated at a spacecraft design conducted by a team at Lockheed Martin, consisting of Mars spacecraft design experts.
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Alhajyaseen, Wael, Qinaat Hussain, Mohamed Kharbeche, and Charitha Dias. "Covid 19 Pandemic: Impacts and Future Implications on Personal Travel Behavior in the State of Qatar." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0283.
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In December 2019, a novel and contagious coronavirus also known as Covid-19 outbroke in Wuhan, China. In response to the virus, many countries implemented strict travel restrictions and lockdowns to hold back the spread of the Covid-19. The measures to contain it have brought dramatic changes in individual lifestyles, daily activities and travel behavior. This study focuses on the impacts on individual travel behavior including work/education, shopping and out-of-home physical activities in the state of Qatar. In addition, the study also presents individuals’ expectations and preferences regarding future travel activities. The Qatar Transportation and Traffic Safety Center, QTTSC conducted a questionnaire survey investigate the impacts of Covid-19 on individuals’ travel behavior. The questionnaire survey included questions regarding individuals’ travel activities for work/education, shopping, out-of-home workouts, before and during Covid-19 and the individual preferences and expectation for changes in their daily travel-activity in the future. After removal of the incomplete entries and outliers, the analyses were done including 404 respondents residing in Qatar for whom 63% were males while 36% were females. The results showed that there were drastic drops for all the activity types. Around 73% of the respondents started work-from-home or online education. The results also revealed that more than 20% of the respondents who were traveling in a group before the Covid-19 pandemic chose to travel alone during the Covid-19 crisis. Most of them were traveling with family before the Covid-19 outbreak. The results for individual expectations and preference revealed that highly educated respondents will prefer to continue work-from-home or bulk shopping. Young and/or Western people prefer to rely more on online shopping. The findings from this study could be very useful for policymakers and other relevant authorities to construct flexible work/education/business policies. This could help them to effectively respond to any future outbreaks and to smartly utilize the available resources of the transport system during post-pandemic and new-normal times.
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Jomaa, Inès, Emilie Poirson, Catherine Da Cunha, and Jean-François Petiot. "Design of a Recommender System Based on Customer Preferences: A Comparison Between Two Approaches." In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82771.
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This work addresses the design of a preference based system that suggests relevant products to customers. It aims at helping them with their purchase decision (on electronic commerce websites). A use case that consists in making spontaneous recommendations to the customers, on the basis of their previous ratings is described. The product considered to illustrate the approach is a comic. This paper is focused on two recommender approaches. The first approach, “the traditional” approach, is based on the collaborative filtering while the second approach, is based on a new proposed algorithm. Collaborative filtering is a technique to making recommendations by matching people with the same preferences (preferential similarity). The second approach which is proposed is a combination of the traditional collaborative filtering and the perceptual similarities approach between customers (perceptual similarity). Perceptive data include emotional, sensory and semantic ratings of the products. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach and to compare it with the traditional approach. A test procedure is thus implemented. It consists in simulating customers’ behavior according to a set of products, and to compute a performance criterion of the recommender system, measuring the relevance of the proposed products. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with that of the traditional one. The results show that the consideration of perceptual assessments of products by customers generally helps in the relevance of the propositions of the system.
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Gutierrez, Julian, Aniello Murano, Giuseppe Perelli, Sasha Rubin, and Michael Wooldridge. "Nash Equilibria in Concurrent Games with Lexicographic Preferences." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/148.
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We study concurrent games with finite-memory strategies where players are given a Buchi and a mean-payoff objective, which are related by a lexicographic order: a player first prefers to satisfy its Buchi objective, and then prefers to minimise costs, which are given by a mean-payoff function. In particular, we show that deciding the existence of a strict Nash equilibrium in such games is decidable, even if players' deviations are implemented as infinite memory strategies.
Reports on the topic "Implementer preference"
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Cafferata, Fernando G., Bridget Lynn Hoffmann, and Carlos Scartascini. How Can We Improve Air Pollution?: Try Increasing Trust First. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003453.
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Environmental policies are characterized by salient short-term costs and long-term benefits that are difficult to observe and to attribute to the government's efforts. These characteristics imply that citizens' support for environmental policies is highly dependent on their trust in the government's capability to implement solutions and commitment to investments in those policies. Using novel survey data from Mexico City, we show that trust in the government is positively correlated with citizens' willingness to support an additional tax approximately equal to a days minimum wage to improve air quality and greater preference for government retention of revenues from fees collected from polluting firms. We find similar correlations using the perceived quality of public goods as a measure of government competence. These results provide evidence that mistrust can be an obstacle to better environmental outcomes.
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Adsit, Sarah E., Theodora Konstantinou, Konstantina Gkritza, and Jon D. Fricker. Public Acceptance of INDOT’s Traffic Engineering Treatments and Services. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317280.
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As a public agency, interacting with and understanding the public’s perspective regarding agency activities is an important endeavor for the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT). Although INDOT conducts a biennial customer satisfaction survey, it is occasionally necessary to capture public perception regarding more specific aspects of INDOT’s activities. In particular, INDOT needs an effective way to measure and track public opinions and awareness or understanding of a select set of its traffic engineering practices. To evaluate public acceptance of specific INDOT traffic engineering activities, a survey consisting of 1.000 adults residing within the State of Indiana was conducted. The survey population was representative in terms of age and gender of the state as of the 2010 U.S. Census. The survey was administered during the months of July and August 2020. Public awareness regarding emerging treatments not currently implemented in Indiana is low and opposition to the same new technologies is prominent. Older or female drivers are less likely to be aware of emerging treatments, and older drivers are more likely to oppose potential implementation of these treatments. Although roundabouts are commonplace in Indiana, multi-lane roundabouts remain controversial among the public. Regarding maintenance and protection of traffic during work zones and considering full or partial roadway closure, public preference is for partial closure; this preference is stronger in rural areas. The public equally agrees and disagrees that INDOT minimizes construction related traffic delays. Approximately 76% of Indiana drivers believe themselves to above average drivers, while an additional 23% believe themselves to be average. Driver perceptions of average highway speeds speed are not aligned with posted speed limit as the perceived average speed on Indiana’s urban freeways and rural and urban state highways is considerably higher than the actual speed limit.
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Kim, Joseph J., Samuel Dominguez, and Luis Diaz. Freight Demand Model for Southern California Freeways with Owner–Operator Truck Drivers. Mineta Transportation Institute, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1931.
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This study evaluates the demand for truck-only toll lanes on Southern California freeways with owner–operator truck drivers. The study implemented the stated preference survey method to estimate the value placed by drivers on time, reliability, and safety measures using various scenarios geared towards assessing those values. The project team met face-to-face with owner- operator truck drivers near the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach to understand the drivers’ perspectives regarding truck-only toll lanes on Southern California freeways. A data set containing 31 survey responses is obtained and used for statistical data analysis using analysis of variable (ANOVA) and two sample t-tests. The analysis results showed that 75.27% of the owner– operator truck drivers responded are willing to pay toll fees when they choose routes. The tolerated average toll fees are $13.77/ hr and $12.82/hr for weekdays and weekends, respectively. The analysis results also showed that owner–operator truck drivers will take truck-only toll lanes when they take the routes used in four comparisons out of six comparisons according to the three measures such as values of time, reliability, and safety, despite sharing a common origin and destination. The highest toll fee per mile on any day that drivers are willing to pay when the main factor being compared is value of time is $0.31/mile or $18.35/hr. The toll fees associated with reliability and safety measures are $0.30/mile or $8.94/hr and $0.22/mile or $11.01/hr, respectively. These results are meaningful for legislators and transportation agencies as the behaviors and route choice characteristics of owner–operator truck drivers help them better understand the utility and demand for truck-only toll lanes.
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Richards, Robin. The Effect of Non-partisan Elections and Decentralisation on Local Government Performance. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.014.
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This rapid review focusses on whether there is international evidence on the role of non-partisan elections as a form of decentralised local government that improves performance of local government. The review provides examples of this from Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. There are two reported examples in Sub-Saharan Africa of non-partisan elections that delink candidates from political parties during election campaigns. The use of non-partisan elections to improve performance and democratic accountability at the level of government is not common, for example, in southern Africa all local elections at the sub-national sphere follow the partisan model. Whilst there were no examples found where countries shifted from partisan to non-partisan elections at the local government level, the literature notes that decentralisation policies have the effect of democratising and transferring power and therefore few central governments implement it fully. In Africa decentralisation is favoured because it is often used as a cover for central control. Many post-colonial leaders in Africa continue to favour centralised government under the guise of decentralisation. These preferences emanated from their experiences under colonisation where power was maintained by colonial administrations through institutions such as traditional leadership. A review of the literature on non-partisan elections at the local government level came across three examples where this occurred. These countries were: Ghana, Uganda and Bangladesh. Although South Africa holds partisan elections at the sub-national sphere, the election of ward committee members and ward councillors, is on a non-partisan basis and therefore, the ward committee system in South Africa is included as an example of a non-partisan election process in the review.