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Orizu, Udochukwu. "Implicit emotion detection in text." Thesis, Aston University, 2018. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/37693/.
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In text, emotion can be expressed explicitly, using emotion-bearing words (e.g. happy, guilty) or implicitly without emotion-bearing words. Existing approaches focus on the detection of explicitly expressed emotion in text. However, there are various ways to express and convey emotions without the use of these emotion-bearing words. For example, given two sentences: “The outcome of my exam makes me happy” and “I passed my exam”, both sentences express happiness, with the first expressing it explicitly and the other implying it. In this thesis, we investigate implicit emotion detection in text. We propose a rule-based approach for implicit emotion detection, which can be used without labeled corpora for training. Our results show that our approach outperforms the lexicon matching method consistently and gives competitive performance in comparison to supervised classifiers. Given that emotions such as guilt and admiration which often require the identification of blameworthiness and praiseworthiness, we also propose an approach for the detection of blame and praise in text, using an adapted psychology model, Path model to blame. Lack of benchmarking dataset led us to construct a corpus containing comments of individuals’ emotional experiences annotated as blame, praise or others. Since implicit emotion detection might be useful for conflict-of-interest (CoI) detection in Wikipedia articles, we built a CoI corpus and explored various features including linguistic and stylometric, presentation, bias and emotion features. Our results show that emotion features are important when using Nave Bayes, but the best performance is obtained with SVM on linguistic and stylometric features only. Overall, we show that a rule-based approach can be used to detect implicit emotion in the absence of labelled data; it is feasible to adopt the psychology path model to blame for blame/praise detection from text, and implicit emotion detection is beneficial for CoI detection in Wikipedia articles.
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Arbuckle, Nathan L. "Developing an implicit measure of emotion." The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1406030155.
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Livingstone, Kimberly, and Kimberly Livingstone. "The Effects of Implicit Theories of Emotion on Emotion Regulation and Experience." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12512.
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This dissertation examined the effects of implicit theories of emotion (beliefs about the malleability of emotion) on emotion regulation and experience. Incremental theories involve beliefs that emotions are controllable; entity theories involve beliefs that emotions are uncontrollable. I hypothesized that an incremental theory would be associated with better well-being, more adaptive emotion regulation, and mastery-oriented patterns of response to emotion regulation difficulty, compared to an entity theory. Study 1 developed a valid and reliable questionnaire to assess trait implicit theories of emotion and examined correlations with self-reports of personality, emotional experience, emotion regulation, and well-being. A trait incremental theory was associated with greater positive emotion and less negative emotion, an effect that was mediated by the tendency of incremental theorists to use more active coping and adaptive emotion regulation strategies, compared to entity theorists. Incremental theories were also associated with greater overall well-being, lower depression, and less stress. Studies 2-5 manipulated implicit theories of emotion and examined their causal effects on emotion and emotion regulation. Although entity and incremental participants did not report differences in emotional experience when experiencing emotions naturally (Study 2), participants in the incremental group were more likely to regulate their emotions when explicitly asked to do so (Study 3). Specifically, only incremental participants responded to instructions to remain objective while rating emotionally evocative images. Studies 4 and 5 examined differences in reactions to emotion regulation difficulty. After completing an emotional interference task, all (Study 4) or a random half (Study 5) of participants were told that they had done poorly and rated attributions for their performance, affect, and motivation to remain engaged versus withdrawing. Although hypothesized patterns did not emerge as a whole, participants in the incremental condition were more likely to attribute their performance (failure or success) to strategy use. This research has implications for the study of emotion regulation, in particular, patterns of helplessness and mastery within the domain of emotions.
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Ahmed, Saz. "Implicit and explicit emotion regulation : modulation by aggression subtypes." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. https://pure.royalholloway.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/implicit-and-explicit-emotion-regulation-modulation-by-aggressive-subtypes(bb01b47e-50c6-4a9e-becc-a98aaf5ed2f5).html.
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Emotion regulation consists of multiple processes that serve to modify emotional reactions. This thesis examines both implicit (automatic) and explicit (deliberate) processes and explores how their function and efficacy are modulated by individual differences in subtypes of aggressive behaviour. These questions are examined in both healthy adults and adolescents. Methods include cognitive testing, self-report, heart rate perception, skin conductance response and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Using a paradigm where emotion is task-irrelevant, Chapter 2 explores how attention is implicitly captured by emotional faces and shows that core psychopathic traits are associated with reduced attention capture by fearful faces in a community sample. Chapter 3 investigates the conditions under which emotion can, and cannot, implicitly capture attention by varying cognitive load in a series of experiments. From Chapter 4 onwards, explicit emotion regulation is investigated. In Chapter 4 the efficacy of three subtypes of psychological distancing, a form of cognitive reappraisal, is examined. It is shown that interoceptive awareness of bodily states influences the ability to use distancing to regulate emotion effectively. Chapter 5 focuses on the efficacy of one of these strategies, namely temporal distancing (e.g. ‘this too shall pass’), across the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Using a novel experimental task, temporal distancing was shown to be effective across the age range studied, but was reduced with increasing reactive aggression. Neural correlates of temporal distancing are discussed in Chapter 6, which employs an fMRI-adapted version of the task used in Chapter 5. This thesis concludes that subtypes of aggression influence emotion regulation in different ways. It is therefore crucial to take aggression into account in order to understand individual differences in implicit and explicit emotion regulation.
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Hutchings, Paul. "Role of implicit and explicit prejudice in cross-racial emotion recogntion." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2009. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55841/.
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This thesis examines whether individual differences in implicit and explicit prejudice, and the interaction between them, influence perception of in-group and out-group facial emotion displays. Study One found that viewing dynamic displays of emotion resulted in an in-group advantage (see Elfenbein & Ambady, 2002a), with White participants faster at recognising in-group displays of happiness and anger, and more accurate at recognising in-group anger. Participants high in implicit and explicit prejudice were significantly more accurate at recognising out-group anger than other participants. Study Two examined participants' ability to correctly recognise racial in-group and out-group faces and found no effect of prejudice on recognition accuracy, suggesting that prejudice may influence emotion perception and face perception differentially. Study Three utilised a paradigm devised by Ackerman et al. (2006) to explore this divergence, presenting emotion displays in a face recognition test. High implicit prejudice led to poorer recognition of out-group displays of anger when the facial display was manipulated between learning and test. Study Four examined whether emotion displays would lead to differential arousal dependent upon race of target and found that participants high in explicit prejudice were aroused by negative in- group displays (anger and sadness) and by out-group displays of anger, and an interaction between implicit and explicit prejudice influenced perception of out- group happiness. Finally, Study Five examined perception of emotion displayed by ambiguous race targets and found that participants high in implicit prejudice were more likely to classify an ambiguous angry face as Black, and also reported anger displayed by targets classified as Black as being of greater intensity than those classified as White. Overall, findings suggest that individual differences in implicit and explicit prejudice play a role in the perception of facial emotion however, it is also important to examine the interaction between them.
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Mckay, Eimear. "Exploration of explicit and implicit emotion in adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14166.
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Background: Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has the potential to compromise the socioemotional development of the victim resulting in an increased vulnerability to difficulties regulating emotions and one’s sense of self. Emotion is thought to play a key part in a number of psychological disorders which CSA survivors are at increased risk of developing. A better understanding of the basic emotions experienced in this population and emotion regulation will inform current treatment. Aims: This research aimed to develop a better understanding of the emotions experienced by survivors of CSA and the relationship between “implicit” and explicit emotions and psychopathology. Method: Two empirical studies were conducted. Study 1 employed a cross-sectional consecutive case series design involving 109 survivors of CSA. Participants completed a set of measures relating to basic emotions, emotion regulation and symptoms. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted on the Basic Emotions scale (BES). Regression analyses were used to explore the relationship between emotions experienced, emotion regulation strategies and psychological symptoms. Study 2 examined basic emotions, “implicit disgust self-concept” and psychopathology in a population of CSA survivors (n=26) and a group of individuals currently receiving psychological therapy who reported that they had not experienced childhood trauma (n=25). Participants completed self-report measures pertaining to emotion, emotion regulation, symptoms and cognitive fusion. Participants also completed an implicit association test. Results: Exploratory factor analyses supported the structure of three versions of the BESWeekly, General, and Coping in a sample of survivors of childhood sexual abuse. In all three versions of the scale, disgust explained the largest proportion of variance. The basic emotions of sadness, fear and disgust as well as external dysfunctional coping strategies appear to predict PTSD symptomatology in this sample. The results of Study 2 also support the finding that self-reported disgust is prominent in the emotion profile of CSA survivors. Implicit disgust self-concept was not significantly correlated with other emotions or psychopathology. However, implicit disgust self-concept was found to be significantly associated with cognitive fusion. Discussion: Psychotherapeutic approaches for survivors of childhood sexual abuse should address the emotional experience of this population. In particular, these findings suggest that sadness and disgust should be targeted in therapy.
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Filtness, Timothy William. "Buffering preconscious stressor appraisal : the protective role of self-efficacy." Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7638.
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Many cognitive resources contribute towards the appraisal of stressors. Of these, self-efficacy (SE) is widely acknowledged to play a significant role in protecting adolescents from the effects of stress (Bandura, 1997). This study investigated that relationship through the use of a quasi-experimental methodology (Cook & Campbell, 1979) utilising an untreated Control group of 44 adolescent, female participants and an Experimental group of 70 additional participants, all of whom were volunteers drawn from the Sixth Form of a single participating school. The members of both participant groups took part in two rounds of testing, between which the members of the Experimental group were exposed to a significant academic stressor (one or more public A-level examinations). During both test phases, all participants completed the 10- item Perceived Stress Scale self-report (Cohen & Williamson, 1988), the Examination Self-Efficacy Scale instrument (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995) and a bespoke Implicit Association Test (Greenwald et al., 1998) designed to measure implicit stressor appraisal. Significant trends were identified by means of ANCOVA, correlation and regression analyses, and the resulting data were interpreted in terms of a dual process model of stress (Compas, 2004). Results not only concurred with those of previous studies (e.g. Betoret, 2006; Vaezi & Fallah, 2011) by demonstrating a strongly negative correlation between acute academic stress and academic SE, but provided new evidence to suggest that the ‘protective’ effect of SE occurs via a buffering mechanism at the level of preconscious stressor appraisals (Bargh, 1990), which limits the effect of acute stress exposure on preconscious stressor appraisals (e.g. Luecken & Appelhans, 2005).
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Aube, Benoite. "De le perception sociale à la discrimination : une contribution à l’étude des déterminants précoces des comportements discriminatoires." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0124/document.
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Bien que la discrimination soit devenue illégale et immorale, les recherches ont montré que les comportements discriminatoires subsistent, parfois en se manifestant de manière subtile. Cependant, les processus impliqués dans ces effets sont encore mal connus. En s’appuyant sur une conception émotionnelle du préjugé (Cottrell & Neuberg, 2005), l’objectif général de ce travail de thèse était d’investiguer le rôle causal des émotions dans l’émission des comportements discriminatoires, que ce soit au niveau du ressenti émotionnel subjectif mais surtout, au niveau des réactions émotionnelles plus subtiles. La première étude a d’abord montré que les émotions déclarées de colère, de peur et de dégoût médiatisent le lien entre la menace représentée par l’exogroupe et le comportement déclaré envers celui-ci. Au-delà du ressenti émotionnel subjectif, nous émettions l’hypothèse que les premiers instants de la perception de l’exogroupe suffisent à déclencher des réactions émotionnelles (i.e., tendances comportementales), ces dernières entrainant la mise en place d’un comportement discriminatoire involontaire. En s’appuyant sur une organisation en chaine causale expérimentale, les études 3 à 6 ont tout d’abord montré que les tendances comportementales précoces sont déclenchées à partir de l’émotion majoritaire évoquée par l’exogroupe. Les études 7 et 8, en revanche, ne confirment pas le rôle causal des tendances comportementales dans la mise en place des comportements discriminatoires involontaires. Dans l’ensemble, ce travail de recherche apporte des éléments de preuve concernant l’implication précoce des émotions dans le processus de discrimination mais ne permet pas de valider leur rôle médiateurAlthough discrimination is considered illegal and immoral, research has shown that discriminatory behaviors remained present, particularly through subtle behaviors. However, the processes underlying these effects are not clearly understood. Building on an emotional approach of prejudice (Cottrell & Neuberg, 2005), the main goal of this thesis was to investigate the causal role of emotions in discriminatory behaviors. The role of emotions was investigated here at the level of subjective feeling but also at the level of more subtle emotional reactions. Study 1 first showed that reported emotions of anger, fear and disgust mediated the link between the perceived threat associated to a social group and the behavior reported toward this group. Beyond subjective feelings, we hypothesized that the perception of an outgroup triggers early emotional reactions (i.e., behavioral tendencies), resulting in unintentional discriminatory behaviors. Consistent with our hypotheses, Studies 3-6 first showed that emotions evoked by the outgroup trigger related early behavioral tendencies. However, Studies 7 and 8 do not support the causal role of early behavioral tendencies in discriminatory behaviors. Overall, our findings provide evidence of early involvement of emotions in the discrimination process but do not support their mediating role
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Makowski, Dominique. "Cognitive neuropsychology of implicit emotion regulation through fictional reappraisal The paradox of fiction: emotional response toward fiction and the modulatory role of self-relevance The distinctive role of executive functions in implicit emotion regulation Phenomenal, bodily and brain correlates of fictional reappraisal as an implicit emotion regulation strategy Bodily, cognitive and personality determinants of implicit emotion regulation through fictional reappraisal What is the sense of reality? Part 1: origin, architecture and mechanisms." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=1486&f=14951.
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L'objectif de cette thèse est d'examiner comment les croyances sur la réalité peuvent amener à une régulation émotionnelle. Cette discussion est centrée autour de 4 études opérationnalisant la réévaluation par la fiction comme une modulation de la nature d'un stimulus affectif (en le présentant à des participants comme étant réel ou fictionnel). Elles étudient l'effet de ce mécanisme sur l'expérience émotionnelle dans sa composante phénoménologique, physiologique et neurale, ainsi que son interaction avec le Self (études 1 et 3), les fonctions exécutives (études 2 et 4) et l'intéroception (étude 4). Les résultats suggèrent que la réévaluation par la fiction est une stratégie efficace pour atténuer l'expérience émotionnelle, englobant ses aspects subjectifs et objectifs. Bien que l'émotion soit modulée par les processus de référence à soi, nos travaux suggèrent une absence d'interaction avec la fiction. Par contre, les données soulignent le rôle des capacités exécutives et intéroceptives dans l'efficience de la réévaluation par la fiction. Ces résultats sont discutés dans le contexte de leur importance pour les sciences affectives fondamentales, leurs implications cliniques, ainsi que comme nouvelles pistes pour une science du sentiment de réalitéThe aim of this thesis is to examine how, and under what circumstances, beliefs about reality can lead to emotion regulation. This discussion is centred around four studies operationalising fictional reappraisal as a modulation of the nature of an affective stimulus (presenting it to participants as real or fictional). They investigated the effect of this mechanism on phenomenal, bodily and brain markers of the emotional experience, as well as its interaction with Self-related processes (studies 1 and 3), executive functions (studies 2 and 4) or interoceptive abilities (study 4). Results suggest that fictional reappraisal is an efficient strategy to down-regulate the emotional experience, encompassing the subjective and objective aspects of the emotional response. Although emotions are modulated by Self-referential processes, no interaction with fictional reappraisal was reported. Instead, the evidence suggests that executive and interoceptive skills play a role in the effectiveness of fictional reappraisal as an implicit emotion regulation strategy. These findings are discussed in the context of their importance for fundamental affective science, their clinical implications, as well as scientific leads for a science of the sense of reality
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Merner, Amanda R. "The Role of Working Memory Capacity and Emotion Regulation in Implicit Alcohol-Approach Motivation." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1575552616266845.
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Parling, Thomas. "Anorexia Nervosa : Emotion, Cognition, and Treatment." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-156641.
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Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious disorder with long-term consequences for those afflicted. No evidence-based care is available for adults with full or subthreshold AN. The thesis research investigated aspects of emotion and cognition relevant to the maintenance of AN that might inform psychological treatment. In addition, the effectiveness of a recent psychotherapy model of AN was investigated. Study I investigated alexithymia and emotional awareness and their associations with depression, anxiety, and perfectionism among patients with AN compared with a control group. The AN group exhibited the same level of emotional awareness as did the control group and the same level of alexithymia when controlling for depression and anxiety. Alexithymia and emotional awareness were not associated, despite representing an overlapping construct. The results of the present study indicate that those with AN can trust their emotional awareness. Study II explored implicit pro-thin and anti-fat attitudes (towards the self and others), striving for thinness (loosely corresponding to positive reinforcement), and avoidance of fatness (loosely corresponding to negative reinforcement). The AN and the control groups were found to have equally strong implicit pro-thin and striving for thinness attitudes. The AN group exhibited stronger implicit anti-fat and avoidance of fatness attitudes (loosely corresponding to negative reinforcement) than did the control group. There was no association between implicit and explicit measures. The results are in line with the over-evaluation of weight and shape as a core feature of eating disorders. Study III compared the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and treatment as usual (TAU) for adults with AN after day-care. Follow-up measures indicated no difference in improvement or deterioration between the two groups. The level of perfectionism was reduced in the ACT group relative to the TAU group. The study was compromised by a lower inflow of patients than anticipated and by a high drop-out rate, and thus fails to provide evidence of a difference between the two groups. The present thesis demonstrates that emotional awareness is intact in those with AN and that implicit attitudes concerning weight and shape reflect the explicit attitudes, although without association. The treatment study indicates that, when designing treatment, it is important to consider the ambivalence to treatment among those suffering from AN, which is reflected in the high drop-out rate in the present study.
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Winchester, Andrea Nicole. "Emotion Dysregulation as a Mediator of the Relationship between Symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder and Implicit Suicidality." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1430430830.
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Fallon, Corey K. "The Effects of a Trust Violation in a Team Decision-making Task: Exploring the Affective Component of Trust." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1470741865.
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Gomez, Alex A. "Feelings of Enlightenment: A Hermeneutic Interpretation of Latent Enlightenment Assumptions in Greenberg's Emotion-Focused Therapy." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1534515730529141.
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Kliemann, Dorit [Verfasser]. "Implicit and explicit facial emotion recognition in autism spectrum disorder : Insights from behavior, gaze and functional magnetic resonance imaging / Dorit Kliemann." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1031667075/34.
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Rösch, Andreas G. [Verfasser], and Oliver C. [Akademischer Betreuer] Schultheiss. "The influence of implicit motives on the expression and perception of facial expressions of emotion / Andreas G. Rösch. Betreuer: Oliver C. Schultheiss." Erlangen : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1024608654/34.
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Yim, Gary K. "Two Studies on Assessing Emotional Responses to Music and Mode: The Effect of Lowered Pitch on Sadness Judgments, and the Affective Priming Paradigm as an Implicit Measure." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397812280.
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Sanchez, Janice Lynn. "Interpersonal affective forecasting." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6946943f-30fb-48e2-9c73-a44ec69bd2d0.
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This thesis investigates individual and interpersonal predictions of future affect and explores their relation to implicit theories of emotion, prediction recall, debiasing, and focalism. Studies 1, 2, and 3 assessed affect predictions to upcoming reasoning tests and academic results, and Studies 4, 5, and 6 concerned predictions for self-identified events. The first study investigated the influence of implicit theories of emotion (ITE; Tamir, John, Srivastava, & Gross, 2007) on impact bias and prediction recall manipulating ITE between participant pairs who predicted and reported their affective reactions to feedback on a test of reasoning skills. Neither impact bias nor recalled predictions were affected by the manipulation. Recalled affect predictions differed from original affect predictions, but were not influenced by experienced affect. Study 2 further investigated the effects of target event timing on impact bias and affect prediction recall. The results showed no differences between individual and interpersonal impact biases across conditions. Again, recalled predictions differed from original predictions, and were not influenced by experienced affect. Study 3 investigated the influence of prior information about impact bias on interpersonal affective forecasting involving real-world exam results. The results demonstrated no differences in predictions due to information, however, significantly less unhappiness was predicted for participants’ friends compared to self-predictions. Study 4 examined the effect of different de-biasing information on affective predictions. The results demonstrated no differences in affective predictions by condition and found that participants’ ITE were not associated to affect predictions. Study 5 examined individual and interpersonal affect predictions using a between-subjects design in place of the within-subjects design. The results demonstrated no differences between the affect predictions made for self and for friends, and ITE were not associated with predictions. Study 6 examined the impact bias in interpersonal affective forecasting and the role of focalism. The results demonstrated distinctions between individual and interpersonal affecting forecasting with individual impact bias for positive reactions for negative events and individual and interpersonal reverse impact bias for calm emotional reactions to positive events. Immune neglect was found not to be associated with predictions. Overall, the studies found evidence for similar individual and interpersonal predictions which are resistant to influence.
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Cazin, Marie-Laure. "Cinéma et neurosciences : du cinéma émotif à emotive VR." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0009.
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La thèse porte sur les enjeux théoriques et pratiques du croisement entre dispositif cinématographique et neurosciences. Le point d'étude initial est le cas du Cinéma émotif, réalisé par l'auteur en 2014, qui est un prototype de cinéma neuro-interactif dans lequel les émotions influencent le scénario du film (première partie). Cet exemple nous invite à une réflexion théorique sur les émotions et la perception (parties deux et trois), en convoquant de façon trans-disciplinaire des notions philosophiques et scientifiques A chaque fois l'enquête a pour enjeu de mieux comprendre ce qu'est l'expérience psycho-physiologique du spectateur de cinéma, s'intéressant aussi à des approches thérapeutiques qui explore la dimension psycho-somatique, comme le mesmérisme, l'hypnose et la psychanalyse. La quatrième partie se projette dans les possibles du cinéma à venir. Alors que le numérique multiplie les possibilités techniques, les nouveaux outils de mesure physiologiques donnent des indications sur l'expérience intérieure du spectateur, qui peuvent devenir des données d'interaction implicites avec le film. Les questions d'immersion et d'interaction, réactivés par la réalité virtuelle sont abordés à la lumière des parties précédentes, en s'appuyant sur une conception phénoménologique de la perception. La thèse se termine sur la présentation du dispositif neuro-interactif en réalité virtuelle et 360°, Emotive VR, avec son film pilote sur Freud, réalisé par l'auteur et constituant la partie pratique de la thèseThis Phd thesis is about the theoretical and practical stakes of the possibilities for cross-over between neurosciences and cinema. It takes as a starting point my project Emotive Cinema (2014). This is a prototype of neuro-interactive cinema, where the screenplay of the film is affected by the viewer’s emotional state (first part).This led us towards a theoretical questioning concerning emotions and perception (part two and three), applied to the cinematic situation, traversing different fields, such as the neurosciences, philosophy, psychology and psychoanalysis. Different approaches which have the common aim of better understanding the spectator's experience. The fourth part of the thesis seeks to imagine the future evolutions of cinema. The hypothesis has a tight proximity with sciences, which is why we are presenting therapeutic prototypes for psycho-somatic issues, as well as cinematic prototypes. This concludes with the recent explorations of Emotive Cinema into Virtual Reality, Emotive VR , a neuro-interactive prototype of a film in 360° and VR untitled Freud's last hypnosis” , which is presented as the practical part of the Phd
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Wall, Matthew Bryan. "Emotional influences on implicit learning." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611312.
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Pfeifer, Lexie Y. "Facilitative Implicit Rules and Adolescent Emotional Regulation." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4415.
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Research has linked emotional regulation to the adaptive functioning of adolescents. Further research suggests that family processes, which include implicit rules, impact children's emotional regulation. The current study examined the impact of implicit rules that are facilitative of family connectedness on development of adolescents' emotional regulation. Data came from the Flourishing Families Project (FFP), a seven-year longitudinal study measuring family processes that impact adolescent development. The sample was collected in the northwestern United States and consisted of 500 families with a target child between the ages of 10 and 14 years. Participants filled out self-report measures on implicit family rules and emotional regulation. Data was organized in a cohort sequential design and analyzed using latent variable growth curve modeling. Results indicated that there was no statistically significant growth in emotional regulation across the adolescent years. Results further indicated that initial status of facilitative rules did not have a statistically significant effect on growth in emotional regulation. Finally, growth in facilitative rules was found to have a statistically significant impact on growth in emotional regulation. Clinical implications for work with adolescents and families are discussed.
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Sheen, Andrew Scott William. "Implicit emotional memory and the effects of positive suggestion during colonoscopy." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9889.
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Introduction - This research aimed to investigate implicit emotional memory and the effects of positive suggestion during colonoscopy with conscious sedation. Evidence of emotional arousal in response to a word stimulus, without conscious recall, was investigated Method - During colonoscopy, under midazolam sedation and fentanyl analgesia, participants (N=25) heard either positive suggestion or nursery rhyme titles. Measures of mood, intra-operative distress, post-traumatic stress traits and sleep disturbance of the two groups, were compared throughout three time periods. Sedative effect on emotional memory formation was examined pre and post-procedurally, using the Skin Conductance Response (SCR) technique to compare participants' physiological reactions to nonsense-words, two emotive and one neutral. Procedural-based questionnaires and mood measures were completed one hour and two days after colonoscopy. Results - There was a significant difference between distress levels in suggestion-groups with the positive suggestion group demonstrating less intra-operative distress. There was no significant effect of what participants heard under sedation on mood-disturbance scores across time. Neither depression nor anxiety was affected by type of audio stimuli. Neither group showed any significant difference in levels of intrusive post-procedural memories or levels of dissociation. No participants demonstrated changes in dissociation post endoscopic examination. SCR differences showed physiological effects of priming with emotive words. Participants demonstrating implicit memory had significantly higher sleep disturbance scores than those with explicit memory for intra-procedural events. Conclusion –Hearing positive suggestion whilst under conscious sedation reduced intra-procedural distress and implicit memory for colonoscopy increased sleep disturbance in the days following the procedure. Evidence was found for midazolam sedation between 2-3mg impairing explicit memory whilst leaving implicit memory intact. Due to the low number of willing participants findings were tentative and difficult to generalise to a wider population.
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Jones, James P. "Implicit and explicit attitudes of educators towards the emotional disturbance label." CardinalScholar 1.0, 2009. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1536748.
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This study examined implicit and explicit attitudes of teachers toward the Emotional
Disturbance (ED) label, the strength of association between implicit and explicit ratings, and the variance in attitudes between different types of teachers or among teachers in different settings.
Ninety-eight teachers (52 regular education and 46 special education teachers), from a mix of
urban and rural school districts in central Indiana, completed three computer-based attitudinal measures: an implicit association test (IAT), a Social Distance Scale (SDS), and the Scale of Attitudes toward Disabled Persons (SADP). Results indicated that teachers possess a significant preference for the category of Learning Disability (LD) compared to ED, and the correspondence between implicit and explicit attitudes toward those two labels was strong. This data supports the notion that the ED label is perceived far too negatively by educators to serve as an effective category of services for children with serious mental health issues.Department of Educational Psychology
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Trubshaw, Elizabeth Ann. "Implicit emotional memory and post traumatic stress in adult ICU patients." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/36271.
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Part One: Literature Review: Purpose: Treatment in an ICU is a psychologically traumatic event yet it is unclear what factors independently or cumulatively lead to PTSD in some patients. Method: Electronic databases were searched for articles published between 1960 and 2013. 21 articles were reviewed. Results: The institution that is ICU and memories of the experience contributes to the development of PTSD; however, ecological validity was compromised in many studies. Conclusion: Memory of ICU in PTSD development warrants further exploration. Part Two: Research Report: Introduction: ICU care can result in PTSD, with memories disrupted by sedative and/or analgesic drugs. We examine if a trigger for PTSD flashbacks is an emotionally salient sensory stimulus that occurred whilst sedated. Method: 24 general ICU patients were screened at 1-2 weeks and 4-5 weeks post ICU with commonly used screening tools (PTSS-14, HADS, ICUMT). Skin conductance responses to ICU and other sounds measured implicit memory. Patients’ relatives (n=15) and a non-clinical sample (n=35) also participated. Results: A mixed ANOVA failed to find a significant difference within groups, but did find between group differences F(2,69) = 6.82, p < .05. Positive correlations approaching significance were found for sedation and analgesia with delusional and factual memories. A trend was found for ICU sounds and PTSS. Nine patients reached caseness on the HADS subscales and/or PTSS-14. Conclusion: Replication in a larger sample, ICU-specific screening tools, and intra-ICU and follow up psychological support is recommended. Part Three: Critical Appraisal: Appraisal of the research process was undertaken. Reflections on conducting an independent research project are presented, and learning points highlighted. Part Four: Service Evaluation: A community tenancy of an adult with extremely challenging behaviour was evaluated using a single case study design. The intervention was the package of care. Over time, the frequency and duration of challenging behaviour decreased, tactile and play behaviours increased, and antipsychotic medication significantly reduced. Suggestions for service improvement were made.
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Sarazin, Marie. "Comportement, mémoire implicite et système striato-frontal." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066577.
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Beckett, Joanne. "An investigation into implicit emotional memory with concurrent midazolam amnesia following colonoscopy." Thesis, University of Hull, 2003. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:13773.
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The aim of this study was to investigate whether implicit emotional memory could be demonstrated in patients undergoing a colonoscopy with midazolam sedation. It was hypothesised that the distress associated with a noxious non-surgical procedure would facilitate the conditioning of neologisms designed to readily associate with the negative experience of colonoscopy. It was further hypothesised that mood (in particular high levels of anxiety), personality (specifically introverted and neurotic patients) and objectively rated peri-operative behavioural distress (especially high ratings of distress) may increase the likelihood of implicit emotional memory formation. The study design was a prospective randomised pre and post repeated measures double blind trial including comparison between three groups. Measurement took place at three different time points both pre- and post-surgical procedure (i.e. immediately before and after the colonoscopy and up to one week post procedure). Also the group that participants were allocated to was randomised and unknown to both the researcher and the participant. The measures used were the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Eysenck Personality Inventory, the Behavioural Distress Scale, free recall as a measure of explicit memory for intra-operative events and skin conductance response change as a measure of implicit emotional memory for intra-operatively presented neologisms. The investigation failed to find any statistically significant evidence for implicit memory of neologisms presented during colonoscopy, as detected by skin conductance response, or any differences between those participants presented with 'emotive' and 'neutral' neologisms. There was also no significant effect of mood. personality or behavioural distress on this hypothesised interaction. A potentially unrepresentative and relatively small sample. plus some limitations of methodology. implementation and interpretation are discussed with reference to other research and literature related to the field of interest. Finally. some suggestions are made concerning the direction of future research.
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Walsh, Alexandra Margaret. "Implicit and Explicit Emotional Responses to Light Induced Milk Oxidation and Breakfast Meals." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/79793.
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Emotional responses, whether approach or withdrawal motivated, are fundamental factors in all food-related experiences. In this research project four experiments were completed with the goal of contributing to the growing body of research related to food and emotions. Implicit (unstated) measures of attention, emotional expression, and motivational behavior tendencies were assessed as additional supportive information for explicit (cognitive) measures of acceptability and emotional response to food and attributes of food with quality and safety concerns. Differences in explicit responses were evaluated using a 9-point hedonic scale, check-all-that-apply (CATA) emotion term questionnaire, and a six basic emotion intensity ratings scale. Implicit responses of emotion, attention and motivational behaviors were measured using automated facial expression analysis (AFEA), eye-tracking technology, electrocardiography (ECG) and electroencephalography (EEG). An initial study on light-induced milk oxidation flavor quality indicated reliable explicit measures of emotion and consumer acceptability, while AFEA showed a wide range of facial expression. In a following study, five different control breakfast meal videos were created; three were matched with a nearly identical video that contained one of three food concerns, food spoilage quality, hygiene quality and safety. Explicit measures provided solid support for the expected explicit response differences between food concerning and control breakfast meal types. Implicit measures of heart rate, facial motor expressions and frontal cortex asymmetries (brain activity) were only minimally informative across each measure or conclusive across meal types. The use of time series statistical analyses illustrated temporal changes in emotions when compared to a control condition, which was not evident using traditional analysis of variance approaches. A visual attention study investigated use of eye tracking as an indicator of the emotional responses elicited. Eye tracking technologies, as well as the other implicit measures (ECG, EEG, and AFEA), encountered similar limitations pertaining to participant variability due to personal preferences and characteristics, as well as a need for standard methodologies with food as stimuli and appropriate control conditions. With further research in this area of study, implicit measures of emotion, attention and motivational behaviors may provide additional valuable information to more traditional explicit affective methodologies for a greater understanding of the overall consumer food experience.Ph. D.
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Mauzy, Mark J. "Family Implicit Rules, Child Self Regulation, and Observed Child Emotional Responsiveness to Parents." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3409.
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The purpose of this study was to examine how implicit family process rules are related to observed child emotional responsiveness with child self regulation as a possible mediating variable. Data from Wave 1 of the Flourishing Families project was used and included 337 two parent families and a target child between the ages of 10 and 13. Mother and father perception of family implicit rules were used to measure family implicit rules; child and mother report of the child's self regulation were used to measure self regulation, and child's emotional responsiveness to mother and father were taken from coding data. The Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scales (Melby, et. al., 1998) were used to code the behavior of the child with mother and with father. Multiple Group Comparison using AMOS 16 was used to compare differences based on child gender. Results showed that family implicit rules were positively related to emotional responsiveness to mother for both sons and daughters and to emotional responsiveness to father for sons but not for daughters. Family implicit rules were positively related to child self regulation for both sons and daughters, and self regulation was related to both emotional responsiveness to mother and to father. Results indicated child self regulation significantly mediated the relationship between family implicit rules and emotional responsiveness to mother as well as the relationship between implicit rules and emotional responsiveness to father. Implications for family therapy are discussed.
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Rosenberg, Staffan. "Inverkan av doft och hudfärg vid tolkning av emotioner : Kan uppfattningen av ansiktsuttryck påverkas av doft och fördomar." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Psychology, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6882.
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Emotionella ansiktsuttryck är en viktig social kommunikationsledtråd. Kognitivt bearbetas uttryck olika beroende av det emotionella innehållet. Uppfattningen influeras av sociala kategorier med ibland negativt utfall. Detta stereotypinflytande har ofta sitt ursprung från omedvetna processer och kan påverkas genom priming. Även kontextuella faktorer (dofter) influerar på uppfattningar av ansiktsuttryck. Syftet med studien var således att undersöka stereotypers inverkan på tolkningen av ansiktsuttryck samt om doft som primingstimuli kunde påverka tolkningen. Resultatet bekräftar till viss del hypotesen med en signifikant skillnad beroende av stimuluspersonens hudfärg. Dofternas inverkan var dock minimal. En könsaspekt studerades som visade på möjliga effekter. Män skattade annorlunda (assimilering) än kvinnor (kontrast) och män påverkades mer av dofterna. Skattningsskillnaden beroende av stimuluspersonens hudfärg diskuteras enligt teorier kring grad av kognitiv bearbetning och stereotypaktivering. Brist i minnesaktivering genom dofter diskuteras enligt primingteorier. Könsaspekten anses även som möjlig påverkande faktor på huvudmodell. Teori rörande homogenitets-bias och könsskillnader i doftperception ses som en möjlig förklaring av könsaspekten. Mer förfinade metoder i framtida forskning kan behövas för att undersöka hela aspekten av ämnet.
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Prigent, Elise. "Modulation émotionnelle de la perception de l’action motrice d’autrui." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA113006.
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L’être humain est un être social amené à comprendre les comportements moteurs d’autrui. Selon la littérature, nous disposons de mécanismes cognitifs spécifiques, d’une part à la perception d’un corps humain (qu’il soit statique ou en mouvement), et d’autre part à la perception des expressions faciales émotionnelles. Ce travail de thèse vise à comprendre dans quelle mesure l'émotion véhiculée par le visage d'une personne, peut moduler notre perception de son action motrice. Les résultats de l’étude 1 ont montré que l’estimation de l’équilibre statique d’autrui pouvait être modulée par l’expression faciale émotionnelle (de sourire ou de crispation) exprimée par celui-ci. L’étude 2, a porté sur l’estimation de l’effort physique développé par une personne uniquement à partir de son expression faciale de douleur. Les résultats ont montré que les participants, dans ce type de tâche, utilisent deux mécanismes perceptifs automatiques. Le premier, mis en évidence par mesure fonctionnelle, facilite l’estimation de l’intensité de douleur à l’effort ressentie par autrui. Le second, démontré par la mesure d’un biais de mémorisation, entraîne une anticipation automatique de la suite de l’évolution de l’expression faciale de douleur à l’effort présentée. L’étude 3 a montré que l’estimation de l’effort physique développé par une personne atteinte de paraplégie réalisant un mouvement de transfert, est modulée par deux comportements de douleur (l’auto-protection et l’expression faciale de douleur). Toutefois, cette modulation diffère selon la familiarité des participants avec le monde médical et la paraplégie. En conclusion, ce travail de recherche propose que la modulation émotionnelle de la perception de l’action motrice d’autrui est en premier lieu sous-tendue par un processus automatique et implicite de contagion émotionnelle (bottom-up). Toutefois, cette dernière peut être inhibée par un processus explicite (top-down) qui dépendrait d’une part du type d’inférence à effectuer sur autrui (estimer l’équilibre postural ou l’effort physique développé), et d’autre part de la familiarité de l’observateur avec l’action motrice et les expressions faciales présentéesUnderstanding others’ motor behaviour is part and parcel of Humans’ social experience. According to scientific literature, we rely on specific mechanisms for perceiving human bodies (whether static or moving) on the one hand, and processing emotional facial expressions on the other hand. This thesis aims to understand to what extent the emotion conveyed by a person’s face can modulate one’s perception of her/his motor action. Results of study 1 showed that our estimation of an individual’s static equilibrium is modulated by the observed individual’s emotional facial expression (smiling or tensed). Study 2 focused on perceptual estimation of the physical effort developed by a person on the basis of his facial expression of pain alone. Results revealed that participants adopt two automatic perceptual mechanisms. The first, highlighted via functional measurement, facilitates estimating the intensity of effort pain felt by others. The second, evidenced by measuring memory bias, leads to an automatic anticipation of the subsequent changes in the intensity of pain-related facial expressions. Study 3 showed that the estimation of physical effort developed by a paraplegic individual performing a transfer movement is modulated by two pain behaviours (guarding and facial expression of pain). Interestingly, this modulation varies with participants’ familiarity with both the medical domain and paraplegia. The conclusion of this research suggests that the modulation of emotional perception related to others’ motor action is primarily subtended by an automatic (bottom-up) process and an implicit emotional contagion. However, the latter can be inhibited by an explicit (top-down) process which may depend on (1) the type of inference made on others (estimating postural balance or physical effort developed in others), and (2) the familiarity of the observer with motor action and facial expressions
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François, Candice. "Intégration des interactions sensori-motrices et affectives dans le comportement d'achat." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALS017.
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Cette thèse propose de nouvelles méthodologies permettant de mesurer de façon indirecte et quantitative les composantes affectives du consommateur. Dans une première série d’études, nous avons observé que des variables socio-affectives influencent la perception de l’espace. Plus particulièrement, des variables comme l’estime de soi et l’anxiété sociale modèrent la façon dont les individus perçoivent une ouverture. Nos résultats suggèrent que ce type de tâche pourrait être, à terme, utilisée pour évaluer l’effet socio-affectif d’un produit porté. Dans une seconde série d’étude, nous avons analysé le mouvement de la souris lorsque des consommateurs devaient réaliser une tâche de catégorisation dichotomique. Cette méthode semble permettre d’identifier et de hiérarchiser certaines caractéristiques relatives à l’identité d’une marque. Ces résultats suggèrent que cette méthode pourrait être, à terme, utilisée afin de prédire les comportements d’achats. En conclusion, ces travaux proposent de nouvelles mesures indirectes, basées sur des variables sensori-motrices, pour l’étude du consommateurHis thesis proposes new methodologies to measure indirectly and quantitatively the consumer’s emotional components. In a first series of studies, we observed that socio-affective variables influence the perception of space. More specifically, variables such as self-esteem and social anxiety moderate the way individuals perceive width of an aperture. Our results suggest that this type of task could eventually be used to evaluate the socio-affective effect of product usage. In a second series of studies, we analyzed mouse movement when consumers were asked to perform a dichotomous categorization task. This method seems to identify and prioritize certain characteristics related to a brand's identity. These results suggest that this method could eventually be used to predict purchasing behavior. In conclusion, this work proposes new indirect measures, based on sensory-motor variables, for consumer studies
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Sullivan, Erin. "Assessment of Hot and Cool Executive Functioning Following Trauma Using the Traditional Stroop Task, Emotional Stroop Task, and a Novel Implicit Association Test." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822731/.
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Individuals who have experienced a traumatic event and develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) frequently show deficits in both primarily “cool” and “hot” cognitive executive functions (e.g., traditional & emotional Stroop tasks, respectively) that can be impacted by high affective salience. Given the dimensional nature of psychopathology, questions remain about individuals within the general population who have experienced trauma but do not meet full criteria for PTSD and yet may manifest problems in these areas, especially areas of hot and cool executive functioning (EF). Thus, the current project was designed to assess hot and cool EF in a relatively large sample of individuals from the general population who have experienced trauma and currently demonstrate sub-clinical levels of post-traumatic symptoms. The Stroop task, Emotional Stroop task, and a novel modified Implicit Association Test were utilized to assess EF across a spectrum of individuals with varying traumatic histories and level of post-traumatic symptoms. Results suggest that a greater frequency of trauma experiences was moderately associated with worse performance on both hot and cool executive functioning measures. Specifically, females within the sample evidenced a close relationship between traumatic experiences, post-trauma symptoms, and executive functioning. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed.
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Matysová, Kamila. "Metody interkulturního tréninku." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264717.
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Goal. The goal of the following study is it to propose educational measures in readiness for the methods of intercultural training at the Faculty of International Relations of the University of Economics Prague based on revealed cultural attitudes of the students studying International Trade to chosen ethnic, national, racial and religious groups (also called categories). In particular, the goal is it to detect explicit and implicit attitudes and related prejudice, stereotypes and experienced emotions of the students studying International Trade (IT) at the University of Economics Prague to/against 17 (respectively 20) chosen categories; to evaluate its magnitude for business practice and economy; and to propose appropriate measures for intercultural training. Sample and conditions. 167 students of International Trade from The University of Economics Prague took part in the first study. For measuring magnitude of the determinants of explicit attitudes 166 members of common population were questioned. Another 293 students were questioned in the first study and altogether 460 students took part in the second study. There were used the Bogardus social distance scale as a measuring psychological technique for explicit attitudes and prejudice, the syllogisms aptitude tests as a measuring tool for implicit attitudes and prejudice and the open questionnaire for stereotypes. Hypotheses. The following hypothesis was settled in the first study: Attitudes of the IT students have specific features, on the one hand, they differ from the attitudes and prejudice of common population and on the other hand, they have relation to the status of the perceived national, ethnic, racial and religious groups. There were tested 24 zero, working hypotheses. The first 17 working hypotheses are related to the relationship between the memberships in the two observed populations and the expressed explicit attitudes and prejudice. The next 6 hypotheses are connected to the attitudes of the students to occidental nationalities, to the Ukrainians, Russians, the Mongols and Moldovans, to the Slovaks and Czechs, Arabians and Muslims. The last working hypothesis is related to the relationship between explicit and implicit attitudes to and prejudice against Roma minority and Muslims. The following hypothesis was settled in the second study: Stereotypes of the observed population refer to the real existing intercultural differences, experienced emotions and projected cultural complexes. There was tested a working hypothesis related to the dependence between prejudice and stereotypes. Statistical analysis. The data were analyzed by the chi-square test and the strength of the relationship was measured by Cramér V. Furthermore agglomerative clustering by nearest neighbor method was applied and the results were presented as a horizontal dendrogram. Results. The results of the first study are well fitting the settled hypothesis. International Trade Students have relatively less prejudice comparing to the common population, it is influenced by their age as well as by their academic degree. There were identified several clusters of categories, that show similar attitudes. The students have positive, but not identical attitudes to all occidental categories, the same attitudes to the Ukrainians and Russians, Arabians and Muslims. The most favored national group are the Slovaks and the most prejudiced ethnic group is the Roma minority. There is dependence between explicit and implicit attitudes. The results of the second study are well fitting the settled hypothesis. Stereotypes of the observed population refer to the real existing intercultural differences as well as to experienced emotions and projected cultural complexes. The dependence between explicit stereotypes and explicit prejudice is caused by positively connoted attributes. Proposed educational measures for intercultural training are discussed in the study illustrated with examples of optional course 2OP321 Effective communication in English. Limits. Bogardus social distance scale is mostly focused on the behavioral component of the explicit attitudes, which does not necessarily mean an equivalent behavioral action.
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Infurchia, Claudia. "La mémoire entre neurosciences cognitives et psychanalyse : les destins de la perception." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO20060.
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L’étude de la mémoire, du point de vue de son fonctionnement et de ses troubles, entre neurosciences cognitives et psychanalyse, avec comme maillon intermédiaire la psychologie développementale, permet une lecture d’éléments entrant en résonance les uns avec les autres ainsi qu’une matière composite propre à enrichir l’ensemble de ces disciplines. Il ne s’agit pas d’effectuer un amalgame de concepts dont la source est différente, mais de saisir comment des analogies entre ces concepts peuvent créer un nouvel espace pour une compréhension des processus de représentation et de façon corollaire pour une compréhension des processus de la mémoire. Pour entrer dans le champ des troubles de la mémoire, cette étude met en évidence deux fils rouges, la désarticulation du système perception-conscience en tant qu’elle est la signature des phénomènes psychiques dans lesquels prédomine un amorçage perceptif et l’émotion en tant qu’elle est un processus dont l’aboutissement conduit à la création des représentations de choses. Celles-ci marquent l’entrée du moi naissant dans une temporalité primaire, nécessaire à la future mémoire des souvenirs dont le développement est plus tardif au niveau des processus cérébraux. D’un point de vue psychique, la seule maturité cérébrale n’est pas suffisante pour la production des souvenirs, leur entrée dans le champ de la conscience passe par des conditions d’admissibilité de l’affect, encore faut-il qu’une représentation de l’affect ait été produite. Des hypothèses de travail sous-tendent l’élaboration de trois cas cliniques. Elles sont fondées sur la nécessité de la présence empathique de l’objet maternel primaire dans les états précoces de la psyché, afin de soutenir l’œuvre des processus de représentation et conséquemment celle des processus mnésiques. A contrario, son absence lors des situations de détresse éprouvées par l’enfant comporte le risque d’une atteinte portée aux processus de représentation et le risque de la production d’une mémoire demeurant sous l’emprise de stases émotionnellesThe study of memory, regarding how it works and its disorders, between cognitive neuroscience and psychoanalysis, added to the intermediate link of developmental psychology, enables to read elements which start to resonance one with another and also offers composite material helping to enhance both these disciplins. This doesn’t mean making an amalgam of concepts from different origins, but to grasp how the analogies between these concepts can create a new approach in order to understand the process of representation and consequently to understand the process of memory. To enter the field of memory disorders, this study follows two red lines, the dislocation of the perception-conscience system as being the signature of psychic phenomena dominated by a perceptual priming and emotion as the process ending up in thing representations. These are the signs of the ego being born in primary temporality, a necessity for the future capacity to remember which is a cerebral process appearing later. From the psychological point of view, cerebral maturity is not solely required in order to produce recollections, their entry into the field of consciousness requires the possibility of acceptance of affect, gathering that the representation of affect has been produced. Working hypothesis are entwined with three clinical cases. They are grounded on the need for the empathic presence of the primary maternal object in the initial states of the psyche, in order to underline the work of the process of representation and, consequently, those of the memory process. On the contrary, if it is missing when the child is distressed, there is a risk of interference with the representation process and the risk of producing a memory in the grip of emotional stasis
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Falconer, Jayne. "Eccentric abstraction : investigations into the transformation of objects in clay, a physical process of emotional repression and absence." Thesis, University of Derby, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/621591.
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Johansson, Linda. "The Role of Cognitive Processes in Eating Pathology." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7153.
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Douglas, Walter. "Exploring the potential of an inventory based on social cognitive career theory to assess preparedness for the postsecondary transition." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2016. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/d021ea43-4589-4ab8-a5f5-7476eb631d05.
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Background. The study was prompted by observation that failure to obtain a positive postsecondary destination is significantly more prevalent in young people living in areas of greater social deprivation, and in males rather than females. Previous studies have shown that this could be linked to differences in social cognitive factors. However, these studies have been mainly correlational and no comprehensive assessment instrument was found to assess preparedness for the postsecondary transition. Aims. The present study examines senior high school student’s perceptions of the personal, behavioural and environmental factors that affect them as they prepare to leave school. It reveals the structure of these factors and how they vary with regard to social deprivation and gender. Sample. The participants were 1044 senior high school students (573 males and 471 females) who attended six urban high schools. Method. A pre-empirical, 50-item assessment instrument was constructed based on the literature review to identify the wide range of factors previously shown to be relevant to achievement of a positive postsecondary destination. This was then administered to participants. Results. Factor analysis indicated that young people’s perceptions about leaving school were best represented by thirteen factors. An ANOVA model indicated that young people living in areas of higher deprivation reported significantly lower levels of positive postsecondary destination self-efficacy belief, less experience of vicarious career success, less performance of career development tasks, greater perception of career barriers, greater endorsement of a fixed career mindset, and fewer career scaffolding attachments. Males, compared to females, reported less experience of past career success, and fewer career scaffolding attachments. However, despite being at greater risk of a negative postsecondary destination, males reported higher levels of positive postsecondary destination self-efficacy belief, greater experience of positive career-related emotional arousal, greater ability to set career goals, and greater levels of career optimism. Conclusion. Twelve significant main effects on the measured social cognitive factors have the potential to contribute to an explanation of why failure to obtain a positive postsecondary destination is more prevalent in young people living in areas of greater social deprivation, and in males rather than females. A new assessment instrument has been produced to inform an ongoing exploratory process to design, target and evaluate educational interventions to improve postsecondary destinations for all. Increasing internal consistency, external validity and generalisability of findings are all desirable. Some future interventions are proposed on the basis of the results, including greater use of positive career role models in career development programmes, career mindset retraining for high school students, and psycho-education on attachment-fostering behaviours for parents and professionals.
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Muriithi, Paul Mutuanyingi. "A case for memory enhancement : ethical, social, legal, and policy implications for enhancing the memory." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-case-for-memory-enhancement-ethical-social-legal-and-policy-implications-for-enhancing-the-memory(bf11d09d-6326-49d2-8ef3-a40340471acf).html.
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The desire to enhance and make ourselves better is not a new one and it has continued to intrigue throughout the ages. Individuals have continued to seek ways to improve and enhance their well-being for example through nutrition, physical exercise, education and so on. Crucial to this improvement of their well-being is improving their ability to remember. Hence, people interested in improving their well-being, are often interested in memory as well. The rationale being that memory is crucial to our well-being. The desire to improve one’s memory then is almost certainly as old as the desire to improve one’s well-being. Traditionally, people have used different means in an attempt to enhance their memories: for example in learning through storytelling, studying, and apprenticeship. In remembering through practices like mnemonics, repetition, singing, and drumming. In retaining, storing and consolidating memories through nutrition and stimulants like coffee to help keep awake; and by external aids like notepads and computers. In forgetting through rituals and rites. Recent scientific advances in biotechnology, nanotechnology, molecular biology, neuroscience, and information technologies, present a wide variety of technologies to enhance many different aspects of human functioning. Thus, some commentators have identified human enhancement as central and one of the most fascinating subject in bioethics in the last two decades. Within, this period, most of the commentators have addressed the Ethical, Social, Legal and Policy (ESLP) issues in human enhancements as a whole as opposed to specific enhancements. However, this is problematic and recently various commentators have found this to be deficient and called for a contextualized case-by-case analysis to human enhancements for example genetic enhancement, moral enhancement, and in my case memory enhancement (ME). The rationale being that the reasons for accepting/rejecting a particular enhancement vary depending on the enhancement itself. Given this enormous variation, moral and legal generalizations about all enhancement processes and technologies are unwise and they should instead be evaluated individually. Taking this as a point of departure, this research will focus specifically on making a case for ME and in doing so assessing the ESLP implications arising from ME. My analysis will draw on the already existing literature for and against enhancement, especially in part two of this thesis; but it will be novel in providing a much more in-depth analysis of ME. From this perspective, I will contribute to the ME debate through two reviews that address the question how we enhance the memory, and through four original papers discussed in part three of this thesis, where I examine and evaluate critically specific ESLP issues that arise with the use of ME. In the conclusion, I will amalgamate all my contribution to the ME debate and suggest the future direction for the ME debate.
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Cesarano, Melissa Marie. "Implicit Theories of Emotion and Social Judgment." Thesis, 2018. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8KP9JBQ.
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Emotions are ever-present, transient, and powerful mental states that become especially relevant in social situations. As humans develop, we construct lay intuitions about the nature of emotions and about how emotions function in the mind and body. Specifically, we accrue beliefs about the controllability and malleability of emotions. Entity theorists regard emotions as being relatively fixed and difficult to control. On the other hand, Incremental theorists view emotions as being relatively malleable and controllable. These dichotomous implicit theories are known to propagate different cognitive, affective, and behavioral effects. While implicit theories have been researched in the context of social judgment previously, these studies were limited to implicit theories of psychological attributes, like personality/morality/intelligence, and not theories of mental states, like emotions. In this dissertation, I draw from the various fields of cognitive science, moral philosophy, and social psychology to posit: are Implicit Theories of Emotion related to Social Judgment? And if so, what is the specific relationship between these constructs? Thus, in Study 1, I sought to answer these questions by using Tamir et al. (2017) Implicit Theories of Emotions Scale to measure emotion beliefs and by creating narrative scenarios for a blame attribution task. Study 1 also explored the relationship between Implicit Theories of Emotion and self-perceived emotion regulation tendencies, emotion regulation self-efficacy, and the perceived value of emotion regulation. The results of Study 1 demonstrated that Implicit Theories of Emotions are related to Social Judgment. Specifically, being an Incremental theorist was associated with attributing more blame to actors behaving transgressively than being an Entity theorist. This was a correlative trend reversal from the extant research that studied the relationship between Implicit Theories of Psychological Attributes (such as Personality and Morality) and Judgment. In these studies, Entity theorists tend to attribute more blame to actors behaving transgressively. Study 1 also demonstrated that that being an Incremental theorist was related to frequent use of cognitive reappraisal, having an augmented emotion regulation self-efficacy, and a perception that being able to emotionally regulate is an important human quality. In contrast, Entity theorists were associated with ascribing less blame to actors, less frequent use of cognitive reappraisal, attenuated emotion self-efficacy, and were less likely to believe that emotional self-regulation is an important quality. Study 2 measured subjects’ Implicit Theories of both Emotions and Personality and correlated these variables with blame attribution across different types of narrative scenarios. I was able to replicate the correlations from Study 1, which demonstrated that being an Incremental theorist is associated with placing harsher blame on actors behaving transgressively. Additionally, Study 2 established a causal relationship between Implicit Theories of Emotion and Social Judgment by manipulating subjects’ implicit theories using contrived scientific articles and priming activities. Participants who were taught the Entity theory of emotions attributed more blame to actors behaving transgressively than those who were taught the Incremental theory of emotions. I theorized that when people are taught a strong Entity theory of emotions, the concept of ‘emotions’ becomes more like the concept of a psychological attribute (a stable ‘trait-like’ entity). Therefore, when judging others, ‘person control’ judgment variables (such as intentionality and foreseeability) are not as relevant and these individuals become vulnerable to affect biases and to judgments based on dispositional inferences. Teaching an Incremental theory of emotions, on the other hand, had the effect of attenuating aggressive judgment. These findings have important educational and clinical implications.
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Emmert-Aronson, Benjamin Owen. "A dimensional assessment of an implicit measure of emotion regulation." Thesis, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/19721.
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Emotion regulation has taken on a growing role in the study of psychopathology, both in research as a process, and as a part of a treatment. The interest in emotion regulation has led to an increase in the assessment of this construct, primarily with explicit measures of emotion regulation. However, explicit measures are limited in that they are retrospective, subject to response biases, and impacted by method effects. Further, explicit measures only assess single strategies of emotion regulation at a time. Implicit measures of emotion regulation are not subject to these limitations.
One implicit measure of emotion regulation is Etkin’s Emotional Conflict Task, which conceptually follows the Stroop task. The current study utilized the Emotional Conflict Task, but examined psychopathology dimensionally instead of categorically. This allowed for more precise assessment of psychopathology and increased statistical power, without the loss of information inherent to categorical assessment. Until now, the Emotional Conflict Task has only been examined in a few clinical samples, and only with very small sample sizes. This study examined convergent and divergent validity of the Emotional Conflict Task as well as incremental validity over current measures of emotion regulation.
Sixty outpatients with anxiety and mood disorders completed the Emotional Conflict Task and a standard battery of questionnaires, along with a semi-structured diagnostic assessment, as part of their intake assessment when presenting for assessment and treatment at the Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders. Convergent validity of the Emotional Conflict Task was assessed by correlating it with two explicit measures of emotion regulation. Next, hierarchical regression was used to examine incremental validity of the Emotional Conflict Task, specifically the amount of variability in functional impairment accounted for, as measured by the Work and Social Adjustment Scale. Finally, this measure was correlated with dimensional measures of psychopathology and temperament to assess the differential relations between these constructs. Results indicated that the Emotional Conflict Task did not correlate with explicit measures of emotion regulation, was not predictive of functional impairment, and was not correlated with dimensional measures of psychopathology or temperament. Potential causes for these null findings and future directions are discussed.
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Wu, Junlin, and 吳俊霖. "Utilizing Implicit Expressions on Social Media for Emotion Intensity Recognition." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/s49sv2.
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Keřková, Barbora. "Emoční paradox schizofrenního okruhu." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-408207.
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THE EMOTION-PARADOX 1 Abstract The emotion-paradox in schizophrenia describes a dissociation between the grossly impaired perception of emotion and relatively preserved experience thereof. Most posit that the emotion-paradox arises from a generalized emotion perception impairment. Others counter that it represents an artefact of methodological restrictions or a separate dissociation between explicit and implicit emotion. This thesis aimed to explain the emotion-paradox in schizophrenia and resolve the competing interpretations of its root. Two studies were conducted to this end. The studies drew from the same sample, including 45 persons with schizophrenia of various symptomatology, and 45 controls with no psychiatric anamnesis or familial history of schizophrenia. The groups did not differ in age, gender, education or music education. In Study 1, the participants listened to musical stimuli and rated their perception and experience of the valence and arousal that these stimuli relayed. In Study 2, the participants completed a newly developed emotional Stroop task, in which they identified the colour of a series of neutral and negative descriptors of positive, negative, or no symptoms of schizophrenia. Findings of Study 1 indicated: a) that persons with schizophrenia recognize musical emotions as accurately...
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Saverino, Cristina. "Aging and Implicit Memory for Emotional Words." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/18855.
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The present study investigated age differences in implicit memory for positive, negative and neutral words. We also explored how cognitive control and time of testing influence emotional memory. Participants completed a one-back picture comparison task with superimposed distracting emotional and neutral words. Memory for distracting words was tested using an implicit memory test and cognitive control by a flanker task. Priming was significant for negative but not for positive and neutral words. Memory for distracting negative words was greater at non-optimal times of day for young adults but similar across the day for older adults. A high level of cognitive control was related to greater priming for negative words in young adults and lower priming in older adults. Priming for neutral words was enhanced in high cognitive control participants when stimuli contained emotional words that were relevant to one’s goals, implicating the use of emotion regulation at an unconscious level.
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Wu, Fan-Li, and 吳汎歷. "The Effect Of The Implicit Association Training task (IATr) On Emotion Regulation." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62939158098128584383.
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碩士國防大學政治作戰學院
心理碩士班
100
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the Implicit Association Training task (IATr) on emotion regulation. In Experiment 1, the forty-four participants were randomly allocated to the training group and the control group. The participants in the training group were trained to link the concept of self to the concept of courage, and those in the control group were trained without linking any concept. Later, the participants were asked to observe paired images which include one neutral and one negative image. Their “time to first fixation”, “first fixation duration”, “total fixation time”, and “fixation count” were recorded at the same time by using Tobii X120 eye tracker. Afterward, both groups must complete courage IAT and mood state scale sequentially. The results showed that IATr improved the implicit courage, reduced avoidance of the negative image, decreased the subjects’ fatigue, and boosted their energy. In Experiment 2, in order to check the effect of the IATr, we extended the results of Experiment 1 to the real battle situation by running the exam in the “conquering combat-stress training system” (CCTS). In Experiment 2, eighty participants were randomly allocated to the training group and the control group. After they were trained according to the conditions as that in Experiment 1, they were asked to take the same course in the CCTS. Afterward, the courage IAT and mood state scale were performed sequentially. The results showed that IATr promoted the implicit courage, and the training group increased the nervous score in mood state scale than the control group. In sum, the IATr developed in this study could implicitly modify emotion regulation.
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Lai, Kuan-Ying, and 賴寬穎. "Dysphoric Mood and Modes of Rumination on Emotion Regulation and Implicit Future Thinking." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57093790506086632236.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
心理學研究所
103
Emotion regulation has been widely studied with major depression disorder, and previous studies showed that depressive individuals tended to use maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, especially rumination. Lyubomirsky, Caldwell, & Nolen-Hoeksema (1998) proposed that depressive rumination enhanced accessibility of negative cognition and increased mood congruent effect. Recently Watkins & Teasdale (2001) proposed distinct modes of rumination, namely, analytic rumination and experiential rumination, as maladaptive and adaptive effect regulation strategies. Compared to analytic rumination, experiential rumination would be a more adaptive emotion regulation strategy. However, there has been no study on how experiential and analytic rumination affected implicit future thinking. In this study, the authors investigated how dysphoric mood and modes of rumination affect emotion regulation and implicit future thinking under negative mood context. Firstly, 190 participants underwent negative mood induction and pre-tests, including implicit future thinking task. Then, they were randomly assigned to analytic rumination or experiential rumination. Finally, they completed post-tests and manipulation check. The authors chose BDI-II scores > 14 to be the dysphoric group and BDI-II < 5 to be the nondysphoric group. Using these criteria, we screened 69 participants for data analyses. A 2 (dysphoric/nondysphoric group) × 2 (analytic/experiential ) × 2 (pre-test/post-test) × 2 (I-expect/I-don’t-expect ) × 2 (positive/negative future) five way repeated measures ANOVA was conducted. The results showed that under negative mood induction, the dysphoric group confirmed “I-expect-negative (future)”, and the nondysphoric group denied “I-expect-negative (future)”. Compared to the pre-test, the analytic rumination group tended to be more confirming I-expect-negative (future)” and less denial of “I –don’t expect -positive (future)” in the post-test. However, there was no significant difference between the pre-test and the post-test for the experiential rumination group. Besides, both analytic rumination group and analytic rumination group showed no mood recovery after the rumination manipulation. We concluded that, compared to the nondysphoric group, the dysphoric group was more pessimistic to the future. We also concluded that under negative mood context, analytic rumination would have more maladaptive effect on implicit future thinking, indicating that analytic rumination enhanced negative-biased cognition. Taken together, the present study supported that analytic rumination was a maladaptive emotion regulation strategy, indicating that keeping adopting maladaptive emotion regulation strategy might increased the possibility of developing depression. Finally, according to our finding, in the future, implicit thinking task may be a possible clinical intervention or an assessment tool for treatment effect.
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Liu, I.-Chun, and 劉怡君. "Implicit and Explicit Attitude to Self and Others in Paranoid Ideation and Negative Emotion." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/56495832628370339046.
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碩士中原大學
心理學研究所
102
Background and purpose. Self-esteem or self-concept is frequently targeted in psychological approaches to persecutory delusions (PD). However, its role in the formation and maintenance of PD is unclear and has inconsistent conclusions. There are two major theory, one of these by Bentall hypothesizes that PD might serve to prevent low self-esteem reaching conscious awareness by enhance explicit self-esteem, and become an extreme self-serving bias as a defense to protect the self, this inconsistence related to PD. Another theory propose by Freeman hypothesizes that PD noticed the threat stimuli and expect to cause harm and made them more anxiety, had negative belief to others, like suspicion. Aim of this study investigate the consistency of implicit and explicit attitude in PD and healthy control participant, we also wondering the relationship between anxiety, depression, the attitude to self and other, and PD. Methods. There is two-step in this study. According the result of Green’s Paranoid Thought Scale (GPTS) which participant took in first stage with Brief Core Schema Scales (BCSS), we select high, middle, and low PD into second stage, and invited them take the Go/No-go association task (GNAT), Beck depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). However, in some statistical analysis only include high and low PD because the middle and low PD had no significant difference in BDI, STAI-T and persecution subscale of GPTS. Results. In GNAT, there is no significant difference in accuracy after control the effect of BDI and STAI-T, there is interaction between target and attitude in GNAT reaction time. Low and High PD also had significant different reaction time in other/negative key press condition. In BCSS, low and high PD had significant difference in positive-self and negative-other concept after control the effect of emotion. BDI, STAI-T, negative-other and negative-self in BCSS had significant positive correlation with GPTS, positive-self also significant after control BDI and STAI-T. Discussion. This study found PD correlated with anxiety, we also found inconsistency between explicit and implicit attitude both in low and high PD; individuals with low PD have implicit negative attitude but explicit positive attitude to others. Individuals with high PD have more explicit positive concept to self than low PD, reflect extreme self-serving bias and more explicit negative concept to others in high PD. These findings are support theories by Freeman and by Bentall. The implications and limits also discussed.
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Yen-Pi, Cheng. "The Implicit Association between the Concept of Diligence with Morality and Moral Emotion in Chinese Adolescents." 2006. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0001-2507200618403100.
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Cheng, Yen-Pi, and 鄭雁比. "The Implicit Association between the Concept of Diligence with Morality and Moral Emotion in Chinese Adolescents." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02188057690371634061.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
心理學研究所
94
Past research has shown that industry is a highly emphasized concept in culturally Chinese learning environment. Consequently, it seems inevitable for Chinese youngsters to eventually internalize the concept as more than a desired merit but an essence of morality. Meanwhile, sense of inadequate diligence may associate with the moral emotion of guilt as well. The current research was to test the above hypotheses. It was also anticipated that those who are more deeply engulfed in the Chinese value of academic achievement (i.e., older as opposed to younger adolescents; top-level as opposed to mediocre academic performers) are more likely to associate the concept of inadequate industry with immorality as well as guilt. Chinese adolescents from college, top-level and mediocre high schools (10th & 11th grade), and junior high school (7th grade) were recruited. Study 1 tested the implicit association between concepts of lacking diligence and immorality. Study 2 tested the implicit association between concepts of lacking diligence and guilt. To avoid adolescent tendency of giving answers with face value for the sake of impression management, instead of distributing questionnaires, paradigms of Implicit Association Test (IAT) and the Go/No-go Association Task (GNAT) were adopted. Significant implicit association was found between concepts of lacking diligence and immorality as well as lacking diligence and guilt, no matter whether it is for younger, older, top-level, or mediocre students. In addition, the association between lack of diligence and immorality was found to be stronger for 7th graders than college students. Contradictory to the original hypothesis, the present findings may imply that the association of diligence and morality peaks at early adolescence but remains connected through late adolescence. In addition, the discrepant finding of age differences in the two experiments may imply differentiated but interactive developmental pathways of moral effort-belief and laziness-induced guilty feelings among Chinese adolescents.
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Jain, Gaurav. "Emotion Recognition from Eye Region Signals using Local Binary Patterns." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/30639.
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Automated facial expression analysis for Emotion Recognition (ER) is an active research area towards creating socially intelligent systems. The eye region, often considered integral for ER by psychologists and neuroscientists, has received very little attention in engineering and computer sciences. Using eye region as an input signal presents several bene ts for low-cost, non-intrusive ER applications.
This work proposes two frameworks towards ER from eye region images. The first framework uses Local Binary Patterns (LBP) as the feature extractor on grayscale eye region images. The results validate the eye region as a signi cant contributor towards communicating the emotion in the face by achieving high person-dependent accuracy. The system is also able to generalize well across di erent environment conditions.
In the second proposed framework, a color-based approach to ER from the eye region is explored using Local Color Vector Binary Patterns (LCVBP). LCVBP extend the traditional LBP by incorporating color information extracting a rich and a highly discriminative feature set, thereby providing promising results.
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Bode, Regina Carolin. "Exploring the Possibilities and Boundaries of the IPANAT: Distinct Emotions and Affect Regulation." Doctoral thesis, 2014. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-2014082712741.
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This dissertation extends previous work on the Positive and Negative Affect Test (IPANAT), a test that was developed to measure affective processes at an implicit (supposedly automatic, preconscious) level. In particular, the first manuscript that is included in this dissertation demonstrates that the IPANAT picks up on processes resembling counter-regulation (cf. Rothermund, Voss, & Wentura, 2008) after exposure to negatively valenced emotional stimuli. The IPANAT might therefore be a suitable measure of affect regulation in some contexts. Furthermore, the second manuscript introduces a version of the IPANAT that was designed for the measurement of distinct emotions, the IPANAT for distinct emotions (IPANAT-DE). Finally, the third manuscript and an additional supplemental study not yet submitted for publication provide evidence that the subscales of the IPANAT-DE are sensitive to priming with different emotional expressions, and that facial expressions of the same valence but of different distinct emotions trigger emotion specific changes of IPANAT-DE scores. In the last part of this dissertation, the three manuscripts and the supplemental study are discussed with respect to three overarching issues: 1. The kinds of processes that might drive IPANAT scores and whether these processes are indeed influenced by affective experience or whether they are purely cognitive. 2. How IPANAT scores are related to other aspects of affect. 3. How the IPANAT can be adapted to different research questions as well as to applied contexts.