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Journal articles on the topic 'Implicit biases'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

De Houwer, Jan. "Implicit Bias Is Behavior: A Functional-Cognitive Perspective on Implicit Bias." Perspectives on Psychological Science 14, no. 5 (2019): 835–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691619855638.

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Implicit bias is often viewed as a hidden force inside people that makes them perform inappropriate actions. This perspective can induce resistance against the idea that people are implicitly biased and complicates research on implicit bias. I put forward an alternative perspective that views implicit bias as a behavioral phenomenon. more specifically, it is seen as behavior that is automatically influenced by cues indicative of the social group to which others belong. This behavioral perspective is less likely to evoke resistance because implicit bias is seen as something that people do rathe

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2

Fiedler, Klaus, and Jeannette Schmid. "Implicit Attributions and Biases." Theory & Psychology 9, no. 6 (1999): 837–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354399096007.

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Dalton, Shamika, and Michele Villagran. "Minimizing and addressing implicit bias in the workplace: Be proactive, part one." College & Research Libraries News 79, no. 9 (2018): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crln.79.9.478.

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Librarians and information professionals cannot hide from bias: a prejudice for or against something, someone, or a group. As human beings, we all have biases. However, implicit biases are ones that affect us in an unconscious manner. Awareness of our implicit biases, and how they can affect our colleagues and work environment, is critical to promoting an inclusive work environment. Part one of this two-part article series will focus on implicit bias: what is implicit bias, how these biases affect the work environment, and best practices for reducing these biases within recruitment, hiring, an

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O'Shea, Brian A., and Reinout W. Wiers. "Moving Beyond the Relative Assessment of Implicit Biases: Navigating the Complexities of Absolute Measurement." Social Cognition 38, Supplement (2020): s187—s207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.2020.38.supp.s187.

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A relative assessment of implicit biases is limited because it produces a combined summary evaluation of two attitudinal beliefs while concealing the biases driving this evaluation. Similar limitations occur for relative explicit measures. Here, we will discuss the benefits and weaknesses of using relative versus absolute (individual/separate) assessments of implicit and explicit attitudes. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) will be the focal implicit measure discussed, and we will present a new perspective challenging the evidence that the IAT can only be utilized to measure relative, not ab

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Hu, X., J. W. Antony, J. D. Creery, I. M. Vargas, G. V. Bodenhausen, and K. A. Paller. "Unlearning implicit social biases during sleep." Science 348, no. 6238 (2015): 1013–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa3841.

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Shapiro, Natasha, Elena V. Wachtel, Sean M. Bailey, and Michael M. Espiritu. "Implicit Physician Biases in Periviability Counseling." Journal of Pediatrics 197 (June 2018): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.01.070.

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Ratliff, Kate A., and Brian A. Nosek. "Negativity and Outgroup Biases in Attitude Formation and Transfer." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 37, no. 12 (2011): 1692–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167211420168.

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In an initial experiment, the behavior of one person had a stronger influence on implicit evaluations of another person from the same group when (a) the attitude was negative rather than positive and (b) the people were outgroup members rather than ingroup members. Explicitly, participants resisted these attitude transfer effects. In a second experiment, negative information formed less negative explicit attitudes when the target was Black than when the target was White, and participants were more vigilant not to transfer that negative attitude to a new Black person. Implicit attitudes, howeve

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Kroon, Anne C., Toni G. L. A. van der Meer, and Thomas Pronk. "Does Information about Bias Attenuate Selective Exposure? The Effects of Implicit Bias Feedback on the Selection of Outgroup-Rich News." Human Communication Research 48, no. 2 (2022): 346–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqac004.

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Abstract People’s news diets are shaped by a diverse set of selection biases that may be unconscious in nature. This study investigates whether providing individuals with information about such unconscious biases attenuates selective exposure. More specifically, in two selective-exposure experiments among Dutch ingroup members focusing on ethnic (N = 286) and religious (N = 277) minorities, we expose individuals to their unconscious prejudices as measured by the Implicit Association Test (IAT) before documenting their news-selection patterns. Findings indicate that the effectiveness of this aw

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Sharma, Manoj. "Applying multi-theory model of health behaviour change to address implicit biases in public health." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 9 (2017): 3048. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20173813.

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A person receiving public health services should not receive a lesser standard of service because of his/her race, gender, age, colour, national origin, disability status, occupation or any other extraneous characteristics. However, sometimes our perception based on these hidden linkages (unconscious, irrepressible, or irrational connotations) may influence our judgements resulting in unfairness which are referred as implicit biases. Such biases can result in poorer quality of care. In public health, where the ultimate motive is to ensure social justice, these implicit biases are thus quite de

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VAN DEN HOVEN, EMIEL, and EVELYN C. FERSTL. "Discourse context modulates the effect of implicit causality on rementions." Language and Cognition 10, no. 4 (2018): 561–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2018.17.

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abstractCertain verbs tend to elicit explanations about either their subject or their object. The tendency for one of the verb’s arguments to be rementioned in explanations is known as the implicit causality bias. In this paper we investigate the conditions underlying implicit causality remention biases by means of sentence and story completion studies. On one account of implicit causality, remention biases are the product of a combination of a particular lexico-semantic structure with a causal coherence relation. According to a competing account, the biases arise from a perceived lack of info

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Gravett, Willem Hendrik. "The Myth of Objectivity: Implicit Racial Bias and the Law (Part 1)." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 20 (April 26, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2017/v20i0a1312.

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The centrality of race to our history and the substantial racial inequalities that continue to pervade society ensure that "race" remains an extraordinarily salient and meaningful social category. Explicit racial prejudice, however, is only part of the problem. Equally important - and likely more pervasive - is the phenomenon of implicit racial prejudice: the cognitive processes whereby, despite even our best intentions, the human mind automatically classifies information in racial categories and against disfavoured social groups. Empirical research shows convincingly that these biases against

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Gravett, Willem Hendrik. "The Myth of Objectivity: Implicit Racial Bias and the Law (Part 2)." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 20 (September 14, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2017/v20i0a1313.

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The centrality of race to our history and the substantial racial inequalities that continue to pervade society ensure that "race" remains an extraordinarily salient and meaningful social category. Explicit racial prejudice, however, is only part of the problem. Equally important - and likely more pervasive - is the phenomenon of implicit racial prejudice: the cognitive processes whereby, despite even our best intentions, the human mind automatically classifies information in racial categories and against disfavoured social groups. Empirical research shows convincingly that these biases against

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Webber, Wesley B., Firat Soylu, and Joy J. Burnham. "Stereotyping Among Graduate Students in Mental Health Fields: An EEG Study." Journal of Mental Health Counseling 45, no. 1 (2023): 74–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17744/mehc.45.1.05.

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Counselors are obligated to work effectively with diverse groups, yet stereotyping and biases can impede counselors’ efforts. Understanding implicit processes in social cognition among counselors is important because implicit stereotyping and biases can negatively influence counselors’ work. Investigation of cognitive processes through electroencephalography (EEG) can illuminate implicit tendencies that potentially lead to microaggressions toward clients. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that graduate students in mental health fields would show indicators of stereotyping in a priming ex

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Chin, Mark J., David M. Quinn, Tasminda K. Dhaliwal, and Virginia S. Lovison. "Bias in the Air: A Nationwide Exploration of Teachers’ Implicit Racial Attitudes, Aggregate Bias, and Student Outcomes." Educational Researcher 49, no. 8 (2020): 566–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0013189x20937240.

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Theory suggests that teachers’ implicit racial attitudes affect their students, but large-scale evidence on U.S. teachers’ implicit biases and their correlates is lacking. Using nationwide data from Project Implicit, we found that teachers’ implicit White/Black biases (as measured by the implicit association test) vary by teacher gender and race. Teachers’ adjusted bias levels are lower in counties with larger shares of Black students. In the aggregate, counties in which teachers hold higher levels of implicit and explicit racial bias have larger adjusted White/Black test score inequalities an

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Vuletich, Heidi A., and B. Keith Payne. "Stability and Change in Implicit Bias." Psychological Science 30, no. 6 (2019): 854–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797619844270.

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Can implicit bias be changed? In a recent longitudinal study, Lai and colleagues (2016, Study 2) compared nine interventions intended to reduce racial bias across 18 university campuses. Although all interventions changed participants’ bias on an immediate test, none were effective after a delay. This study has been interpreted as strong evidence that implicit biases are difficult to change. We revisited Lai et al.’s study to test whether the stability observed reflected persistent individual attitudes or stable environments. Our reanalysis ( N = 4,842) indicates that individual biases did not

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Gilbert, Gregory J., Mason G. MacDougall, and Erik A. Petigura. "Implicit Biases in Transit Models Using Stellar Pseudo Density." Astronomical Journal 164, no. 3 (2022): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac7f2f.

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Abstract The transit technique is responsible for the majority of exoplanet discoveries to date. Characterizing these planets involves careful modeling of their transit profiles. A common technique involves expressing the transit duration using a density-like parameter, ρ ˜ , often called the “circular density.” Most notably, the Kepler project—the largest analysis of transit light curves to date—adopted a linear prior on ρ ˜ . Here, we show that such a prior biases measurements of impact parameter, b, due to the nonlinear relationship between ρ ˜ and transit duration. This bias slightly favor

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von der Malsburg, Titus, Till Poppels, and Roger P. Levy. "Implicit Gender Bias in Linguistic Descriptions for Expected Events: The Cases of the 2016 United States and 2017 United Kingdom Elections." Psychological Science 31, no. 2 (2020): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797619890619.

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Gender stereotypes influence subjective beliefs about the world, and this is reflected in our use of language. But do gender biases in language transparently reflect subjective beliefs? Or is the process of translating thought to language itself biased? During the 2016 United States ( N = 24,863) and 2017 United Kingdom ( N = 2,609) electoral campaigns, we compared participants’ beliefs about the gender of the next head of government with their use and interpretation of pronouns referring to the next head of government. In the United States, even when the female candidate was expected to win,

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Zhang, Chenhao. "The Development of Racial Attitudes among Chinese Adolescents and Adults." Communications in Humanities Research 1, no. 1 (2021): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/chr.iceipi.2021236.

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Race and race-related issues are pervasive in the United States, causing detrimental consequences at individual and societal levels. Not only in the United states, racial conflict also exists in racially homogeneous countries, such as China, given the rising economic development and cultural communications between Chinese society and other nations. The present article aims to reveal the development of racial attitudes among Chinese adolescents and adults. We assessed implicit and explicit racial attitudes toward Black and White people among 60 Chinese participants (M age = 18.04; 34 female). P

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Birmingham, Elina, Damian Stanley, Remya Nair, and Ralph Adolphs. "Implicit Social Biases in People With Autism." Psychological Science 26, no. 11 (2015): 1693–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797615595607.

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Benas, Jessica S., and Brandon E. Gibb. "Childhood Teasing and Adult Implicit Cognitive Biases." Cognitive Therapy and Research 35, no. 6 (2010): 491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-010-9326-y.

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Wang, Benchi, and Jan Theeuwes. "Implicit attentional biases in a changing environment." Acta Psychologica 206 (May 2020): 103064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103064.

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Cooley, Erin, Ryan F. Lei, and Taylor Ellerkamp. "The Mixed Outcomes of Taking Ownership for Implicit Racial Biases." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44, no. 10 (2018): 1424–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218769646.

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One potential strategy for prejudice reduction is encouraging people to acknowledge, and take ownership for, their implicit biases. Across two studies, we explore how taking ownership for implicit racial bias affects the subsequent expression of overt bias. Participants first completed an implicit measure of their attitudes toward Black people. Then we either led participants to think of their implicit bias as their own or as stemming from external factors. Results revealed that taking ownership for high implicit racial bias had diverging effects on subsequent warmth toward Black people (Study

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Vaimberg, Emma, Lindsay Demers, Eric Ford, Maya Sabatello, Blair Stevens, and Shoumita Dasgupta. "Project Inclusive Genetics: Exploring the impact of patient-centered counseling training on physical disability bias in the prenatal setting." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (2021): e0255722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255722.

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Purpose There is robust research examining the negative impact of racial and socioeconomic implicit bias on healthcare provider clinical decision-making. However, other under-studied important biases are likely to impact clinical care as well. The goal of this study was to explore the presence of bias against people with physical disability among a heterogeneous group of healthcare workers and trainees and to evaluate the effect of implicit association testing and an educational module on this bias. Method The study was composed of a one-hour web-based survey and educational module. The survey

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Lee, Daniel. "Does Implicit Bias Predict Dictator Giving?" Games 9, no. 4 (2018): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g9040073.

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Implicit associations and biases are carried without awareness or conscious direction, yet there is reason to believe they may be influenced by social pressures. In this paper, I study social pressure as a motive to give, as well as giving itself under conditions of implicit bias. In doing so, I pair the Implicit Association Test (IAT), commonplace in other social sciences, with a laboratory dictator game with sorting. I find that despite its popularity, the IAT does not predict dictator giving and social pressure does not explain acts of giving from biased dictators. These results are indicat

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Sherman, Michelle D., Jason Ricco, Stephen C. Nelson, Sheila J. Nezhad, and Shailendra Prasad. "Implicit Bias Training in Residency Program: Aiming for Enduring Effects." Family Medicine 51, no. 8 (2019): 677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22454/fammed.2019.947255.

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Background and Objectives: Implicit bias often affects patient care in insidious ways, and has the potential for significant damage. Several educational interventions regarding implicit bias have been developed for health care professionals, many of which foster reflection on individual biases and encourage personal awareness. In an attempt to address racism and other implicit biases at a more systemic level in our family medicine residency training program, our objectives were to offer and evaluate parallel trainings for residents and faculty by a national expert. Methods: The trainings addre

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Lauscher, Anne, Goran Glavaš, Simone Paolo Ponzetto, and Ivan Vulić. "A General Framework for Implicit and Explicit Debiasing of Distributional Word Vector Spaces." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 05 (2020): 8131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6325.

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Distributional word vectors have recently been shown to encode many of the human biases, most notably gender and racial biases, and models for attenuating such biases have consequently been proposed. However, existing models and studies (1) operate on under-specified and mutually differing bias definitions, (2) are tailored for a particular bias (e.g., gender bias) and (3) have been evaluated inconsistently and non-rigorously. In this work, we introduce a general framework for debiasing word embeddings. We operationalize the definition of a bias by discerning two types of bias specification: e

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Potterf, Jebadiha E., and Jason R. Pohl. "A Black Teen, a White Cop, and a City in Turmoil: Analyzing Newspaper Reports on Ferguson, Missouri and the Death of Michael Brown." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 34, no. 4 (2018): 421–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986218787732.

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Understanding how newspapers depict fatal shootings of minority men by police, and how this affects implicit biases, may offer insight into why such shootings continue to occur. Through an analysis of national newspaper articles immediately following the death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, we investigate how these events are framed regarding the use of victim-supporting, social justice frames or law enforcement–supporting, law and order frames. We then theorize how this might contribute to the perpetuation of implicit biases. We find social justice frames appear more frequently than

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Kogan, Lori, Lori Kogan, Regina Schoenfeld-Tacher, and James Oxley. "PARTICIPATION IN AN INTERGENERATIONAL SERVICE-LEARNING COURSE AND IMPLICIT BIASES." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (2019): S201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.728.

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Abstract Biases against older adults and people with disabilities can lead to discriminatory behaviors. One way to better understand attitudes towards these populations is through the examination of implicit (unconscious) factors. This paper utilizes The Implicit Association Test, a computer-based categorization task designed to assess implicit or unconscious attitudes, to assess the impact of an intergenerational service-learning course created to support the human animal bond between vulnerable pet owners and their companion animals. This study, using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, assessed

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Larsson Taghizadeh, Jonas. "The effects of implicit biases on real-life client discrimination among public officials." Research & Politics 9, no. 2 (2022): 205316802210932. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20531680221093241.

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Discriminatory behavior is often assumed to partly be a result of implicit or unconscious biases. However, to my knowledge, no published experimental studies exist on the presence of such attitudes among public officials such as teachers or police officers and the related effects on real-life client discrimination. This study attempts to fill this research gap by combining a field experiment that captures ethnic discrimination among principals with an implicit attitude test (IAT) capturing their implicit attitudes toward Arab parents. The results suggest that Swedish elementary school principa

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Ferguson, Ashley M., Jennifer M. Roche, and Hayley S. Arnold. "Social Judgments of Digitally Manipulated Stuttered Speech: An Evaluation of Self-Disclosure on Cognition." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 11 (2019): 3986–4000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-19-0088.

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Purpose Persons who stutter (PWS) may be susceptible to discrimination because of negative judgments made by listeners. The current study sought to determine how the cognitive system's explicit (i.e., conscious) and implicit (i.e., nonconscious) biases about PWS are impacted by self-disclosure. Method A computer mouse–tracking paradigm was used to evaluate categorical social judgments about PWS. Computer mouse trajectories, which have been shown to reveal underlying cognitive pull or competition between opposing concepts, were used to measure implicit bias (i.e., nonconscious stereotypes). Par

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Kutlu, Ethan, and Ratree Wayland. "Implicit biases in monolingual and bilingual speech perception." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 144, no. 3 (2018): 1721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5067630.

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Hahn, Adam, and Bertram Gawronski. "Facing one’s implicit biases: From awareness to acknowledgment." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 116, no. 5 (2019): 769–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000155.

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Umemoto, A., M. Scolari, E. Vogel, and E. Awh. "Implicit knowledge biases encoding into visual working memory." Journal of Vision 8, no. 6 (2010): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/8.6.209.

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Moffitt, Robyn L., Eva Kemps, Thomas E. Hannan, David L. Neumann, Samuel P. Stopar, and Crystal J. Anderson. "Implicit Approach Biases for Physically Active Lifestyle Cues." International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 18, no. 6 (2019): 833–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1612197x.2019.1581829.

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Baston, Rene. "Two flaws concerning belief accounts of implicit biases." Philosophical Psychology 31, no. 3 (2018): 352–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2017.1417980.

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Hitzeman, Cortney, and Colin Wastell. "Are Atheists Implicit Theists?" Journal of Cognition and Culture 17, no. 1-2 (2017): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12342190.

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The Cognitive Science of Religion commonly advances the view that religious beliefs emerge naturally via specific cognitive biases without cultural influence. From this perspective comes the claim that self-proclaimed atheists harbour traces of supernatural thinking. By exploring the potential influence of the cultural learning mechanism Credibility Enhancing Displays (creds), which affirms beliefs, current disparities between studies involved in priming the implicit theism of atheists, might be reconciled. Eighty-eight university students were randomly assigned to either a religious or contro

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Seo, Kyoungwon, Hokyoung Ryu, and Jieun Kim. "Can Serious Games Assess Decision-Making Biases?" European Journal of Psychological Assessment 36, no. 1 (2020): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000485.

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Abstract. The limitations of self-report questionnaires and interview methods for assessing individual differences in human cognitive biases have become increasingly apparent. These limitations have led to a renewed interest in alternative modes of assessment, including for implicit and explicit aspects of human behavior (i.e., dual-process theory). Acknowledging this, the present study was conducted to develop and validate a serious game, “Don Quixote,” for measuring specific cognitive biases: the bandwagon effect and optimism bias. We hypothesized that the implicit and explicit game data wou

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Ogunyemi, Dotun. "Defeating Unconscious Bias: The Role of a Structured, Reflective, and Interactive Workshop." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 13, no. 2 (2021): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-20-00722.1.

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ABSTRACT Background Unconscious or implicit biases are universal and detrimental to health care and the learning environment but can be corrected. Historical interventions used the Implicit Association Test (IAT), which may have limitations. Objective We determined the efficacy of an implicit bias training without using the IAT. Methods From April 2019 to June 2020, a 90-minute educational workshop was attended by students, residents, and faculty. The curriculum included an interactive unconscious biases presentation, videoclips using vignettes to demonstrate workplace impact of unconscious bi

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Mehl, Stephanie, Björn Schlier, and Tania M. Lincoln. "Does CBT for Psychosis Have an Impact on Delusions by Improving Reasoning Biases and Negative Self-Schemas?" Zeitschrift für Psychologie 226, no. 3 (2018): 152–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000335.

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Abstract. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for psychosis (CBTp) builds on theoretical models that postulate reasoning biases and negative self-schemas to be involved in the formation and maintenance of delusions. However, it is unclear whether CBTp induces change in delusions by improving these proposed causal mechanisms. This study reports on a mediation analysis of a CBTp effectiveness trial in which delusions were a secondary outcome. Patients with psychosis were randomized to individualized CBTp (n = 36) or a waiting list condition (WL; n = 34). Reasoning biases (jumping to conclusions, theory

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van Ryn, Michelle, Diana J. Burgess, John F. Dovidio, et al. "THE IMPACT OF RACISM ON CLINICIAN COGNITION, BEHAVIOR, AND CLINICAL DECISION MAKING." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 8, no. 1 (2011): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x11000191.

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AbstractOver the past two decades, thousands of studies have demonstrated that Blacks receive lower quality medical care than Whites, independent of disease status, setting, insurance, and other clinically relevant factors. Despite this, there has been little progress towards eradicating these inequities. Almost a decade ago we proposed a conceptual model identifying mechanisms through which clinicians' behavior, cognition, and decision making might be influenced by implicit racial biases and explicit racial stereotypes, and thereby contribute to racial inequities in care. Empirical evidence h

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McNally, Richard J. "Memory and anxiety disorders." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 352, no. 1362 (1997): 1755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0158.

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Experimental psychopathologists have identified varying patterns in memory bias in people with depressive and anxiety disorders. Individuals suffering from depression tend to exhibit explicit memory deficits for positively-valanced material, and sometimes exhibit biases for retrieving negative self-relevant information as well. Most studies, however, provide scant evidence for implicit memory biases in depression. In contrast to depression, anxiety disorders are rarely associated with enhanced esplicit memory for threat-related information (with the exception of panic disorder). Evidence for i

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KANETAKE, MACHIKO. "Blind Spots in International Law." Leiden Journal of International Law 31, no. 2 (2018): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156518000109.

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AbstractThis editorial aims to foster debate on the possible roles of implicit social cognition in international law. The editorial is in part inspired by a book entitled Blindspot: Hidden Biases of Good People, written by Banaji and Greenwald, researchers of social psychology. According to them, a large set of implicit biases reside in our minds, which may influence our behaviour towards ourselves and others. It is safe to argue that international judges, arbitrators, diplomats, domestic officials who apply international law, and international legal scholars are not immune from implicit bias.

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Yen, Jeffery, Kevin Durrheim, and Romin W. Tafarodi. "‘I'm happy to own my implicit biases’: Public encounters with the implicit association test." British Journal of Social Psychology 57, no. 3 (2018): 505–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12245.

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CHENG, WEI, and AMIT ALMOR. "The effect of implicit causality and consequentiality on nonnative pronoun resolution." Applied Psycholinguistics 38, no. 1 (2016): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716416000035.

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ABSTRACTWe report two sentence-completion experiments investigating how nonnative speakers use universal semantic and discourse information, which are implicit causality and consequentiality biases associated with psychological verbs, to resolve pronouns. The results indicate that intermediate-advanced and advanced Chinese-speaking English learners show weaker implicit causality and consequentiality biases than native English speakers in pronoun resolution. Instead, nonnative speakers exhibit a general subject or first-mention bias. These findings suggest that nonnative speakers do not use sem

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Bott, Oliver, and Torgrim Solstad. "Discourse expectations: explaining the implicit causality biases of verbs." Linguistics 59, no. 2 (2021): 361–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2021-0007.

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Abstract This article presents a linguistic account explaining particular mechanisms underlying the generation of expectations at the discourse level. We further develop a linguistic theory – the Empty Slot Theory – explaining the phenomenon of implicit verb causality. According to our proposal, implicit causality (IC) verbs introduce lexically determined slots for causal content of specific types. If the required information is not derivable from the current or preceding context, IC verbs generate the expectation that these slots will be filled in the upcoming discourse. The cognitive mechani

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Tran, Tanya B., Matthias Siemer, and Jutta Joormann. "Implicit interpretation biases affect emotional vulnerability: A training study." Cognition & Emotion 25, no. 3 (2011): 546–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2010.532393.

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Sachdeva, Arushi, Melissa Mildort, and Gizelle Anzures. "Race categories and implicit biases in children and adults." Journal of Vision 19, no. 10 (2019): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/19.10.153.

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Tarsia, M. "Implicit and explicit memory biases in mixed anxiety–depression." Journal of Affective Disorders 77, no. 3 (2003): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00119-2.

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Abou Baker, Nabil, Daniela Anderson, and Byron Brooks. "Addressing Sickle Cell Disease Implicit Bias in Internal Medicine Residents." Blood 138, Supplement 1 (2021): 2965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-151733.

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Abstract Introduction: Throughout the years, patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) have been subjected to biases and stigmas that have affected their care, which then leads to them experiencing greater pain and a lower quality of life. Literature continues to show that patients suffer from their pain being discounted during hospitalizations. In the previous year, our group showed that our internal medicine residents had negative implicit biases (IB) toward patients with SCD. Frameworks and trainings exist for addressing different aspects of IB; however, none exists to address implicit biases

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Calvert, Gemma Anne, Geoffrey Evans, and Abhishek Pathak. "Race, Gender, and the U.S. Presidency: A Comparison of Implicit and Explicit Biases in the Electorate." Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 1 (2022): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs12010017.

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Recent U.S. elections have witnessed the Democrats nominating both black and female presidential candidates, as well as a black and female vice president. The increasing diversity of the U.S. political elite heightens the importance of understanding the psychological factors influencing voter support for, or opposition to, candidates of different races and genders. In this study, we investigated the relative strength of the implicit biases for and against hypothetical presidential candidates that varied by gender and race, using an evaluative priming paradigm on a broadly representative sample

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