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Parrish, Alicia, and Ailís Cournane. "A within-subjects comparison of the acquisition of quantity-related inferences." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4731.
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This study directly compares quantity inferences from scalar implicatures (‘Some of the ducks are black’) and uniqueness presuppositions in definites (‘the duck is black’) to exhaustivity inferences in English it-clefts (‘It’s the duck that’s black’) for which the theoretical literature disagrees on the source of inference – pragmatic (like scalar implicatures), or semantic (like presuppositions). We investigate whether within-subjects correlations in acquisition can inform us about the source of exhaustivity inferences. Assuming comprehension is achieved once the necessary basis for meaning is acquired, it-clefts should pattern with presupposition judgments if computing a presupposition is involved and should pattern with scalar implicature judgments if computing an implicature is involved. We conduct three experiments to test how closely it-cleft judgments pattern with other quantityrelated inferences, keeping materials maximally similar. The first two experiments test adult participants using a Truth Value Judgment Task and then a 3-point Rating Task; we find that adults’ response patterns to under-informative uses of these constructions differ both across individuals and across inference types, with the Rating Task giving more informative results. In the third experiment, we use the 3-point Rating Task with 4-, 5-, and 6- year olds to characterize response patterns across the three inference types for each individual subject. We find that the individual response patterns children exhibit are consistent with the theory that it-cleft exhaustivity shares an underlying cognitive source with the computation of presupposition inferences, but not with scalar implicature inferences.
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Lee, Hye-Kyung. "Presupposition and implicature under negation." Journal of Pragmatics 37, no. 5 (May 2005): 595–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2004.09.004.
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Stokke, Andreas. "II—Conventional Implicature, Presupposition, and Lying." Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume 91, no. 1 (June 2017): 127–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arisup/akx004.
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Chanchaochai, Nattanun. "The interpretations of scalar implicatures, presuppositions, and implicated presupposition by Thai children with autism." Experiments in Linguistic Meaning 1 (July 30, 2021): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/elm.1.4877.
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Using the negated universal quantifiernot every, the study investigates the interpretations of scalar implicatures, lexical presuppositions, and implicated presuppositions by Thai children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs; n= 32), comparedto their typically-developing (TD) peers (n= 70) and adults (n= 40). The results provide further empirical evidence to the literature (Chevallier et al. 2010, Hochstein et al. 2017, Pijnacker et al. 2009) that not only do adolescents with ASD perform on par with TD adolescents,children with ASD are also age-appropriate in their performance on deriving scalar implicatures. Despite the children with ASD's ability to compute scalar implicature, they still tend to give more logical, literal responses, compared to their peers. Compared to adults, both children with ASD and TD children still have a higher tendency to rely on the logical meaning rather than pragmatically inferred meaning. They are also less likely than adults to derive scalar implicatures, but equally likely to derive lexical presuppositions. No additive effects of implicated presuppositions are found in any group of the participants.
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Kroeger, Paul R. "Translating Presuppositions." Bible Translator 70, no. 2 (August 2019): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2051677019850262.
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Expressing source language (SL) presuppositions as presuppositions in the receptor language (RL) is sometimes impossible, due to linguistic differences between the languages. In other cases it can cause problems of comprehension or naturalness for RL readers, especially when the “presupposition” constitutes new information to the reader. The most common solution to such problems is to express the presupposed content as a separate assertion. This strategy preserves the propositional content of the original but distorts the information packaging. Another strategy that may be useful in such cases is to render the problematic SL presupposition as a conventional implicature, preserving the “backgrounded” status of the presupposed information without triggering an inference that this information is already known to the addressee.
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Marques, Teresa, and Manuel García-Carpintero. "Really Expressive Presuppositions and How to Block Them." Grazer Philosophische Studien 97, no. 1 (March 4, 2020): 138–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756735-09701008.
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Kaplan (1999) argued that a different dimension of expressive meaning (“use-conditional”, as opposed to truth-conditional) is required to characterize the meaning of pejoratives, including slurs and racial epithets. Elaborating on this, writers have argued that the expressive meaning of pejoratives and slurs is either a conventional implicature (Potts 2007) or a presupposition (Macià 2002 and 2014, Schlenker 2007, Cepollaro and Stojanovic 2016). Here the authors argue that an expressive presuppositional theory accounts well for the data, but that expressive presuppositions are not just propositions to be added to a common ground. They hold that expressives, including pejoratives and slurs, make requirements on a contextual record governed by sui generis norms specific to affective attitudes and their expressions.
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Romoli, Jacopo, and Agata Renans. "Multiplicity and Modifiers." Journal of Semantics 37, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 455–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jos/ffaa005.
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Abstract A sentence with an adverbial modifier under negation like Mike didn’t wash the window with soap gives rise to an inference that Mike did wash the window. A sentence with a plural noun like Mike washed windows gives rise to a so-called ‘multiplicity’ inference that Mike washed multiple windows. In this note, we focus on the interaction between these two inferences in sentences containing both an adverbial modifier and a plural noun under negation, like Mike didn’t wash windows with soap. We observe that this sentence has a reading conveying that Mike didn’t wash any window with soap but that he did wash multiple windows (albeit not with soap). As we discuss, this reading is not predicted by any version of the implicature approach to the multiplicity inference, in combination with the implicature treatment of the inference of adverbial modifiers. We sketch two solutions for this problem. The first keeps the implicature approach to adverbial modifiers but adopts a non-implicature approach to multiplicity based on homogeneity. The second solution holds on to the implicature approach to the multiplicity inference but accounts for the inference of adverbial modifiers as a presupposition. In addition, it adopts the idea that presuppositions can be strengthened via implicatures, as proposed recently in the literature. Either way, the interaction between multiplicity and the inference of adverbial modifiers suggests that we cannot treat both as implicatures: if we want to treat either one as an implicature, we need to do something different for the other. We end by comparing the case above to analogous cases involving different scalar inferences and showing that the ambiguity approach to the multiplicity inference does not provide a solution to our problem.
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Karttunen, Lauri. "Presupposition: What went wrong?" Semantics and Linguistic Theory 26 (October 15, 2016): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v26i0.3954.
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When the first generation of generative linguists discovered presuppositions in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the initial set of examples was quite small. Aspectual verbs like stop were discussed already by Greek philosophers, proper names, Kepler, and definite descriptions, the present king of France, go back to Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell by the turn of the century. Just in the span of a few years my generation of semanticists assembled a veritable zoo of ‘presupposition triggers’ under the assumption that they were all of the same species. Generations of students have learned about presuppositions from Stephen Levinson’s 1983 book on Pragmatics that contains a list of 13 types of presupposition triggers, an excerpt of an even longer unpublished list attributed to a certain Lauri Karttunen. My task in this presentation is to come clean and show why the items on Levinson’s list should not have been lumped together. In retrospect it is strange that the early writings about presupposition by linguists and even by philosophers like Robert Stalnaker or Scott Soames do not make any reference to the rich palette of semantic relations they could have learned from Frege and later from Paul Grice. If we had known Frege’s concepts of Andeutung – Grice’s conventional implicature – and Nebengedanke, it would have been easy to see that there are types of author commitment that are neither entailments nor presuppositions.
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Salmon, William. "Conventional implicature, presupposition, and the meaning of must." Journal of Pragmatics 43, no. 14 (November 2011): 3416–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2011.07.011.
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Leahy, Brian. "Presuppositions and Antipresuppositions in Conditionals." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 21 (September 3, 2011): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v21i0.2613.
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Utterances of counterfactual conditionals are typically attended by the information that their antecedents are false. But there is as yet no account of the source of this information that is both detailed and complete. This paper describes the problem of counterfactual antecedent falsity and argues that the problem can be addressed by appeal to an adequate account of the presuppositions of various competing conditional constructions. It argues that indicative conditionals presuppose that their antecedents are epistemically possible, while subjunctive conditionals bear no presupposition. Given this arrangement, utterance of the counterfactual results in an antipresupposition, that is, a scalar implicature generated from the presuppositions of competing alternatives rather than from the at-issue content of competing alternatives. The content of the antipresupposition is the negation of the presupposition of the competing indicative, i.e., that the antecedent of the conditional is known to be false by the speaker.
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Hickey, Leo. "Presupposition and Implicature in Madrid, de corte a checa." Bulletin of Hispanic Studies 73, no. 4 (October 1996): 419–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000749096760149783.
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Kim Cheong-Min. "Assertion, Presupposition and Implicature of Korean Focus Marker man ‘only’." Studies in Linguistics ll, no. 34 (January 2015): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17002/sil..34.201501.1.
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Sbisà, Marina. "Presupposition and implicature: Varieties of implicit meaning in explicitation practices." Journal of Pragmatics 182 (September 2021): 176–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2021.05.027.
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Seth, Amoah. "The Role of Cooperative Principles and Presupposition as Comic Generators in a Ghanaian English Comedy: A Case Study of Nurse Awuni’s Youtube Video." Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics 3, no. 5 (May 29, 2021): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jeltal.2021.3.5.1.
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Comedy is a common genre but quite complex to analyze linguistically. It consists of enormous discourse considered humorous or amusing by causing laughter in any entertainment medium. Several studies have investigated the relationship between comedy and cooperative principles in the analysis of everyday interaction. However, little attention has been paid to the role of cooperative principles and presupposition as comic generators in areas such as mass or social media, particularly on YouTube. This study concentrates on the analysis of extracts from a Ghanaian comedy on YouTube, Nurse Awuni, which give rise to humor by identifying the violation of Grice`s (1975) cooperative principles and its maxims employed by the characters. It attempts to answer the following research questions. First, how often are Grice`s (1975) cooperative principles and its maxims employed, flouted or violated in the Nurse Awuni`s comedy? And What is the role of conversational implicature and presupposition as comic generators in the Nurse Awuni`s comedy? Quantitative analysis with a collection of empirical data has been followed to analyze the violation and keeping of the cooperative principles, maxims and presupposition, and conversational implicature of the Nurse Awuni`s comedy from a strictly linguistic and pragmatic perspective. From the results, it is evident that interlocutors sometimes deliberately flout the conversational maxims so as to create comedy in different conversational effects such as humor, sarcasm, irony, insults etc. Again, a comedian may constantly digress from the subject and content of conversation to make him, or her appear naive and create an awkward situation by saying something narrow-minded. Moreover, the research investigated presupposition as a crucial comedy generator. Finally, the results indicate that the use of conversational implicature and its maxims is much more abundant than the use of presupposition.
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Oshima, David Yoshikazu. "The meanings of perspectival verbs and their implications on the taxonomy of projective content/conventional implicature." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 26 (October 15, 2016): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v26i0.3789.
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This work discusses the presuppositional meanings of three kinds of perspectival (perspective-sensitive) verbs: (i) motion-deictic verbs, (ii) empathy-loaded verbs, and (iii) referent-honorific verbs, and their implications on the taxonomy of "projective content", which subsumes but is not limited to presupposition. Building on Tonhauser, Beaver, Roberts & Simons's (2013; "Toward a taxonomy of projective content", Language 89) four-way classification of projective content, I propose a more fine-grained, six-way classification that distinguishes "global-context oriented" content, which obligatorily projects through a "filter" operator such as a belief predicate, and "ambioriented" content, which optionally does so. I also develop a "pseudo-multidimensional" representation of natural language meaning, where (i) proffered content, (ii) nonpresuppositional projective content, and (iii) presuppositional projective content have distinct roles in the sentence meaning, while anaphoric interaction across them is nevertheless possible.
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Kravchenko, Nataliia. "Illocution of direct speech acts via conventional implicature and semantic presupposition." Lege Artis 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 128–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lart-2017-0004.
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Abstract The research introduces the notion of the additional illocution subdivided into illocution-expander, illocution-intensifier, and assessment illocution. Each component is characterized by a different type of correlations with conventional implicature and semantic presupposition. Two types of correlations have been specified: the match in meanings and triggers and the mediation by felicity conditions.
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Marty, Paul, and Jacopo Romoli. "Presuppositions, implicatures, and contextual equivalence." Natural Language Semantics 29, no. 2 (April 8, 2021): 229–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11050-021-09176-0.
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AbstractMaximize Presupposition! (MP), as originally proposed in Heim (Semantik: Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgenössischen Forschung, pp. 487–535, 1991) and developed in subsequent works, offers an account of the otherwise mysterious unassertability of a variety of sentences. At the core of MP is the idea that speakers are urged to use a sentence ψ over a sentence ϕ if ψ contributes the same new information as ϕ, yet carries a stronger presupposition. While MP has been refined in many ways throughout the years, most (if not all) of its formulations have retained this characterisation of the MP-competition. Recently, however, the empirical adequacy of this characterisation has been questioned in light of certain newly discovered cases that are infelicitous, despite meeting MP-competition conditions. This has led some researchers to broaden the scope of MP, extending it to competition between sentences which are not contextually equivalent (Spector and Sudo in Linguistics and Philosophy 40(5):473–517, 2017) and whose presuppositions are not satisfied in the context (Anvari in Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory 28, pp. 711–726, 2018; Manuscript, IJN-ENS, 2019). In this paper, we present a body of evidence showing that these formulations of MP are sometimes too liberal, sometimes too restrictive: they overgenerate infelicity for a variety of felicitous cases while leaving the infelicity of minimally different cases unaccounted for. We propose an alternative, implicature-based approach stemming from Magri (PhD dissertation, MIT, 2009), Meyer (PhD dissertation, MIT, 2013), and Marty (PhD dissertation, MIT, 2017), which reintroduces contextual equivalence and presupposition satisfaction in some form through the notion of relevance. This approach is shown to account for the classical and most of the novel cases. Yet some of the latter remain problematic for this approach as well. We end the paper with a systematic comparison of the different approaches to MP and MP-like phenomena, covering both the classical and the novel cases. All in all, the issue of how to properly restrict the competition for MP-like phenomena remains an important challenge for all accounts in the literature.
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Włodarczyk, Mateusz. "Processing Presuppositions. Are Implicative Verbs Soft Triggers?" Research in Language 19, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 47–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1731-7533.19.1.04.
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This paper investigates the question whether implicative verbs should be considered as soft presupposition triggers, i.e., as triggers activating optional context repairs. I present the results of an experiment in which test subjects were asked to read short dialogues containing either presupposition triggers or conversational implicatures and, next, answer the questions regarding the information communicated on the level of presupposition or implicatures, respectively. The results of within-subject ANOVA show that presuppositions activated by the use of implicative verbs are significantly less accessible and illicit significantly longer response times than presuppositions activated by the use of hard triggers, suggesting that they can be classified as soft presupposition triggers. The obtained results also show that presuppositions activated by the use of different triggers are heterogenous in regards to the accessibility of information.
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BRANDTLER, JOHAN. "The question of form in the forming of questions: The meaning and use of clefted wh-interrogatives in Swedish." Journal of Linguistics 55, no. 4 (January 30, 2019): 755–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226718000634.
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This paper addresses the meaning and use of clefted wh-interrogatives (I-clefts) in Swedish. It is shown that I-clefts always relate immediately to the topic under discussion and serve to clarify a matter in relation to this topic. They are never used in out-of-the-blue contexts. I argue that I-clefts have the same information structure as typically assumed for declarative clefts: the clefted clause expresses an existential presupposition and the cleft phrase is the identificational focus of the utterance. I further argue that the implication of existence commonly associated with canonical argument questions is weaker (a conversational implicature) than the existential presupposition associated with clefts. The results from an extensive corpus survey show that argument I-clefts (who, what) constitute no less than 98% of the total number of I-clefts in my material. This frequency is linked to the presuppositional status of the cleft construction: in contexts where the denoted event is presupposed as part of the common ground, the clefted variety is the more effective choice, due to its clear partitioning of focus and ground. The ‘cost’ of using a more complex syntactic structure (the cleft) is thus counterbalanced by the benefit of being able to pose a question adjusted to the contextual requirements. As non-argument questions are typically presuppositional irrespective of syntactic form, the gain of using a cleft is less obvious – hence their infrequency in the material.
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Crnič, Luka. "Free Choice under Ellipsis." Linguistic Review 34, no. 2 (October 26, 2017): 249–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2017-0002.
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AbstractThe ellipsis of a VP whose antecedent contains an occurrence of so-called free choiceanyis highly constrained: it is acceptable only if the elided VP is appropriately embedded. We show that while this is unexpected on the common approaches to free choice and ellipsis, it is predicted on a theory ofanythat takes its domain to stand in a dependency relation with a c-commanding alternative-sensitive operator (cf. Lahiri 1998, Focus and negative polarity in Hindi.Natural Language Semantics6(1). 57–123) and that takes free choice inferences to be generated by covert exhaustification in grammar (e.g., Fox 2007, Free choice and the theory of scalar implicatures. In Uli Sauerland & Penka Stateva (eds.),Presupposition and implicature in compositional semantics, 71–120. Palgrave Macmillan; Chierchia 2013,Logic in grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press).
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Kehler, Andrew, and Jonathan Cohen. "On the Presuppositional Behavior of Coherence-Driven Pragmatic Enrichments." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 26 (December 7, 2016): 961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v26i0.3945.
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When interpreting a sentence such as Every time the company fires an employee who comes in late, a union complaint is lodged, an addressee is likely to infer that the union will only complain when an employee is fired because he came in late. One is thus led to ask why a purely pragmatic enrichment of this sort -- one drawn despite no risk of interpretative failure nor other linguistic mandate -- would intrude upon truth conditions. We argue that this effect results from the interaction among three pragmatic phenomena: presupposition, the associative mechanisms that underlie the establishment of coherence in discourse, and the calculation of domain restriction for quantificational operators. Because the analysis does not consider the operative enrichments to be species of implicature, we claim that such cases do not represent an intrusion of implicature into truth-conditional content. Instead, they merely involve the context-dependent determination of quantificational domains.
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Wati, Dyah Rohma. "IMPLIKATUR DALAM PERCAKAPAN SINETRON PARA PENCARI TUHAN." Jurnal Penelitian Humaniora 18, no. 1 (March 14, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/humaniora.v18i1.3634.
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The aim of this research is to know conversational implicature in Para PencariTuhan (PPT) TV-series (volume I), especially to know and describe the kinds ofmaxim which float in PPT TV-series (volume I) and to describe the background offloating maxim in conversational implicature at PPT TV-series(volume I). This isqualitative research. The data of this research are conversational implicature ofsome utterances in PPT TV-series (volume I). The source of data is Para PencariTuhan TV-series (volume I, episode I) produced by PT Demi Gisela Citra Sinema.The researcher obtain the data through documentation technique. This techniquestarts by listening whole implicature in PPT TV-series (volume I), taking note wholerelated data, classifying and taking note the data in data card. This research uses flowmodel analysis to analyze the data, which include collecting data, data reduction,data presentation, and conclusion or verification. The data analysis show that thereare floating in some coperative-principle of maxims, they are maxim quality (twoutterances), maxim manner (two utterances), maxim relevance (one utterance).The floating maxim in PPT TV-series are influenced by some factors, they are thesimilarity of presupposition, the speaker refers to certain reference, and the use oflocal interpretation.
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Komorowska, Ewa, and Anna Ohrimovich. "The compliment as a speech act in Russian: A lexical-pragmatic study." Beyond Philology An International Journal of Linguistics, Literary Studies and English Language Teaching, no. 15/1 (December 18, 2018): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/bp.2018.1.03.
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The aim of the paper is to identify the linguistic exponents of Russian compliments. The examples which will be analyzed come from contemporary Russian.
We will consider direct and indirect compliments, paying attention to such phenomena as presupposition and implicature as well as to the pragmatic functions of utterances. An analysis of communication strategies will allow us to present the specific features and role of compliments in linguistic communication in Russia.
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Purwaningrum, Prapti Wigati. "Praanggapan Pada Tuturan Neneng Garut: Kajian Pragmatik dalam Stand Up Comedy Academy (SUCA 3)." Wanastra: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 11, no. 1 (March 5, 2019): 07–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31294/w.v11i1.4920.
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The aim of this study is to examine the presuppositions of Neneng Garut's utterances through pragmatic studies. This is a qualitative study with content analysis method because this study prioritizes the content approach of the speech. The data source of this research is Neneng Garut's utterances which contains presuppositions and implicature in Stand Up Comedy Academy (SUCA 3). Data provision of this analysis is done by using simak method that is applied through note-taking techniques. The results of this study indicate that Neneng Garut would like to convey that at present more and more cases of corruption have occurred and are increasingly difficult to stop it. This is said through the puncline and if we ask Indonesia for corruption free, it is very difficult, especially when we ask Radit to marry, it is more difficult. In addition, in this study also found some presuppositions in her utterances such as, presuppositions about the difficulty and limited transportation in remote region of Garut, the lack of entertainment, trust in mysticism that is still very thick, and a way of thinking in society. In addition, through pragmatic, presupposition, and understanding the implicit meanings, the writer hopes that the results of this paper will be able to contribute ideas to the reading community about the importance of hearing and understanding the speech of the partners in a society that has lately faded.
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Rouillard, Vincent, and Bernhard Schwarz. "Presuppositional implicatures: quantity or maximize presupposition?" ZAS Papers in Linguistics 61 (January 1, 2018): 289–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.61.2018.497.
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Schlenker (2012) proposes that when framed within a modern Stalnakerian view ofpresupposition and common ground (Stalnaker, 1998, 2002), Maximize Presupposition! (Heim,1991; Sauerland, 2008) can be viewed as a special case of the maxim of Quantity (Grice, 1975).We provide data suggesting that in some cases, Maximize Presupposition! applies even whenspeakers are not expected to use a presupposition as vectors of new information. We arguethat these data support the view that Maximize Presupposition! is an independent pragmaticprinciple, distinct from Quantity.Keywords: maximize presupposition, quantity, presuppositional implicatures, scalar implicatures.
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Abana, Ifeoma, and Obiora Eke. "Postproverbials in Igbo Language." Matatu 51, no. 2 (September 21, 2020): 393–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-05102012.
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Abstract This treatise assesses the pragmatic implicature derived during the use of postproverbials in Igbo language and culture. Igbo proverbs have been so much studied that it would certainly be monotonous for a paroemiographer to resume making belated significance of Igbo speculations on the meaning and essence of a proverb. It is a glaring fact that that there is virtually no substantial controversy about the importance of proverbs in culture and the significance of proverbs in Igbo traditional society as a repository and verbal effulgence of wisdom is indeed proverbial. This study relies on Austin’s pragmatic theory of speech acts, conversational implicature and presupposition. The data is drawn from oral interview conducted by the researchers on ten Igbo elders with the aim of unraveling the linguistic idiosyncrasies associated with the connotation of postproverbials as it relates to different contextual usages. The paper will look at the development of this threat to the fixability of Igbo proverbs, the normative rapture and by extension establish the presence of “new” proverbs with new syntactic forms, new meanings and perhaps, new values. The analytic emphasis is based on the type of transformation, the shift in the construction of users. This paper concludes that postproverbiality is situated in the dynamic space of informal speech of a younger and adventurous generation.
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Kim Cheong-Min. "The Secondary Meaning of Korean Focus Marker Man ‘only’ and to ‘too/also’: A Presupposition or a Conventional Implicature?" Studies in Linguistics ll, no. 41 (October 2016): 135–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17002/sil..41.201610.135.
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Subiyatningsih, Foriyani. "KOHERENSI DALAM WACANA CAKCUK." SAWERIGADING 24, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/sawer.v24i1.473.
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Kajian mengenai Koherensi dalam Wacana CakCuk ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan bagaimanakah hubungan makna atau koherensi pada wacana CakCuk? Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Data penelitian ini berupa data lingual dalam bentuk wacana tekstual yang diidentifikasi sebagai plesetan wacana CakCuk. Sumber data ini adalah counter yang khusus menjual aneka suvenir CakCuk di Surabaya. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode simak dan metode cakap. Analisis data menggunakan metode agih, metode komparatif, dan metode padan kontekstual. Hasil analisis hubungan makna antarelemen atau koherensi dalam wacana CakCuk diperoleh simpulan sebagai berikut. Pertama, dari aspek semantik, proposisi-proposisi diurutkan dengan berbagai hubungan, yaitu hubungan kausalitas, hubungan amplifikatif, hubungan parafrastis, identifikasi, perbandingan, dan hubungan latar-kesimpulan. Kedua, berdasarkan kesatuan latar belakang semantis berupa inferensi dan referensi, entailment, praanggapan (presupposition), dan implikatur percakapan (conversational implicature)
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Dewi, Ienneke Indra. "Presuppositions and Implicatures in Comic Strips." Lingua Cultura 2, no. 1 (May 31, 2008): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/lc.v2i1.245.
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Article aimed to find out the role of presuppositions, implicatures, as well as to see the maxims violated or flouted in the comic strips i.e. to whether there is a miscommunication among the characters in the comic strips. Data were taken from the three comics, those are Peanuts, Andy, and Tintin, and were analysed based on the pattern that the sender made a presupposition before transferring information and the receiver would try to get the implied message. The results show that presuppositions and implicatures are much influenced by the background knowledge. The more the speaker and hearer know each other’s background, the better presuppositions and implicatures they make and finally, the less miscommunication occurred.
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Rahardi, R. Kunjana. "PRAGMATIC PHENOMENA CONSTELLATION IN SPECIFIC CULTURE DIMENSION LANGUAGE STUDY." International Journal of Humanity Studies (IJHS) 1, no. 1 (September 14, 2017): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/ijhs.v1i1.677.
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The linguistic phenomena studied in pragmatics evolve over time. Among the pragmatic phenomena that can be mentioned here are: implicature, deixis, presupposition, entailment, language politeness, language impoliteness and language phatic. There are certainly other pragmatic phenomena outside the phenomena mentioned above. In the future, other new pragmatic phenomena are expected to arise, along with the better development of pragmatic studies. Among those pragmatic phenomena, the phenomenon of language impoliteness can be regarded as a new phenomenon. How the constellation of pragmatic phenomena in the language study with the specific culture perspective becomes the main issue discussed in this short article. The benefit obtained by understanding the constellation of this new pragmatic phenomenon is that the interpretation of the pragmatic intent or meaning of language impoliteness becomes increasingly sharp, profound and comprehensive because its association with other pragmatic phenomena is sometimes an inevitable fact.DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/ijhs.2017.010109
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Seyfort Ruegg, D. "Purport, implicature and presupposition: Sanskrit abhiprāya and Tibetan dgo $$\dot n$$ s pa/dgo $$\dot n$$ s gži as hermeneutical concepts." Journal of Indian Philosophy 13, no. 4 (December 1985): 309–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00160985.
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ZEIJLSTRA, HEDDE. "Let's talk about you and me." Journal of Linguistics 51, no. 2 (December 2, 2014): 465–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226714000474.
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A recent development in Dutch concerns the deictic interpretation of the second-person singular pronoun je, which may refer to the speaker only. In such examples the subject refers to the speaker – not the hearer – but at the same time, these examples come along with an implicature stating that the hearer would have done the same thing if s/he were in the speaker's situation. Why is it the case that a second-person singular pronoun may refer to the speaker only? And why is it that when speaker-referring je is used, it always comes along with an implicature of the kind described above? In this article I argue that this behavior of Dutch je is a consequence of its semantically unmarked status with respect to the first-person singular pronoun ik. Along the lines of Sauerland (2008), I propose that Dutch je only carries one feature, [PARTICIPANT], whereas ik carries two features: [SPEAKER] and [PARTICIPANT]. Consequently, je may in principle refer to all participants in the conversation, enabling je to refer to the speaker as well. The fact that je does not normally refer to the speaker but to the hearer only then follows as some kind of blocking effect resulting from application of the principle of Maximize Presupposition. The paper concludes by spelling out the predictions that this analysis makes for the cross-linguistic variation with respect to the readings that participant and other pronouns may yield.
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Ninan, Dilip. "The Projection Problem for Predicates of Taste." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 30 (March 2, 2021): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v30i0.4809.
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Utterances of simple sentences containing taste predicates (e.g. "delicious", "fun", "frightening") typically imply that the speaker has had a particular sort of first-hand experience with the object of predication. For example, an utterance of "The carrot cake is delicious" would typically imply that the speaker had actually tasted the cake in question, and is not, for example, merely basing her judgment on the testimony of others. According to one approach, this 'acquaintance inference' is essentially an implicature, one generated by the Maxim of Quality together with a certain principle concerning the epistemology of taste (Ninan 2014). We first discuss some problems for this approach, problems that arise in connection with disjunction and generalized quantifiers. Then, after stating a conjecture concerning which operators 'obviate' the acquaintance inference and which do not, we build on Anand and Korotkova 2018 and Willer and Kennedy Forthcoming by developing a theory that treats the acquaintance requirement as a presupposition, albeit one that can be obviated by certain operators.
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Ibrahim, Bai Salam Macapia. "The Meranaw In Weddings: Understanding Pragmatics." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, no. 4 (April 29, 2021): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.4.30.
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The Meranaw people are fond of “pananaroon” or proverbs. Most of the old folks use these proverbs to express their thoughts toward a situation. Meranaw and non-meranaw alike who are not exposed to the Meranaw community may misunderstood and misinterpret this Meranaw sarcasm as expressed through proverbs. By using qualitative analytical approach, this research paper aims to unveil the Meranaw pragmatics by analyzing and semiotically interpreting video recorded Meranaw speech acts delivered in Meranaw wedding gathering along with the reactions of the people involved in the interaction. Some of the aspects of language studied in pragmatics which are also be considered in studying the data include diexis, presupposition,performative,and implicature. The study shows how junctures plays a vital role in understanding pananaroon. Morever, the study shows that the Meranaw people are one of those whose language is very powerful in the society. It will take an outsider to immerse himself with the folks to fully understand what a word means and or a gesture means.
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Romoli, Jacopo. "The Presuppositions of Soft Triggers aren't Presuppositions." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 21 (September 3, 2011): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v21i0.2619.
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Presupposition triggers can be divided in two groups on the basis of whether the presuppositions they give rise to are easily defeasible or not. Abusch (2002) calls these two groups “soft” and “hard” triggers. In this paper I argue that the “presuppositions of soft triggers” is a label that actually identifies meaning components that sometimes arise as plain entailments and sometimes as scalar implicatures. I propose a way to derive them based only on alternatives and an independently justified theory of scalar implicatures. This will be able to explain how and when these inferences can be suspended, while also accounting for the “regular” projection behavior when they are not suspended. Furthermore, the proposed system will also account for puzzling cases arising from the interaction between the presupposition of soft triggers and scalar implicatures.
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Abdel-Hafiz, Ahmed-Sokarno. "Pragmatic and Linguistic Problems in the Translation of Naguib Mahfouz’s The Thief and the Dogs." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 49, no. 3 (December 31, 2003): 229–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.49.3.04abd.
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This paper examines the pragmatic and linguistic problems that come into play in the English translation of one of Naguib Mahfouz’s most famous novels The Thief and the Dogs (more than 20 editions in 10 languages). This novel, which was written in 1961, was translated into English in 1984 by Trevor Le Gassick and M.M Badawi. The paper presents evidence that the translators failed to appreciate the importance of context in determining the meaning of the Source Language Text. The paper also shows that the translators sometimes ignored such pragmatic concepts and principles as speech acts, the maxims of the Politeness Principle, conventional implicature, and presupposition. Moreover, some problems rise at the word level and phrase/clause level. Since Mahfouz is a Nobel-laureate whose works are demanded and consumed by avid readers everywhere, such translational problems may distort his works and reduce the enjoyment readers expect from them. The study can also be helpful to future translators in a such a way that they will be aware of the difficulties that await them.
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Peters, Stanley. "Speaker commitments: Presupposition." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 26 (December 29, 2016): 1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v26i0.3951.
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The view that presuppositions are a variety of speaker commitment is supported by showing that deviance results from presupposing something while undertaking incompatible commitments. Similarities and differences in projection patterns of presuppositions and conversational implicatures, which are not speaker commitments, reveal the ease with which projected conversational implicatures can be mistaken for presuppositions and also the importance of not confounding the two. Some predictions of recent proposals for a unitary account of all projective content (Simons et al. 2010, 2015) are examined, and criticism of some predictions is presented along with some counterevidence. The conclusion is that any theory of presupposition must respect the fact that presuppositions are speaker commitments.
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Bade, Nadine, and Florian Schwarz. "New data on the competition between definites and indefinites." Experiments in Linguistic Meaning 1 (July 30, 2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/elm.1.4894.
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In this paper, we report on four experiments investigating obligatory presupposition effects. Specifically, we look at the inferences arising from not using presupposition triggers when their use is supported by the context. We compare these inferences and the contextual factors for their derivation to presuppositions and implicatures. Extending previous work, we explore not only the English definite determiner "the" but also the dual "both" and their respective competition with the universal quantifiers "every" and "all".
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Hayashi, Reiko. "Categorization for occasioned semantics: Reanalysis of a Japanese Yamagata 119 emergency call." Discourse Studies 21, no. 5 (August 26, 2019): 495–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461445619846706.
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Without making any reference to traditional linguistic disciplines such as presupposition, implicature and indirect speech acts, this article analyzes how and what implicit meanings were constructed, structured and negotiated through an ambulance request call to the119 call center in Yamagata, Japan in 2011, while enhancing the cogency of the empirical approach independent from analytical theories. Through the occasioned taxonomic analysis of the occasioned semantics of the caller and the call-taker regarding the dispatch, the analysis captured definitive evidence on how a negative response was created from the call-taker’s categorization process. It reveals the process in which the rejection was determined from the talk by the call-taker that was oriented toward and constructed by the conceptual knowledge of motion, which was formulated as ‘walk’. A three-part-list structure was created, which formulated ‘emesis’ into the category of a symptom, but not into that of an illness. The analysis reports that the call-taker’s method of occasioned semantics was operative and systematically patterned. Based on the results of the analysis, with linguistic evidence, the article critically argues that the rejection of an ambulance request was due in large part to the call-taker’s method of categorization when asking questions, which provides an alternative account to that of a previously reported analysis.
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Grubic, Mira, Agata Renans, and Reginald Akuoko Duah. "Focus, exhaustivity and existence in Akan, Ga and Ngamo." Linguistics 57, no. 1 (January 26, 2019): 221–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2018-0035.
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Abstract This paper discusses the relation between focus marking and focus interpretation in Akan (Kwa), Ga (Kwa), and Ngamo (West Chadic). In all three languages, there is a special morphosyntactically marked focus/background construction, as well as morphosyntactically unmarked focus. We present data stemming from original fieldwork investigating whether marked focus/background constructions in these three languages also have additional interpretative effects apart from standard focus interpretation. Crosslinguistically, different additional inferences have been found for marked focus constructions, e.g. contrast (e.g. Vallduví, Enric & Maria Vilkuna. 1997. On rheme and kontrast. In Peter Culicover & Louise McNally (eds.), The limits of syntax (Syntax and semantics 29), 79–108. New York: Academic Press; Hartmann, Katharina & Malte Zimmermann. 2007b. In place – Out of place: Focus in Hausa. In Kerstin Schwabe & Susanne Winkler (eds.), On information structure, meaning and form, 365–403. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.; Destruel, Emilie & Leah Velleman. 2014. Refining contrast: Empirical evidence from the English it-cleft. In Christopher Piñón (ed.), Empirical issues in syntax and semantics 10, 197–214. Paris: Colloque de syntaxe et sémantique à Paris (CSSP). http://www.cssp.cnrs.fr/eiss10/), exhaustivity (e.g. É. Kiss, Katalin. 1998. Identificational focus versus information focus. Language 74(2). 245–273.; Hartmann, Katharina & Malte Zimmermann. 2007a. Exhaustivity marking in Hausa: A re-evaluation of the particle nee/cee. In Enoch O. Aboh, Katharina Hartmann & Malte Zimmermann (eds.), Focus strategies in African languages: The interaction of focus and grammar in Niger-Congo and Afro-Asiatic (Trends in Linguistics 191), 241–263. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.), and existence (e.g. Rooth, Mats. 1999. Association with focus or association with presupposition? In Peter Bosch & Rob van der Sandt (eds.), Focus: Linguistic, cognitive, and computational perspectives, 232–244. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.; von Fintel, Kai & Lisa Matthewson. 2008. Universals in semantics. The Linguistic Review 25(1–2). 139–201). This paper investigates these three inferences. In Akan and Ga, the marked focus constructions are found to be contrastive, while in Ngamo, no effect of contrast was found. We also show that marked focus constructions in Ga and Akan trigger exhaustivity and existence presuppositions, while the marked construction in Ngamo merely gives rise to an exhaustive conversational implicature and does not trigger an existence presupposition. Instead, the marked construction in Ngamo merely indicates salience of the backgrounded part via a morphological background marker related to the definite determiner (Schuh, Russell G. 2005. Yobe state, Nigeria as a linguistic area. Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 31(2). 77–94; Güldemann, Tom. 2016. Maximal backgrounding=focus without (necessary) focus encoding. Studies in Language 40(3). 551–590). The paper thus contributes to the understanding of the semantics of marked focus constructions across languages and points to the crosslinguistic variation in expressing and interpreting marked focus/background constructions.
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Suhaimi, Mohamad Suhaizi, and Maslida Yusof. "PRESUPPOSITION STRATEGIES IN DATA INTERPRETATION: CORPUS DATA ANALYSIS." Jurnal KATA 2, no. 1 (May 3, 2018): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.22216/jk.v2i1.3051.
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<p>This study aims to describe the proses of data interpretation using presupposition strategy. Generally, presupposition refers to what the speaker assumes to be the case before making an utterance (Yule, 1996: 42). This study applies the types of presupposition proposed by Levinson (1983). Levinson had underlined nine presupposition types, which are Existential Presupposition, Factive Presupposition, Lexical Presupposition, Nonfactive Presupposition, Structural Presupposition, Counter Factual Presupposition, Iterative Presupposition, Implicative Presupposition and Temporal Presupposition. In order to emphasize the presupposition types in Malay, this research used a data corpus developed by <em>Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP)</em>. The results indicated that the nine presupposition types proposed by Levinson (1983) are being used in Malay sentences and speeches. Eventually, this research emphasized that the presuppositions used in communication are able to give a certain understanding to the reader or receiver especially when they get to comprehend the strategies underlined. </p>
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Vallauri, Edoardo Lombardi, and Viviana Masia. "L’information implicite entre économie d’effort et esquive du jugement critique." Faits de Langues 50, no. 2 (January 30, 2020): 113–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05002013.
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Abstract The implicit transmission of contents in a message is one of the most effective means of persuasive communication. In both commercial and political propaganda, discursive strategies such as presuppositions, implicatures and topicalisations (which we propose to recast as implicit communicative devices) are frequently used. This trend may hinge on the fact that these strategies conceal the actual communicative intention of the speaker (implicature) or his responsibility for the truth of the content conveyed (presuppositions and topicalisations). The paper proposes a reflection on the use of presuppositions, implicatures and topicalisations to achieve persuasive aims in communication. A discussion will be devoted to the cognitive constraints underlying the brain response to the processing of these categories, as well as to their influence on the receiver’s mental representation of the discourse model.
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Leahy, Brian. "On Presuppositional Implicatures." Topoi 35, no. 1 (November 30, 2014): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11245-014-9281-4.
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Fadhly, Fahrus Zaman, and Ayu Putri Kurnia. "PRESUPPOSITION IN THE JAKARTA POST�S POLITICAL ARTICLES: A PRAGMATICS APPROACH." Indonesian EFL Journal 1, no. 1 (September 12, 2017): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/ieflj.v1i1.620.
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This study is aimed to investigate presupposition in The Jakarta Post daily newspaper�s articles in political column. It covers two problems: types of presupposition and triggers of presupposition. Those problems were identified by applying presupposition theory. The data were interpreted by using descriptive qualitative method since it intended to describe a large number of sentences, clauses and phrases rather than numbers. The result of the study showed that the most frequent was existential presupposition with 202 occurences (78.59%), followed by factive presupposition with 2 occurences (0.79%), lexical presupposition with 36 occurences (14%), structural presupposition with 11 occurences (4.28%), non-factive presupposition with 2 occurences (0.79%) and counterfactual presupposition with 4 occurrences (1.56%). Besides, the study also showed the existence of 691 presupposition triggers which consisted of 631 definite descriptions (90.92%), 2 factive items (0.28%) which was similar to the existence of change of state verbs, 6 implicative verbs (0.86%), 6 itteratives (0.86%), 21 temporal (3.02%), 13 comparisons and contrast (1.87%), 8 questions (1.15%) and 3 counterfactual conditionals (0.43%). Finally, the findings showed that both types and triggers of presuppositions were related each other.Keywords: presupposition, types of presupposition, triggers of presupposition, political column, The Jakarta Post.
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De Silva, Connie. "Where Truth Lies in Advertising." Exchanges: The Interdisciplinary Research Journal 5, no. 2 (June 7, 2018): 44–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/eirj.v5i2.246.
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Consumer advertising, characterised by its persuasive intent and attention value, is a form of propositional communication that contextually hinges on the psychology of human needs and desires. The advertiser’s objective is to depict – with some poetic licence – commercially available items as beneficial and vital. Truthful depiction is not among the objectives of the marketing plan; however, persuasive effectiveness is contingent upon successful synthesis of fact and concoction. Thus, an essence of reality must be crafted into the text to induce target-market confidence. Another consideration is memorability of the advertisement experience, particularly the brand name and its associated positive qualities. Further, it must be readable and socially accessible to achieve receiver engagement. This article – using the five social functions of language and Jakobson’s communication language model (Leech, 1981) – investigates the complex phenomenon of meaning-creation in press advertisements[i] to discover their ecological infrastructure. What are the relationships between elements? And how do these render the potential to generate persuasive propositions that linger? Analysis shows that attention-getting features are primary carriers of hidden meanings; and, if realised, these create persuasive impressions of essential and/or urgently needed benefits available in the advertised item. Further investigation reveals that the hidden meanings are cached in a trifecta of thematic information, presupposition and implicature that renders a meaning-making vehicle to deliver advertiser propositions. This strategic apparatus – governed by a principle of semantic interdependency of linguistic, semiotic and intertextual elements – is terminologically labelled as collateral bundling.
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Risdianto, Faizal, Noor Malihah, and Agung Guritno. "The problem of Presupposition in George Orwell’s Novella Animal Farm." Journal of Pragmatics Research 1, no. 1 (February 6, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v1i1.1-12.
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This research attempts to investigate the pragmatics presupposition in George Orwell’s Novella Animal Farm. Specifically, it tries to identify and classify the presupposition used in conversation in Orwell’s novella. The identification is based on the presupposition triggers and classification based on six type of presupposition. The research also attempts to analyze the function in the use of presupposition in conversation. The data in this research are in form of utterances containing presupposition. Based on the classification of six presupposition types according to Yule's theory (1996), 180 presuppositions are found: 69 (38,3%) existential triggered by definite description and possessive construction, 35 (19,4%) lexical triggered by change of state verb; implicative predicate; iterative, 53 (29,4%) structural triggered by WH-question, 4 (2,2%) factive triggered by factive verb/predicate aware glad and 19 (10,6%) non-factive triggered by the verb dream imagine. Based on the six language function by Jakobson (1960), there are 5 functions of presupposition in the novella which are, 57 (47, 9%) referential, 33(27,7%) emotive, 25(21,1%) conative, 3(2,5%) poetic and 1 (0,8%) phatic. In this research, the practice of referential function in applying presupposition is considered as the most frequent.Keywords: Presupposition, presupposition triggers, Novella, George Orwell
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Zinova, Yulia, and Hana Filip. "Meaning components in the constitution of Russian verbs: Presuppositions or implicatures?" Semantics and Linguistic Theory 24 (April 5, 2015): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v24i0.2408.
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In this paper we discuss the inferences triggered by perfective accomplishments and two verbal prefixes (the completive prefix <em>do-</em> and the iterative prefix <em>pere-</em>) in Russian. Contrary to most works that attempt to analyze those inferences as presuppositions, we show that there is no ground for such a claim and argue that the inferences discussed here are better analyzed in terms of entailments and scalar implicatures. We use standard tests from the previous research on semantic and pragmatic presupposition. For those cases where the standard tests prove to be insufficient, the empirical data from the questionnaire we conducted is provided. The methodology used to construct the questionnaire is based on the results of an empirical study by Chemla (2009).
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Pearson, Hazel Anne, Manizeh Khan, and Jesse Snedeker. "Even more evidence for the emptiness of plurality: An experimental investigation of plural interpretation as a species of implicature." Semantics and Linguistic Theory, no. 20 (April 3, 2015): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v0i20.2554.
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In two experiments, we test a family of theories that treat the 'more than one' meaning component of the plural morpheme as an implicature rather than an inherent part of its semantics (Sauerland et al. 2005, Spector 2007, Zweig 2009). We find that under certain circumstances, this meaning component appears to be canceled, in the manner of an implicature. Our findings suggest that the implicature is relatively difficult to cancel, and that cancelation is facilitated by employing a linguistic environment in which plural marking contributes to the presupposed but not the asserted content. The notion that implicatures may be more easily canceled when they contribute to the presuppositional component is a novel contribution of the study.
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Pearson, Hazel Anne, Manizeh Khan, and Jesse Snedeker. "Even more evidence for the emptiness of plurality: An experimental investigation of plural interpretation as a species of implicature." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 20 (August 14, 2010): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v20i0.2554.
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In two experiments, we test a family of theories that treat the 'more than one' meaning component of the plural morpheme as an implicature rather than an inherent part of its semantics (Sauerland et al. 2005, Spector 2007, Zweig 2009). We find that under certain circumstances, this meaning component appears to be canceled, in the manner of an implicature. Our findings suggest that the implicature is relatively difficult to cancel, and that cancelation is facilitated by employing a linguistic environment in which plural marking contributes to the presupposed but not the asserted content. The notion that implicatures may be more easily canceled when they contribute to the presuppositional component is a novel contribution of the study.
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Ippolito, M. "A Note on Embedded Implicatures and Counterfactual Presuppositions." Journal of Semantics 28, no. 2 (October 20, 2010): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jos/ffq019.
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