Academic literature on the topic 'Import and Export performance'

Certains pays se sont historiquement développés en s'ouvrant au commerce et en adoptant une stratégie de croissance tirée par les exportations manufacturières. Le commerce promeut l'allocation efficace des ressources suivant l'avantage comparatif, les importations favorisant les transferts technologiques et la croissance de la productivité, alors que les exportations jouent un rôle-clé en soutenant la balance des paiements et les efforts de mobilisation des recettes domestiques. En stimulant la croissance, le commerce offre la possibilité de réduire la pauvreté et d'améliorer les conditions de vie des populations. En se fondant sur le cas du Cambodge où l'industrie du textile et de l'habillement fournit la majorité des emplois manufacturiers et représente l'essentiel des exportations du pays, le Chapitre 2 montre que l'ouverture commerciale à travers les exportations manufacturières permet d'améliorer le bien-être des ménages. Nous utilisons la méthode d'appariement par score de propension pour montrer que le secteur textile améliore le bien-être des ménages faisant partie des 40 pourcent les plus pauvres en augmentant leur consommation, l'accumulation d'actifs et la part des enfants allant à l'école, ainsi qu'en réduisant l'insécurité alimentaire et l'incidence et l'ampleur de la pauvreté. L'application de la méthode des variables instrumentales indique également que les transferts de migrants travaillant dans le secteur textile permettent de relâcher la contrainte budgétaire des ménages récipiendaires et d'augmenter les dépenses d'éducation, de santé et les investissements agricoles propices à la hausse de la productivité. Le Chapitre 3 adopte une approche macroéconomique et explore les déterminants d'épisodes de croissance forte et soutenue des exportations. Il en ressort que la qualité des institutions appuyée par la stabilité macroéconomique, la dépréciation du taux de change, la diversification des exportations, la participation aux chaînes de valeur mondiales et les réformes agricoles orientées vers le marché sont sources d'accélérations des exportations. L'accroissement de la concurrence sur le marché des industries de réseau et la levée des restrictions aux mouvements de capitaux stimulent surtout les exportations de services, alors que les flux d'investissements directs étrangers favorisent les accélérations des exportations de biens. L'application de la méthode du contrôle synthétique aux cas illustratifs du Brésil et du Pérou révèle que les accélérations des exportations sont suivies par une croissance du PIB par tête réel et une baisse du chômage et des inégalités de revenu. Les résultats du chapitre indiquent une complémentarité entre les biens et les services et suggèrent que l'abaissement des barrières au commerce des services serait également favorable à celui des biens. Le Chapitre 4 quantifie une nouvelle source de barrières au commerce liée au temps de traitement des importations en douanes. L'imprévisibilité des délais d'attente liés au dédouanement des marchandises importées entache la fiabilité de la chaîne d'approvisionnement et affecte la performance à l'export des firmes importatrices de biens intermédiaires. En utilisant l'estimateur Poisson du pseudo maximum de vraisemblance, nous trouvons que l'incertitude liée aux délais de traitement en douanes des biens intermédiaires importés n'impacte ni le taux d'entrée, ni le taux de sortie des firmes manufacturières, mais se traduit par une réduction des taux de survie des nouveaux exportateurs. Cet effet s'avère hétérogène à travers les industries, croît avec le temps en raison de la dégradation de la réputation des exportateurs et semble tiré par le commerce Sud-Nord, sans doute parce que les acheteurs dans les pays développés sont plus sensibles au temps. Il est également atténué par les coûts irrécupérables d'entrée sur les marchés<br>Historical evidence shows that countries can successfully develop by opening up to trade and pursuing manufacturing export-led strategies. Trade promotes efficient allocation of resources according to comparative advantage, with imports acting as a vehicle for technology transfers and productivity growth while exports are key to relaxing balance-of-payments constraints and supporting domestic revenue mobilization efforts. By spurring growth, trade has the potential of alleviating poverty and delivering better livelihoods. Drawing on the case of Cambodia where the garment industry provides the bulk of manufacturing jobs and accounts for the lion's share of the export bundle, Chapter 2 provides micro evidence of the welfare-enhancing potential of trade openness through manufacturing exports. It relies on propensity score matching estimators to show that the textile and apparel sector enhances the welfare of households in the bottom 40 percent of the income distribution, boosting consumption, asset ownership and the proportion of children attending school, while curbing exposure to food insecurity and lowering the incidence and depth of poverty. Based on instrumental variables, we also show that remittances from the export-oriented garment industry relax household budget constraints, increasing expenditures in education, health and productivity-raising investments in agriculture. Chapter 3 adopts a macro approach to investigate the determinants of episodes of strong and sustained export growth. Institutional quality underpinned by macroeconomic stability, a depreciated exchange rate, export diversification, global value chain participation and market-oriented agricultural reforms show up as strong predictors of export takeoffs. Lowering barriers to competition in network industries and lifting capital movement restrictions mainly bolster services exports, while foreign direct investment inflows are conducive to goods export accelerations. Applying the synthetic control method to the illustrative cases of Brazil and Peru yields evidence of higher real GDP per capita and lower unemployment and income inequality in the years following the export surge. Our results point to significant complementarities between goods and services, and suggest that lowering barriers to trade in services is likely to support trade in goods. Chapter 4 quantifies a new source of domestic trade costs related to import processing times at the border that generate supply chain unreliability by exposing importing firms to unexpected delays in the provision of critical inputs, ultimately undermining their export performance. Using the Poisson-pseudo-maximum-likelihood estimator, we find that uncertainty in the time required to clear imported inputs through Customs impacts neither the entry nor the exit rate of manufacturing firms, but translates into lower survival rates for new exporters. This effect is heterogeneous across export industries, grows larger over time owing to rising reputational costs to input-importing exporters, and is mainly driven by South-North trade, possibly reflecting the time-sensitivity of buyers in developed countries. It is also attenuated by sunk costs of entry in foreign markets

This study empirically investigates the direct and indirect effects of export promotion programs (EPPs) on firm export performance. Government export promotion programs normally define the premise for successful exporting activities of the corporate sector and play a key role in stimulating international business activities of firms (Cavusgil and Michael, 1990; Marandu, 1995; Seringhaus and Rosson, 1990). While the extant literature on export performance mostly neglected EPPs as an antecedent of export performance, the literature on export promotion fails to relate it to export performance. A very few researchers in this area have focused on a direct relationship between EPPs and firm export performance, however, no study has investigated the effect of EPPs on other determinants of export performance toward establishing any indirect relation between EPPs and export performance. This study attempts to develop and test a comprehensive model of firm export performance that investigates how EPPs directly and indirectly influence firm export performance. Theoretical foundations are drawn from internationalization process and resource-based theories as frameworks for the analysis of the study. The model integrates the use of EPPs, management perception of export market environment, export knowledge, export commitment, and export strategy that influence firm export performance and develops a number of hypotheses. Export promotion programs are classified into two categories according to their similarity of purpose- "market development", and "finance and guarantee" related programs. All other variables in the model are latent and are measured by a set of observed items. The model is tested on primary data obtained from a sample survey of exporting firms drawn from three major export oriented industries in Bangladesh. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) techniques (in AMOS 5) are used to test the validity of the overall model and the relationship between variables hypothesized in the model. A two stage process is employed whereby the construct measurements are first evaluated, followed by an evaluation of the structural relationships. Analysis of the structural relationships supports most of the hypothesized relationships. The dimensions of export promotion programs are found to positively impact overall export performance. The research findings demonstrate that the use of market development-related export promotion programs influence firm export performance directly as well as indirectly through management perception of the export market environment, export knowledge and commitment. However, finance and guarantee-related export promotion programs indirectly influence export performance through export commitment. The study provides a guideline for managers of firms suggesting how they can benefit from EPPs in improving their positive attitude towards the export market environment, building their knowledge and enhancing commitment to exporting for better success in their international operations. This study provides guidelines to policymakers in designing and targeting export promotion programs effectively. The study also contributes to the literature by examining the indirect impact of EPPs on firm export performance. Finally, the limitations of the study are considered and possible directions for further research outlined.