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Books on the topic 'Implementer preference'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Miṣrī, Muḥammad ʻIṣām. al-Munāfasah al-khārijīyah wa-atharuhā ʻalá al-sulūk al-taswīqī fī qiṭāʻ muntajāt al-blāstīk al-manzilīyah: Dirāsah maydānīyah bi-madīnat al-Riyāḍ. [Riyadh]: al-Mamlakah al-ʻArabīyah al-Saʻūdīyah, Jāmiʻat al-Malik S aʻūd, Kullīyat al-ʻUlūm al-Idārīyah, Markaz al-Buḥūth, 1986.

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2

Mackey, Alison, Tyson B. Mackey, and Jay B. Barney. Senior Management Preferences and Corporate Social Responsibility. Edited by Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten, Abagail McWilliams, Jeremy Moon, and Donald S. Siegel. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199211593.003.0024.

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The purpose of this article is to examine whether or not having senior managers who are personally committed to socially responsible causes is either necessary or sufficient for firms to implement socially responsible activities. While not denying that having such senior managers may increase the probability that a firm will pursue a socially responsible agenda, this article concludes that senior manager commitment to socially responsible causes is neither necessary nor sufficient for a firm to implement socially responsible activities. This article has important practical implications for those seeking to increase the amount of socially responsible corporate behavior in the economy. In particular, the arguments developed here suggest that efforts that focus exclusively on changing the social responsibility preferences of senior managers in firms may be misguided, and at the least should be augmented by efforts focused on different firm stakeholders.

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3

Bergqvist, A. G. Christina. How Do You Implement the Diet? Edited by Eric H. Kossoff. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.003.0004.

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There is great variability in how the ketogenic diet (KD) is implemented. Most of the differences are preference based. A consensus statement attempted to unify professional practices. The KD can be safely used in all ages, modified for specific dietary needs, and administered as food, formula, or intravenous alimentation. Effectiveness, compliance, and minimal side effects are achieved using a team-based, family-centered support structure. The KD is commonly initiated in an in-patient setting with a gradual advancement of the fat. Some centers still begin the KD with a brief fast. Out-patient initiation with slower advancement to a full diet can be challenging but safely executed. Time to determine response and duration of treatment in responders varies. Side effects are better understood and best managed proactively by monitoring, but cannot always be prevented and must be weighed with the benefit of continuing the therapy.

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4

The Customer Marketing Method: How To Implement and Profit from Customer Relationship Management. Free Press, 2000.

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5

Sugita, Yoneyuki. Constrained Rearmament in Japan, 1945–1954. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037894.003.0005.

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This chapter analyzes what made it possible for Japan to implement “constrained rearmament” despite strong pressure domestically and from the United States to carry out rapid rearmament. There are two important factors that led to Japan's establishing firm ground for constrained rearmament from the late 1950s onward. The first of these is the US strategic preference for securing military bases in Japan instead of Japan's rearmament. The second is the implementation of tight-money policies precipitated by the Dodge Line of 1949, which culminated in a one-trillion-yen budget for Japan in 1954. The level and scope of rearmament hinged upon the defense budget or, more generally, Japan's fiscal policy.

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6

Klingler-Vidra, Robyn. The Venture Capital State. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501723377.001.0001.

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The Venture Capital State investigates the diffusion of the globally acclaimed Silicon Valley venture capital (VC) policy model. The spread of this model has been ubiquitous, with at least 45 states across a range of countries, in terms of geography, culture, and size, attempting to build local VC markets. In contrast to the transcendent exuberance for VC, policymakers in each and every state have implemented a distinct set of policies. Even states of similar population and economic sizes that are geographically and culturally proximate, and at comparable levels of industrialization, have not implemented similar policies. This book explains why: policymakers are “contextually rational” in their learning; their context-rooted norms shape preferences, underpinning their distinct valuations of studied models. The normative context of those learning about the policy – how they see themselves and what they deem as locally appropriate – informs their design. Findings are based upon deep investigations of VC policymaking in an East Asian cluster of states: Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore. These states’ VC successes reflects their ability to effectively adapt the highly-lauded model for their local context, not their policymakers’ approximation of the Silicon Valley policy model.

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7

1946-, Clinton Bill, and United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means, eds. To implement Title V of the Trade and Development Act of 2000 and to modify the Generalized System of Preferences: Communication from the President of the United States transmitting notification of his intention to modify the list of beneficiary developing countries under the Generalized System of Preferences, changing the designation of "western Samoa" to "Samoa" submitted in accordance with section 502(f) of the Trade act of 1974. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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8

United States. President (1993-2001 : Clinton). To implement Title V of the Trade and Development Act of 2000 and to modify the Generalized System of Preferences: Communication from the President of the United States transmitting notification of his intention to modify the the list of beneficiary developing countries under the Generalized System of Preferences, changing the designation of "western Samoa" to "Samoa" submitted in accordance with section 502(f) of the Trade act of 1974. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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9

Brattebo, Douglas M., and Tom Lansford. The Presidency and Decision Making. Edited by Derek S. Reveron, Nikolas K. Gvosdev, and John A. Cloud. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190680015.013.10.

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Given the wide latitude that the U.S. president has in security policy, successive chief executives have created different structures and systems to develop and implement their foreign and defense agendas. One result has been dramatic differences in how information and options reach the president as each chief executive seeks to construct and maintain an advisory system that reflects his or her personal style and preferences. Among the various approaches, multiple advocacy has emerged as the most effective and efficient decision-making process to ensure that presidents consider a full range of security options and steer a more prudent course according to the advisory system.

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10

Kennedy, John James, and Yaojiang Shi. Lost and Found. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190917425.001.0001.

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Between 1979 and 2010 local leaders and rural families across China concealed the existence of millions of girls from government officials and the national census. The single child policy (1979–2015) was introduced in 1979, and the central government’s goal was to reduce population growth through strict birth control. Yet, at the same time, many rural parents had strong incentives not to comply with the birth control policy because under economic reforms in the 1980s and 1990s, larger families meant increased labor and income. However, most journalists and scholars reported that the combination of a strictly enforced central policy and a historical preference for sons had led to a stark gender imbalance, with an abnormally higher number of males being born than females. The result was an estimated 20 million “missing girls” in the population from 1980 to 2010. Most demographers have believed that this dearth of girls has been due to widespread sex-selective abortion and infanticide. Yet quantitative analysis of China census data and qualitative interviews with rural parents and local leaders suggest that at least half of the “missing girls” were hidden in China. This was due to two key factors. First was the discretion to implement central policy that street-level bureaucrats and local leaders have. There was mutual noncompliance between rural families and village leaders, such that rural parents did not immediately register additional children and local leaders underreported illegal births to higher authorities. Second is the increasing value of daughters and equal preference for sons and daughters over the last several decades.

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11

Boyd, Christina L., Michael J. Nelson, Ian Ostrander, and Ethan D. Boldt. The Politics of Federal Prosecution. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197554685.001.0001.

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Federal prosecutors have immense power and discretion to decide when to bring criminal charges, what plea bargains to offer, and how to implement the federal government’s legal priorities in their districts. While U.S. Attorneys take pains to emphasize their independence, we know relatively little about the extent to which politics colors federal prosecutorial staffing and decision-making. The Politics of Federal Prosecution draws upon a wealth of data from 1990s to the present to examine the interplay of political factors and federal prosecution. First, the authors find that congressional and presidential politics affect who becomes federal prosecutors and how long those individuals serve. Second, the book demonstrates that signals of presidential and congressional preferences, along with local priorities, affect key prosecutorial decisions: whether to bring prosecutions, how to approach plea bargaining negotiations, and when to utilize criminal asset forfeiture to cripple criminal activities. In short, the book demonstrates that politics affects the behavior of U.S. Attorneys at nearly every stage of their service.

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12

Oakley, David P. Subordinating Intelligence. University Press of Kentucky, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813176703.001.0001.

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Since September 11, 2001 (9/11), the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and Department of Defense (DoD) have operated together in Afghanistan, Iraq, and elsewhere during counterterrorism operations. Although the global war on terrorism provided a common purpose, it was actions taken in the late 1980s and 1990s that set the foundation for their current relationship. Driven by the post–Cold War environment and lessons learned, policy makers made military support the Intelligence Community’s top priority. In response, the CIA and DoD instituted changes that altered their relationship. While congressional debates over the Intelligence Community’s future were occurring, the CIA and DoD were expanding their relationship during operations. By the late 1990s, some policy makers and national security professionals became concerned that intelligence support to military operations had gone too far, weakening long-term analysis. Despite concerns, no major changes to intelligence organization or priorities were implemented. These concerns were forgotten after 9/11, as the United States fought two wars and policy makers fixated on terrorism. The DoD/CIA operational relationship has led to successes, but the CIA’s counterterrorism and military support requirements place a significant burden on the organization. As the sole independent US intelligence organization, the CIA was conceived to separate intelligence collection from the institutions that develop and execute policy. Its increased focus on support to military operations weakens this separation, reduces its focus on strategic issues, and risks subordination to the DoD. The CIA and DoD are the ones affected by this evolving relationship, but policy makers’ preference for military force and the militarization of foreign policy has led both organizations down this path.

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13

George, Erika. Incorporating Rights. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199941483.001.0001.

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Incorporating Rights: Strategies to Advance Corporate Accountability examines existing and emerging advocacy strategies that could conceivably close a global governance gap that puts human rights at risk and places commercial actors at risk of becoming complicit in human rights abuses when conducting business in emerging market economies and complex environments. Corporate codes of conduct, sustainability reporting, and selected multistakeholder initiatives are presented as the building blocks of a system of soft law that could solidify to become binding baseline standards for better business practices. This book explains the conditions that have given rise to constructive change as well as those methods and mechanisms with promise for ensuring that business enterprises incorporate human rights considerations into business operations. This book explores how capital and consumer markets could provide an additional or alternative form of enforcement to promote responsible business conduct. It provides accounts of the creation of industry sector regulatory instruments and governance institutions arising from allegations of corporate complicity in human rights abuses. It examines how corporate social responsibility initiatives could close the governance gap and how codes of conduct could come to regulate like real rules. This book argues that regulation through information is essential to ensure that corporate conduct will be informed by human rights considerations and implemented consistent with respect for human rights. Where concerned consumers and investors exercise preferences for products that are not associated with abuse and have access to information on corporate performance and risks posed to human rights, there is potential to change corporate conduct. Societal expectations are increasing and evolving.

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14

United States. President (1993-2001 : Clinton). To modify duty-free treatment under the Generalized System of Preferences for Sub-Saharan African countries and for other purposes: Communication from the President of the United States transmitting a proclamation to implement the non-textile/apparel benefits of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (Title I of Public Law 106-200). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2001.

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15

United States. President (1993-2001 : Clinton). To modify duty-free treatment under the Generalized System of Preferences for Sub-Saharan African countries and for other purposes: Communication from the President of the United States transmitting a proclamation to implement the non-textile/apparel benefits of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (Title I of Public Law 106-200). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2001.

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16

United States. President (1993-2001 : Clinton). To modify duty-free treatment under the Generalized System of Preferences for Sub-Saharan African countries and for other purposes: Communication from the President of the United States transmitting a proclamation to implement the non-textile/apparel benefits of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (Title I of Public Law 106-200). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2001.

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17

1946-, Clinton Bill, and United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means, eds. To modify duty-free treatment under the Generalized System of Preferences for Sub-Saharan African countries and for other purposes: Communication from the President of the United States transmitting a proclamation to implement the non-textile/apparel benefits of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (Title I of Public Law 106-200). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2001.

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18

United States. President (1993-2001 : Clinton). To modify duty-free treatment under the Generalized System of Preferences for Sub-Saharan African countries and for other purposes: Communication from the President of the United States transmitting a proclamation to implement the non-textile/apparel benefits of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (Title I of Public Law 106-200). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2001.

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19

Grzywacz, Joseph G., Abdallah M. Badahdah, and d. Azza O. Abdelmoneium. Work Family Balance: Challenges, Experiences, and Implications for Families. 2nd ed. Hamad Bin Khalifa University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/difi_9789927137952.

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A key objective of the study of work-family balance detailed in this report was to build an evidence base to inform policy creation or refinement targeting work-family balance and related implementation standards to ensure the protection and preservation of Qatari families. Two complementary projects were designed and implemented to achieve this key objective. The first project was a qualitative study involving in-depth interviews with 20 Qatari working adults (10 males and 10 females). The interviews were designed to learn the meaning of work-family balance among Qataris, identify the factors shaping work-family balance or the lack thereof, and collect firsthand detailed information on the use and value of policy-relevant work-family balance sup - ports for working Qataris. The second component was a survey designed to describe work-family balance among working Qatari adults, determine potential health and well-being consequences of poor work-family balance, and characterize Qataris’ use of and preferences for new work-family balance supports. The data from the qualitative interviews tell a very clear story of work-family balance among Qataris. Work-family balance is primarily viewed as working adults’ ability to meet responsibilities in both the work and family domains. Although work-fam - ily balance was valued and sought after, participants viewed work-family balance as an idyllic goal that is unattainable. Indeed, when individuals were asked about the last time they experienced balance, the most common response was “during my last vacation or extended holiday.” The challenge of achieving work-family balance was equally shared by males and females, although the challenge was heightened for females. Qataris recognized that “work” was essential to securing or providing a desirable family life; that is, work provided the financial wherewithal to obtain the features and comforts of contemporary family life in Qatar. However, the cost of this financial wherewithal was work hours and a psychological toll characterized as “long” and “exhausting” which left workers with insufficient time and energy for the family. Participants commented on the absolute necessity of paid maternity leave for work-family balance, and suggested it be expanded. Participants also discussed the importance of high-quality childcare, and the need for greater flexibility for attending to family responsibilities during the working day. Data from the quantitative national survey reinforce the results from the qualitative interviews. Work-family balance is a challenge for most working adults: if work-fam - ily balance were given scores like academic grades in school, the majority of both males and females would earn a "C" or lower (average, minimal pass or failure). As intimated in the qualitative data, working females’ work-family balance is statistically poorer than that of males. Poor work-family balance is associated with poorer physical and mental health, with particularly strong negative associations with depression. It appears the Human Resource Law of 2016 was effective in raising awareness of and access to paid maternity leave. However, a substantial minority of working Qataris lack access to work-family balance supports from their employer, and the supports that are provided by employers do not meet the expectations of the average Qatari worker.

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