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Journal articles on the topic 'Implicit emotion'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Deng, Xinmei, and Xuechen Ding. "Contra-Hedonic Attitudes Toward Pleasant Emotions in China: Links to Hedonism, Emotion Expression, and Depression." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 38, no. 2 (February 2019): 140–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2019.38.2.140.

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Introduction: Contra-hedonic attitudes toward pleasant emotions are culturally dominant in Chinese culture, but less is known about its links with hedonism, emotion expression and depression. Method: We examined how attitudes toward pleasant emotions (measured by the Implicit Association Test) mediated the relation between hedonism and emotion expression (Study 1) and whether contra-hedonic attitudes toward pleasant emotions moderated the relation between emotion expression and depression (Study 2). Results: Chinese implicitly evaluated pleasant emotions as negative and valued hedonism less important in daily lives. As less important in Chinese culture, hedonism may shape individual emotion expression through the influence of implicit attitudes toward pleasant emotions. In line with prior research, emotion expression was associated with higher level of depression. However, this relation was moderated by the extent to which individual evaluated pleasant emotions as negative. Discussion: These findings highlight the importance of how people evaluate pleasant emotions to understand emotion expression and emotional states from a cultural perspective.

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Deng, Xinmei, Biao Sang, and Xinyin Chen. "Implicit beliefs about emotion regulation and their relations with emotional experiences among Chinese adolescents." International Journal of Behavioral Development 41, no. 2 (July 10, 2016): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025415612229.

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There is growing interest in understanding how beliefs about emotion regulation are related to individual emotional experiences. Extant studies have mainly focused on explicit beliefs about emotion regulation among individuals in Western societies. The current study examined implicit emotion regulation and explored their contributions to emotional outcomes in 147 Chinese adolescents. Participants were tested on their implicit beliefs about emotion regulation and their negative emotion experiences. Results showed that the down-regulation was implicitly evaluated as more positive than up-regulation. Moreover, positive implicit beliefs about down-regulation increased with age. Among younger adolescents, those who evaluated down-regulation more positively had less negative emotional experiences. These results suggest that down-regulation may have important implications in Chinese culture.

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3

Matsuda, Ryo. "Multiple Emotion Regulation in Rorschach Color Responses." Rorschachiana 40, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 112–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000116.

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Abstract. While color-related responses to the Rorschach test have been interpreted as reflecting respondents’ emotional characteristics, their validity has been criticized. Since Rorschach validity should be confirmed by both unconscious and conscious processes, this study focused on implicit positive attitudes toward emotion regulation (considered an unconscious mechanism that motivates regulating emotions) and emotion-regulation strategy. In total, 39 undergraduates (two of whom were excluded from the analyses) completed the Rorschach test, the Implicit Association Test (IAT; measures implicit attitudes toward emotion regulation), and a questionnaire about emotion-regulation strategies. The results showed that positive attitudes toward emotion regulation increased participants’ form-chromatic color (FC) responses, and people who habitually used adaptive strategies to regulate emotions gave more FC responses with high form quality. These results support the interpretation of FC as a mature and controlled emotional response. Additionally, affective ratio (Afr) scores positively correlated with the behavioral suppression of emotions. This result suggests that high Afr, which activates reactivity to Rorschach color cards, can be interpreted as emotional excitement caused by the dysfunction of emotion regulation.

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Wagenbreth, Kuehne, Voges, Heinze, Galazky, and Zaehle. "Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus Selectively Modulates Emotion Recognition of Facial Stimuli in Parkinson’s Patients." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 9 (August 28, 2019): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091335.

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: Background: Diminished emotion recognition is a known symptom in Parkinson (PD) patients and subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) has been shown to further deteriorate the processing of especially negative emotions. While emotion recognition generally refers to both, implicit and explicit processing, demonstrations of DBS-influences on implicit processing are sparse. In the present study, we assessed the impact of STN-DBS on explicit and implicit processing for emotional stimuli. Methods: Under STN-DBS ON and OFF, fourteen PD patients performed an implicit as well as an explicit emotional processing task. To assess implicit emotional processing, patients were tested with a lexical decision task (LTD) combined with an affective priming paradigm, which provides emotional content through the facial eye region. To assess explicit emotional processing, patients additionally explicitly rated the emotional status of eyes and words used in the implicit task. Results: DBS affected explicit emotional processing more than implicit processing with a more pronounced effect on error rates than on reaction speed. STN-DBS generally worsened implicit and explicit processing for disgust stimulus material but improved explicit processing of fear stimuli. Conclusions: This is the first study demonstrating influences of STN-DBS on explicit and implicit emotion processing in PD patients. While STN stimulation impeded the processing of disgust stimuli, it improved explicit discrimination of fear stimuli.

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Ceballos, Rodrigo, Beatrice Ionascu, Wanjoo Park, and Mohamad Eid. "Implicit Emotion Communication." ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications 14, no. 1 (January 16, 2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3152128.

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6

Barbosa Escobar, Francisco, Carlos Velasco, Kosuke Motoki, Derek Victor Byrne, and Qian Janice Wang. "The temperature of emotions." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): e0252408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252408.

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Emotions and temperature are closely related through embodied processes, and people seem to associate temperature concepts with emotions. While this relationship is often evidenced by everyday language (e.g., cold and warm feelings), what remains missing to date is a systematic study that holistically analyzes how and why people associate specific temperatures with emotions. The present research aimed to investigate the associations between temperature concepts and emotion adjectives on both explicit and implicit levels. In Experiment 1, we evaluated explicit associations between twelve pairs of emotion adjectives derived from the circumplex model of affect, and five different temperature concepts ranging from 0°C to 40°C, based on responses from 403 native speakers of four different languages (English, Spanish, Japanese, Chinese). The results of Experiment 1 revealed that, across languages, the temperatures were associated with different regions of the circumplex model. The 0°C and 10°C were associated with negative-valanced, low-arousal emotions, while 20°C was associated with positive-valanced, low-to-medium-arousal emotions. Moreover, 30°C was associated with positive-valanced, high-arousal emotions; and 40°C was associated with high-arousal and either positive- or negative-valanced emotions. In Experiment 2 (N = 102), we explored whether these temperature-emotion associations were also present at the implicit level, by conducting Implicit Association Tests (IATs) with temperature words (cold and hot) and opposing pairs of emotional adjectives for each dimension of valence (Unhappy/Dissatisfied vs. Happy/Satisfied) and arousal (Passive/Quiet vs. Active/Alert) on native English speakers. The results of Experiment 2 revealed that participants held implicit associations between the word hot and positive-valanced and high-arousal emotions. Additionally, the word cold was associated with negative-valanced and low-arousal emotions. These findings provide evidence for the existence of temperature-emotion associations at both explicit and implicit levels across languages.

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7

Quirin, Markus, and Richard D. Lane. "The construction of emotional experience requires the integration of implicit and explicit emotional processes." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35, no. 3 (May 23, 2012): 159–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x11001737.

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AbstractAlthough we agree that a constructivist approach to emotional experience makes sense, we propose that implicit (visceromotor and somatomotor) emotional processes are dissociable from explicit (attention and reflection) emotional processes, and that the conscious experience of emotion requires an integration of the two. Assessments of implicit emotion and emotional awareness can be helpful in the neuroscientific investigation of emotion.

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8

Droit-Volet, Sylvie. "Emotion and Implicit Timing." PLOS ONE 11, no. 7 (July 5, 2016): e0158474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158474.

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9

Ren, Jun, Lingyun Hu, Hongying Zhang, and Zihui Huang. "Implicit Positive Emotion Counteracts Ego Depletion." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 38, no. 7 (August 1, 2010): 919–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.7.919.

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Previous researchers have shown that individual acts of self-regulation deplete individual psychological resources, resulting in poor subsequent self-regulation and ego depletion. It has also been shown that to counteract ego depletion, besides getting enough sleep or rest, positive emotions are important. In this study we aimed to establish whether or not implicit positive emotion is important in countering ego depletion. In 2 experiments measuring the duration of self-regulation after implicit positive emotion it was found that self-regulation counteracts ego depletion. Participants in an ego-depleted condition were exposed to subliminal positive stimuli and they persisted in subsequent self-regulation longer than another group of participants who were exposed to subliminal neutral stimuli.

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10

Bryant, Richard A. "Hypnotic Emotional Numbing: A Study of Implicit Emotion." International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 53, no. 1 (February 23, 2005): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207140490914225.

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Padun, M. A., and E. A. Sorokko. "Emotion Regulation in Persons with an Increased Risk of Mental Trauma (on the example of the Internal Affairs officers)." Psychology and Law 9, no. 4 (2019): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2019090405.

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The article is devoted to the study of emotion regulation strategies in officers of Department of internal affairs (DIA) in comparison with persons whose activities are not associated with the risk of mental trauma. The hypothesis is that employment in activities related to the risk of psychological trauma is associated with specific patterns of emotion regulation, which are suppression of emotional expression and misrepresentation in their own emotional state. Along with questionnaire methods, the Implicit Positive and Negative Affect Test - IPANAT was used. It is shown that police officers are more likely to deform answers in self-reporting methods than people not related to work in the police system. Police officers are likely to suppress emotions and less likely to resort to emotion regulation than persons whose profession is not associated with the risk of mental trauma. There is a significant subgroup of individuals among the police officers who are characterized by a mismatch of explicit and implicit assessments of emotional states. This group is characterized by dysfunctional strategies for emotion regulation associated with rumination and catastrophic significance of emotional situations.

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Trémeau, Fabien, Daniel Antonius, Alexander Todorov, Yasmina Rebani, Kelsey Ferrari, Sang Han Lee, Daniel Calderone, et al. "Implicit emotion perception in schizophrenia." Journal of Psychiatric Research 71 (December 2015): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.10.001.

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Ismael, Diana, and Angelika Ploeger. "Development of a Sensory Method to Detect Food-Elicited Emotions Using Emotion-Color Association and Eye-Tracking." Foods 8, no. 6 (June 18, 2019): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8060217.

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Studying consumers’ implicit emotions has been always described as a difficult and a complicated mission due to the emotions being of a non-cognitive nature. This research aims to develop a new method based on emotion-color association (ECA) to detect consumer’s implicit food-elicited emotions using an eye-tracker tool. The study was accomplished in two experiments. The first experiment intended to build a new color scale based on the emotion-color association using the eye-tracking method and a self-reported questionnaire (SRQ). The results showed that people tend to express their evoked positive emotions by choosing mostly the light colors, and favor to choose dark colors to reveal their evoked negative emotions. In the second experiment, a sensory evaluation was conducted employing the developed color scale in addition to verbal emotion-based questionnaire (VEQ) to detect the participants’ food-elicited emotions with different samples. The sensory evaluation consisted of taste, smell, and vision tests. The study demonstrated a consistency between the results of the verbal emotion questionnaire and the new color scale method. This consistency may refer to the capability of the developed scale, as a non-intrusive method that obtains prompt responses and avoids deliberate action, to rapidly detect the implicit emotions in a sensory evaluation for a better understanding of the consumer’s behavior.

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Torre, Jared B., and Matthew D. Lieberman. "Putting Feelings Into Words: Affect Labeling as Implicit Emotion Regulation." Emotion Review 10, no. 2 (March 20, 2018): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073917742706.

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Putting feelings into words, or “affect labeling,” can attenuate our emotional experiences. However, unlike explicit emotion regulation techniques, affect labeling may not even feel like a regulatory process as it occurs. Nevertheless, research investigating affect labeling has found it produces a pattern of effects like those seen during explicit emotion regulation, suggesting affect labeling is a form of implicit emotion regulation. In this review, we will outline research on affect labeling, comparing it to reappraisal, a form of explicit emotion regulation, along four major domains of effects—experiential, autonomic, neural, and behavioral—that establish it as a form of implicit emotion regulation. This review will then speculate on possible mechanisms driving affect labeling effects and other remaining unanswered questions.

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15

Rice, Timothy R., and Leon Hoffman. "Defense Mechanisms and Implicit Emotion Regulation." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 62, no. 4 (July 31, 2014): 693–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003065114546746.

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Yang, Qiwei, Ping Tang, Ruolei Gu, Wenbo Luo, and Yue-jia Luo. "Implicit emotion regulation affects outcome evaluation." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 10, no. 6 (October 20, 2014): 824–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsu124.

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Etkin, Amit. "Emerging Insights on Implicit Emotion Regulation." Neuropsychoanalysis 13, no. 1 (January 2011): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15294145.2011.10773658.

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Crowe, Michelle, Vaishali V. Raval, Shwetang S. Trivedi, Suchi S. Daga, and Pratiksha H. Raval. "Processes of Emotion Communication and Control." Social Psychology 43, no. 4 (January 2012): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000121.

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Emotional expression and experience are dynamic processes that vary within and between individuals of different cultural groups ( Kitayama, Mesquita, & Karasawa, 2006 ). The present study sought to compare self-reports of processes related to emotion communication and control in India and the United States. A total of 268 participants (United States: n = 160 and India: n = 108) completed a self-report measure depicting hypothetical vignettes and a series of questions assessing likely emotions elicited, likelihood of expression, motives guiding expression and control, and method of expression. Results showed that US participants primarily reported more self-focused emotions (i.e., happiness) and self- and other-focused motives for expressing or controlling felt emotion, while Indian participants primarily reported emotions that focused on others’ well-being as well as other- and relationship-focused motives. US participants more commonly reported direct verbal communication of the emotion, while Indian participants more frequently reported implicit and contextual methods of communication.

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Yao, Yujia, Yuyang Xuan, Biao Sang, and Liqing Zhou. "The effects of implicit evaluation of emotion regulation on electrical brain activity." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 48, no. 3 (March 3, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.8691.

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Implicit evaluation of emotion regulation (IE-ER) refers to an implicit representation of individuals' attitudes about whether emotion should be regulated, and comprises positive (PIE-ER) and negative (NIE-ER) emotion regulation components. In this study we used the picture position decision task to investigate participants' electrical brain responses to both types of IE-ER. Electroencephalogram data were recorded simultaneously. Analysis of variance results show that the PIEER (vs. NIE-ER) group had significantly higher N1 amplitudes, shorter N1 latencies, and lower P1 amplitudes. The P1 amplitude in the left (vs. right) frontal brain region was significantly higher in both groups. In addition, as the PIE-ER (vs. NIE-ER) group had a greater ability to orient themselves to emotional stimuli, the cognitive resources they allocated to processing emotional stimuli decreased: Processing depth gradually became shallow, and emotion regulation elicited left frontal electrical asymmetry. Our findings provide a new understanding of unconscious emotion regulation, which may impact on physical and psychological intervention for the treatment of individuals' emotional problems and mental health, and well-being promotion.

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Rhee, Seung-Yoon, Hyewon Park, and Jonghoon Bae. "Network Structure of Affective Communication and Shared Emotion in Teams." Behavioral Sciences 10, no. 10 (October 17, 2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs10100159.

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This paper identifies the relative effectiveness of two mechanisms of emotional contagion on shared emotion in teams: explicit mechanism (active spreading of one’s emotion) and implicit mechanism (passive mimicry of others’ emotion). Using social network analysis, this paper analyzes affective communication networks involving or excluding a focal person in the process of emotional contagion by disaggregating team emotional contagion into individual acts of sending or receiving emotion-laden responses. Through an experiment with 38 pre-existing work teams, including undergraduate or MBA project teams and teams of student club or co-op officers, we found that the explicit emotional contagion mechanism was a more stable channel for emotional contagion than the implicit emotional contagion mechanism. Active participation in affective communication, measured by outdegree centrality in affective communication networks, was positively and significantly associated with emotional contagion with other members. In contrast, a team member’s passive observation of humor, measured by ego network density, led to emotional divergence when all other members engaged in humor communication. Our study sheds light on the micro-level process of emotional contagion. The individual-level process of emotional convergence varies with the relational pattern of affective networks, and emotion contagion in teams depends on the interplay of the active expresser and the passive spectator in affective networks.

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Roberts, Robert C. "Justice as an Emotion Disposition." Emotion Review 2, no. 1 (December 21, 2009): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073909345541.

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In this tribute to the work of Robert Solomon, I address a topic that occupied him frequently in the last 20 years of his life, and about which he wrote a book and several articles: the relation(s) between the emotions and justice as a personal virtue. I hope to clarify Solomon’s views using three distinctions that seem implicit in his writings, among (1) justice as general virtue and justice as a particular virtue, (2) objective justice and justice as a virtue, and (3) an emotion and a passion. Using these three distinctions and a fourfold schema of emotional objects that seems implied by the foregoing discussion, I argue that an account of emotions like Solomon’s, which construes emotions as in crucial ways like judgments, contains resources for grasping in some detail how particular emotions are related to the virtue of justice. Among these emotions, I pay special attention to compassion.

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Fulmer, Ingrid Smithey, and Bruce Barry. "Managed Hearts and Wallets: Ethical Issues in Emotional Influence By and Within Organizations." Business Ethics Quarterly 19, no. 2 (April 2009): 155–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq200919210.

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ABSTRACT:Increasing research attention to the ways that firms seek to influence the emotions of employees, consumers, and other stakeholders has not been accompanied by systematic attention to the ethical dimensions of emotion management. In this article we review and discuss research that informs the morality of influencing and regulating the emotions of others. What are the moral limits of the use of emotion as a management tool for shaping workplace behavior and influencing the thoughts and actions of consumers? Do the ethics of emotional labor and emotional appeals (e.g., in consumer advertising) depart from moral rules that apply in “non-emotional” contexts? To explore these questions we examine research on the means by which individuals’ emotions are shaped and on the organizationally relevant consequences of individual emotional experience. We then discuss a number of potential ethical issues that are implicit or explicit in the organizationally sanctioned use of emotion management, incorporating existing literature in management and business ethics that has addressed the moral obligations of organizations in this context, and highlighting areas where there is yet work to be done. We conclude by discussing the implications of our analysis.

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Knyazev, Gennady G., Andrey V. Bocharov, Alexander N. Savostyanov, and Jaroslav Slobodskoy-Plusnin. "Predisposition to depression and implicit emotion processing." Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 37, no. 7 (July 24, 2015): 701–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2015.1061483.

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Manenti, Rosa, Michela Brambilla, and Maria Cotelli. "Age-related changes in implicit emotion processing." Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition 26, no. 1 (November 28, 2017): 86–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2017.1408769.

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Sun, Ron, and Robert C. Mathews. "Implicit cognition, emotion, and meta-cognitive control." Mind & Society 11, no. 1 (February 15, 2012): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11299-012-0101-5.

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Xie, Yu, Zhiguo Hu, Weina Ma, Biao Sang, and Mian Wang. "Different Neural Correlates of Automatic Emotion Regulation at Implicit and Explicit Perceptual Level: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study." i-Perception 10, no. 1 (January 2019): 204166951983102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669519831028.

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Automatic emotion regulation (AER) is an important type of emotion regulation in our daily life. Most of the previous studies concerning AER are done in the conscious level. Little is known about the AER under the subliminal level. The present study was to investigate the AER at the different perceptual levels (i.e., explicitly and implicitly) simultaneously, and the associated neural differences using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Priming paradigm was adopted in which the inhibition or neutral words were used as primes and the negative picutres were used as targets. In the experiment, the duration time of priming words was manipulated at 33 or 50 ms in the implicit level and 3000 ms in the explicit level. The participants were required to make emotional valence rating of the negative pictures while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. The results showed that the participants experienced less negative emotion in inhibition words priming condition contrary to neutral words priming condition. Significant differences were also found in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at the implicit and explicit AER. The findings of this study demonstrate that inhibition words can automatically and effectively reduce an individual’s negative emotion experience, and left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex have been both implicated in self-control during AER.

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Bernecker, Katharina, and Veronika Job. "Implicit Theories About Willpower in Resisting Temptations and Emotion Control." Zeitschrift für Psychologie 225, no. 2 (April 2017): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000292.

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Abstract. Previous research suggests that people’s implicit theories about willpower affect continuous self-control performance in the domain of strenuous mental activities. The present research expands these findings to two further domains of self-control: resisting temptations and emotion control. In Study 1, participants were either led to resist a temptation or not. Participants who believed that willpower gets depleted by resistance to temptations (limited-resource theory) performed significantly worse in a subsequent Stroop task compared to participants who believed that resisting temptations activates their willpower (nonlimited-resource theory). In Study 2, participants controlled their emotions during a funny video or were allowed to express them. Participants who believed that controlling emotions depletes willpower performed worse in a subsequent persistence task than those who believed that controlling emotions activates willpower. Results suggest that implicit theories about willpower are domain specific and sensitive to the domain of the initial self-control task rather than that of the subsequent self-control task.

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Kjelgaard, Margaret M., and Helen Tager-Flusberg. "The Perception of the Relationship Between Affective Prosody and the Emotional Content in Utterances in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders." Perspectives on Language Learning and Education 20, no. 1 (February 2013): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/lle20.1.20.

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Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) were compared to children with specific language impairment (SLI) and typically developing (TD) children and adults in their ability to perceive and judge the emotional information conveyed by happy, neutral, and sad prosody. Authors found that high-functioning verbal children with ASD have an implicit sensitivity to emotional prosody, but are unable to explicitly judge the emotion of the same prosody. Children with SLI showed they were better able to judge the emotional prosody, similar to TD children, although not as well as adults. The findings indicate that, unique to the children with ASD, there is a disconnect between the implicit processing of emotional prosody and the explicit labeling of the emotion in prosody. This is promising for interventions aimed at facilitating the abilities of ASD children in their everyday understanding of emotional prosody in conversation.

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Habel, Ute, Christian Windischberger, Birgit Derntl, Simon Robinson, Ilse Kryspin-Exner, Ruben C. Gur, and Ewald Moser. "Amygdala activation and facial expressions: Explicit emotion discrimination versus implicit emotion processing." Neuropsychologia 45, no. 10 (2007): 2369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.01.023.

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Brotman, M. A., W. L. Tseng, A. K. Olsavsky, S. J. Fromm, E. J. Muhrer, J. G. Rutenberg, C. M. Deveney, et al. "Fronto-limbic-striatal dysfunction in pediatric and adult patients with bipolar disorder: impact of face emotion and attentional demands." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 8 (August 12, 2013): 1639–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329171300202x.

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BackgroundResearch in bipolar disorder (BD) implicates fronto-limbic-striatal dysfunction during face emotion processing but it is unknown how such dysfunction varies by task demands, face emotion and patient age.MethodDuring functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 181 participants, including 62 BD (36 children and 26 adults) and 119 healthy comparison (HC) subjects (57 children and 62 adults), engaged in constrained and unconstrained processing of emotional (angry, fearful, happy) and non-emotional (neutral) faces. During constrained processing, subjects answered questions focusing their attention on the face; this was processed either implicitly (nose width rating) or explicitly (hostility; subjective fear ratings). Unconstrained processing consisted of passive viewing.ResultsPediatric BD rated neutral faces as more hostile than did other groups. In BD patients, family-wise error (FWE)-corrected region of interest (ROI) analyses revealed dysfunction in the amygdala, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and putamen. Patients with BD showed amygdala hyperactivation during explicit processing (hostility ratings) of fearful faces and passive viewing of angry and neutral faces but IFG hypoactivation during implicit processing of neutral and happy faces. In the ACC and striatum, the direction of dysfunction varied by task demand: BD demonstrated hyperactivation during unconstrained processing of angry or neutral faces but hypoactivation during constrained processing (implicit or explicit) of angry, neutral or happy faces.ConclusionsFindings suggest amygdala hyperactivation in BD while processing negatively valenced and neutral faces, regardless of attentional condition, and BD IFG hypoactivation during implicit processing. In the cognitive control circuit involving the ACC and putamen, BD neural dysfunction was sensitive to task demands.

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Iida, Saea, Takashi Nakao, and Hideki Ohira. "Implicit attenuation of subsequent emotion by cognitive activity." Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 11, no. 4 (May 27, 2011): 476–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-011-0045-y.

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ZHANG, Yin, Wen HE, and Junlong LUO. "Emotion Regulates Correspondence between Implicit and Explicit Attitudes." Advances in Psychological Science 22, no. 12 (2014): 1882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2014.01882.

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Hills, Adelma M., and Mark Dickerson. "Emotion, Implicit Decision Making and Persistence at Gaming." Addiction 97, no. 5 (April 25, 2002): 598–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.t01-4-00134.x.

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Bocharov, Andrey V., Gennady G. Knyazev, and Alexander N. Savostyanov. "Depression and implicit emotion processing: An EEG study." Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology 47, no. 3 (June 2017): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucli.2017.01.009.

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Kawai, Claudia, Gáspár Lukács, and Ulrich Ansorge. "Polarities influence implicit associations between colour and emotion." Acta Psychologica 209 (September 2020): 103143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103143.

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Koole, Sander L., Thomas L. Webb, and Paschal L. Sheeran. "Implicit emotion regulation: feeling better without knowing why." Current Opinion in Psychology 3 (June 2015): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.12.027.

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Reffi, Anthony N., Benjamin C. Darnell, Sara J. Himmerich, and Karen J. White. "Implicit beliefs of emotion and anxiety in psychotherapy." Motivation and Emotion 44, no. 3 (August 16, 2019): 453–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11031-019-09794-6.

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Bocharov, Andrey V., Gennady G. Knyazev, and Alexander N. Savostyanov. "Depression and oscillatory correlates of implicit emotion processing." International Journal of Psychophysiology 108 (October 2016): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.385.

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Wang, Shangfei, Zhilei Liu, Yachen Zhu, Menghua He, Xiaoping Chen, and Qiang Ji. "Implicit video emotion tagging from audiences’ facial expression." Multimedia Tools and Applications 74, no. 13 (January 12, 2014): 4679–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-013-1830-0.

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Freudenberg, Maxi, Daniel N. Albohn, Robert E. Kleck, Reginald B. Adams, and Ursula Hess. "Emotional stereotypes on trial: Implicit emotion associations for young and old adults." Emotion 20, no. 7 (October 2020): 1244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000626.

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Li, Xuebing. "Emotional Working Memory Training Promotes Explicit Emotion Regulation and Implicit Negative Control." International Journal of Psychophysiology 168 (October 2021): S64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.07.196.

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Marín-Morales, Javier, Carmen Llinares, Jaime Guixeres, and Mariano Alcañiz. "Emotion Recognition in Immersive Virtual Reality: From Statistics to Affective Computing." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 10, 2020): 5163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185163.

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Emotions play a critical role in our daily lives, so the understanding and recognition of emotional responses is crucial for human research. Affective computing research has mostly used non-immersive two-dimensional (2D) images or videos to elicit emotional states. However, immersive virtual reality, which allows researchers to simulate environments in controlled laboratory conditions with high levels of sense of presence and interactivity, is becoming more popular in emotion research. Moreover, its synergy with implicit measurements and machine-learning techniques has the potential to impact transversely in many research areas, opening new opportunities for the scientific community. This paper presents a systematic review of the emotion recognition research undertaken with physiological and behavioural measures using head-mounted displays as elicitation devices. The results highlight the evolution of the field, give a clear perspective using aggregated analysis, reveal the current open issues and provide guidelines for future research.

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Summerville, Amy, Brendon Hsieh, and Nick Harrington. "The Divergence of Implicit and Explicit Consumer Evaluations." Zeitschrift für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology 218, no. 1 (January 2010): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409/a000005.

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This research extends findings that implicit and explicit attitudes may diverge to a consumer evaluation task using multiple measures of implicit evaluation: Evaluative Movement Assessment (EMA; Brendl, Markman, & Messner, 2005) and Evaluative Priming (Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams,1995). These measures were significantly associated with each other for both positive and negative implicit attitudes. Neither measure predicted explicit liking of the product or explicit intention to purchase the product. We believe this to be the first such demonstrated divergence in a naturalistic, unconditioned consumer evaluation context. Implicit activation of the product’s emotional benefit (e.g., “relaxation”), as assessed in a lexical decision task (LDT), was not associated with the EMA or evaluative priming, but was significantly associated with both explicit emotional state (e.g., relaxation) and explicit purchase intention; the latter effect was not mediated by explicit emotion.

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Schönenberg, M., S. Christian, A. K. Gaußer, S. V. Mayer, M. Hautzinger, and A. Jusyte. "Addressing perceptual insensitivity to facial affect in violent offenders: first evidence for the efficacy of a novel implicit training approach." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 5 (July 1, 2013): 1043–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713001517.

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BackgroundAlthough impaired recognition of affective facial expressions has been conclusively linked to antisocial behavior, little is known about the modifiability of this deficit. This study investigated whether and under which circumstances the proposed perceptual insensitivity can be addressed with a brief implicit training approach.MethodFacial affect recognition was assessed with an animated morph task, in which the participants (44 male incarcerated violent offenders and 43 matched controls) identified the onset of emotional expressions in animated morph clips that gradually changed from neutral to one of the six basic emotions. Half of the offenders were then implicitly trained to direct attention to salient face regions (attention training, AT) using a modified dot-probe task. The other half underwent the same protocol but the intensity level of the presented expressions was additionally manipulated over the course of training sessions (sensitivity to emotional expressions training, SEE training). Subsequently, participants were reassessed with the animated morph task.ResultsFacial affect recognition was significantly impaired in violent offenders as compared with controls. Further, our results indicate that only the SEE training group exhibited a pronounced improvement in emotion recognition.ConclusionsWe demonstrated for the first time that perceptual insensitivity to facial affect can be addressed by an implicit training that directs attention to salient regions of a face and gradually decreases the intensity of the emotional expression. Future studies should focus on the potential of this intervention to effectively increase empathy and inhibit violent behavior in antisocial individuals.

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Schubring, David, Matthias Kraus, Christopher Stolz, Niklas Weiler, Daniel A. Keim, and Harald Schupp. "Virtual Reality Potentiates Emotion and Task Effects of Alpha/Beta Brain Oscillations." Brain Sciences 10, no. 8 (August 10, 2020): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10080537.

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The progress of technology has increased research on neuropsychological emotion and attention with virtual reality (VR). However, direct comparisons between conventional two-dimensional (2D) and VR stimulations are lacking. Thus, the present study compared electroencephalography (EEG) correlates of explicit task and implicit emotional attention between 2D and VR stimulation. Participants (n = 16) viewed angry and neutral faces with equal size and distance in both 2D and VR, while they were asked to count one of the two facial expressions. For the main effects of emotion (angry vs. neutral) and task (target vs. nontarget), established event related potentials (ERP), namely the late positive potential (LPP) and the target P300, were replicated. VR stimulation compared to 2D led to overall bigger ERPs but did not interact with emotion or task effects. In the frequency domain, alpha/beta-activity was larger in VR compared to 2D stimulation already in the baseline period. Of note, while alpha/beta event related desynchronization (ERD) for emotion and task conditions were seen in both VR and 2D stimulation, these effects were significantly stronger in VR than in 2D. These results suggest that enhanced immersion with the stimulus materials enabled by VR technology can potentiate induced brain oscillation effects to implicit emotion and explicit task effects.

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Westen, Drew, Pavel S. Blagov, Keith Harenski, Clint Kilts, and Stephan Hamann. "Neural Bases of Motivated Reasoning: An fMRI Study of Emotional Constraints on Partisan Political Judgment in the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 11 (November 2006): 1947–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.11.1947.

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Research on political judgment and decision-making has converged with decades of research in clinical and social psychology suggesting the ubiquity of emotion-biased motivated reasoning. Motivated reasoning is a form of implicit emotion regulation in which the brain converges on judgments that minimize negative and maximize positive affect states associated with threat to or attainment of motives. To what extent motivated reasoning engages neural circuits involved in “cold” reasoning and conscious emotion regulation (e.g., suppression) is, however, unknown. We used functional neuroimaging to study the neural responses of 30 committed partisans during the U.S. Presidential election of 2004. We presented subjects with reasoning tasks involving judgments about information threatening to their own candidate, the opposing candidate, or neutral control targets. Motivated reasoning was associated with activations of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, insular cortex, and lateral orbital cortex. As predicted, motivated reasoning was not associated with neural activity in regions previously linked to cold reasoning tasks and conscious (explicit) emotion regulation. The findings provide the first neuroimaging evidence for phenomena variously described as motivated reasoning, implicit emotion regulation, and psychological defense. They suggest that motivated reasoning is qualitatively distinct from reasoning when people do not have a strong emotional stake in the conclusions reached.

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Timmer-Murillo, Sydney C., Keara J. Kangas, and Nakia S. Gordon. "Implicit emotion regulation: A novel method for capturing individual differences in acute emotion regulation." Personality and Individual Differences 163 (September 2020): 110067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110067.

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Kobashi, Mariko, and Masanori Ida. "Study of Impulsivity on Implicit Self-concept and Emotion." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 82 (September 25, 2018): 1PM—083–1PM—083. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.82.0_1pm-083.

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CHEN, Xuhai, Xiaohong YANG, and Yufang YANG. "Neurophysiological Mechanism of Implicit Processing of Vocal Emotion Transition." Acta Psychologica Sinica 45, no. 4 (December 9, 2013): 416–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1041.2013.00416.

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Morris, J. S., P. C. Fletcher, N. Kapur, C. D. Frith, and R. J. Dolan. "Brain regions involved in implicit processing of facial emotion." NeuroImage 3, no. 3 (June 1996): S235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(96)80237-0.

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